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The Complete Work of Charles Darwin Online (or Darwin Online) is a freely-accessible website containing the complete print and manuscript works of Charles Darwin, as well as related supplementary material. == Overview == Darwin Online is a research project and website based at the National University of Singapore. It a...	{ "page_id": 12327097, "title": "The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online" }
is accessible open access free of charge. It is copyrighted, with permission for non-commercial use. == Sponsorship == The founder and Director, John van Wyhe, privately funded the project from 2002 to 2005. From 2005 to 2008 the project was sponsored by the United Kingdom Arts and Humanities Research Council. The prin...	{ "page_id": 12327097, "title": "The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online" }
Baeyer–Emmerling indole synthesis is a method for synthesizing indole from a (substituted) ortho-nitrocinnamic acid and iron powder in strongly basic solution. This reaction was discovered by Adolf von Baeyer and Adolph Emmerling in 1869. == Reaction mechanism == The reaction of iron powder with o-nitrocinnamic acid re...	{ "page_id": 23533752, "title": "Baeyer–Emmerling indole synthesis" }
Soochong virus (SOOV) is a zoonotic negative sense single-stranded RNA virus. It may be a member of the genus Orthohantavirus, but it has not be definitively classified as a species and may only be a strain. It is one of four rodent-borne Hantaviruses found in the Republic of Korea. It is the etiologic agent for Hantav...	{ "page_id": 39917762, "title": "Soochong virus" }
Cell biology (also cellular biology or cytology) is a branch of biology that studies the structure, function, and behavior of cells. All living organisms are made of cells. A cell is the basic unit of life that is responsible for the living and functioning of organisms. Cell biology is the study of the structural and f...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
functional and structural units. This was ultimately concluded by plant scientist Matthias Schleiden and animal scientist Theodor Schwann in 1838, who viewed live cells in plant and animal tissue, respectively. 19 years later, Rudolf Virchow further contributed to the cell theory, adding that all cells come from the di...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
fluorescence microscopy with imaging by focusing light and snap shooting instances to form a 3-D image. Transmission electron microscopy: Involves metal staining and the passing of electrons through the cells, which will be deflected upon interaction with metal. This ultimately forms an image of the components being st...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
genetic material in a circular structure. There are many processes that occur in prokaryotic cells that allow them to survive. In prokaryotes, mRNA synthesis is initiated at a promoter sequence on the DNA template comprising two consensus sequences that recruit RNA polymerase. The prokaryotic polymerase consists of a c...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
a double membrane bound cell organelle. This functions for the production of energy or ATP within the cell. Specifically, this is the place where the Krebs cycle or TCA cycle for the production of NADH and FADH occurs. Afterwards, these products are used within the electron transport chain (ETC) and oxidative phosphory...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
this membrane layer to get into the cell via osmotic pressure, diffusion, concentration gradients, and membrane channels. Centrioles: Function to produce spindle fibers which are used to separate chromosomes during cell division. Eukaryotic cells may also be composed of the following molecular components: Chromatin: Th...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
secreting a molecule that binds to a receptor on its surface. Forms of communication can be through: Ion channels: Can be of different types such as voltage or ligand gated ion channels. They allow for the outflow and inflow of molecules and ions. G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR): Is widely recognized to contain seven...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
S, G2, and M. The G phase – which is the cell growth phase – makes up approximately 95% of the cycle. The proliferation of cells is instigated by progenitors. All cells start out in an identical form and can essentially become any type of cells. Cell signaling such as induction can influence nearby cells to determinate...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
the avoidance and the accurate repair of cellular damage, particularly DNA damage. In sexual organisms, continuity of the germline depends on the effectiveness of processes for avoiding DNA damage and repairing those DNA damages that do occur. Sexual processes in eukaryotes, as well as in prokaryotes, provide an opport...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
is the Pap smear, a screening test used to detect cervical cancer, and precancerous cervical lesions that may lead to cervical cancer. == Cell cycle and DNA damage repair system == The cell cycle is composed of a number of well-ordered, consecutive stages that result in cellular division. The fact that cells do not beg...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
equally split the cell and its components between the two new cells. Four main stages occur in the eukaryotes. In G1, the cell is usually active and continues to grow rapidly, while in G2, the cell growth continues while protein molecules become ready for separation. These are not dormant times; they are when cells gai...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
platforms for cell function regulation such as apoptosis. Its physiological adaptability is strongly linked to the cell mitochondrial channel's ongoing reconfiguration through a range of mechanisms known as mitochondrial membrane dynamics, including endomembrane fusion and fragmentation (separation) and ultrastructural...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
organelles or as part of larger systems; they can also be unequally distributed in the cytosol through regulated mitochondrial transport and placement to meet the cell's localized energy requirements. Mitochondrial dynamics refers to the adaptive and variable aspect of mitochondria, including their shape and subcellula...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
many neurological and muscular illnesses. As a result, autophagy has been identified as a potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of various disorders. Many of these disorders are prevented or improved by consuming polyphenol in the meal. As a result, natural compounds with the ability to modify the autopha...	{ "page_id": 6339, "title": "Cell biology" }
Proline organocatalysis is the use of proline as an organocatalyst in organic chemistry. This theme is often considered the starting point for the area of organocatalysis, even though early discoveries went unappreciated. Modifications, such as MacMillan’s catalyst and Jorgensen's catalysts, proceed with excellent ster...	{ "page_id": 41228482, "title": "Proline organocatalysis" }
List and Notz, the aforementioned reaction produces diol products as follows: == Mechanistic considerations == Proline-catalyzed aldol additions proceed via a six-membered enamine transition state according to the Zimmerman-Traxler model. Addition of 20-30 mol% proline to acetone or hydroxyacetone catalyzes their addit...	{ "page_id": 41228482, "title": "Proline organocatalysis" }
The Molecular Materials Research Group (MMRG) is a multidisciplinary research group composed of several Ph.D. members as well as the expertise of other researchers in the field of Computational, Organic and Analytical Chemistry. Located at Madeira University in Madeira, its main scientific activity is devoted to the pr...	{ "page_id": 14883016, "title": "Molecular Materials Research Group" }
The molecular formula C26H34O7 (molar mass: 458.54 g/mol, exact mass: 458.2305 u) may refer to: Berkeleytrione Fumagillin	{ "page_id": 42145994, "title": "C26H34O7" }
Thermolabile Protecting Groups (TPGs) are applied in chemical synthesis when mild deprotection conditions are required. Their removal merely consists of increasing temperature, which leads to deprotection of the protected sensitive part of a molecule. The deprotection mechanism has been proven only for several Thermola...	{ "page_id": 40310987, "title": "Thermolabile protecting groups" }
Homochirality is a uniformity of chirality, or handedness. Objects are chiral when they cannot be superposed on their mirror images. For example, the left and right hands of a human are approximately mirror images of each other but are not their own mirror images, so they are chiral. In biology, 19 of the 20 natural am...	{ "page_id": 2169038, "title": "Homochirality" }
achiral, as are some other non-proteinogenic amino acids that are either achiral (such as dimethylglycine) or of the D enantiomeric form. Biological organisms easily discriminate between molecules with different chiralities. This can affect physiological reactions such as smell and taste. Carvone, a terpenoid found in ...	{ "page_id": 2169038, "title": "Homochirality" }
classification for the different theories of the origin of biological homochirality could be made depending on whether life emerged before the enantiodiscrimination step (biotic theories) or afterwards (abiotic theories). Biotic theories claim that homochirality is simply a result of the natural autoamplification proce...	{ "page_id": 2169038, "title": "Homochirality" }
mixtures from racemic starting materials include: asymmetric physical laws, such as the electroweak interaction (via cosmic rays) or asymmetric environments, such as those caused by circularly polarized light, quartz crystals, or the Earth's rotation, β-Radiolysis or the magnetochiral effect. The most accepted universa...	{ "page_id": 2169038, "title": "Homochirality" }
− p ) N − n {\displaystyle P_{p}(n,N)={\binom {N}{n}}p^{n}(1-p)^{N-n}} . The discrete probability distribution P ( N / 2 , N ) {\displaystyle P(N/2,N)} of having exactly N / 2 {\displaystyle N/2} molecules of one chirality and N / 2 {\displaystyle N/2} of the other, is given by: P 1 / 2 ( N / 2 , N ) = ( N N / 2 ) ( 1 ...	{ "page_id": 2169038, "title": "Homochirality" }
molecule is catalysing its own production. An initial enantiomeric excess, such as can be produced by polarized light, then allows the more abundant enantiomer to outcompete the other. === Amplification === ==== Theory ==== In 1953, Charles Frank proposed a model to demonstrate that homochirality is a consequence of au...	{ "page_id": 2169038, "title": "Homochirality" }
) {\displaystyle [L]/[D]=[L]_{0}/[D]_{0}\,e^{kd([L]_{0}-[D]_{0})(e^{k_{a}t}-1)}} . The ratio [ L ] / [ D ] {\displaystyle [L]/[D]} increases at a more than exponential rate if ( [ L ] 0 − [ D ] 0 ) {\displaystyle ([L]_{0}-[D]_{0})} is positive (and vice versa). Every starting conditions different to [ L ] 0 = [ D ] 0 {...	{ "page_id": 2169038, "title": "Homochirality" }
achieved from autocatalysis in the absence of the mutually antagonistic relationship, but the underlying mechanism for symmetry-breaking is different. ==== Experiments ==== There are several laboratory experiments that demonstrate how a small amount of one enantiomer at the start of a reaction can lead to a large exces...	{ "page_id": 2169038, "title": "Homochirality" }
the laboratory. When sodium chlorate is allowed to crystallize from water and the collected crystals examined in a polarimeter, each crystal turns out to be chiral and either the L form or the D form. When allowed to sit undisturbed, the amount of L crystals collected equals the amount of D crystals (corrected for stat...	{ "page_id": 2169038, "title": "Homochirality" }
2004 that excess racemic D,L-asparagine (Asn), which spontaneously forms crystals of either isomer during recrystallization, induces asymmetric resolution of a co-existing racemic amino acid such as arginine (Arg), aspartic acid (Asp), glutamine (Gln), histidine (His), leucine (Leu), methionine (Met), phenylalanine (Ph...	{ "page_id": 2169038, "title": "Homochirality" }
optical isomer in a pair of isomers in these journals. == See also == Chiral life concept - of artificially synthesizing chiral-mirror version of life CIP system Stereochemistry Pfeiffer Effect Unsolved problems in chemistry == References == == Further reading == == External links == Observations Support Homochirality ...	{ "page_id": 2169038, "title": "Homochirality" }
Coomber's relationship can be used to describe how the internal pressure and dielectric constant of a non-polar liquid are related. As p i = ( ∂ E ∂ V ) T {\displaystyle p_{i}=\left({\frac {\partial E}{\partial V}}\right)_{T}\,} , which defines the internal pressure of a liquid, it can be found that: p i = n ⋅ I ⋅ b ( ...	{ "page_id": 13899994, "title": "Coomber's relationship" }
Bibha Chowdhuri (3 July 1913 – 2 June 1991) was an Indian particle physicist known for her investigations into cosmic rays. Working with D M Bose, she utilized photographic nuclear emulsion to become the first to detect and identify mesons. The IAU named the star HD 86081 Bibha, after her. == Early life == Chowdhuri wa...	{ "page_id": 59185371, "title": "Bibha Chowdhuri" }
rays at the University of Manchester. Her PhD thesis investigated extensive air showers. Her examiner was Lajos Jánossy. It is unclear how much her work contributed to Blackett's Nobel Prize. == Career and research == Chowdhuri demonstrated that the density of penetrating events is proportional to the total particle de...	{ "page_id": 59185371, "title": "Bibha Chowdhuri" }
of Mesotron Showers. Nature. 145: 894-895. https://doi.org/10.1038/145894a0. Bose, D.M.; Chowdhey, Biva (1941a). Origin and Nature of Heavy Ionization Particles Detected on Photographic Plates Exposed to Cosmic Rays. Nature. 147: 240-241. https://doi.org/10.1038/147240a0. Bose, D.M.; Choudhuri, Biva (1941b). A PHOTOGRA...	{ "page_id": 59185371, "title": "Bibha Chowdhuri" }
Delfina Manuela Molina y Vedia de Bastianini (7 March 1879 – 22 January 1961) was an Argentine chemist, writer, teacher, painter, and singer. She was the first woman to graduate from the Faculty of Exact and Natural Sciences at the University of Buenos Aires (UBA). == Career == Delfina Molina y Vedia was born in Buenos...	{ "page_id": 65411292, "title": "Delfina Molina y Vedia" }
the country's ports. She married grammatologist René Bastianini in 1906. Their three children all became artists. She maintained a long epistolary correspondence with Spanish writer Miguel de Unamuno. Over time, her letters began to take on a romantic, even obsessive character. Though her feelings for him were not reci...	{ "page_id": 65411292, "title": "Delfina Molina y Vedia" }
A nurse log is a fallen tree which, as it decays, provides ecological facilitation to seedlings. Broader definitions include providing shade or support to other plants. Some of the advantages a nurse log offers to a seedling are: water, moss thickness, leaf litter, mycorrhizae, disease protection, nutrients, and sunlig...	{ "page_id": 6363357, "title": "Nurse log" }
Portland, Oregon : Raven Editions. ISBN 0-9620782-1-2 == External links == Mangan, Scott A., et al. "Negative plant–soil feedback predicts tree-species relative abundance in a tropical forest", Nature, New York, 2010-June-25. Retrieved on 2010-June-25	{ "page_id": 6363357, "title": "Nurse log" }
Tandem exon duplication is defined as duplication of exons within the same gene to give rise to the subsequent exon. A complete exon analysis of all genes in Homo sapiens, Drosophila melanogaster, and Caenorhabditis elegans has shown 12,291 instances of tandem duplication in exons in human, fly, and worm. Analysis of t...	{ "page_id": 18618589, "title": "Tandem exon duplication" }
The molecular formula C12H19N3O (molar mass: 221.29 g/mol, exact mass: 221.1528 u) may refer to: Procarbazine, a drug against cancer Alchorneine, an alkaloid	{ "page_id": 24320224, "title": "C12H19N3O" }
In immunology, cytokine release syndrome (CRS) is a form of systemic inflammatory response syndrome (SIRS) that can be triggered by a variety of factors such as infections and certain drugs. It refers to cytokine storm syndromes (CSS) and occurs when large numbers of white blood cells are activated and release inflamma...	{ "page_id": 530657, "title": "Cytokine release syndrome" }
immune system is fighting pathogens, as cytokines produced by immune cells recruit more effector immune cells such as T-cells and inflammatory monocytes (which differentiate into macrophages) to the site of inflammation or infection. In addition, pro-inflammatory cytokines binding their cognate receptor on immune cells...	{ "page_id": 530657, "title": "Cytokine release syndrome" }
classical serum biomarkers of CRS including elevated CRP, LDH, IL-6, and ferritin. Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis and Epstein-Barr virus-related hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis are caused by extreme elevations in cytokines and can be regarded as one form of severe cytokine release syndrome. === Medications === C...	{ "page_id": 530657, "title": "Cytokine release syndrome" }
doses, infusing slowly, and administering anti-histamines or corticosteroids before and during administration of the drug. In vitro assays have been developed to understand the risk that pre-clinical drug candidates might cause CRS and guide dosing for Phase I trials, and regulatory agencies expect to see results of su...	{ "page_id": 530657, "title": "Cytokine release syndrome" }
IL-1 knockout and IL-6 knockout hosts (whose myeloid cells are deficient in IL-1 and IL-6, respectively) were susceptible to CRS after the administration of wild-type CAR-T cells. It is thought this may be because while blockade of IL-1 and IL-6 are myeloid-derived cytokines are thus too far downstream of the inflammat...	{ "page_id": 530657, "title": "Cytokine release syndrome" }
Curing is a chemical process employed in polymer chemistry and process engineering that produces the toughening or hardening of a polymer material by cross-linking of polymer chains. Even if it is strongly associated with the production of thermosetting polymers, the term "curing" can be used for all the processes wher...	{ "page_id": 6494433, "title": "Curing (chemistry)" }
groups ring-open the epoxide rings. In rubber, the curing is also induced by the addition of a crosslinker. The resulting process is called sulfur vulcanization. Sulfur breaks down to form polysulfide cross-links (bridges) between sections of the polymer chains. The degree of crosslinking determines the rigidity and du...	{ "page_id": 6494433, "title": "Curing (chemistry)" }
catalysts are activated by ultraviolet radiation, the process is called UV cure. == Monitoring methods == Cure monitoring is, for example, an essential component for the control of the manufacturing process of composite materials. The material, initially liquid, at the end of the process will be solid: viscosity is the...	{ "page_id": 6494433, "title": "Curing (chemistry)" }
The slope of the curve changes with time and has his maximum about at half of the reaction. === Thermal analysis === If the reactions occurring during crosslinking are exothermic, the crosslinking rate can be related to the heat released during the process. Higher is the number of bonds created, higher is the heat rele...	{ "page_id": 6494433, "title": "Curing (chemistry)" }
namely microdielectrometry. Several versions of dielectric sensors are available commercially. The most suitable format for use in cure monitoring applications are the flat interdigital capacitive structures bearing a sensing grid on their surface. Depending on their design (specifically those on durable substrates) th...	{ "page_id": 6494433, "title": "Curing (chemistry)" }
Curing is any of various food preservation and flavoring processes of foods such as meat, fish and vegetables, by the addition of salt, with the aim of drawing moisture out of the food by the process of osmosis. Because curing increases the solute concentration in the food and hence decreases its water potential, the f...	{ "page_id": 6494435, "title": "Curing (food preservation)" }
substitute for oxygen, thus turning myoglobin red. More recent evidence shows that these chemicals also inhibit the growth of the bacteria that cause the disease botulism. The combination of table salt with nitrates or nitrites, called curing salt, is often dyed pink to distinguish it from table salt. Neither table sal...	{ "page_id": 6494435, "title": "Curing (food preservation)" }
helping to hold the sausage together. === Sugar === The sugar added to meat for the purpose of curing it comes in many forms, including honey, corn syrup solids, and maple syrup. However, with the exception of bacon, it does not contribute much to the flavor, but it does alleviate the harsh flavor of the salt. Sugar al...	{ "page_id": 6494435, "title": "Curing (food preservation)" }
known carcinogens such as nitrosamines, N-nitrosamides and nitrosyl-heme, resulting from nitrosylation reactions; the World Health Organization (WHO) advises that each 50 g (1.8 oz) of "processed meats" eaten a day would raise the risk of getting bowel cancer by 18% over a lifetime; "processed meat" refers to meat that...	{ "page_id": 6494435, "title": "Curing (food preservation)" }
ham has been made without nitrites since 1993, but was reported in 2018 to have caused no cases of botulism. Furthermore, while the FDA has set a limit of 200 ppm of nitrates for cured meat, they are not allowed and not recognized as safe by the FDA in most other foods, even foods that are not cooked at high temperatur...	{ "page_id": 6494435, "title": "Curing (food preservation)" }
smoke roasting (pit barbecuing) and cold smoking. Smoke roasting and hot smoking cook the meat while cold smoking does not. If the meat is cold smoked, it should be dried quickly to limit bacterial growth during the critical period where the meat is not yet dry. This can be achieved, as with jerky, by slicing the meat ...	{ "page_id": 6494435, "title": "Curing (food preservation)" }
tarichos (τάριχος), which was meat and fish conserved by salt or other means. The Romans called this dish salsamentum – which term later included salted fat, the sauces and spices used for its preparation. Also evidence of ancient sausage production exists. The Roman gourmet Apicius speaks of a sausage-making technique...	{ "page_id": 6494435, "title": "Curing (food preservation)" }
their settlements in the spring in great swarms and which constituted, it was said, their sole food. The smoking of meat was a traditional practice in North America, where Plains Indians hung their meat at the top of their tipis to increase the amount of smoke coming into contact with the food. === Middle Ages === In E...	{ "page_id": 6494435, "title": "Curing (food preservation)" }
notes that the inhabitants of Crete and Chios lightly salted then oven-dried entire hares, sheep, and roe deer cut into pieces, and that in Turkey, cattle and sheep, cut and minced rouelles, salted then dried, were eaten on voyages with onions and no other preparation. === Early modern era === During the Age of Discove...	{ "page_id": 6494435, "title": "Curing (food preservation)" }
proposed some solutions: not less than 91 texts exist, of which 64 edited for only the years between 1851 and 1857. === Effects on trade === The improvement of methods of meat preservation, and of the means of transport of preserved products, has notably permitted the separation of areas of production and areas of cons...	{ "page_id": 6494435, "title": "Curing (food preservation)" }
== Further reading == == External links == National Center for Home Food Preservation – Curing Foods Archived 2018-01-24 at the Wayback Machine National Center for Home Food Preservation – How Do I? Curing and Smoking	{ "page_id": 6494435, "title": "Curing (food preservation)" }
The Carnegie Collection was a series of authentic replicas based on dinosaurs and other extinct prehistoric creatures, using fossils featured at the Carnegie Museum of Natural History as references. They were produced by Florida-based company Safari Ltd., known for their hand-painted replicas, from 1988 to 2015, and be...	{ "page_id": 6756579, "title": "Carnegie collection" }
time the dinosaurs are found free of packaging. Also produced for the collection was a specially-designed display "mountain". The display featured multiple tiers upon which the pieces in the collection could be placed in a variety of creative ways. This display was touted primarily to retailers in order to encourage sa...	{ "page_id": 6756579, "title": "Carnegie collection" }
which was particularly noticeable with the new color schemes for Stegosaurus, Triceratops, and Pachycephalosaurus. Color name tags were also designed and attached to each model in place of the original folded paper name tags. In 2007, twelve of the models again received new color schemes. These models, however, did not...	{ "page_id": 6756579, "title": "Carnegie collection" }
retired in 2007) #420-01 Mosasaurus (1:40 scale, renumbered to #4020-01 in 1994, retired in 1999) 1992 #421-01 Iguanodon (1:40 scale, renumbered to #4021-01 in 1994, retired in 2007) #422-01 Spinosaurus (1:40 scale, renumbered to #4022-01 in 1994, retired in 2007) 1993 #423-01 Corythosaurus (1:40 scale, renumbered to #...	{ "page_id": 6756579, "title": "Carnegie collection" }
- Updated sculpt of #4046-01 #4101-01: Tanystropheus (1:10 scale, retired in 2015) - Repaint of #4037-01 #4106-01: Velociraptor (1:10 scale, retired in 2015) - Repaint of #4043-01 #4108-01: Iguanodon (1:40 scale, retired in 2015) - Repaint of #4021-01 #4109-01: Allosaurus (1:40 scale, retired in 2015) - Repaint of #400...	{ "page_id": 6756579, "title": "Carnegie collection" }
— on The Dinosaur Toy Blog == References ==	{ "page_id": 6756579, "title": "Carnegie collection" }
Haplogroup R1a is one of the major classifications (called clades) of Y-chromosome types found in human male lines. It is widespread all across Eurasia. Many sample studies therefore carry information on the incidence of R1a and/or its subclassifications, in particular the dominant branching line represented by the hap...	{ "page_id": 24778982, "title": "List of R1a frequency by population" }
A dial box is a computer peripheral for direct 3D manipulation e.g. to interactively input the rotation and torsion angles of a model displayed on a computer screen. Dial boxes were common input tools in the first years of interactive 3D graphics and they were available for Silicon Graphics (SGI) or Sun Microsystems an...	{ "page_id": 24123622, "title": "Dial box" }
Dials".	{ "page_id": 24123622, "title": "Dial box" }
Ann Alicia Copestake is professor of computational linguistics and head of the Department of Computer Science and Technology at the University of Cambridge and a fellow of Wolfson College, Cambridge. == Education == Copestake was educated at the University of Cambridge where she was awarded a Bachelor of Arts degree in...	{ "page_id": 48634090, "title": "Ann Copestake" }
Deoxyinosine monophosphate (dIMP) is a nucleoside monophosphate and a derivative of inosinic acid. It can be formed by the deamination of the purine base in deoxyadenosine monophosphate (dAMP). The enzyme deoxyribonucleoside triphosphate pyrophosphohydrolase, encoded by YJR069C in S. cerevisiae and containing (d)ITPase...	{ "page_id": 39721195, "title": "Deoxyinosine monophosphate" }
When classification is performed by a computer, statistical methods are normally used to develop the algorithm. Often, the individual observations are analyzed into a set of quantifiable properties, known variously as explanatory variables or features. These properties may variously be categorical (e.g. "A", "B", "AB" ...	{ "page_id": 1579244, "title": "Statistical classification" }
assigns a part of speech to each word in an input sentence); parsing, which assigns a parse tree to an input sentence, describing the syntactic structure of the sentence; etc. A common subclass of classification is probabilistic classification. Algorithms of this nature use statistical inference to find the best class ...	{ "page_id": 1579244, "title": "Statistical classification" }
Bayesian procedures == Unlike frequentist procedures, Bayesian classification procedures provide a natural way of taking into account any available information about the relative sizes of the different groups within the overall population. Bayesian procedures tend to be computationally expensive and, in the days before...	{ "page_id": 1579244, "title": "Statistical classification" }
integer-valued data be discretized into groups (e.g. less than 5, between 5 and 10, or greater than 10). == Linear classifiers == A large number of algorithms for classification can be phrased in terms of a linear function that assigns a score to each possible category k by combining the feature vector of an instance w...	{ "page_id": 1579244, "title": "Statistical classification" }
has been developed. The most commonly used include: Artificial neural networks – Computational model used in machine learning, based on connected, hierarchical functionsPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Boosting (machine learning) – Method in machine learning Random forest – Tree-based ensemble ma...	{ "page_id": 1579244, "title": "Statistical classification" }
a body Optical character recognition – Computer recognition of visual text Video tracking – Locating a moving object by analyzing frames of a video Credit scoring – Numerical expression representing a person's creditworthinessPages displaying short descriptions of redirect targets Document classification – Process of c...	{ "page_id": 1579244, "title": "Statistical classification" }
Characteristic admittance is the mathematical inverse of the characteristic impedance. The general expression for the characteristic admittance of a transmission line is as follows: Y 0 = G + j ω C R + j ω L {\displaystyle Y_{0}={\sqrt {\frac {G+j\omega C}{R+j\omega L}}}} where R {\displaystyle R} is the resistance per...	{ "page_id": 26220783, "title": "Characteristic admittance" }
In evolutionary biology, the flying primate hypothesis is that megabats, a subgroup of Chiroptera (also known as flying foxes), form an evolutionary sister group of primates. The hypothesis began with Carl Linnaeus in 1758, and was again advanced by J.D. Smith in 1980. It was proposed in its modern form by Australian n...	{ "page_id": 13244658, "title": "Flying primate hypothesis" }
DNA of bats to that of primates. These genetic studies support the monophyly of bats. == Neurological studies == Soon after Pettigrew's study, work on another genus of megabat (Rousettus) disputed the existence of an advanced pattern of connections between the retina and the superior colliculus. However, this conclusio...	{ "page_id": 13244658, "title": "Flying primate hypothesis" }
In population genetics, extensive research has been done on the genetic origins of modern Japanese people. Genetically, Japanese people primarily descend from the Yayoi people and arguably, continental East Asian migrants from the late-Yayoi period to the Kofun period, and to a lesser extent, the heterogeneous Jōmon po...	{ "page_id": 56826099, "title": "Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people" }
Okinawa and Hokkaidō, and the Ryukyuan and Ainu people continued to dominate there. Mark J. Hudson claimed that the main ethnic image of Japanese people was biologically and linguistically formed from 400 BCE to 1,200 CE. Currently, the most well-regarded theory is that present-day Japanese are descendants of both the ...	{ "page_id": 56826099, "title": "Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people" }
cluster hailing from Shimane specifically and Honshu more broadly, but relatively less pronounced, albeit still overwhelming, in the Kyushu clusters. In any case, however, the study clarifies that "the estimate of ancestry profile cannot provide the definitive history of original migration, unless it will be further ve...	{ "page_id": 56826099, "title": "Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people" }
which means, the group of people living in islands from Hokkaido to Okinawa may all be considered to be Aboriginals in this case.) Immigrants from the northern route (北方ルート in Japanese) including the people from the Korean peninsula, mainland China and Sakhalin Island. Immigrants from the southern route (南方ルート in Japan...	{ "page_id": 56826099, "title": "Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people" }
ancient China. Additionally, some scholars suggest that the Yayoi and their ancestors, the Wajin, may have originated from areas like Yunnan province in southern China. Suwa Haruo argued that Wa-zoku (Wajin) might have been related to the Baiyue (百越). According to Alexander Vovin, the Yayoi were present on the central ...	{ "page_id": 56826099, "title": "Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people" }
September 2021 study published in the journal Science Advances proposed that the people of Japan bore genetic signatures from three ancient populations rather than just two as previously thought. The study states that in addition to the previously discovered Jōmon and Yayoi strands, a new strand was hypothesized to hav...	{ "page_id": 56826099, "title": "Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people" }
Jōmon strand and the northeastern strand labelled as "Three Kingdoms Korea" in the study, depending on the region. However recently, the tripartite ancestry theory is being met with criticism since its introduction in 2021. In essence, Japanese researchers claim that a tripartite theory is redundant as the genealogical...	{ "page_id": 56826099, "title": "Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people" }
the tripartite origin theory, claiming that the Kofun strand was not a single strand that was introduced separately into Japan, but a strand that was part of an already existing group within the Korean peninsula. According to the study, late-Yayoi period individuals carried both Yayoi and Kofun DNA, supporting Nakao's ...	{ "page_id": 56826099, "title": "Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people" }
more specifically "late-Yayoi period settlers", despite taking part in previous studies surrounding the strand and mentioning it at the time of its proposal. Linguist, author, and lecturer Makoto Mogi (茂木誠) (2025) insisted that the immigrants with the "East Asian ancestry" were ethnically different from the Han Chines...	{ "page_id": 56826099, "title": "Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people" }
taught anatomy, biomechanics and ergonomics at the Royal Free Hospital and the University College, London, said that Far Eastern people have proportionately shorter lower limbs than European and black African people. Pheasant said that the proportionately short lower limbs of Far Eastern people is a difference that is ...	{ "page_id": 56826099, "title": "Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people" }
be moved closer to the pilot by 10 cm for the Japanese and 12 cm for the Vietnamese. === Craniometry === Anthropologist Ashley Montagu (1989) said that the "Mongoloid skull generally, whether Chinese or Japanese, has been rather more neotenized than the Caucasoid or European [...]". Ann Kumar (1998) said that Michael P...	{ "page_id": 56826099, "title": "Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people" }
said that distance analysis based on thirty-nine non-metric cranial traits showed that Koreans are closer craniometrically to Kazakhs and Mongols than to the populations in China and Japan. Torimitsu et. al (2024) states that there is quantifiable dimorphism in the cranium of Japanese people, similar to Thais, Indonesi...	{ "page_id": 56826099, "title": "Genetic and anthropometric studies on Japanese people" }
An informal group in taxonomy is a taxonomic rank that is not well defined. This type of group can be paraphyletic or polyphyletic but is kept for ease, pending new systems of classification. == In zoology == Examples can be found in the classification of gastropods: Opisthobranchia, Sorbeoconcha, Hypsogastropoda, and ...	{ "page_id": 56236274, "title": "Informal group (taxonomy)" }
The Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain province is a coastal plain floristic province within the North American Atlantic Region, a floristic region within the Holarctic Kingdom. It lies to the east and south of the Appalachian province. It encompasses the Atlantic coastal plain minus central and southern Florida, and the ...	{ "page_id": 54991094, "title": "Atlantic and Gulf Coastal Plain Province" }
The Appalachian province is a floristic province within the North American Atlantic region, a floristic region within the Holarctic kingdom. It was historically covered by deciduous forest. The province includes southern Ontario and Quebec, down to central Georgia and Alabama. It includes most of Arkansas, part of east...	{ "page_id": 54991096, "title": "Appalachian province" }

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