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Saliva (commonly referred to as spit or drool) is an extracellular fluid produced and secreted by salivary glands in the mouth. In humans, saliva is around 99% water, plus electrolytes, mucus, white blood cells, epithelial cells (from which DNA can be extracted), enzymes (such as lingual lipase and amylase), and antimi...	{ "page_id": 204420, "title": "Saliva" }
and secretory immunoglobulin A) Epidermal growth factor (EGF) Saliva eliminates caesium, which can substitute for potassium in the cells. Various enzymes; most notably: α-amylase (EC3.2.1.1), or ptyalin, secreted by the acinar cells of the parotid and submandibular glands, starts the digestion of starch before the food...	{ "page_id": 204420, "title": "Saliva" }
and other enzymes, saliva contributes to the digestion of food and to the maintenance of oral hygiene. Saliva limits the growth of bacterial pathogens and is a major factor in sustaining systemic and oral health through the prevention of tooth decay. Saliva also acts as a buffer, reducing acidity of food components by ...	{ "page_id": 204420, "title": "Saliva" }
Other === Saliva maintains the pH of the mouth. Saliva is supersaturated with various ions. Certain salivary proteins prevent precipitation, which would form salts. These ions act as a buffer, keeping the acidity of the mouth within a certain range, typically pH 6.2–7.4. This prevents minerals in the dental hard tissue...	{ "page_id": 204420, "title": "Saliva" }
secretions from the secretory acinus into the ducts and eventually to the oral cavity. Sympathetic stimulation results in the release of norepinephrine. Norepinephrine binding to α-adrenergic receptors will cause an increase in intracellular calcium levels leading to more fluid vs. protein secretion. If norepinephrine ...	{ "page_id": 204420, "title": "Saliva" }
construct a nest. Two species of swifts in the genus Aerodramus build their nests using only their saliva, the base for bird's nest soup. === Wound licking === A common belief is that saliva contained in the mouth has natural disinfectants, which leads people to believe it is beneficial to "lick their wounds". Research...	{ "page_id": 204420, "title": "Saliva" }
Denitrifying bacteria are a diverse group of bacteria that encompass many different phyla. This group of bacteria, together with denitrifying fungi and archaea, is capable of performing denitrification as part of the nitrogen cycle. Denitrification is performed by a variety of denitrifying bacteria that are widely dist...	{ "page_id": 3481221, "title": "Denitrifying bacteria" }
→ N2 ), using nitrate reductase (Nar or Nap), nitrite reductase (Nir), nitric oxide reductase (Nor), and nitrous oxide reductase (Nos). Phylogenetic analysis revealed that aerobic denitrifiers mainly belong to α-, β- and γ-Proteobacteria. == Denitrification mechanism == Denitrifying bacteria use denitrification to gene...	{ "page_id": 3481221, "title": "Denitrifying bacteria" }
nitrates, effectively removing both fixed nitrogen and methane from aquatic systems in habitats ranging from sediment to peat bogs to stratified water columns. The process of anaerobic denitrification may contribute significantly to the global methane and nitrogen cycles, especially in light of the recent influx of bot...	{ "page_id": 3481221, "title": "Denitrifying bacteria" }
found that anaerobic methane oxidation coupled to denitrification – also referred to as nitrate/nitrite-dependent anaerobic methane oxidation (n-damo) – is a dominant sink of methane in deep lakes. For a long time, it was considered that the mitigation of methane emissions was only due to aerobic methanotrophic bacteri...	{ "page_id": 3481221, "title": "Denitrifying bacteria" }
species and N2O is a potent greenhouse gas which can contribute to global warming. === Denitrifying bacteria use in wastewater treatment === Denitrifying bacteria are an essential component in treating wastewater. Wastewater often contains large amounts of nitrogen (in the form of ammonium or nitrate), which could be d...	{ "page_id": 3481221, "title": "Denitrifying bacteria" }
Atsuto Suzuki (鈴木厚人, Suzuki Atsuto, born October 3, 1946, in Niigata Prefecture, Japan) is an experimental particle physicist known for his observations of neutrinos and anti-neutrinos. == Career == Suzuki earned his doctorate from Tohoku University in 1974, supervised by Masatoshi Koshiba. In 1982 he was appointed to...	{ "page_id": 58531463, "title": "Atsuto Suzuki" }
in 2016, shared with investigators from the KamLAND, Super-Kamiokande, K2K / T2K, Daya Bay, and Sudbury neutrino observation consortia. He was elected a foreign member of the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2011. In 2021, he was elected as a Person of Cultural Merit. In 2022, he was elected as a Members of the Japan Aca...	{ "page_id": 58531463, "title": "Atsuto Suzuki" }
The molecular formula C16H13N3O3 (molar mass: 295.29 g/mol, exact mass: 295.0957 u) may refer to: Nimetazepam Mebendazole (MBZ)	{ "page_id": 41295500, "title": "C16H13N3O3" }
Roasting is a process of heating a sulfide ore to a high temperature in the presence of air. It is a step in the processing of certain ores. More specifically, roasting is often a metallurgical process involving gas–solid reactions at elevated temperatures with the goal of purifying the metal component(s). Often before...	{ "page_id": 8920717, "title": "Roasting (metallurgy)" }
amounts of acidic, metallic, and other toxic compounds. Results of this include areas that even after 60–80 years are still largely lifeless, often exactly corresponding to the area of the roast bed, some of which are hundreds of metres wide by kilometres long. Roasting is an exothermic process. == Roasting operations ...	{ "page_id": 8920717, "title": "Roasting (metallurgy)" }
form at high temperatures. === Sulfating roasting === Sulfating roasting oxidizes certain sulfide ores to sulfates in a supply of air to enable leaching of the sulfate for further processing. === Magnetic roasting === Magnetic roasting involves controlled roasting of the ore to convert it into a magnetic form, thus ena...	{ "page_id": 8920717, "title": "Roasting (metallurgy)" }
The molecular formula C21H26N2O (molar mass: 322.452 g/mol, exact mass: 322.2045 u) may refer to: Acetylfentanyl Benzylfentanyl (R-4129)	{ "page_id": 41492109, "title": "C21H26N2O" }
The K/U Ratio is the ratio of a slightly volatile element, potassium (K), to a highly refractory element, uranium (U). It is a useful way to measure the presence of volatile elements on planetary surfaces. The K/U ratio helps explain the evolution of the planetary system and the origin of Earth's Moon. == Volatile and ...	{ "page_id": 60956303, "title": "K-U ratio" }
that are believed to have come from Mars. == Ratios of Solar System bodies == K and U move together during geochemical processes and have long-lived radioisotopes that emit gamma rays. It is calculated as a ratio of one to the other on an equal mass basis which is often μ g r a m [ e l e m e n t ] / g r a m {\displayst...	{ "page_id": 60956303, "title": "K-U ratio" }
debris left over from a collision between Earth and an astronomical body the size of Mars, approximately 4.5 billion years ago, about 20 to 100 million years after the Solar System coalesced. This is called the Giant-impact hypothesis. It is hypothesized that most of the outer silicates of the colliding body would be v...	{ "page_id": 60956303, "title": "K-U ratio" }
composition of the Sun. == Controversy of Mercury == Mercury was surveyed by the MESSENGER mission with its Gamma-Ray Spectrometer. The K/U ratios for Mercury could range between 8,000 and 17,000 which would imply a volatile rich planet. However, metal/silicate partitioning data for K and U still needs additional exper...	{ "page_id": 60956303, "title": "K-U ratio" }
The principle of solid phase DNA sequencing was described in 1989 based on binding of biotinylated DNA to streptavidin-coated magnetic beads and elution of single DNA strands selectively using alkali. The method allowed robotic applications suitable for clinical sequencing, but the magnetic handling has also found freq...	{ "page_id": 55123599, "title": "Solid phase sequencing" }
T7 DNA helicase (gp4) is a hexameric motor protein encoded by T7 phages that uses energy from dTTP hydrolysis to process unidirectionally along single stranded DNA, separating (helicase) the two strands as it progresses. It is also a primase, making short stretches of RNA that initiates DNA synthesis. It forms a comple...	{ "page_id": 4529808, "title": "T7 DNA helicase" }
Triplet loss is a machine learning loss function widely used in one-shot learning, a setting where models are trained to generalize effectively from limited examples. It was conceived by Google researchers for their prominent FaceNet algorithm for face detection. Triplet loss is designed to support metric learning. Nam...	{ "page_id": 59317908, "title": "Triplet loss" }
i ) ) {\displaystyle (A^{(i)},P^{(i)},N^{(i)})} in the training data set: ‖ f ( A ( i ) ) − f ( P ( i ) ) ‖ 2 2 + α < ‖ f ( A ( i ) ) − f ( N ( i ) ) ‖ 2 2 {\displaystyle \Vert f(A^{(i)})-f(P^{(i)})\Vert _{2}^{2}+\alpha <\Vert f(A^{(i)})-f(N^{(i)})\Vert _{2}^{2}} The variable α {\displaystyle \alpha } is a hyperparamet...	{ "page_id": 59317908, "title": "Triplet loss" }
the smart selection of triplets for optimization. This process adds an additional layer of complexity compared to contrastive loss. A naive approach to preparing training data for the triplet loss involves randomly selecting triplets from the dataset. In general, the set of valid triplets of the form ( A ( i ) , P ( i ...	{ "page_id": 59317908, "title": "Triplet loss" }
a continuous relevance degree with a chain (i.e., ladder) of distance inequalities. This leads to the Ladder Loss, which has been demonstrated to offer performance enhancements of visual-semantic embedding in learning to rank tasks. In Natural Language Processing, triplet loss is one of the loss functions considered fo...	{ "page_id": 59317908, "title": "Triplet loss" }
Chinchilla is a family of large language models (LLMs) developed by the research team at Google DeepMind, presented in March 2022. == Models == It is named "chinchilla" because it is a further development over a previous model family named Gopher. Both model families were trained in order to investigate the scaling law...	{ "page_id": 72752788, "title": "Chinchilla (language model)" }
from 44 million parameters to 280 billion parameters. They refer to the largest one as "Gopher" by default. Similar naming conventions apply for the Chinchilla family. Table 1 of shows the entire Gopher family: Table 4 of compares the 70-billion-parameter Chinchilla with Gopher 280B. == See also == LaMDA == References ...	{ "page_id": 72752788, "title": "Chinchilla (language model)" }
Bottled gas is a term used for substances which are gaseous at standard temperature and pressure (STP) and have been compressed and stored in carbon steel, stainless steel, aluminum, or composite containers known as gas cylinders. == Gas state in cylinders == There are four cases: either the substance remains a gas at ...	{ "page_id": 859798, "title": "Bottled gas" }
opened the acetylene comes back out of solution, much like a carbonated beverage bubbles when opened. This is a workaround to acetylene's propensity to explode when pressurized above 200 kPa or liquified. === Case IV === The substance is liquefied at reduced temperature and increased pressure. These are also referred t...	{ "page_id": 859798, "title": "Bottled gas" }
the British Compressed Gases Association provide similar facilities in Europe and the United Kingdom. == Nomenclature differences == In the United States, 'bottled gas' typically refers to liquefied petroleum gas. 'Bottled gas' is sometimes used in medical supply, especially for portable oxygen tanks. Packaged industri...	{ "page_id": 859798, "title": "Bottled gas" }
diving ==== Diving cylinders are left unpainted (for aluminium), or painted to prevent corrosion (for steel), often in bright colors, most often fluorescent yellow, to increase visibility. This should not be confused with industrial gases, where a yellow shoulder means chlorine. == See also == Diving cylinder – Contain...	{ "page_id": 859798, "title": "Bottled gas" }
RMCE (recombinase-mediated cassette exchange) is a procedure in reverse genetics allowing the systematic, repeated modification of higher eukaryotic genomes by targeted integration, based on the features of site-specific recombination processes (SSRs). For RMCE, this is achieved by the clean exchange of a preexisting g...	{ "page_id": 14032539, "title": "Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange" }
a sequence that is flanked by two equally oriented identical FRTs the inefficient reversion of the letter process, commonly called integration or "addition" of an extra piece of DNA carrying a single FRT site identical to the target site This spectrum of options could be extended significantly by the generation of spac...	{ "page_id": 14032539, "title": "Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange" }
replace damaged tissue or to generate transgenic animals with largely pre-determined properties. == Dual RMCE == It has been previously established that coexpression of both Cre and Flp recombinases catalyzes the exchange of sequences flanked by single loxP and FRT sites integrated into the genome at a random location....	{ "page_id": 14032539, "title": "Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange" }
the difference is below this threshold, some cross-interaction between the mutants may occur leading to a faulty deletion of the sequence between the heterospecific (Fm/Fn or F/Fn) sites. 13 FRT-mutants have meanwhile become available, which permit the establishment of several unique genomic addresses side-by side (for...	{ "page_id": 14032539, "title": "Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange" }
genetic modification by RMCE. === Tagging and cassette exchange in DG44 cells in suspension culture === Insertion of a target cassette in a mammalian host cell line (CHO DG44 in suspension culture) and exchange with an ER stress reporter construct via targeted integration (RMCE). == See also == Site-specific recombinas...	{ "page_id": 14032539, "title": "Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange" }
193–221. doi:10.1016/j.jmb.2011.01.004. PMID 21241707. Turan, S; Zehe, C; Kuehle, J; Qiao, J; Bode, J (2013). "Recombinase-Mediated Cassette Exchange (RMCE) – a rapidly-expanding toolbox for targeted genomic modifications". Gene. 515 (1): 1–27. doi:10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.016. PMID 23201421. Lauth, M.; Spreafico, F.; De...	{ "page_id": 14032539, "title": "Recombinase-mediated cassette exchange" }
Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria are a group of facultative autotrophs that can use hydrogen as an electron donor. They can be divided into aerobes and anaerobes. The former use hydrogen as an electron donor and oxygen as an acceptor while the latter use sulphate or nitrogen dioxide as electron acceptors. Species of both ty...	{ "page_id": 9969312, "title": "Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria" }
the silicon radical at high temperature: Si· + H2O → SiOH + H· H· + H· → H2 2. A proposed reaction between iron oxides and water may occur at temperatures higher than 800 °C: 2FeO + H2O → Fe2O3 + H2 2Fe3O4 + H2O → 3Fe2O3 + H2 Occurring at ambient temperature, serpentinization is an exothermic geochemical mechanism that...	{ "page_id": 9969312, "title": "Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria" }
of H2. == Examples == === Hydrothermal vents === H2 is an important electron donor in hydrothermal vents. In this environment hydrogen oxidation represents a significant origin of energy, sufficient to conduct ATP synthesis and autotrophic CO2 fixation, so hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria form an important part of the ecosy...	{ "page_id": 9969312, "title": "Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria" }
and in an atmosphere (under a continuous gas flow system) characterized by an oxygen saturation of 40% (analogous characteristics are present in the surface water from which the bacteria were isolated, which is a fairly aerated medium). This differs from the usual behaviour of hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria, which in gene...	{ "page_id": 9969312, "title": "Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria" }
heterotrophicically using organic substances as electron donors; in this case, the hydrogenase activity is less important or completely absent. However, knallgas bacteria, when growing as chemolithoautotrophs, can integrate a molecule of CO2 to produce, through the Calvin–Benson cycle, biomolecules necessary for the ce...	{ "page_id": 9969312, "title": "Hydrogen-oxidizing bacteria" }
The Berne Convention (formally, the International Convention respecting the Prohibition of the Use of White (Yellow) Phosphorus in the Manufacture of Matches (French: Convention internationale sur l'interdiction de l'emploi du phosphore blanc (jaune) dans l'industrie des allumettes)) of 1906 is a multilateral treaty ne...	{ "page_id": 19930786, "title": "Berne Convention (1906)" }
The shower-curtain effect in physics describes the phenomenon of a shower curtain being blown inward when a shower is running. The problem of identifying the cause of this effect has been featured in Scientific American magazine, with several theories given to explain the phenomenon but no definite conclusion. The show...	{ "page_id": 401062, "title": "Shower-curtain effect" }
computer simulation of a typical bathroom found that none of the above theories pan out in their analysis, but instead found that the spray from the shower-head drives a horizontal vortex. This vortex has a low-pressure zone in the centre, which sucks the curtain. David Schmidt of the University of Massachusetts was aw...	{ "page_id": 401062, "title": "Shower-curtain effect" }
shower curtain rod to block the curtain on its lower part and to prevent it from sucking inside. Hanging the curtain rod higher or lower, or especially further away from the shower head, can reduce the effect. A convex shower rod can also be used to hold the curtain against the inside wall of a tub. A weight can be att...	{ "page_id": 401062, "title": "Shower-curtain effect" }
The molecular formula C16H16ClN3O3S (molar mass: 365.83 g/mol, exact mass: 365.0601 u) may refer to: Indapamide Metolazone	{ "page_id": 41295527, "title": "C16H16ClN3O3S" }
The activation-synthesis hypothesis, proposed by Harvard University psychiatrists John Allan Hobson and Robert McCarley, is a neurobiological theory of dreams first published in the American Journal of Psychiatry in December 1977. The differences in neuronal activity of the brainstem during waking and REM sleep were ob...	{ "page_id": 30875305, "title": "Activation-synthesis hypothesis" }
to mental health of mammals. It has been shown through experimentation that animals subjected to inability to enter REM sleep show an immediate attempt to quickly enter REM stages and long-term effects on motor coordination and habitual motor habits, eventually leading to the death of the animal. It has also been shown...	{ "page_id": 30875305, "title": "Activation-synthesis hypothesis" }
of primary consciousness but is produced in the brain without external stimulation. Unlike the waking state, the brain cannot recognize its own condition; that it is in the midst of the dream and is not the same as the real world. The brain has a single-minded state of primary consciousness during dreaming, which allow...	{ "page_id": 30875305, "title": "Activation-synthesis hypothesis" }
may exist in reptiles and other vertebrates to varying degrees. REM stands for rapid eye movement. It is generally a later sleep state following non-REM (NREM) sleep. It is regulated in part by the pontine brainstem. Infants spend most of their time in REM sleep, and rather than enter stage 1 sleep they may go directly...	{ "page_id": 30875305, "title": "Activation-synthesis hypothesis" }
of the brain. The developing control over stages of sleep and waking suggests that sleep and REM has developed as a way to self-activate in order to anticipate awake-state circumstances. === Neuronic modeling === Within the pons, the modeling and tracking of these aminergic inhibitory neurons and cholinergic excitatory...	{ "page_id": 30875305, "title": "Activation-synthesis hypothesis" }
model, stating that brain activation during REM sleep results in synthesis of dream creation. Hobson's five cardinal characteristics include: intense emotions, illogical content, apparent sensory impressions, uncritical acceptance of dream events, and difficulty in being remembered. === Current model – AIM === Thanks t...	{ "page_id": 30875305, "title": "Activation-synthesis hypothesis" }
are activated and sending signals during waking are inactive during NREM sleep and become reactivated during REM sleep. It is based on the fact that the brain and its neural circuitry is plastic and self-regulating, especially in its own activation and inactivation. This was observed by two experiments: development of ...	{ "page_id": 30875305, "title": "Activation-synthesis hypothesis" }
to the AIM model. The theory of Metalearning in particular describes how these neuromodulators facilitate dynamic learning, though a series of interpretive models all consistent with the AIM model. == Implications == The three-dimensional AIM model shows that during the cycle of brain states waking-NREM-REM, the brain ...	{ "page_id": 30875305, "title": "Activation-synthesis hypothesis" }
Physical or chemical properties of materials and systems can often be categorized as being either intensive or extensive, according to how the property changes when the size (or extent) of the system changes. The terms "intensive and extensive quantities" were introduced into physics by German mathematician Georg Helm ...	{ "page_id": 204464, "title": "Intensive and extensive properties" }
are ratios of extensive quantities. In a homogeneous system divided into two halves, all its extensive properties, in particular its volume and its mass, are divided into two halves. All its intensive properties, such as the mass per volume (mass density) or volume per mass (specific volume), must remain the same in ea...	{ "page_id": 204464, "title": "Intensive and extensive properties" }
be divided by the sample's mass, to become the sample's "specific E"; extensive quantities "E" which have been divided by the number of moles in their sample are referred to as "molar E". === Examples === Examples of extensive properties include: == Conjugate quantities == In thermodynamics, some extensive quantities m...	{ "page_id": 204464, "title": "Intensive and extensive properties" }
pairs are mutually conjugate. Either one, but not both, of a conjugate pair may be set up as an independent state variable of a thermodynamic system. Conjugate setups are associated by Legendre transformations. == Composite properties == The ratio of two extensive properties of the same object or system is an intensive...	{ "page_id": 204464, "title": "Intensive and extensive properties" }
to saying that intensive composite properties are homogeneous functions of degree 0 with respect to { A j } {\displaystyle \{A_{j}\}} .) It follows, for example, that the ratio of two extensive properties is an intensive property. To illustrate, consider a system having a certain mass, m {\displaystyle m} , and volume,...	{ "page_id": 204464, "title": "Intensive and extensive properties" }
A j {\displaystyle A_{j}} . This last equation can be used to derive thermodynamic relations. === Specific properties === A specific property is the intensive property obtained by dividing an extensive property of a system by its mass. For example, heat capacity is an extensive property of a system. Dividing heat capac...	{ "page_id": 204464, "title": "Intensive and extensive properties" }
C_{P,\mathrm {m} }^{\circ }} is the standard molar heat capacity of a substance at constant pressure. Δ r H m ∘ {\displaystyle \mathrm {\Delta } _{\mathrm {r} }H_{\mathrm {m} }^{\circ }} is the standard enthalpy variation of a reaction (with subcases: formation enthalpy, combustion enthalpy...). E ∘ {\displaystyle E^{\...	{ "page_id": 204464, "title": "Intensive and extensive properties" }
between intensive and extensive properties in thermodynamics?". Callinterview.com. Retrieved 7 April 2024.	{ "page_id": 204464, "title": "Intensive and extensive properties" }
Applied Physics Express or APEX is a scientific journal publishing letters, with usually no more than three pages per (concise) article. The main purpose is to rapidly publish original, timely, and novel research papers in applied physics. As part of its aim, the journal intends for papers to be novel research that has...	{ "page_id": 27074224, "title": "Applied Physics Express" }
Phoenix Union Bioscience High School is a small magnet school within the Phoenix Union High School District and the campus is in downtown Phoenix, Arizona, US. The school specializes in preemptive science education with a concentration in engineering or biomedical studies. A new building was constructed and the existin...	{ "page_id": 15539891, "title": "Phoenix Union Bioscience High School" }
The World" list, ranked by their modern designs. The school has a solar charging station, and is partially powered by solar panels. == References == == External links == Bioscience High School Phoenix Union High School District website Arizona Department of Education School Report Card Facebook Twitter	{ "page_id": 15539891, "title": "Phoenix Union Bioscience High School" }
Wakatu Hops are dual purpose hops used for flavouring and bittering beer. They are grown in Nelson, New Zealand. They received their name from a corrupted spelling of Whakatu, the Māori name for Nelson. Being bred from the Hallertau hop, they are often semi-correctly referred to as Hallertau hops, and the two varieties...	{ "page_id": 41623220, "title": "Wakatu Hops" }
Myrcene, or β-myrcene, is a monoterpene. A colorless oil, it occurs widely in essential oils. It is produced mainly semi-synthetically from Myrcia, from which it gets its name. It is an intermediate in the production of several fragrances. A less-common isomeric form, having one of the three alkene units in a different...	{ "page_id": 3219125, "title": "Myrcene" }
an intermediate used in the perfumery industry. It has a pleasant odor but is rarely used directly. It is also unstable in air, tending to polymerize. Samples are stabilized by the addition of alkylphenols or tocopherol. It is thus more highly valued as an intermediate for the preparation of flavor and fragrance chemic...	{ "page_id": 3219125, "title": "Myrcene" }
Alarm photosynthesis is a variation of photosynthesis where calcium oxalate crystals function as dynamic carbon pools, supplying carbon dioxide (CO2) to photosynthetic cells when stomata are partially or totally closed. This biochemical appendance of the photosynthetic machinery is a means to alleviate the perpetual pl...	{ "page_id": 65609397, "title": "Alarm photosynthesis" }
carbon fixation == References ==	{ "page_id": 65609397, "title": "Alarm photosynthesis" }
Path dependence is a concept in the social sciences, referring to processes where past events or decisions constrain later events or decisions. It can be used to refer to outcomes at a single point in time or to long-run equilibria of a process. Path dependence has been used to describe institutions, technical standard...	{ "page_id": 728760, "title": "Path dependence" }
market demands (e.g. having a longer recording time). In this interpretation, path dependence had little to do with VHS's success, which would have occurred even if Betamax had established an early lead. === QWERTY keyboard === The QWERTY keyboard is a prominent example of path dependence due to the widespread emergenc...	{ "page_id": 728760, "title": "Path dependence" }
gauge, Russian gauge and Indian gauge, all of which are broader than Stephenson's choice, show that there is nothing inherent to the 1435 mm gauge that led to its global success. == Economics == Path dependence theory was originally developed by economists to explain technology adoption processes and industry evolution...	{ "page_id": 728760, "title": "Path dependence" }
of this phenomenon, has been re-asserted, questioned, and continues to be argued. Economic debate continues on the significance of path dependence in determining how standards form. Economists from Alfred Marshall to Paul Krugman have noted that similar businesses tend to congregate geographically ("agglomerate"); open...	{ "page_id": 728760, "title": "Path dependence" }
model of the labour market differs from the prediction of a "natural" unemployment rate or NAIRU, around which 'cyclical' unemployment is said to move without influencing the "natural" rate itself. === Types of path dependence === Liebowitz and Margolis distinguish types of path dependence; some do not imply inefficien...	{ "page_id": 728760, "title": "Path dependence" }
critical juncture, antecedent conditions allow contingent choices that set a specific trajectory of institutional development and consolidation that is difficult to reverse. As in economics, the generic drivers are: lock-in, positive feedback, increasing returns (the more a choice is made, the bigger its benefits), and...	{ "page_id": 728760, "title": "Path dependence" }
by the complainant is perceived as excessive but fulfilling the strict rules of law. The German tradition of law favours legal certainty, while the courts from the former Russian and Austrian partitions are more likely to refer to the principle of justice. Interestingly, the institutional factors can be identified almo...	{ "page_id": 728760, "title": "Path dependence" }
to be moved around within or between lines. This would be done even if the period did not belong to the text being quoted. Evolution is considered by some to be path-dependent and historically contingent: mutations occurring in the past have had long-term effects on current life forms, some of which may no longer be ad...	{ "page_id": 728760, "title": "Path dependence" }
The Composite-Standard Model of Path Dependence" (PDF). Journal of Theoretical Politics. 19 (1): 33–54. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.466.8147. doi:10.1177/0951629807071016. S2CID 11323786. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2008-09-05. Retrieved 2007-10-20. Collier, Ruth Berins; Collier, David (1991). Shaping the Political Arena:...	{ "page_id": 728760, "title": "Path dependence" }
Increasing Returns, and Historical Institutionalism"., undated mimeo Shalizi, Cosma (2001), "QWERTY, Lock-in, and Path Dependence", unpublished website, with extensive references Vergne, J. P. and R. Durand (2010), "The missing link between the theory and empirics of path dependence", Journal of Management Studies, 47(...	{ "page_id": 728760, "title": "Path dependence" }
Sir George Lindor Brown CBE FRS (9 February 1903, Liverpool – 22 February 1971) was an English physiologist and secretary of the Royal Society, of which he was elected a Fellow in 1946. He was commonly referred to as Sir Lindor Brown; by his own preference. He was Waynflete Professor of Physiology at the University of ...	{ "page_id": 5643965, "title": "George Lindor Brown" }
The Thermales-rpoB RNA motif is a conserved RNA structure that was discovered by bioinformatics. Thermales-rpoB motifs are found in Thermales. Thermales-rpoB motif RNAs likely function as cis-regulatory elements, in view of their positions upstream of protein-coding genes, which invariably encode subunits of RNA polyme...	{ "page_id": 58400447, "title": "Thermales-rpoB RNA motif" }
Blind or blinded wine tasting is a method of wine tasting in which the tasters evaluate wines without knowing their identities. This approach aims to ensure objectivity by eliminating potential biases from visual cues, such as bottle labels, price, geographic origin, or producer reputation. Blind tasting is widely used...	{ "page_id": 3219138, "title": "Blind wine tasting" }
are often used in professional or scientific contexts, such as using black or opaque glasses to mask the wine's color, preventing visual cues from influencing the taster's judgment. The wines are typically served in a randomized sequence to minimize the impact of prior expectations or comparisons, and if labeled at all...	{ "page_id": 3219138, "title": "Blind wine tasting" }
was called "short, light, and faulty." Similarly, Frédéric Brochet's experiments demonstrated how visual information influences perception. When tasters were given a white wine, they used descriptors such as "fresh, dry, honeyed, lively." However, when the same wine was dyed red, participants described it using terms t...	{ "page_id": 3219138, "title": "Blind wine tasting" }
long-held assumptions about the superiority of French wines. In this competition, a panel of French judges blind-tasted wines from France and California, with the expectation that the French wines would dominate. However, California wines were rated higher in both red and white categories, an outcome that surprised the...	{ "page_id": 3219138, "title": "Blind wine tasting" }
expertise may enhance appreciation for the qualities found in higher-priced wines. Blind tasting has also been shown to aid in sensory skill development. A 2020 study on perceptual learning in chemical senses found that systematic practice and training can transform non-experts into skilled tasters. The study demonstra...	{ "page_id": 3219138, "title": "Blind wine tasting" }
EDLUT (Event-Driven LookUp Table) is a computer application for simulating networks of spiking neurons. It was developed in the University of Granada and source code was released under GNU GPL version 3. EDLUT uses event-driven simulation scheme and lookup tables to efficiently simulate medium or large spiking neural n...	{ "page_id": 15605446, "title": "EDLUT" }
An organism's sex is female (symbol: ♀) if it produces the ovum (egg cell), the type of gamete (sex cell) that fuses with the male gamete (sperm cell) during sexual reproduction. A female has larger gametes than a male. Females and males are results of the anisogamous reproduction system, wherein gametes are of differe...	{ "page_id": 20913864, "title": "Female" }
usually on the grounds that it grouped humans with other animals. In the 21st century, the noun female is primarily used to describe non-human animals, to refer to biologically female humans in an impersonal technical context (e.g., "Females were more likely than males to develop an autoimmune disease"), or to impartia...	{ "page_id": 20913864, "title": "Female" }
get together as required for sexual reproduction. Other than the defining difference in the type of gamete produced, differences between males and females in one lineage cannot always be predicted by differences in another. The concept is not limited to animals; egg cells are produced by chytrids, diatoms, water moulds...	{ "page_id": 20913864, "title": "Female" }
and some reptiles, by contrast, it is the female which is heterozygous and carries a Z and a W chromosome while the male carries two Z chromosomes. In mammals, females can have XXX or X. Mammalian females bear live young, with the exception of monotreme females, which lay eggs. Some non-mammalian species, such as guppi...	{ "page_id": 20913864, "title": "Female" }
other in response to local reproductive conditions (such as a brief shortage of males). In many arthropods, sex is determined by infection with parasitic, endosymbiotic bacteria of the genus Wolbachia. The bacterium can only be transmitted via infected ova, and the presence of the obligate endoparasite may be required ...	{ "page_id": 20913864, "title": "Female" }
isogamy remains in a few species. Anisogamy appears to have evolved multiple times from isogamy; for example female Volvocales (a type of green algae) evolved from the plus mating type.: 222 Although sexual evolution emerged at least 1.2 billion years ago, the lack of anisogamous fossil records make it hard to pinpoint...	{ "page_id": 20913864, "title": "Female" }
(Venus). == See also == Girl Pregnancy Femininity Lady Woman == References ==	{ "page_id": 20913864, "title": "Female" }
The demon algorithm is a Monte Carlo method for efficiently sampling members of a microcanonical ensemble with a given energy. An additional degree of freedom, called 'the demon', is added to the system and is able to store and provide energy. If a drawn microscopic state has lower energy than the original state, the e...	{ "page_id": 18751180, "title": "Demon algorithm" }

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