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chemical aspects, which occurs when hydrogen atoms diffuse into the bearing steel, causing micro-cracks to form. Hydrogen can come from a variety of sources, including the hydrocarbon lubricant or water contamination, and it is often used in laboratory tests to reproduce WECs. Mechanisms behind the generation of hydrog...	{ "page_id": 73471646, "title": "White etching cracks" }
in surface roughness, rolling speed, and lubricant temperature. === Electrical current === One of the primary causes of WECs is the passage of electrical current through the bearings. Both Alternating Current (AC) and Direct Current (DC) can lead to the formation of WECs, albeit through slightly different mechanisms. I...	{ "page_id": 73471646, "title": "White etching cracks" }
polished and etched steel sample in the affected areas. The WEA is formed by amorphisation (phase transformation) of the martensitic microstructure due to friction at the crack faces during over-rolling, and these areas appear white under an optical microscope due to their low-etching response to the etchant. The micro...	{ "page_id": 73471646, "title": "White etching cracks" }
occur due to bearing rolling contact fatigue as well as accelerated rolling contact fatigue. WECs in bearings are accompanied with a white etching matter (WEM). WEM forms asymmetrically along WECs. There is no significant microstructural differences between the untransformed material adjacent to cracking and the parent...	{ "page_id": 73471646, "title": "White etching cracks" }
lead to bearing failures, such as corrosion, fatigue, wear, improper lubrication, high electric currents, and the need for improved materials and designs to ensure the longevity and performance of bearings in offshore wind turbines. WECs negatively affects the reliability of bearings, not only in the wind industry but ...	{ "page_id": 73471646, "title": "White etching cracks" }
"X-ray tomography data of White Etching Cracks (WEC)". Data in Brief. 27: 104531. Bibcode:2019DIB....2704531F. doi:10.1016/j.dib.2019.104531. ISSN 2352-3409. PMC 6817680. PMID 31673574. == References ==	{ "page_id": 73471646, "title": "White etching cracks" }
The molecular formula C6H13O9P may refer to: Fructose 1-phosphate Fructose 6-phosphate Galactose 1-phosphate Glucose 1-phosphate Glucose 6-phosphate Mannose 1-phosphate Mannose 6-phosphate	{ "page_id": 24712863, "title": "C6H13O9P" }
Purpureocillium lilacinum is a species of filamentous fungus in the family Ophiocordycipitaceae. It has been isolated from a wide range of habitats, including cultivated and uncultivated soils, forests, grassland, deserts, estuarine sediments and sewage sludge, and insects. It has also been found in nematode eggs, and ...	{ "page_id": 33691299, "title": "Purpureocillium lilacinum" }
first white, but when sporulating changing to various shades of vinaceous. The reverse side is sometimes uncolored but usually in vinaceous shades. The vegetative hyphae are smooth-walled, hyaline, and 2.5–4.0 μm wide. Conidiophores arising from submerged hyphae, 400–600 μm in length, or arising from aerial hyphae and ...	{ "page_id": 33691299, "title": "Purpureocillium lilacinum" }
sent to nematologists in 46 countries for testing, as part of the International Meloidogyne project, resulting in many more field trials on a range of crops in many soil types and climates. Field trials, glasshouse trials and in vitro testing of P. lilacinum continues and more isolates have been collected from soil, ne...	{ "page_id": 33691299, "title": "Purpureocillium lilacinum" }
conidiophores and to grow towards adjacent eggs. == Mycotoxins == Paecilotoxin is a mycotoxin isolated from the fungus. Its significance is unknown. Khan et al. (2003) tested one strain of P. lilacinum for the production of paecilotoxin and were unable to show toxin production in that strain, suggesting that toxin synt...	{ "page_id": 33691299, "title": "Purpureocillium lilacinum" }
Interactive Specialization is a theory of brain development proposed by the British developmental cognitive neuroscientist Mark Johnson, formerly head of the Centre for Brain and Cognitive Development at Birkbeck, University of London, London and who is now Head of Psychology at the University of Cambridge. In his book...	{ "page_id": 17766052, "title": "Interactive specialization" }
developmental disorders by Annette Karmiloff-Smith. == References ==	{ "page_id": 17766052, "title": "Interactive specialization" }
The XLNet was an autoregressive Transformer designed as an improvement over BERT, with 340M parameters and trained on 33 billion words. It was released on 19 June 2019, under the Apache 2.0 license. It achieved state-of-the-art results on a variety of natural language processing tasks, including language modeling, ques...	{ "page_id": 77600421, "title": "XLNet" }
is cute}}.} However, for XLNet, the model is required to predict the words in a randomly generated order. Suppose we have sampled a randomly generated order 3241, then schematically, the model is required to perform the following prediction task: <MASK> <MASK> <MASK> <MASK> → <MASK> <MASK> is <MASK> → <MASK> dog is <MA...	{ "page_id": 77600421, "title": "XLNet" }
stream for what the current masked token is. Like the causal masking for GPT models, this two-stream masked architecture allows the model to train on all tokens in one forward pass. == Training == Two models were released: XLNet-Large, cased: 110M parameters, 24-layer, 1024-hidden, 16-heads XLNet-Base, cased: 340M para...	{ "page_id": 77600421, "title": "XLNet" }
Gynaecologic cytology, also gynecologic cytology, is a field of pathology concerned with the investigation of disorders of the female genital tract. The most common investigation in this field is the Pap test, which is used to screen for potentially precancerous lesions of the cervix. Cytology can also be used to inves...	{ "page_id": 20911779, "title": "Gynaecologic cytology" }
Sparrow is a chatbot developed by the artificial intelligence research lab DeepMind, a subsidiary of Alphabet Inc. It is designed to answer users' questions correctly, while reducing the risk of unsafe and inappropriate answers. One motivation behind Sparrow is to address the problem of language models producing incorr...	{ "page_id": 72750759, "title": "Sparrow (chatbot)" }
human feedback (RLHF), although some supervised fine-tuning techniques are also used. The RLHF training utilizes two reward models to capture human judgements: a “preference model” that predicts what a human study participant would prefer and a “rule model” that predicts if the model has broken one of the rules. == Lim...	{ "page_id": 72750759, "title": "Sparrow (chatbot)" }
The Lane hydrogen producer was an apparatus for hydrogen production based on the steam-iron process and water gas invented in 1903 by a British engineer, Howard Lane. == History == The first commercial Lane hydrogen producer was commissioned in 1904. By 1913, 850,000,000 cubic feet (24,000,000 m3) of hydrogen was manuf...	{ "page_id": 22419108, "title": "Lane hydrogen producer" }
looping combustion == References ==	{ "page_id": 22419108, "title": "Lane hydrogen producer" }
The suffix –ol is used in organic chemistry principally to form names of organic compounds containing the hydroxyl (–OH) group, mainly alcohols. The suffix was extracted from the word alcohol. The suffix also appears in some trivial names with reference to oils (from Latin oleum, oil). Examples of this sense of the suf...	{ "page_id": 3675818, "title": "-ol" }
The Galaxy Hα Fabry-Perot System for WHT (GHaFaS) is an astronomical instrument installed on the 4.2 metre William Herschel Telescope (WHT) at Roque de los Muchachos Observatory on the Canary island of La Palma. First light was on 6 July 2007. Its name is a play on the acronym: Galaxy Hα Fabry-Perot System and the Span...	{ "page_id": 52565674, "title": "Galaxy H-Alpha Fabry-Perot System" }
used on the WHT. These values are similar to the best figures obtainable with the VLA. However, a good quality map can be obtained in half a night's observing with GHaFaS, which is considerably more time efficient than that on the VLA. Comparison with ALMA, the best system for observing molecular hydrogen, is not so ea...	{ "page_id": 52565674, "title": "Galaxy H-Alpha Fabry-Perot System" }
PLINK is a free, commonly used, open-source whole-genome association analysis toolset designed by Shaun Purcell. The software is designed flexibly to perform a wide range of basic, large-scale genetic analyses. PLINK currently supports following functionalities: data management; basic statistics (FST, missing data, tes...	{ "page_id": 43325101, "title": "PLINK (genetic tool-set)" }
can be efficiently applied to large population-based samples and is implemented in PLINK. == References == == External links == PLINK 1.07 homepage PLINK 1.9 homepage	{ "page_id": 43325101, "title": "PLINK (genetic tool-set)" }
Phospholipid-derived fatty acids (PLFAs) are widely used in microbial ecology as chemotaxonomic markers of bacteria and other organisms. Phospholipids are the primary lipids composing cellular membranes. Phospholipids can be saponified, which releases the fatty acids contained in their diglyceride tail. Once the phosph...	{ "page_id": 19338927, "title": "Phospholipid-derived fatty acids" }
acids (e.g. 15:0), branched-chain fatty acids (mainly iso or anetiso and 10-methyl) and cyclopropane fatty acids (e.g. 19:0 cyclo ω7c) are mostly synthesized by bacteria. The polyunsaturated fatty acid, 18:2 ω6c (linoleic acid), is found in soil fungi, whereas the monounsaturated fatty acid, 16:1 ω5c, is predominant in...	{ "page_id": 19338927, "title": "Phospholipid-derived fatty acids" }
(common case) === Saturated fatty acids (SAFA) 15:0 (Pentadecanoic acid) – Bacteria Other straight chain (e.g. 16:0, Palmitic acid) – Prokaryotes and Eukaryotes iso-branched (e.g. 17:0 iso, 15-Methylpalmitic acid) – Gram-positive bacteria anteiso-branched (e.g. 17:0 anteiso, 14-Methylpalmitic acid) – Gram-positive bact...	{ "page_id": 19338927, "title": "Phospholipid-derived fatty acids" }
decomposed in aerobic mixed communities and that some of the neutral lipid components such as the lipopolysaccharides of Gram-negative bacteria do not reflect organisms alive at the time of sampling. === PLFA sample preparation === Although the method of sample collection is different for soil, water samples, etc., the...	{ "page_id": 19338927, "title": "Phospholipid-derived fatty acids" }
== Actinomycetes are Gram-positive bacteria that are some of the most common bacteria in soil, freshwater and marine environments. Actinomycetes are active in decomposition of organic matter and give rise to the rich "earthy" smell of freshly tilled soils. This group of bacteria produce distinctive biomarker fatty acid...	{ "page_id": 19338927, "title": "Phospholipid-derived fatty acids" }
wet conditions such as in rice paddies. Using PLFA analysis in early sampling, the bacteria- archaea consortia in rice paddy soil was about 44% aerobic bacteria, 32% facultatively anaerobic- bacteria and 24% archaea. Under longer term flooding, the levels were 27%, 36% and 37% respectively and with total biomass being ...	{ "page_id": 19338927, "title": "Phospholipid-derived fatty acids" }
composition (e.g. pH, N, P, K, Ca, Mg, etc.) has long been practiced in crop production and while there has been recognition of the importance of the soil microbiota, tools for studying the microbiota have been developed relatively recently. === High value vegetable crops === Many high-value vegetable crops easily just...	{ "page_id": 19338927, "title": "Phospholipid-derived fatty acids" }
w3c), with microalgae being the origin of omega-3 fatty acids in fish oil. The diverse taxonomic groups in algae vary in abundance dependent on environmental conditions such as temperature, salinity, sunlight, and nutrient availability. The PLFA biomarker compositions were found to enable determination of the prevalenc...	{ "page_id": 19338927, "title": "Phospholipid-derived fatty acids" }
forest. Boreal forests with low soil pH values had elevated EM PLFAs and raising the pH of the soil increased bacterial PLFAs. The introduction of photosynthates through tree roots is a major source of carbon for soil microbiota and influences the composition of fungal and bacterial communities. Forest areas without tr...	{ "page_id": 19338927, "title": "Phospholipid-derived fatty acids" }
Indicators – Technical Note No. 450-03 Soil Health Institute – North American Project to Evaluate Soil Health Measurements	{ "page_id": 19338927, "title": "Phospholipid-derived fatty acids" }
In organic chemistry, the Myers allene synthesis is a chemical reaction that converts a propargyl alcohol into an allene by way of an arenesulfonylhydrazine as a key intermediate. This name reaction is one of two discovered by Andrew Myers that are named after him; both this reaction and the Myers deoxygenation reactio...	{ "page_id": 60888751, "title": "Myers allene synthesis" }
be performed as a one-pot reaction, though the order in which the reagents are mixed is important. Mechanistic studies suggest that the diazene is formed as mixture of cis and trans isomers that easily interconvert, and that the cis is what reacts most readily to form the allene. == References ==	{ "page_id": 60888751, "title": "Myers allene synthesis" }
The suffix -one is used in organic chemistry to form names of organic compounds containing the -C(=O)- group: see ketone. Sometimes a number between hyphens is inserted before it to state which atom the =O atom is attached to. This suffix was extracted from the word acetone. The final "-e" disappears if it is followed ...	{ "page_id": 3675827, "title": "-one" }
In quantum mechanics, information theory, and Fourier analysis, the entropic uncertainty or Hirschman uncertainty is defined as the sum of the temporal and spectral Shannon entropies. It turns out that Heisenberg's uncertainty principle can be expressed as a lower bound on the sum of these entropies. This is stronger t...	{ "page_id": 857780, "title": "Entropic uncertainty" }
Beckner and in the same year interpreted as a generalized quantum mechanical uncertainty principle by Białynicki-Birula and Mycielski. The equality holds in the case of Gaussian distributions. Note, however, that the above entropic uncertainty function is distinctly different from the quantum Von Neumann entropy repres...	{ "page_id": 857780, "title": "Entropic uncertainty" }
p . {\displaystyle \\|{\mathcal {F}}f\\|_{q}\leq \left(p^{1/p}/q^{1/q}\right)^{1/2}\\|f\\|_{p}.} === Rényi entropy bound === From this inequality, an expression of the uncertainty principle in terms of the Rényi entropy can be derived. Let g = F f , 2 α = p , 2 β = q , {\displaystyle g={\mathcal {F}}f,\,2\alpha =p,\,2\beta...	{ "page_id": 857780, "title": "Entropic uncertainty" }
the negative β 1 − β = − α 1 − α {\displaystyle {\frac {\beta }{1-\beta }}=-{\frac {\alpha }{1-\alpha }}} to get 1 1 − β log ⁡ ( ∫ R \| g ( y ) \| 2 β d y ) ≥ α 2 ( α − 1 ) log ⁡ ( 2 α ) 1 / α ( 2 β ) 1 / β − 1 1 − α log ⁡ ( ∫ R \| f ( x ) \| 2 α d x ) . {\displaystyle {\frac {1}{1-\beta }}\log \left(\int _{\mathbb {R} }\|g...	{ "page_id": 857780, "title": "Entropic uncertainty" }
{\displaystyle {\frac {\alpha }{2(\alpha -1)}}\log {\frac {(2\alpha )^{1/\alpha }}{(2\beta )^{1/\beta }}}} = 1 2 [ α α − 1 log ⁡ ( 2 α ) 1 / α + β β − 1 log ⁡ ( 2 β ) 1 / β ] {\displaystyle ={\frac {1}{2}}\left[{\frac {\alpha }{\alpha -1}}\log(2\alpha )^{1/\alpha }+{\frac {\beta }{\beta -1}}\log(2\beta )^{1/\beta }\rig...	{ "page_id": 857780, "title": "Entropic uncertainty" }
{\displaystyle \alpha ,\,\beta \to 1} and the substitutions A = α − 1 , B = β − 1 {\displaystyle \mathrm {A} =\alpha -1,\mathrm {B} =\beta -1} yields the less general Shannon entropy inequality, H ( \| f \| 2 ) + H ( \| g \| 2 ) ≥ log ⁡ e 2 , where g ( y ) ≈ ∫ R e − 2 π i x y f ( x ) d x , {\displaystyle H(\|f\|^{2})+H(\|g\|^{...	{ "page_id": 857780, "title": "Entropic uncertainty" }
2 π e V ( ϕ ) , {\displaystyle H(\phi )\leq \log {\sqrt {2\pi eV(\phi )}},} where H is the Shannon entropy and V is the variance, an inequality that is saturated only in the case of a normal distribution. Moreover, the Fourier transform of a Gaussian probability amplitude function is also Gaussian—and the absolute squa...	{ "page_id": 857780, "title": "Entropic uncertainty" }
1 {\displaystyle \phi _{1}} and ϕ 2 {\displaystyle \phi _{2}} are equimeasurable if ∀ δ > 0 , μ { x ∈ R \| ϕ 1 ( x ) ≥ δ } = μ { x ∈ R \| ϕ 2 ( x ) ≥ δ } , {\displaystyle \forall \delta >0,\,\mu \{x\in \mathbb {R} \|\phi _{1}(x)\geq \delta \}=\mu \{x\in \mathbb {R} \|\phi _{2}(x)\geq \delta \},} where μ is the Lebesgue mea...	{ "page_id": 857780, "title": "Entropic uncertainty" }
antisymmetric wave functions". Letters in Mathematical Physics. 43 (3): 233–248. arXiv:quant-ph/9706015. Bibcode:1997quant.ph..6015S. doi:10.1023/A:1007464229188. S2CID 18118758.	{ "page_id": 857780, "title": "Entropic uncertainty" }
The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) is an intergovernmental international radio telescope project being built in Australia (low-frequency) and South Africa (mid-frequency). The combining infrastructure, the Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO), and headquarters, are located at the Jodrell Bank Observatory in the Unit...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
of planning, China vied to host the SKA, proposing to build several large dishes in the natural limestone depressions (karst) that dimple its southwestern provinces; China called their proposal Kilometer-square Area Radio Synthesis Telescope (KARST). Australia's first radio quiet zone was established by the Australian ...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
New Zealand sites. While New Zealand remained a member of the SKA Organisation in 2014, it appeared that no SKA infrastructure was likely to be located in New Zealand. In April 2015, the headquarters of the SKA project were chosen to be located at the Jodrell Bank Observatory in the UK, officially opened in July 2019. ...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
date estimated as 2028. The site has been named Inyarrimanha Ilgari Bundara, which means 'sharing sky and stars' in the Wajarri language. The Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) in India and UK Research and Innovation (UKRI) are investigating the possibility of establishing supercomputing facilities to handle data from t...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
the total collecting area at low and mid frequencies by 2023 (SKA1). Phase 2: Completion of the full array (SKA2) at low and mid frequencies by 2030. The frequency range from 50 MHz to 14 GHz, spanning more than two decades, cannot be realised using one design of antenna and so the SKA will comprise separate sub-arrays...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
total collecting area of the SKA arrays. A mid region extending out to 180 km. This will contain dishes and pairs of SKA-mid and SKA-low stations. In each case they will be randomly placed within the area with the density of dishes and stations falling off towards the outer part of the region. An outer region from 180 ...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
e.V.) India: National Centre for Radio Astrophysics (राष्ट्रीय रेडियो खगोल भौतिकी केन्द्र - Raashtreey Rediyo Khagol Bhautikee Kendr) Observers: France: National Centre for Scientific Research (Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique) Japan: National Astronomical Observatory (国立天文台 - Kokuritsu Tenmondai) Korea: Ko...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
Pathfinders or Design Studies. Precursor facility: A telescope on one of the two SKA candidate sites, carrying out SKA-related activity. Pathfinder: A telescope or programme carrying out SKA-related technology, science and operations activity. Design Study: A study of one or more major sub-systems of the SKA design, in...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
HERA array is located in South Africa's Meerkat National Park. It is designed to study highly redshifted atomic hydrogen emission emitted prior to, and during the epoch of reionization. === Pathfinders === APERture Tile in Focus (Apertif) Very Long Baseline Interferometry Electronic MultiBeam Radio Astronomy ConcEpt e-...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
founding member of the project, has designed and constructed the first prototype of the regional data processing centre. An Tao, head of the SKA group of the Shanghai Astronomical Observatory, stated, "It will generate data streams far beyond the total Internet traffic worldwide." The Tianhe-2 supercomputer was used in...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
stations could implement flood mitigation solutions. During 2014, South Africa experienced a month-long strike action by the National Union of Metalworkers (NUMSA), which added to the delays of the installation of dishes. The largest risk to the overall project is probably its budget, which up until 2014 had not been c...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
of the SKA in the 21 cm hydrogen line will map a billion galaxies out to the edge of the observable Universe. The large-scale structure of the cosmos thus revealed will give constraints to determine the processes resulting in galaxy formation and evolution. Imaging hydrogen throughout the Universe will provide a three-...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
basic questions about the origin and evolution of cosmic magnetic fields, but it is clear that they are an important component of interstellar and intergalactic space. By mapping the effects of magnetism on the radiation from very distant galaxies, the SKA will investigate the form of cosmic magnetism and the role it h...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
Murchison Radio-Astronomy Observatory (MRO) – University of Western Australia Photographs from the Boolardy site, June 2010 A Trojan Affair Archived 23 November 2018 at the Wayback Machine - Novel about the SKA Canada Canadian SKA Consortium web site Europe SKA Design Studies web site Archived 30 December 2011 at the W...	{ "page_id": 792246, "title": "Square Kilometre Array" }
A throat culture is a laboratory diagnostic test that evaluates for the presence of a bacterial or fungal infection in the throat. A sample from the throat is collected by swabbing the throat and placing the sample into a special cup (culture) that allows infections to grow. If an organism grows, the culture is positiv...	{ "page_id": 21829302, "title": "Throat culture" }
gives a larger sample than a throat swab and may make the culture more reliable. A culture for Streptococcus pyogenes can take 18–24 hours when grown at 37 degrees Celsius (body temperature). == See also == Antibiogram Bacterial culture Laboratory specimen Rapid strep test == References ==	{ "page_id": 21829302, "title": "Throat culture" }
The various ethnolinguistic groups found in the Caucasus, Central Asia, Europe, the Middle East, North Africa and/or South Asia demonstrate differing rates of particular Y-DNA haplogroups. In the table below, the first two columns identify ethnolinguistic groups. Subsequent columns represent the sample size (n) of the ...	{ "page_id": 15603385, "title": "Y-DNA haplogroups by ethnic group" }
Eukaryotic initiation factors (eIFs) are proteins or protein complexes involved in the initiation phase of eukaryotic translation. These proteins help stabilize the formation of ribosomal preinitiation complexes around the start codon and are an important input for post-transcription gene regulation. Several initiation...	{ "page_id": 9508538, "title": "Eukaryotic initiation factor" }
ternary complex containing Met-tRNAiMet and GTP (the eIF2-TC). eIF2 has specificity for the methionine-charged initiator tRNA, which is distinct from other methionine-charged tRNAs used for elongation of the polypeptide chain. The eIF2 ternary complex remains bound to the P-site while the mRNA attaches to the 40s ribos...	{ "page_id": 9508538, "title": "Eukaryotic initiation factor" }
they appear to be involved in specialized pathways, such as 'eIF2-independent' translation initiation or re-initiation, respectively. == eIF3 == eIF3 independently binds the 40S ribosomal subunit, multiple initiation factors, and cellular and viral mRNA. In mammals, eIF3 is the largest initiation factor, made up of 13 ...	{ "page_id": 9508538, "title": "Eukaryotic initiation factor" }
well as a critical co-factor for eIF4A. It is also a substrate of S6K, and when phosphorylated, it promotes the formation of the pre-initiation complex. In vertebrates, eIF4H is an additional initiation factor with similar function to eIF4B. == eIF5, eIF5A and eIF5B == eIF5 is a GTPase-activating protein, which helps t...	{ "page_id": 9508538, "title": "Eukaryotic initiation factor" }
In ecology, plot sampling is a widely used method of abundance estimation in which specific areas, or plots, are selected from within a survey region and sampled. This approach allows scientists to make population estimates using statistical techniques such as the Horvitz–Thompson estimator. Plot sampling is generally ...	{ "page_id": 42342075, "title": "Plot sampling" }
that was sampled for the plot. "Covered area" is used to refer to the surface area that was sampled for the plot. If the entire survey region is covered in this manner, and the survey region equals the covered region rather than a subset of plots that are then used for extrapolation, this is considered a census rather ...	{ "page_id": 42342075, "title": "Plot sampling" }
The molecular formula C11H16N4O4 (molar mass: 268.27 g/mol, exact mass: 268.1172 u) may refer to: Acetylcarnosine (NAC) Dexrazoxane Pentostatin	{ "page_id": 24319673, "title": "C11H16N4O4" }
The Strange–Rahman–Smith equation is used in the cryoporometry method of measuring porosity. NMR cryoporometry is a recent technique for measuring total porosity and pore size distributions. NMRC is based on two equations: the Gibbs–Thomson equation, which maps the melting point depression to pore size, and the Strange...	{ "page_id": 31921849, "title": "Strange–Rahman–Smith equation" }
The molecular formula C5H4N2O3 (molar mass: 140.10 g/mol, exact mass: 140.0222 u) may refer to: 5-Formyluracil 4-Nitropyridine-N-oxide	{ "page_id": 37295806, "title": "C5H4N2O3" }
Blinking colloidal nanocrystals is a phenomenon observed during studies of single colloidal nanocrystals that show that they randomly turn their photoluminescence on and off even under continuous light illumination. This has also been described as luminescence intermittency. Similar behavior has been observed in crysta...	{ "page_id": 36771515, "title": "Fluorescence intermittency in colloidal nanocrystals" }
charged (or ionized), and then neutralized. Under normal conditions when nanocrystal is neutral, a photon excites an electron-hole pair, which then recombines, emitting another photon and leading to photoluminescence. This process is called radiative recombination. If however, the nanocrystal is charged, the extra carr...	{ "page_id": 36771515, "title": "Fluorescence intermittency in colloidal nanocrystals" }
I. (2009). "Suppressed Auger Recombination in "Giant" Nanocrystals Boosts Optical Gain Performance". Nano Letters. 9 (10): 3482–3488. Bibcode:2009NanoL...9.3482G. doi:10.1021/nl901681d. PMC 2897714. PMID 19505082. Crouch, Catherine H.; Sauter, Orion; Wu, Xiaohua; Purcell, Robert; Querner, Claudia; Drndic, Marija; Pelto...	{ "page_id": 36771515, "title": "Fluorescence intermittency in colloidal nanocrystals" }
Julius Erich Wess (5 December 1934 – 8 August 2007) was an Austrian theoretical physicist noted as the co-inventor of the Wess–Zumino model and Wess–Zumino–Witten model in the field of supersymmetry and conformal field theory. He was also a recipient of the Max Planck medal, the Wigner medal, the Gottfried Wilhelm Leib...	{ "page_id": 4265659, "title": "Julius Wess" }
the terms are now named after them.Despite the fame of that early work, Wess will always be known for the 1974 papers in which he and Zumino constructed the first renormalizable supersymmetric quantum field theory in four dimensions and exhibited its nonrenormalization properties at one loop. Their work ignited an expl...	{ "page_id": 4265659, "title": "Julius Wess" }
Vital rates refer to how fast vital statistics change in a population (usually measured per 1000 individuals). There are 2 categories within vital rates: crude rates and refined rates. Crude rates measure vital statistics in a general population (overall change in births and deaths per 1000). Refined rates measure the ...	{ "page_id": 2168513, "title": "Vital rates" }
In theoretical physics, the Scherk–Schwarz mechanism (named after Joël Scherk and John Henry Schwarz) for a field φ basically means that φ is a section of a non-trivializable fiber bundle (not necessarily a vector bundle since φ needn't be linear) which is fixed by the model. This is called a twist by physicists. Note ...	{ "page_id": 857791, "title": "Scherk–Schwarz mechanism" }
Cryptozoology is a pseudoscience and subculture that searches for and studies unknown, legendary, or extinct animals whose present existence is disputed or unsubstantiated, particularly those popular in folklore, such as Bigfoot, the Loch Ness Monster, Yeti, the chupacabra, the Jersey Devil, or the Mokele-mbembe. Crypt...	{ "page_id": 5828, "title": "Cryptozoology" }
the term cryptozoology to Sanderson. Following cryptozoology, the term cryptid was coined in 1983 by cryptozoologist J. E. Wall in the summer issue of the International Society of Cryptozoology newsletter. According to Wall "[It has been] suggested that new terms be coined to replace sensational and often misleading te...	{ "page_id": 5828, "title": "Cryptozoology" }
fewer still have a science background directly relevant to cryptozoology. Adherents often misrepresent the academic backgrounds of cryptozoologists. According to writer Daniel Loxton and paleontologist Donald Prothero, "[c]ryptozoologists have often promoted 'Professor Roy Mackal, PhD.' as one of their leading figures ...	{ "page_id": 5828, "title": "Cryptozoology" }
saw an explosion of amateurs in the 2000s ... they became researchers that connected via the Internet. Now they start making media they can publish themselves ... it started to hit a younger and younger generation ... who love these creatures ... now everything can be a cryptid.” Historically, notable cryptozoologists ...	{ "page_id": 5828, "title": "Cryptozoology" }
ministers. They think that if they found a dinosaur in the Congo it would overturn all of evolution. It wouldn't. It would just be a late-occurring dinosaur, but that's their mistaken notion of evolution." Citing a 2013 exhibit at the Petersburg, Kentucky-based Creation Museum, which claimed that dragons were once biol...	{ "page_id": 5828, "title": "Cryptozoology" }
existed, cryptozoologists do not follow the scientific method. No academic course of study nor university degree program grants the status of cryptozoologist and the subculture is primarily the domain of individuals without training in the natural sciences. Anthropologist Jeb J. Card summarizes cryptozoology in a surve...	{ "page_id": 5828, "title": "Cryptozoology" }
says that "Cryptozoology [...] is not valid science or even science at all. It is monster hunting." Historian of science Brian Regal includes an entry for cryptozoology in his Pseudoscience: A Critical Encyclopedia (2009). Regal says that "as an intellectual endeavor, cryptozoology has been studied as much as cryptozoo...	{ "page_id": 5828, "title": "Cryptozoology" }
"feature many monsters". In his analysis of cryptozoology, folklorist Peter Dendle says that "cryptozoology devotees consciously position themselves in defiance of mainstream science" and that: The psychological significance of cryptozoology in the modern world [...] serves to channel guilt over the decimation of speci...	{ "page_id": 5828, "title": "Cryptozoology" }
to merit the old Latin saying 'I believe because it is incredible,' although Tertullian, its author, applied it in a way more applicable to the present day creationists. Paleontologist Donald Prothero (2007) cites cryptozoology as an example of pseudoscience and categorizes it, along with Holocaust denial and UFO abduc...	{ "page_id": 5828, "title": "Cryptozoology" }
exhibition, which compared cryptozoological creatures with recently extinct animals like the thylacine and extant taxa like the coelacanth, once thought long extinct (living fossils). The following year, the American Museum of Natural History put on a mixed exhibition of imaginary and extinct animals, including the ele...	{ "page_id": 5828, "title": "Cryptozoology" }
The molecular formula C38H38O16 (molar mass: 750.70 g/mol, exact mass: 750.2160 u) may refer to: Dicerandrol C Phomoxanthone A (PXA) Phomoxanthone B (PXB)	{ "page_id": 61085382, "title": "C38H38O16" }
The Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine (formerly known as the American Association for Clinical Chemistry or AACC) is a global scientific society dedicated to clinical laboratory science and its application to healthcare. ADLM's current president is Octavia M. Peck Palmer, PhD, FAAC, and the association ...	{ "page_id": 15144646, "title": "Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine" }
opportunity to unveil a new product dubbed miniLab. Several people on the Theranos scientific advisory board were members of the association. == COVID-19 pandemic == ADLM members who are frontline laboratory specialists also encounter significant challenges in carrying out such studies. Lack of product selection and re...	{ "page_id": 15144646, "title": "Association for Diagnostics & Laboratory Medicine" }
In the area of solid state chemistry, graphite intercalation compounds are a family of materials prepared from graphite. In particular, the sheets of carbon that comprise graphite can be pried apart by the insertion (intercalation) of ions. The graphite is viewed as a host and the inserted ions as guests. The materials...	{ "page_id": 3610312, "title": "Graphite intercalation compound" }
potassium is absorbed into the graphite and the material changes color from black to bronze. The resulting solid is pyrophoric. The composition is explained by assuming that the potassium to potassium distance is twice the distance between hexagons in the carbon framework. The bond between anionic graphite layers and p...	{ "page_id": 3610312, "title": "Graphite intercalation compound" }
in the same group of the periodic table. The phenomenon arises from the competition between trends in the ionization energy and the ion–substrate coupling, down the columns of the periodic table. However, considerable Na intercalation into graphite can occur in cases when the ion is wrapped in a solvent shell through t...	{ "page_id": 3610312, "title": "Graphite intercalation compound" }
behaviour may arise. === Halogen- and oxide-graphite compounds === Chlorine and bromine reversibly intercalate into graphite. Iodine does not. Fluorine reacts irreversibly. In the case of bromine, the following stoichiometries are known: CnBr for n = 8, 12, 14, 16, 20, and 28. Because it forms irreversibly, carbon mono...	{ "page_id": 3610312, "title": "Graphite intercalation compound" }
It has also been used as a catalyst in polymerizations and as a coupling reagent for aryl halides to biphenyls. In one study, freshly prepared KC8 was treated with 1-iodododecane delivering a modification (micrometre scale carbon platelets with long alkyl chains sticking out providing solubility) that is soluble in chl...	{ "page_id": 3610312, "title": "Graphite intercalation compound" }
The hybrid sulfur cycle (HyS) is a two-step water-splitting process intended to be used for hydrogen production. Based on sulfur oxidation and reduction, it is classified as a hybrid thermochemical cycle because it uses an electrochemical (instead of a thermochemical) reaction for one of the two steps. The remaining th...	{ "page_id": 18093768, "title": "Hybrid sulfur cycle" }

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