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The theory of micro-mechanics of failure aims to explain the failure of continuous fiber reinforced composites by micro-scale analysis of stresses within each constituent material (such as fiber and matrix), and of the stresses at the interfaces between those constituents, calculated from the macro stresses at the ply ... | {
"page_id": 28252413,
"title": "Micro-mechanics of failure"
} |
view, the distribution of fibers is random, and there is no distinguishable regular pattern in which fibers are arrayed. To avoid such a complication cause by the random arrangement of fibers, an idealization of the fiber arrangement in a UD lamina is performed, and the result is the regular fiber packing pattern. Two ... | {
"page_id": 28252413,
"title": "Micro-mechanics of failure"
} |
}{\bar {\sigma }}+A_{\mathrm {i} }\Delta T\end{array}}} Here σ {\displaystyle \sigma } , σ ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {\sigma }}} , and t {\displaystyle t} are column vectors with 6, 6, and 3 components, respectively. Subscripts serve as indications of constituents, i.e. f {\displaystyle {\mathrm {f} }} for fiber, m {\disp... | {
"page_id": 28252413,
"title": "Micro-mechanics of failure"
} |
_{1}<X_{\mathrm {f} }\\{\text{Quadratic failure criterion: }}\displaystyle \sum _{j=1}^{6}\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{6}F_{ij}\sigma _{i}\sigma _{j}+\displaystyle \sum _{i=1}^{6}F_{i}\sigma _{i}=1\end{array}}} The Coefficients involved in the quadratic failure criterion are defined as follows: F 11 = 1 X f X f ′ , F 22 ... | {
"page_id": 28252413,
"title": "Micro-mechanics of failure"
} |
failure criterion === The polymeric matrix is assumed to be isotropic and exhibits a higher strength under uniaxial compression than under uniaxial tension. A modified version of von Mises failure criterion suggested by Christensen is adopted for the matrix: σ M i s e s 2 C m T m + ( 1 T m − 1 C m ) I 1 = 1 {\displayst... | {
"page_id": 28252413,
"title": "Micro-mechanics of failure"
} |
lamination approach for point stress calculations with ply discounting as the material degradation model. Failure indices for Hashin criteria are related to fibre and matrix failures and involve four failure modes. The criteria are extended to three-dimensional problems where the maximum stress criteria are used for tr... | {
"page_id": 28252413,
"title": "Micro-mechanics of failure"
} |
The tennis racket theorem or intermediate axis theorem, is a kinetic phenomenon of classical mechanics which describes the movement of a rigid body with three distinct principal moments of inertia. It has also been dubbed the Dzhanibekov effect, after Soviet cosmonaut Vladimir Dzhanibekov, who noticed one of the theore... | {
"page_id": 33888515,
"title": "Tennis racket theorem"
} |
theorem can be qualitatively analysed with the help of Euler's equations. Under torque–free conditions, they take the following form: I 1 ω ˙ 1 = − ( I 3 − I 2 ) ω 3 ω 2 (1) I 2 ω ˙ 2 = − ( I 1 − I 3 ) ω 1 ω 3 (2) I 3 ω ˙ 3 = − ( I 2 − I 1 ) ω 2 ω 1 (3) {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I_{1}{\dot {\omega }}_{1}&=-(I_{3}-... | {
"page_id": 33888515,
"title": "Tennis racket theorem"
} |
I 2 − I 1 ) ( ω 1 ) 2 ω 2 i.e. ω ¨ 2 = (negative quantity) ⋅ ω 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}I_{2}{\ddot {\omega }}_{2}&=-(I_{1}-I_{3})\omega _{1}{\dot {\omega }}_{3}\\I_{3}I_{2}{\ddot {\omega }}_{2}&=(I_{1}-I_{3})(I_{2}-I_{1})(\omega _{1})^{2}\omega _{2}\\{\text{i.e. }}~~~~{\ddot {\omega }}_{2}&={\text{(negative qu... | {
"page_id": 33888515,
"title": "Tennis racket theorem"
} |
2 | {\displaystyle |\omega _{3}|\gg |\omega _{1}|,|\omega _{2}|} , we can assume ω 3 {\displaystyle \omega _{3}} does not vary much, and write the equations of motion as a matrix equation: d d t [ ω 1 ω 2 ] = [ 0 − ω 3 ( I 3 − I 2 ) / I 1 − ω 3 ( I 1 − I 3 ) / I 2 0 ] [ ω 1 ω 2 ] {\displaystyle {\frac {d}{dt}}{\begin{b... | {
"page_id": 33888515,
"title": "Tennis racket theorem"
} |
that ω ˙ ( t ) = 0 {\displaystyle {\dot {\omega }}(t)=0} implies that two components of ω ( t ) {\displaystyle \omega (t)} are zero—that is, the object is exactly spinning around one of the principal axes. In all other situations, ω ( t ) {\displaystyle \omega (t)} must remain in motion. By Euler's equations, if ω ( t ... | {
"page_id": 33888515,
"title": "Tennis racket theorem"
} |
ellipsoid. Now inscribe on a fixed ellipsoid of L 2 {\displaystyle L^{2}} its intersection curves with the ellipsoid of 2 E {\displaystyle 2E} , as 2 E {\displaystyle 2E} increases from zero to infinity. We can see that the curves evolve as follows: For small energy, there is no intersection, since we need a minimum of... | {
"page_id": 33888515,
"title": "Tennis racket theorem"
} |
( t ) {\displaystyle \omega (t)} must be a periodic motion around each cycle. The energy ellipsoid last intersects the momentum ellipsoid when 2 E = L 2 / I 1 {\displaystyle 2E=L^{2}/I_{1}} , at the points ( ± L / I 1 , 0 , 0 ) {\displaystyle (\pm L/I_{1},0,0)} . This is when the body rotates around its axis with the s... | {
"page_id": 33888515,
"title": "Tennis racket theorem"
} |
major axis of I ( T / 2 ) {\displaystyle I(T/2)} . Consequently, there are two possibilities: either the rigid body's second major axis is in the same direction, or it has reversed direction. If it is still in the same direction, then ω → ( 0 ) , ω → ( T / 2 ) {\displaystyle {\vec {\omega }}(0),{\vec {\omega }}(T/2)} v... | {
"page_id": 33888515,
"title": "Tennis racket theorem"
} |
energy dissipation from flexible structural elements. In general, celestial bodies large or small would converge to a constant rotation around its axis of maximal moment of inertia. Whenever a celestial body is found in a complex rotational state, it is either due to a recent impact or tidal interaction, or is a fragme... | {
"page_id": 33888515,
"title": "Tennis racket theorem"
} |
Michael Irwin Jordan (born February 25, 1956) is an American scientist, professor at the University of California, Berkeley, research scientist at the Inria Paris, and researcher in machine learning, statistics, and artificial intelligence. Jordan was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2010 for ... | {
"page_id": 1513732,
"title": "Michael I. Jordan"
} |
machine learning. === Resignation from Machine Learning === In 2001, Jordan and others resigned from the editorial board of the journal Machine Learning. In a public letter, they argued for less restrictive access and pledged support for a new open access journal, the Journal of Machine Learning Research, which was cre... | {
"page_id": 1513732,
"title": "Michael I. Jordan"
} |
the National Academy of Engineering and a member of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. He has been named a Neyman Lecturer and a Medallion Lecturer by the Institute of Mathematical Statistics. He received the David E. Rumelhart Prize in 2015 and the ACM/AAAI Allen Newell Award in 2009. He also won the 2020 IEEE... | {
"page_id": 1513732,
"title": "Michael I. Jordan"
} |
Katemari Diogo da Rosa is a Brazilian physicist, a professor in the Institute of Physics of the Federal University of Bahia, and the secretary for educational affairs of the Brazilian Physical Society. Rosa is Black and lesbian; her research focuses on intersectional issues of gender and ethnicity in physics and physic... | {
"page_id": 78649603,
"title": "Katemari Rosa"
} |
a 2020 nominee for the Yes Award for Racial Equality of the Instituto Identidades do Brasil, in the category of Black intellectuality. She was named as a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS) in 2024, after a nomination from the APS Forum on Education, "for dedication to improving physics education globally thr... | {
"page_id": 78649603,
"title": "Katemari Rosa"
} |
The molecular formula C30H18O10 (molar mass: 538.46 g/mol, exact mass: 538.0900 u) may refer to: Amentoflavone Ochnaflavone | {
"page_id": 26548489,
"title": "C30H18O10"
} |
Hadiyah-Nicole Green (1981-) is an American medical physicist, known for the development of a method using laser-activated nanoparticles as a potential cancer treatment. She is one of 66 black women to earn a Ph.D. in physics in the United States between 1973 and 2012, and is the second black woman and the fourth black... | {
"page_id": 49486090,
"title": "Hadiyah-Nicole Green"
} |
life. Following her aunt's death in 2005, her uncle General Lee Smith, was also diagnosed with cancer. While tending to her uncle, Green watched as her uncle suffered from the side effects of chemotherapy and radiation, which, to her, seemed little better than what her aunt went through. These experiences led to Green'... | {
"page_id": 49486090,
"title": "Hadiyah-Nicole Green"
} |
also aims to make cancer treatment accessible and affordable for all. In November 2024, it was announced that Green was to be rewarded the recognition of the Presidential Lifetime Achievement award for her contributions to groundbreaking cancer treatment and research, as well as her dedication to being a leader in her ... | {
"page_id": 49486090,
"title": "Hadiyah-Nicole Green"
} |
for Biomedical Applications III 2011; (7910):79100-79109. Saini V, Enervold MR, Perez A, Koploy A, Perkins G, Ellisman MH, Green HN, Mirov SB, Zharov VP, Everts M: "Targeting nanoparticles to tumors using adenoviral vectors". Technical Proceedings of The Nano Science and Technology Institute Nanotechnology Conference a... | {
"page_id": 49486090,
"title": "Hadiyah-Nicole Green"
} |
The Hopkins-Cole reaction, also known as the glyoxylic acid reaction, is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of tryptophan in proteins. A protein solution is mixed with Hopkins Cole reagent, which consists of glyoxylic acid. Concentrated sulfuric acid is slowly added to form two layers. A purple ring appear... | {
"page_id": 42408205,
"title": "Hopkins–Cole reaction"
} |
In quantum mechanics, the Schrödinger equation describes how a system changes with time. It does this by relating changes in the state of the system to the energy in the system (given by an operator called the Hamiltonian). Therefore, once the Hamiltonian is known, the time dynamics are in principle known. All that rem... | {
"page_id": 58071309,
"title": "Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics)"
} |
} , we can therefore insert the identity U † U = I {\displaystyle U^{\dagger }U=I} at will. In particular, inserting it after H / ℏ {\displaystyle H/\hbar } and also premultiplying both sides by U {\displaystyle U} , we get U ψ ˙ = − i ℏ ( U H U † ) U ψ ( 1 ) {\displaystyle U{\dot {\psi }}=-{\frac {i}{\hbar }}\left(UHU... | {
"page_id": 58071309,
"title": "Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics)"
} |
in the form of the original Schrödinger equation, H ˘ ψ ˘ = i ℏ d ψ ˘ d t . {\displaystyle {\breve {H}}{\breve {\psi }}=i\hbar {\operatorname {d} \!{\breve {\psi }} \over \operatorname {d} \!t}.} The original wave function can be recovered as ψ = U † ψ ˘ {\displaystyle \psi =U^{\dagger }{\breve {\psi }}} . === Relation... | {
"page_id": 58071309,
"title": "Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics)"
} |
Then U H 0 U † = H 0 {\displaystyle UH_{0}U^{\dagger }=H_{0}} , which takes care of the first term in the transformation in ( b ) {\displaystyle (b)} , i.e. H ˘ = H 0 + U V ( t ) U † + i ℏ U ˙ U † {\displaystyle {\breve {H}}=H_{0}+UV(t)U^{\dagger }+i\hbar {\dot {U}}U^{\dagger }} . Next use the chain rule to calculate i... | {
"page_id": 58071309,
"title": "Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics)"
} |
the frequency of light associated with the ground-to-excited transition. Now suppose we illuminate the atom with a drive at frequency ω d {\displaystyle \omega _{d}} which couples the two states, and that the time-dependent driven Hamiltonian is H / ℏ = ω | e ⟩ ⟨ e | + Ω e i ω d t | g ⟩ ⟨ e | + Ω ∗ e − i ω d t | e ⟩ ⟨ ... | {
"page_id": 58071309,
"title": "Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics)"
} |
and then the equation above reduces to H ˘ / ℏ = Ω | g ⟩ ⟨ e | + Ω ∗ | e ⟩ ⟨ g | {\displaystyle {\breve {H}}/\hbar =\Omega \ |g\rangle \langle e|+\Omega ^{*}\ |e\rangle \langle g|} . From this it is apparent, even without getting into details, that the dynamics will involve an oscillation between the ground and excited... | {
"page_id": 58071309,
"title": "Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics)"
} |
{\displaystyle a} and b {\displaystyle b} . Below, we sketch the analysis of a simplified version of this experiment. In addition to the microwave cavities, the experiment also involved a transmon qubit, c {\displaystyle c} , coupled to both modes. The qubit is driven simultaneously at two frequencies, ω 1 {\displaysty... | {
"page_id": 58071309,
"title": "Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics)"
} |
( ω b − ω a ) t a b † + e i ( ω a − ω b ) t a † b ) ( c † + ξ 1 ∗ e i ω 1 t + ξ 2 ∗ e i ω 2 t ) ( c + ξ 1 e − i ω 1 t + ξ 2 e − i ω 2 t ) {\displaystyle H/\hbar =g_{4}{\Big (}e^{i(\omega _{b}-\omega _{a})t}ab^{\dagger }+e^{i(\omega _{a}-\omega _{b})t}a^{\dagger }b{\big )}(c^{\dagger }+\xi _{1}^{*}e^{i\omega _{1}t}+\xi ... | {
"page_id": 58071309,
"title": "Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics)"
} |
use a special result of the Baker-Campbell-Hausdorff formula to write this transformation compactly as, e X Y e − X = ∑ n = 0 ∞ [ ( X ) n , Y ] n ! , {\displaystyle e^{X}Ye^{-X}=\sum _{n=0}^{\infty }{\frac {[(X)^{n},Y]}{n!}},} or, in long form for completeness, e X Y e − X = Y + [ X , Y ] + 1 2 ! [ X , [ X , Y ] ] + 1 ... | {
"page_id": 58071309,
"title": "Unitary transformation (quantum mechanics)"
} |
Quantum pseudo-telepathy describes the use of quantum entanglement to eliminate the need for classical communications. A nonlocal game is said to display quantum pseudo-telepathy if players who can use entanglement can win it with certainty while players without it can not. The prefix pseudo refers to the fact that qua... | {
"page_id": 20453649,
"title": "Quantum pseudo-telepathy"
} |
=== Classical strategy === It is easy to see that if Alice and Bob can come up with a classical strategy where they always win, they can represent it as a 3×3 table encoding their answers. But this is not possible, as the number of minus signs in this hypothetical table would need to be even and odd at the same time: e... | {
"page_id": 20453649,
"title": "Quantum pseudo-telepathy"
} |
they should make to their particles. The result of the measurements will appear to each of them to be random (and the observed partial probability distribution of either particle will be independent of the measurement performed by the other party), so no real "communication" takes place. However, the process of measuri... | {
"page_id": 20453649,
"title": "Quantum pseudo-telepathy"
} |
={\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigg (}\left|+\right\rangle _{a}\otimes \left|+\right\rangle _{b}+\left|-\right\rangle _{a}\otimes \left|-\right\rangle _{b}{\bigg )}\otimes {\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}{\bigg (}\left|+\right\rangle _{c}\otimes \left|+\right\rangle _{d}+\left|-\right\rangle _{c}\otimes \left|-\right\rangle _{d}{\bigg... | {
"page_id": 20453649,
"title": "Quantum pseudo-telepathy"
} |
values for a column. It is possible to do that because all observables in a given row or column commute, so there exists a basis in which they can be measured simultaneously. For Alice's first row she needs to measure both her particles in the Z {\displaystyle Z} basis, for the second row she needs to measure them in t... | {
"page_id": 20453649,
"title": "Quantum pseudo-telepathy"
} |
of quantum pseudo-telepathy. Classically, the game has 0.75 winning probability. However, with a quantum strategy, the players can achieve a winning probability of 1, meaning they always win. In the game there are three players, Alice, Bob, and Carol playing against a referee. The referee poses a binary question to eac... | {
"page_id": 20453649,
"title": "Quantum pseudo-telepathy"
} |
to be odd. === Classical strategy === Classically, Alice, Bob, and Carol can employ a deterministic strategy that always end up with odd sum (e.g. Alice always output 1. Bob and Carol always output 0). The players win 75% of the time and only lose if the questions are ( 0 , 0 , 0 ) {\displaystyle (0,0,0)} . This is the... | {
"page_id": 20453649,
"title": "Quantum pseudo-telepathy"
} |
the player makes a measurement in the X basis { | + ⟩ , | − ⟩ } {\textstyle \{|+\rangle ,|-\rangle \}} . If question 1 is received, the player makes a measurement in the Y basis { 1 2 ( | 0 ⟩ + i | 1 ⟩ ) , 1 2 ( | 0 ⟩ − i | 1 ⟩ ) } {\textstyle \left\{{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}(|0\rangle +i|1\rangle ),{\frac {1}{\sqrt {2}}}... | {
"page_id": 20453649,
"title": "Quantum pseudo-telepathy"
} |
Plants are constantly exposed to different stresses that result in wounding. Plants have adapted to defend themselves against wounding events, like herbivore attacks or environmental stresses. There are many defense mechanisms that plants rely on to help fight off pathogens and subsequent infections. Wounding responses... | {
"page_id": 60758292,
"title": "Wound response in plants"
} |
of the wound and also systemically. These are mediated by hormones.[1] As a plant senses a wound, it immediately sends a signal for innate immunity. These signals are controlled by hormones such as jasmonic acid, ethylene and abscisic acid. Jasmonic acid induces the prosystemin gene along with other defense related gen... | {
"page_id": 60758292,
"title": "Wound response in plants"
} |
sieve element damage. Wound callose is proven to first be deposited at the sieve plate pores, or the intracellular connections, where it then spreads to different regions. Essentially, wound callose seals off the parts that were damaged, and separates them from the parts that are still healthy and not broken. Once the ... | {
"page_id": 60758292,
"title": "Wound response in plants"
} |
wounding stress. JA mutants, which lack the gene encoding jasmonic acid, are killed by insect herbivore damage that would otherwise not harm normal-type plants. Upon the application of JA to the same mutants, resistance is restored. Signaling agents such as ethylene, methyl salicylate, and salicylic acid can pair with ... | {
"page_id": 60758292,
"title": "Wound response in plants"
} |
Although not all trichomes are alive (some undergo apoptosis, but their cell walls are still present) they protect the leaf by keeping its surface cool and reducing evaporation. In order for trichomes to successfully protect the plant, they must be dense. Oftentimes, trichomes will appear white on a plant, meaning that... | {
"page_id": 60758292,
"title": "Wound response in plants"
} |
substances are also released by Rhizobacteria, including nitric oxide, enzymes, organic acids, and osmolytes. == See also == Embryo rescue Somatic embryogenesis Wound healing Jasmonic acid Herbivore Trichome Cuticle Pathogen == References == | {
"page_id": 60758292,
"title": "Wound response in plants"
} |
Josef Penninger (born 5 September 1964) is an Austrian biomedical researcher specialising in molecular immunology. He was the scientific director of the Institute of Molecular Biotechnology located at the Vienna Biocenter until 2018. In February 2018, he announced his decision to leave Vienna and become the head of the... | {
"page_id": 56629526,
"title": "Josef Penninger"
} |
Soil zoology or pedozoology is the study of animals living fully or partially in the soil (soil fauna). The field of study was developed in the 1940s by Mercury Ghilarov in Russia. Ghilarov noted inverse relationships between size and numbers of soil organisms. He also suggested that soil included water, air and solid ... | {
"page_id": 5642519,
"title": "Soil zoology"
} |
This is an overview of the fossil flora and fauna of the Maastrichtian-Danian Hell Creek Formation. == Invertebrates == === Insects === Insects from the groups Diptera, Zygoptera, and possibly Hemiphlebiidae have been unearthed in Hell Creek in amber. Fossils found in the Hell Creek Formation and the Fort Union Formati... | {
"page_id": 24516888,
"title": "Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation"
} |
from an improved genus-level collecting schema and robust data set that revealed relative dinosaur abundances that were unexpected, and ontogenetic age classes previously considered rare. We recognize a much higher percentage of Tyrannosaurus than previous surveys. Tyrannosaurus equals Edmontosaurus in U3 and in L3 com... | {
"page_id": 24516888,
"title": "Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation"
} |
Pachycephalosaurus or Stygimoloch, while the synonymy of Stygimoloch spinifer with Pachycephlosaurus remains uncertain due to difference in stratigraphic level. ==== Ceratopsians ==== Indeterminate ceratopsid teeth and some identifiable bones from Triceratops can be extremely common. 8.31% of all vertebrate remains fro... | {
"page_id": 24516888,
"title": "Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation"
} |
until the discovery of Anzu. In the past, oviraptorosaur fossils found were thought to have belonged to Leptorhynchos, Caenagnathus, Chirostenotes, and Elmisaurus. In 2016, an undescribed large-bodied caenagnathid was unearthed in Montana. ==== Eumaniraptorans ==== Historically, numerous teeth have been attributed to v... | {
"page_id": 24516888,
"title": "Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation"
} |
vines. The evidence of the forested environment is overwhelmingly supported by petrified wood, rooted gley paleosols, and ubiquitous tree leaves. The presence of the simple and lobed leaves, combined with an extremely high dicot diversity, extinct cycadeoid Nilssoniocladus, Ginkgo, many types of monocots, and several t... | {
"page_id": 24516888,
"title": "Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation"
} |
in the middle of the Hell Creek Formation as shown by HCII and HCIII zones. The HCII flora represents a transitional period where taxa from the lower Hell Creek are replaced by the HCIII flora. The diversity of the HCIII zone is very high, and its composition is more uniform than that of HCII, many of which were rare o... | {
"page_id": 24516888,
"title": "Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation"
} |
of spores as a function of stratigraphic position were plotted out, the graph would show a spike just above the impact fallout layer). Many of the modern plant affinities in the Hell Creek Formation (e.g., those with the prefix "aff." or with quotes around the genus name) may not in reality belong to these genera; inst... | {
"page_id": 24516888,
"title": "Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation"
} |
(with link directory) Lists of dinosaur-bearing stratigraphic units Paleobiota of the Morrison Formation Lance fauna Cretaceous-Paleogene formations Tremp Formation, Spain Tremp Formation, Spain Lefipán Formation, Argentina Lopez de Bertodano Formation, Antarctica == References == === Bibliography === General Broad, Wi... | {
"page_id": 24516888,
"title": "Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation"
} |
Journal of Paleontological Sciences, retrieved 2019-02-21 Boyd, Clint A.; Brown, Caleb M.; Scheetz, Rodney D.; Clarke, Julia A. (2009), "Taxonomic revision of the basal neornithischian taxa Thescelosaurus and Bugenasaura", Journal of Vertebrate Paleontology, 29 (3): 758–770, Bibcode:2009JVPal..29..758B, doi:10.1671/039... | {
"page_id": 24516888,
"title": "Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation"
} |
Mesozoic Vertebrate Life. Indiana University Press, Indianapolis, Indiana, pp. 42–57 Currie, P.J.; Padian, K. (1997), The Encyclopedia of Dinosaurs, Academic Press, pp. 1–901, ISBN 978-0-122-26810-6, retrieved 2020-03-30 Eberth, D.A. (1997). Edmonton Group. San Diego: Academic Press. pp. 199–204. ISBN 978-0-122-26810-6... | {
"page_id": 24516888,
"title": "Paleobiota of the Hell Creek Formation"
} |
Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate is an intermediate in the pentose phosphate pathway. It is formed by transketolase and acted upon by transaldolase. Sedoheptulokinase is an enzyme that uses sedoheptulose and ATP to produce ADP and sedoheptulose 7-phosphate. Sedoheptulose-bisphosphatase is an enzyme that uses sedoheptulose 1,7... | {
"page_id": 10426648,
"title": "Sedoheptulose 7-phosphate"
} |
The British Mass Spectrometry Society is a registered charity founded in 1964 that encourages participation in every aspect of mass spectrometry. It aims to encourage participation in all aspects of mass spectrometry on the widest basis, to promote knowledge and advancement in the field and to provide a forum for the e... | {
"page_id": 46995734,
"title": "British Mass Spectrometry Society"
} |
mass spectrometry”. === BMSS Medal === In 2002 the BMSS Medal was established by the society “to recognise sustained contributions by individual members of the British Mass Spectrometry Society to the development of mass spectrometry, primarily within the UK.” === Prizes === The BMSS awards prizes to early career membe... | {
"page_id": 46995734,
"title": "British Mass Spectrometry Society"
} |
The electrical penetration graph or EPG is a system used by biologists to study the interaction of insects such as aphids, thrips, and leafhoppers with plants. Therefore, it can also be used to study the basis of plant virus transmission, host plant selection by insects and the way in which insects can find and feed fr... | {
"page_id": 12261659,
"title": "Electrical penetration graph"
} |
the performance and feeding behaviour of the aphid Myzus persicae in the peach tree. Heredity, 108 (3), 292–301. Giordanengo P. (2014). EPG-Calc: a PHP-based script to calculate electrical penetration graph (EPG) parameters. Arthropod-Plant Interactions, 8(2):163-169. == External links == EPG-systems EPG-Calc | {
"page_id": 12261659,
"title": "Electrical penetration graph"
} |
In organic chemistry, the Buchwald–Hartwig amination is a chemical reaction for the synthesis of carbon–nitrogen bonds via the palladium-catalyzed coupling reactions of amines with aryl halides. Although Pd-catalyzed C–N couplings were reported as early as 1983, Stephen L. Buchwald and John F. Hartwig have been credite... | {
"page_id": 6691097,
"title": "Buchwald–Hartwig amination"
} |
reaction catalytic were unsuccessful. These reports were virtually uncited for a decade. In February 1994, Hartwig reported a systematic study of the palladium compounds involved in the original Migita paper, concluding that the d10 complex Pd[P(o-Tolyl)3]2 was the active catalyst. Proposed was a catalytic cycle involv... | {
"page_id": 6691097,
"title": "Buchwald–Hartwig amination"
} |
to those known for palladium catalyzed CC coupling reactions. Steps include oxidative addition of the aryl halide to a Pd(0) species, addition of the amine to the oxidative addition complex, deprotonation followed by reductive elimination. An unproductive side reaction can compete with reductive elimination wherein the... | {
"page_id": 6691097,
"title": "Buchwald–Hartwig amination"
} |
or three-coordinate monophosphine arylpalladium amido complex. Eliminations from the three-coordinate compounds are faster. Second, β-hydrogen elimination occurs from a three-coordinate intermediate. Therefore, β-hydrogen elimination occurs slowly from arylpalladium complexes containing chelating phosphines while reduc... | {
"page_id": 6691097,
"title": "Buchwald–Hartwig amination"
} |
development of diphenylphosphinobinapthyl (BINAP) and diphenylphosphinoferrocene (DPPF) as ligands for the Buchwald–Hartwig amination provided the first reliable extension to primary amines and allowed efficient coupling of aryl iodides and triflates. (It is believed that the bidentate ligands prevent formation of the ... | {
"page_id": 6691097,
"title": "Buchwald–Hartwig amination"
} |
electron withdrawn amines and heterocyclic substrates can be coupled under these conditions, despite their tendency to deactivate the palladium catalyst. === Ammonia equivalents === Ammonia remains one of the most challenging coupling partners for Buchwald–Hartwig amination reactions, a problem attributed to its tight ... | {
"page_id": 6691097,
"title": "Buchwald–Hartwig amination"
} |
Archana Bhattacharyya (born 1948) is an Indian physicist. She specializes in the field of ionospheric physics, geomagnetism, and space weather and is Director of the Indian Institute of Geomagnetism, Navi Mumbai. == Education == Bhattacharyya completed B.Sc. (Hons) and M.Sc. in physics from the University of Delhi in 1... | {
"page_id": 42211615,
"title": "Archana Bhattacharyya"
} |
Moses is a statistical machine translation engine that can be used to train statistical models of text translation from a source language to a target language, developed by the University of Edinburgh. Moses then allows new source-language text to be decoded using these models to produce automatic translations in the t... | {
"page_id": 12261664,
"title": "Moses (machine translation)"
} |
Oxo (stylized OXO) is a brand of food products, including stock cubes, herbs and spices, dried gravy, and yeast extract. The original product was the beef stock cube, and the company now also markets chicken and other flavour cubes, including versions with Chinese and Indian spices. The cubes are broken up and used as ... | {
"page_id": 1055010,
"title": "Oxo (food)"
} |
Oxo cubes. In South Africa, Oxo is now a brand of Mars, Incorporated. The only product marketed under the Oxo brand in South Africa was a yeast-extract-based spread. The product also contained a small portion of beef extract, giving it a slightly "beefier" taste than other yeast extracts. At the beginning of 2015, Mars... | {
"page_id": 1055010,
"title": "Oxo (food)"
} |
the offshore radio station, Wonderful Radio London. The show was presented by Tony Windsor; his assistant was a woman called "Katie." Oxo presented a new recipe in each episode. Oxo launched another long-running advertising campaign in the UK in 1983, when a second "Oxo Family" debuted on commercial television. The fat... | {
"page_id": 1055010,
"title": "Oxo (food)"
} |
AQUAL is a theory of gravity based on Modified Newtonian Dynamics (MOND), but using a Lagrangian. It was developed by Jacob Bekenstein and Mordehai Milgrom in their 1984 paper, "Does the missing mass problem signal the breakdown of Newtonian gravity?", as well as a 1986 paper by Milgrom. "AQUAL" stands for "AQUAdratic ... | {
"page_id": 31267110,
"title": "AQUAL"
} |
is: ρ Φ + 1 8 π G a 0 2 F ( | ∇ Φ | 2 a 0 2 ) ; {\displaystyle \rho \Phi +{\frac {1}{8\pi G}}a_{0}^{2}F\left({\frac {|\nabla \Phi |^{2}}{a_{0}^{2}}}\right);} this leads to a modified Poisson equation: ∇ ⋅ ( μ ( | ∇ Φ | a 0 ) ∇ Φ ) = 4 π G ρ , with μ ( x ) = d F ( x 2 ) d x . {\displaystyle \nabla \cdot \left(\mu \left(... | {
"page_id": 31267110,
"title": "AQUAL"
} |
Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell is a textbook by Anthony Zee covering quantum field theory. The book has been adopted by many universities, including Harvard University, Princeton University, the University of California, Berkeley, the California Institute of Technology, Columbia University, Stanford University, and... | {
"page_id": 55449897,
"title": "Quantum Field Theory in a Nutshell"
} |
Ashish Arora is an Indian structural biologist and a senior scientist at Central Drug Research Institute. He did his postgraduate studies at Rajasthan University and post-doctoral work at the Max Planck Institute for Biophysical Chemistry, Goettingen, and University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, before joining the ... | {
"page_id": 56432939,
"title": "Ashish Arora"
} |
The Golden Eurydice Award is presented for an outstanding contribution, or contributions over a period, in the field of biophilosophy. It is awarded by the International Forum for Biophilosophy which was established in Belgium by royal decree in 1988. Founding members included Herman Van Den Berghe. == The award == The... | {
"page_id": 23861549,
"title": "Golden Eurydice Award"
} |
Camouflage is the use of any combination of materials, coloration, or illumination for concealment, either by making animals or objects hard to see, or by disguising them as something else. Examples include the leopard's spotted coat, the battledress of a modern soldier, and the leaf-mimic katydid's wings. A third appr... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
for fixed-wing military aircraft obsolete. Non-military use of camouflage includes making cell telephone towers less obtrusive and helping hunters to approach wary game animals. Patterns derived from military camouflage are frequently used in fashion clothing, exploiting their strong designs and sometimes their symboli... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
that natural selection might be most effective in giving the proper colour to each kind of grouse, and in keeping that colour, when once acquired, true and constant. The English zoologist Edward Bagnall Poulton studied animal coloration, especially camouflage. In his 1890 book The Colours of Animals, he classified diff... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
under certain normal circumstances obliterative" (that is, cryptic camouflage), and that "Not one 'mimicry' mark, not one 'warning color'... nor any 'sexually selected' color, exists anywhere in the world where there is not every reason to believe it the very best conceivable device for the concealment of its wearer", ... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
the genetic components and various ecological pressures that drive crypsis. === Fossil history === Camouflage is a soft-tissue feature that is rarely preserved in the fossil record, but rare fossilised skin samples from the Cretaceous period show that some marine reptiles were countershaded. The skins, pigmented with d... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
genes that stem from transposition events. The Agouti genes are orthologous genes involved in camouflage across many lineages. They produce yellow and red coloration (phaeomelanin), and work in competition with other genes that produce black (melanin) and brown (eumelanin) colours. In eastern deer mice, over a period o... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
coral system that it inhabits. However, P. melanocrachia can only feed and lay eggs on the branches of host-coral, Platygyra carnosa, which limits the geographical range and efficacy in nudibranch nutritional crypsis. Furthermore, the nudibranch colour change is not immediate, and switching between coral hosts when in ... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
woodcocks of the forest floor are brown and speckled; reedbed bitterns are streaked brown and buff; in each case the animal's coloration matches the hues of its habitat. Similarly, desert animals are almost all desert coloured in tones of sand, buff, ochre, and brownish grey, whether they are mammals like the gerbil or... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
bold skin markings does not in itself prove that an animal relies on camouflage, as that depends on its behaviour. For example, although giraffes have a high contrast pattern that could be disruptive coloration, the adults are very conspicuous when in the open. Some authors have argued that adult giraffes are cryptic, ... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
=== Countershading === Countershading uses graded colour to counteract the effect of self-shadowing, creating an illusion of flatness. Self-shadowing makes an animal appear darker below than on top, grading from light to dark; countershading 'paints in' tones which are darkest on top, lightest below, making the counter... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
from the side. The camouflage methods used are the matching of background colour and pattern, and disruption of outlines. === Eliminating shadow === Some animals, such as the horned lizards of North America, have evolved elaborate measures to eliminate shadow. Their bodies are flattened, with the sides thinning to an e... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
the eye of prey animals on the lookout for predators, and of predators hunting for prey. Most methods of crypsis therefore also require suitable cryptic behaviour, such as lying down and keeping still to avoid being detected, or in the case of stalking predators such as the tiger, moving with extreme stealth, both slow... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
pursuer thus appears not to move, but only to loom larger in the target's field of vision. Some insects sway while moving to appear to be blown back and forth by the breeze. The same method can be used for military purposes, for example by missiles to minimise their risk of detection by an enemy. However, missile engin... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
may be highly cryptic when motionless, but instantly seen when it moves. But one method, motion dazzle, requires rapidly moving bold patterns of contrasting stripes. Motion dazzle may degrade predators' ability to estimate the prey's speed and direction accurately, giving the prey an improved chance of escape. Motion d... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
skin patterns and colours using special chromatophore cells to resemble their current background, or, as in most chameleons, for signalling. However, Smith's dwarf chameleon does use active colour change for camouflage. Each chromatophore contains pigment of only one colour. In fish and frogs, colour change is mediated... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
military applications. Active camouflage could in theory make use of both dynamic colour change and counterillumination. Simple methods such as changing uniforms and repainting vehicles for winter have been in use since World War II. In 2011, BAE Systems announced their Adaptiv infrared camouflage technology. It uses a... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
argue that military camouflage uses the same method, pointing out that the "device is ... essentially the same as one widely practised during the Great War for the concealment, not of caterpillars, but of caterpillar-tractors, [gun] battery positions, observation posts and so forth." === Transparency === Many marine an... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
to function. The camera-type eye of vertebrates and cephalopods must be completely opaque. Finally, some structures are visible for a reason, such as to lure prey. For example, the nematocysts (stinging cells) of the transparent siphonophore Agalma okenii resemble small copepods. Examples of transparent marine animals ... | {
"page_id": 6446,
"title": "Camouflage"
} |
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