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education. Phillips is especially noted for developing and implementing a curriculum for teaching physics and co-authoring two textbooks in the 1950s for collegiate physics courses. She also wrote and edited works history of physics and the history of the American Association of Physics Teachers. == Honors and tributes... | {
"page_id": 1185584,
"title": "Melba Phillips"
} |
2) (American Institute of Physics, 1985) History of Physics II: The Life and Times of Modern Physics (Readings from Physics Today, No 5). (American Institute of Physics, 1992) == See also == List of textbooks in electromagnetism == Notes == == References == Grinstein, Louise S.; Rose K. Rose; Miriam H. Rafailovich (199... | {
"page_id": 1185584,
"title": "Melba Phillips"
} |
The molecular formula C8H12N4O5 (molar mass: 244.205 g/mol) may refer to: Azacitidine Ribavirin, or tribavirin | {
"page_id": 24319795,
"title": "C8H12N4O5"
} |
Deoxyguanosine monophosphate (dGMP), also known as deoxyguanylic acid or deoxyguanylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a derivative of the common nucleotide guanosine triphosphate (GTP), in which the –OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2' carbon on the ribose has been reduced to just a hydroge... | {
"page_id": 7280436,
"title": "Deoxyguanosine monophosphate"
} |
Albert Lloyd George Rees (15 January 1916 – 14 August 1989) was an Australian chemical physicist. He was born the son of the Rev. G.P. Rees of Melbourne, Australia and educated at Carey Baptist Grammar School, at Kew, Victoria, Australia. He then worked part-time as a laboratory assistant at Melbourne University whilst... | {
"page_id": 52696884,
"title": "Albert Lloyd George Rees"
} |
Academy of Science agreed on the proposal of Sir Alan Walsh to initiate a series of lectures by distinguished researchers in chemical physics, to recognise the contributions of Rees to science, industry and education. The award has been made to: 2018 — Paul Mulvaney 2016 — Keith Nugent 2014 — Cathy Foley 2012 — Joanne ... | {
"page_id": 52696884,
"title": "Albert Lloyd George Rees"
} |
Steen Rasmussen (born 7 July 1955) is a Danish physicist mainly working in the areas of artificial life and complex systems. He is currently a professor in physics and a center director at University of Southern Denmark as well as an external research professor at the Santa Fe Institute. His formal training was at the ... | {
"page_id": 8853302,
"title": "Steen Rasmussen (physicist)"
} |
two Danish universities, has a Director, five Science Focus Leaders and a Science Board. In 2018 he received the Lifetime Achievement Award from the International Society of Artificial Life (ISAL). == References == == External links == Steen Rasmussen at SDU Steen Rasmussen at SFI | {
"page_id": 8853302,
"title": "Steen Rasmussen (physicist)"
} |
Wineberry latent virus (WLV) is a plant pathogenic virus that is known to affect plants in the genus Rubus in Europe. The virions are elongated, but the strain has not been molecularly categorized. == References == | {
"page_id": 12457783,
"title": "Wineberry latent virus"
} |
Calcium bisulfite (calcium bisulphite or calcium hydrogen sulfite) is an inorganic compound which is the salt of a calcium cation and a bisulfite anion. It may be prepared by treating lime with an excess of sulfur dioxide and water. As a food additive it is used as a preservative under the E number E227. Calcium bisulf... | {
"page_id": 16258871,
"title": "Calcium bisulfite"
} |
manganese, iron, cobalt, nickel, lead, and zinc. == Application == === Economical === Calcium bisulfite is one of the chemicals used in an overall mild bisulfite treatment meant to increase the sugar yield efficiency in processing timber excess to biofuel and jet fuel. The use of the Mild Bisulfite methodology both inc... | {
"page_id": 16258871,
"title": "Calcium bisulfite"
} |
Annie Bernadette Kersting is a chemist known for her work on the movement of compounds such as plutonium in the environment. She was the 2016 recipient of the Garvan–Olin Medal from the American Chemical Society. == Education and career == Kersting has a B.A. from the University of California, Berkeley (1983) and an M.... | {
"page_id": 71046973,
"title": "Annie Kersting"
} |
in the environment, mentoring students and postdocs, and developing successful education programs in nuclear forensics and environmental radiochemistry". == References == == External links == Annie Kersting publications indexed by Google Scholar | {
"page_id": 71046973,
"title": "Annie Kersting"
} |
Nital is a solution of nitric acid and alcohol commonly used for etching of metals. It is especially suitable for revealing the microstructure of carbon steels. The alcohol can be methanol or ethanol. Mixtures of ethanol and nitric acid are potentially explosive. This commonly occurs by gas evolution, although ethyl ni... | {
"page_id": 7411518,
"title": "Nital"
} |
The Association of Greek Chemists (Greek: Ένωση Ελλήνων Χημικών, ΕΕΧ) is the chemical society of Greek chemists. The Association of Greek Chemists is a public legal entity that reports to the Ministry of Industry, Energy and Technology. Its headquarters are in Athens: 27 Kaniggos Street, 10682, Ethans, Greece. It was f... | {
"page_id": 46995261,
"title": "Association of Greek Chemists"
} |
office on 14 June 1963, where the headquarters remain until today. The board of directors of AGC, since January 2022 is the following: President: Ioannis Katsoyiannis, Vice presidents: Vasilios Koulos and Kostas Theodorakis, General Secretary: Ioannis Sitaras, Treasurer and immediate past president: Athanasios Papadopo... | {
"page_id": 46995261,
"title": "Association of Greek Chemists"
} |
its name twice in the past: Chimika Chronika (1936-1968), Chimika Chronika Epistemonike Ekdosis (1969-1970), and Chimika Chronika New Series (1972-1997). It can include commercial advertising. == Funding Announcements == The Association's website is used to announce available funding by government or private bodies. ==... | {
"page_id": 46995261,
"title": "Association of Greek Chemists"
} |
Deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP), also known as deoxyadenylic acid or deoxyadenylate in its conjugate acid and conjugate base forms, respectively, is a derivative of the common nucleotide adenosine monophosphate (AMP), in which the -OH (hydroxyl) group on the 2' carbon on the nucleotide's pentose has been reduced to... | {
"page_id": 7280450,
"title": "Deoxyadenosine monophosphate"
} |
Synapse is a component-based development environment for neural networks and adaptive systems. Created by Peltarion, Synapse allows data mining, statistical analysis, visualization, preprocessing, design and training of neural networks and adaptive systems and the deployment of them. It utilizes a plug-in based archite... | {
"page_id": 3741507,
"title": "Peltarion Synapse"
} |
are linked to construct a topology. Linked components enable a signal flow creating a pipe filter machine. When a signal is set on a component, it filters the signal in some way and the filtered signal can then be piped to the next component in the linked chain of components that form the topology. The components can b... | {
"page_id": 3741507,
"title": "Peltarion Synapse"
} |
a single .NET component. The system in the development environment is downscaled so that it only contains the minimal necessary requirements for execution and then compiled into an assembly. This assembly can then be used in any .NET framework or .NET Compact Framework application. The latter allows the deployment to e... | {
"page_id": 3741507,
"title": "Peltarion Synapse"
} |
The Estación de Fotobiología Playa Unión (EFPU) (in English: 'Playa Unión Photobiology Station') is a non-profit organization, devoted to scientific research about the effects of ultraviolet radiation on aquatic ecosystems. == Location == EFPU is located at Playa Unión, Chubut province, Argentina. == External links == ... | {
"page_id": 13113155,
"title": "Estación de Fotobiología Playa Unión"
} |
Visual indexing theory, also known as FINST theory, is a theory of early visual perception developed by Zenon Pylyshyn in the 1980s. It proposes a pre-attentive mechanism (a ‘FINST’) whose function is to individuate salient elements of a visual scene, and track their locations across space and time. Developed in respon... | {
"page_id": 50730824,
"title": "Visual indexing theory"
} |
their FINSTs move with them. Opaque to the features of the objects they index. FINSTs reference objects according to their location only. No additional information about their referents is conveyed via the FINST mechanism itself. === Role in the visual perception process === ==== Individuation ==== FINSTs operate pre-a... | {
"page_id": 50730824,
"title": "Visual indexing theory"
} |
first been indexed. Once it has been allocated a FINST, the index provides the visual system with rapid and preferential access to the object for further processing of features such as colour, texture and shape. While in this sense FINSTs provide the means for higher-level processing to occur, FINSTs themselves are "op... | {
"page_id": 50730824,
"title": "Visual indexing theory"
} |
efficiency). According to Pylyshyn, the spotlight/zoom-lens model cannot tell the complete story of visual perception. He argues that a pre-attentive mechanism is needed to individuate objects upon which a spotlight of attention could be directed in the first place. Furthermore, results of multiple object tracking stud... | {
"page_id": 50730824,
"title": "Visual indexing theory"
} |
problems accounting for how we are able to pick out a single token among several objects of the same type. For example, I may refer to a particular can of soup on a supermarket shelf sitting among a number of identical cans that answer to the same description. In both cases, a spatiotemporal reference is required in or... | {
"page_id": 50730824,
"title": "Visual indexing theory"
} |
five target objects as they move across the visual field, usually in the presence of identical moving distractor objects of equal or greater number. The phenomenon was first demonstrated by Pylyshyn and Storm in 1988, and their results have been widely replicated (see Pylyshyn, 2007 for a summary.) Experimental setup I... | {
"page_id": 50730824,
"title": "Visual indexing theory"
} |
when the items are visually indiscriminable from their neighbors and when their locations are constantly changing." === Subitizing studies === Subitizing refers to the rapid and accurate enumeration of small numbers of items. Numerous studies (dating back to Jevons in 1871) have demonstrated that subjects can very quic... | {
"page_id": 50730824,
"title": "Visual indexing theory"
} |
"subitizing can be explained only by virtue of a limited-capacity mechanism that operates after the spatially parallel processes of feature detection and grouping but before the serial processes of spatial attention." In other words, by a mechanism such as a FINST. === Subset selection studies === A key assumption of v... | {
"page_id": 50730824,
"title": "Visual indexing theory"
} |
15 items are presented on a screen, each of which has one of two colours, and one of two orientations. Three of these items are designated as the subset by late onset (appearing after the others). The subset contains the target item and two distractors. The key independent variable in this experiment is the nature of t... | {
"page_id": 50730824,
"title": "Visual indexing theory"
} |
for an example of a typical multiple object tracking task. | {
"page_id": 50730824,
"title": "Visual indexing theory"
} |
Creation by Evolution is a 1928 book edited by Frances Mason. Aimed at a general audience, the book is a collection of 24 essays supporting the theory of evolution. Among its contributors were Edward Wilber Berry, Edwin Grant Conklin, Samuel Jackson Holmes, Herbert Spencer Jennings, Richard Swann Lull, George Howard Pa... | {
"page_id": 77862728,
"title": "Creation by Evolution"
} |
A laminar flow reactor (LFR) is a type of chemical reactor that uses laminar flow to control reaction rate, and/or reaction distribution. LFR is generally a long tube with constant diameter that is kept at constant temperature. Reactants are injected at one end and products are collected and monitored at the other. Lam... | {
"page_id": 34740042,
"title": "Laminar flow reactor"
} |
a fashion of laminar flow. That is, streams of fluids or gases slide over each other like cards. When analyzing fluids with the same viscosity ("thickness" or "stickiness") but different velocity, fluids are typically characterized into two types of flows: laminar flow and turbulent flow. Compared to turbulent flow, la... | {
"page_id": 34740042,
"title": "Laminar flow reactor"
} |
/2} . Notice that the graph has the E ( t ) {\displaystyle E(t)} value of zero initially, this is simply because it takes sometime for the substance to travel through the reactor. When the material is starting to reach the outlet, the concentration drastically increases, and it gradually decreases as time proceeds. == ... | {
"page_id": 34740042,
"title": "Laminar flow reactor"
} |
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VOemsoVSPWI (Unavailable) | {
"page_id": 34740042,
"title": "Laminar flow reactor"
} |
A comet is an icy, small Solar System body that warms and begins to release gases when passing close to the Sun, a process called outgassing. This produces an extended, gravitationally unbound atmosphere or coma surrounding the nucleus, and sometimes a tail of gas and dust gas blown out from the coma. These phenomena a... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
volatile ices and dust and may come to resemble small asteroids. Asteroids are thought to have a different origin from comets, having formed inside the orbit of Jupiter rather than in the outer Solar System. However, the discovery of main-belt comets and active centaur minor planets has blurred the distinction between ... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
U+2604 ☄ COMET, consisting of a small disc with three hairlike extensions. == Physical characteristics == === Nucleus === The solid, core structure of a comet is known as the nucleus. Cometary nuclei are composed of an amalgamation of rock, dust, water ice, and frozen carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, methane, and ammon... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
surface reflects less than 3.0%; by comparison, asphalt reflects seven percent. The dark surface material of the nucleus may consist of complex organic compounds. Solar heating drives off lighter volatile compounds, leaving behind larger organic compounds that tend to be very dark, like tar or crude oil. The low reflec... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
which (acetamide, acetone, methyl isocyanate and propionaldehyde) have been detected for the first time on a comet. === Coma === The streams of dust and gas thus released form a huge and extremely thin atmosphere around the comet called the "coma". The force exerted on the coma by the Sun's radiation pressure and solar... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
extend one astronomical unit (150 million km) or more. Both the coma and tail are illuminated by the Sun and may become visible when a comet passes through the inner Solar System, the dust reflects sunlight directly while the gases glow from ionisation. Most comets are too faint to be visible without the aid of a teles... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
flew by comets 21P/Giacobini–Zinner, 1P/Halley, and 26P/Grigg–Skjellerup. It was then found that the bow shocks at comets are wider and more gradual than the sharp planetary bow shocks seen at, for example, Earth. These observations were all made near perihelion when the bow shocks already were fully developed. The Ros... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
ion and dust tails, may be seen. The observation of antitails contributed significantly to the discovery of solar wind. The ion tail is formed as a result of the ionization by solar ultra-violet radiation of particles in the coma. Once the particles have been ionized, they attain a net positive electrical charge, which... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
In 2010 it was revealed that sublimation of dry ice (frozen carbon dioxide) can power jets of material flowing out of a comet nucleus. Infrared imaging of Hartley 2 shows such jets exiting and carrying with it dust grains into the coma. == Orbital characteristics == Most comets are small Solar System bodies with elonga... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
(NEOs)), 106 HTCs (36 of which are NEOs), and 815 JFCs (153 of which are NEOs). Recently discovered main-belt comets form a distinct class, orbiting in more circular orbits within the asteroid belt. Because their elliptical orbits frequently take them close to the giant planets, comets are subject to further gravitatio... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
comets which greatly influence their lifetime; the more stripped, the shorter they live and vice versa. === Long period === Long-period comets have highly eccentric orbits and periods ranging from 200 years to thousands or even millions of years. An eccentricity greater than 1 when near perihelion does not necessarily ... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
of 230,000 AU (1.1 pc; 3.6 ly). Only a few hundred comets have been seen to reach a hyperbolic orbit (e > 1) when near perihelion that using a heliocentric unperturbed two-body best-fit suggests they may escape the Solar System. As of 2022, only two objects have been discovered with an eccentricity significantly greate... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
Jupiter. Comets from interstellar space are moving with velocities of the same order as the relative velocities of stars near the Sun (a few tens of km per second). When such objects enter the Solar System, they have a positive specific orbital energy resulting in a positive velocity at infinity ( v ∞ {\displaystyle v_... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
who proposed its existence in 1981. Models predict that the inner cloud should have tens or hundreds of times as many cometary nuclei as the outer halo; it is seen as a possible source of new comets that resupply the relatively tenuous outer cloud as the latter's numbers are gradually depleted. The Hills cloud explains... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
or of hundreds of comets. == Effects of comets == === Connection to meteor showers === As a comet is heated during close passes to the Sun, outgassing of its icy components releases solid debris too large to be swept away by radiation pressure and the solar wind. If Earth's orbit sends it through that trail of debris, ... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
larger macro-molecules that served as the foundation for life. In 2015, scientists found significant amounts of molecular oxygen in the outgassings of comet 67P, suggesting that the molecule may occur more often than had been thought, and thus less an indicator of life as has been supposed. It is suspected that comet i... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
fast enough, it may leave the Solar System. Such comets follow the open path of a hyperbola, and as such, they are called hyperbolic comets. Solar comets are only known to be ejected by interacting with another object in the Solar System, such as Jupiter. An example of this is Comet C/1980 E1, which was shifted from an... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
comets include 3D/Biela in 1846 and 73P/Schwassmann–Wachmann from 1995 to 2006. Greek historian Ephorus reported that a comet split apart as far back as the winter of 372–373 BC. Comets are suspected of splitting due to thermal stress, internal gas pressure, or impact. Comets 42P/Neujmin and 53P/Van Biesbroeck appear t... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
Prior to the early 20th century, most comets were referred to by the year when they appeared, sometimes with additional adjectives for particularly bright comets; thus, the "Great Comet of 1680", the "Great Comet of 1882", and the "Great January Comet of 1910". After Edmond Halley demonstrated that the comets of 1531, ... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
zodiac and vary in brightness over the course of a few days. Aristotle's cometary theory arose from his observations and cosmological theory that everything in the cosmos is arranged in a distinct configuration. Part of this configuration was a clear separation between the celestial and terrestrial, believing comets to... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
periodically. This was the view expressed in the 6th century by the astronomers Varāhamihira and Bhadrabahu, and the 10th-century astronomer Bhaṭṭotpala listed the names and estimated periods of certain comets, but it is not known how these figures were calculated or how accurate they were. There is a claim that an Ara... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
the distance of a comet from Earth. In the 16th century, Tycho Brahe and Michael Maestlin demonstrated that comets must exist outside of Earth's atmosphere by measuring the parallax of the Great Comet of 1577. Within the precision of the measurements, this implied the comet must be at least four times more distant than... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
and therefore most likely orbit it. On their luminosity, he stated, "The comets shine by the Sun's light, which they reflect," with their tails illuminated by "the Sun's light reflected by a smoke arising from [the coma]". In 1705, Edmond Halley (1656–1742) applied Newton's method to 23 cometary apparitions that had oc... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
by Giovanni Santini (1787–1877) and followed by Giuseppe Lorenzoni (1843–1914), this observatory was devoted to classical astronomy, mainly to the new comets and planets orbit calculation, with the goal of compiling a catalog of almost ten thousand stars. Situated in the Northern portion of Italy, observations from thi... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
the collection of spacecraft missions that visited and/or made observations of Halley's Comet 1980s perihelion. The space shuttle Challenger was intended to do a study of Halley's Comet in 1986, but exploded shortly after being launched. Deep Impact. Debate continues about how much ice is in a comet. In 2001, the Deep ... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
formed in the early, hot inner Solar System. This is seen in comet spectra as well as in sample return missions. More recent still, the materials retrieved demonstrate that the "comet dust resembles asteroid materials". These new results have forced scientists to rethink the nature of comets and their distinction from ... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
which reached maximum brightness in 1997 having been discovered two years earlier. The first great comet of the 21st century was C/2006 P1 (McNaught), which became visible to naked eye observers in January 2007. It was the brightest in over 40 years. === Sungrazing comets === A sungrazing comet is a comet that passes e... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
at 8 AU. The largest known Oort cloud comet is suspected of being Comet Bernardinelli-Bernstein at ≈150 km that will not come to perihelion until January 2031 just outside of Saturn's orbit at 11 AU. The Comet of 1729 is estimated to have been ≈100 km in diameter and came to perihelion inside of Jupiter's orbit at 4 AU... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
rediscovered by LINEAR in 2001. There are at least 18 comets that fit this category. == In popular culture == The depiction of comets in popular culture is firmly rooted in the long Western tradition of seeing comets as harbingers of doom and as omens of world-altering change. Halley's Comet alone has caused a slew of ... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
bodies argue over the comet's appearance and purpose. == Gallery == Videos == See also == The Big Splash Comet vintages List of impact craters on Earth List of possible impact structures on Earth Lists of comets == References == === Footnotes === === Citations === === Bibliography === Sagan, Carl & Druyan, Ann (1997). ... | {
"page_id": 5962,
"title": "Comet"
} |
Chromosome combing (also known as molecular combing or DNA combing) is a technique used to produce an array of uniformly stretched DNA that is then highly suitable for nucleic acid hybridization studies such as fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) which benefit from the uniformity of stretching, the easy access to ... | {
"page_id": 9377615,
"title": "Chromosome combing"
} |
equivalent to 2 kb. DNA regions of interest are observed by hybridising them with probes labelled by haptens like biotin; this can then be bound by one or more layers of fluorochrome-associated ligands (such as immunofluorescence antibodies). Multicolour tagging is also possible. This has several potential uses, typica... | {
"page_id": 9377615,
"title": "Chromosome combing"
} |
replicated DNA typically involve incorporating modified nucleotides (such as BrdU, bromodeoxyuridine) into the nascent DNA, then fluorescently detecting it. As replication forks spread bidirectionally from origins of replication at (approximately) equal speeds, then origin position can be inferred. Replacing the modifi... | {
"page_id": 9377615,
"title": "Chromosome combing"
} |
Gregory L. Verdine (born June 10, 1959) is an American chemical biologist, biotech entrepreneur, venture capitalist and university professor. He is a founder of the field of chemical biology, which deals with the application of chemical techniques to biological systems. His work has focused on mechanisms of DNA repair ... | {
"page_id": 54400853,
"title": "Gregory L. Verdine"
} |
are surveilled in and eradicated from the genome. As a professor, Verdine introduced biological principles into organic chemistry courses and helped found two fields of science that meld basic research and new medicines discovery: chemical biology, which enlists chemistry to answer biological questions; and new modalit... | {
"page_id": 54400853,
"title": "Gregory L. Verdine"
} |
To translate his discoveries into therapeutics, Verdine has founded or co-founded numerous public biotech companies including Variagenics, Enanta, Eleven Bio, Tokai, Wave Life Sciences, and Aileron. He also founded the private company Gloucester Pharmaceuticals, which was acquired by Celgene in 2009. His companies shar... | {
"page_id": 54400853,
"title": "Gregory L. Verdine"
} |
Third Rock Ventures, and WuXi Healthcare Ventures, and as a Special Advisor to Texas Pacific Group. === Scientific consultation === Verdine is a member of both the Board of Scientific Consultants of the Memorial Sloan-Kettering Cancer Center, the Board of Scientific Advisors of the National Cancer Institute, Advisory B... | {
"page_id": 54400853,
"title": "Gregory L. Verdine"
} |
The Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History is a peer-reviewed scientific journal in the fields of zoology, paleontology, and geology. It is part of a group of journals published by the American Museum of Natural History, in which context it is commonly referred to as the Bulletin to distinguish it from othe... | {
"page_id": 24909653,
"title": "Bulletin of the American Museum of Natural History"
} |
In organic chemistry, spherical aromaticity is formally used to describe an unusually stable nature of some spherical compounds such as fullerenes and polyhedral boranes. In 2000, Andreas Hirsch and coworkers in Erlangen, Germany, formulated a rule to determine when a spherical compound would be aromatic. They found th... | {
"page_id": 47454037,
"title": "Spherical aromaticity"
} |
Medical physics deals with the application of the concepts and methods of physics to the prevention, diagnosis and treatment of human diseases with a specific goal of improving human health and well-being. Since 2008, medical physics has been included as a health profession according to International Standard Classific... | {
"page_id": 202584,
"title": "Medical physics"
} |
nanomedicine. == Mission statement of medical physicists == In hospital medical physics departments, the mission statement for medical physicists as adopted by the European Federation of Organisations for Medical Physics (EFOMP) is the following: Medical Physicists will contribute to maintaining and improving the quali... | {
"page_id": 202584,
"title": "Medical physics"
} |
selection, calibration and maintenance of dosimetry related instrumentation; independent checking of dose related quantities provided by dose reporting devices (including software devices); measurement of dose related quantities required as inputs to dose reporting or estimating devices (including software). Measuremen... | {
"page_id": 202584,
"title": "Medical physics"
} |
the introduction of new medical physics services and participating in the introduction/development of clinical protocols/techniques whilst giving due attention to economic issues. Expert consultancy: Provision of expert advice to outside clients (e.g., clinics with no in-house medical physics expertise). Education of h... | {
"page_id": 202584,
"title": "Medical physics"
} |
computing (e.g. DNA computing) and agriculture (target delivery of pesticides, hormones and fertilizers. == Areas of specialty == The International Organization for Medical Physics (IOMP) recognizes main areas of medical physics employment and focus. === Medical imaging physics === Medical imaging physics is also known... | {
"page_id": 202584,
"title": "Medical physics"
} |
is a branch of medicine that uses radiation to provide information about the functioning of a person's specific organs or to treat disease. The thyroid, bones, heart, liver and many other organs can be easily imaged, and disorders in their function revealed. In some cases radiation sources can be used to treat diseased... | {
"page_id": 202584,
"title": "Medical physics"
} |
=== Other closely related fields to medical physics include fields which deal with medical data, information technology and computer science for medicine. Information and communication in medicine Medical informatics Image processing, display and visualization Computer-aided diagnosis Picture archiving and communicatio... | {
"page_id": 202584,
"title": "Medical physics"
} |
and Engineers in Medicine (ACPSEM) Canadian Organization of Medical Physicist - Organisation canadienne des physiciens médicaux The American Association of Physicists in Medicine Romanian College of Medical Physicists medicalphysicsweb.org from the Institute of Physics AIP Medical Physics portal Institute of Physics & ... | {
"page_id": 202584,
"title": "Medical physics"
} |
The largest animal currently alive is the blue whale. The maximum recorded weight was 190 tonnes (209 US tons) for a specimen measuring 27.6 metres (91 ft), whereas longer ones, up to 33 metres (108 ft), have been recorded but not weighed. It is estimated that this individual could have a mass of 250 tonnes or more. Th... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
recorded was shot in Angola in 1974. It was a male measuring 10.67 metres (35.0 ft) from trunk to tail and 4.17 metres (13.7 ft) lying on its side in a projected line from the highest point of the shoulder, to the base of the forefoot, indicating a standing shoulder height of 3.96 metres (13.0 ft). This male had a comp... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
the largest land mammal ever, based on a fragmentary femur estimated to belong to an individual with maximum weight of 22 tonnes. This author also suggested that the extinct mastodon "Mammut" borsoni may have rivalled P. namadicus in size. === Stem-mammals (Synapsida) === The Late Triassic Lisowicia bojani, from what i... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
about 500–600 kg (1,100–1,300 lb) in weight. === Reptiles (Reptilia) === The largest living reptile, a representative of the order Crocodilia, is the saltwater crocodile (Crocodylus porosus) of Southern Asia and Australia, with adult males being typically 3.9–5.5 m (13–18 ft) long. The largest confirmed saltwater croco... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
even larger. Archelon was the largest testudines, being around 4.6 m (15 ft) long from head to tail and 2.2–3.2 t (2.4–3.5 short tons) in weight. Mosasaurus hoffmanni was the largest squamate lizard to have ever lived, with a length of 11 meters (36 ft) and a body mass of 10 metric tons (11 short tons) However, the lar... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
and Sauroposeidon which might have been 18 m (59 ft) tall. Some abnormal specimens such as specimen BYU 9024 of the Barosaurus/Supersaurus genus could reach an astounding 45-50 meters long, with mass varying from the 'modest' 60-66 tons to the more immense 92-120 tons. Two other such sauropods include Bruhathkayosaurus... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
what is now North America, both measuring up to 9 m (30 ft) in length and estimated to weigh up to 6 tonnes. Ornithopods (Ornithopoda) The largest ornithopods were the hadrosaurids Shantungosaurus, a late Cretaceous dinosaur found in the Shandong Peninsula of China, and Magnapaulia from the late Cretaceous of North Ame... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
was Brontornis, an extinct flightless bird from South America which reached a weight of 350 to 400 kg (770 to 880 lb) and a height of about 2.8 m (9 ft 2 in). The tallest carnivorous bird was Kelenken, which could reach 3 to 3.2 meters in height and 220 to 250 kilograms. The tallest bird ever was the giant moa (Dinorni... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
nearly human-sized river-dweller is 64 kg (141 lb) and almost 1.83 m (6.0 ft). Before amniotes became the dominant tetrapods, several giant amphibian proto-tetrapods existed and were certainly the dominant animals in their ecosystems. The largest known was the crocodile-like Prionosuchus, which reached a length of 9 m ... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
can weigh up to 115 g (4.1 oz). The family Leptodactylidae, one of the most diverse anuran families, also has some very large members. The largest is the Surinam horned frog (Ceratophrys cornuta), which can reach 20 cm (7.9 in) in length from snout to vent and weigh up to 0.48 kg (1.1 lb). While not quite as large as C... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
more lean in build. The largest of the newts is the Iberian ribbed newt (Pleurodeles waltl), which can grow up to 30 cm (12 in) in length. === Fish === == Invertebrate chordates == === Tunicates (Tunicata) === The largest tunicate is Synoicum pulmonaria, found at depths of 20 and 40 metres (66 and 131 ft), and are up t... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
cylindrical and can grow up to 60 centimetres (2.0 feet) long and 4–6 cm wide. The constituent zooids form a rigid tube, which may be pale pink, yellowish, or bluish. One end of the tube is narrower and is closed, while the other is open and has a strong diaphragm. The outer surface or test is gelatinised and dimpled w... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
seven transverse bands of muscle interspersed by white, translucent patches. A stolon grows from near the endostyle (an elongated glandular structure producing mucus for trapping food particles). The stolon is a ribbon-like organ on which a batch of aggregate forms of the animal are produced by budding. The aggregate i... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
(11 lb). Crinoids (Crinoidea) The largest species of crinoid is the unstalked feather-star Heliometra glacialis, reaching a total width of 78 cm (31 in) and an individual arm length of 35 cm (14 in). A width of 91.4 cm (36.0 in) was claimed for one unstalked feather-star but is not confirmed. The genus Metacrinus has a... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
considered the largest but the maximum this species is can measure 70 cm (28 in) and a disk diameter of about 14.3 cm (5.6 in). Outside from euryalids, the biggest ophiurid brittle star may be Ophiopsammus maculata (6–7 inches). Sea stars (Asteroidea) The heaviest sea star is Thromidia gigas from the Indo-Pacific, whic... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
12 ft), respectively. === Ribbon worms (Nemertea) === The largest nemertean is the bootlace worm, Lineus longissimus. A specimen found washed ashore on a beach in St. Andrews, Scotland in 1864 was recorded at a length of 55 m (180 ft). === Mollusks (Mollusca) === Both the largest mollusks and the largest of all inverte... | {
"page_id": 34477913,
"title": "Largest and heaviest animals"
} |
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