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distillation concentrates poisonous congeners rather than removing them; As a result, many countries prohibit such applejack as a health measure. Also, distillation by evaporation can separate these since they have different boiling points. Distillation by filtration: In early alchemy and chemistry, otherwise known as ... | {
"page_id": 8301,
"title": "Distillation"
} |
varying the pressure). Others work by chemically or physically removing or sequestering the impurity. For example, to purify ethanol beyond 95%, a drying agent (or desiccant, such as potassium carbonate) can be added to convert the soluble water into insoluble water of crystallization. Molecular sieves are often used f... | {
"page_id": 8301,
"title": "Distillation"
} |
add other chemicals to a distillation, but it has two potential drawbacks. Under negative pressure, power for a vacuum source is needed and the reduced boiling points of the distillates requires that the condenser be run cooler to prevent distillate vapors being lost to the vacuum source. Increased cooling demands will... | {
"page_id": 8301,
"title": "Distillation"
} |
cylindrical columns known as distillation towers or distillation columns with diameters ranging from about 0.65 to 16 metres (2 ft 2 in to 52 ft 6 in) and heights ranging from about 6 to 90 metres (20 to 295 ft) or more. When the process feed has a diverse composition, as in distilling crude oil, liquid outlets at inte... | {
"page_id": 8301,
"title": "Distillation"
} |
Design and operation of a distillation tower depends on the feed and desired products. Given a simple, binary component feed, analytical methods such as the McCabe–Thiele method or the Fenske equation can be used. For a multi-component feed, simulation models are used both for design and operation. Moreover, the effici... | {
"page_id": 8301,
"title": "Distillation"
} |
to more traditional trays. Differently shaped packings have different surface areas and void space between packings. Both these factors affect packing performance. Another factor in addition to the packing shape and surface area that affects the performance of random or structured packing is the liquid and vapor distri... | {
"page_id": 8301,
"title": "Distillation"
} |
distillation can achieve more than 20 effects with thermal energy input, as mentioned in the article. Vapor compression evaporation – Commercial large-scale units can achieve around 72 effects with electrical energy input, according to manufacturers. There are many other types of multi-effect distillation processes, in... | {
"page_id": 8301,
"title": "Distillation"
} |
The magnetocaloric effect (MCE, from magnet and calorie) is a scientific phenomenon in which certain materials warm up when a magnetic field is applied. The warming is due to changes in the internal state of the material releasing heat. When the magnetic field is removed, the material returns to its original state, rea... | {
"page_id": 204912,
"title": "Magnetocaloric effect"
} |
the Iowa State University at Ames Laboratory. This event attracted interest from scientists and companies worldwide who started developing new kinds of room temperature materials and magnetic refrigerator designs. A major breakthrough came 2002 when a group at the University of Amsterdam demonstrated the giant magnetoc... | {
"page_id": 204912,
"title": "Magnetocaloric effect"
} |
reorientation. The randomization of the domains occurs in a similar fashion to the randomization at the Curie temperature of a ferromagnetic material, except that magnetic dipoles overcome a decreasing external magnetic field while energy remains constant, instead of magnetic domains being disrupted from internal ferro... | {
"page_id": 204912,
"title": "Magnetocaloric effect"
} |
\Delta S} ) since Δ S ( T ) = ∫ H 0 H 1 ( ∂ M ( T , H ′ ) ∂ T ) d H ′ {\displaystyle \Delta S(T)=\int _{H_{0}}^{H_{1}}\left({\frac {\partial M(T,H')}{\partial T}}\right)dH'} This implies that the absolute change in the magnet's entropy determines the possible magnitude of the adiabatic temperature change under a thermo... | {
"page_id": 204912,
"title": "Magnetocaloric effect"
} |
temperature change. Energy (and entropy) transfers from thermal entropy to magnetic entropy, measuring the disorder of the magnetic dipoles. Isomagnetic entropic transfer: The magnetic field is held constant to prevent the material from reheating. The material is placed in thermal contact with the environment to be ref... | {
"page_id": 204912,
"title": "Magnetocaloric effect"
} |
standard ADR proceeds roughly as follows. First, a strong magnetic field is applied to the refrigerant, forcing its various magnetic dipoles to align and putting these degrees of freedom of the refrigerant into a state of lowered entropy. The heat sink then absorbs the heat released by the refrigerant due to its loss o... | {
"page_id": 204912,
"title": "Magnetocaloric effect"
} |
phase transitions are characterized by a discontinuity in the magnetization changes with temperature, resulting in a latent heat. Second order phase transitions do not have this latent heat associated with the phase transition. In the late 1990s Pecharksy and Gschneidner reported a magnetic entropy change in Gd5(Si2Ge2... | {
"page_id": 204912,
"title": "Magnetocaloric effect"
} |
permanent magnets can be used for the production of the magnetic field. === Paramagnetic salts === The original proposed refrigerant was a paramagnetic salt, such as cerium magnesium nitrate. The active magnetic dipoles in this case are those of the electron shells of the paramagnetic atoms. In a paramagnetic salt ADR,... | {
"page_id": 204912,
"title": "Magnetocaloric effect"
} |
is often provided by the mixing chamber of a dilution refrigerator or a paramagnetic salt. == Commercial development == Research and a demonstration proof of concept device in 2001 succeeded in applying commercial-grade materials and permanent magnets at room temperatures to construct a magnetocaloric refrigerator. On ... | {
"page_id": 204912,
"title": "Magnetocaloric effect"
} |
a mature technology, capable of replacing the classic refrigeration solutions. One year later, in September 2018, at the 8th International Conference on Magnetic Refrigeration at Room Temperature (Thermag VIII]), Cooltech Applications presented a paper on a magnetocaloric prototype designed as a 15 kW proof-of-concept ... | {
"page_id": 204912,
"title": "Magnetocaloric effect"
} |
flows and is used directly as a regenerating fluid for a magnetic refrigerator operating with gadolinium. The GeoThermag system showed the ability to produce cold water even at 281.8 K in the presence of a heat load of 60 W. In addition, the system has shown the existence of an optimal frequency f AMR, 0.26 Hz, for whi... | {
"page_id": 204912,
"title": "Magnetocaloric effect"
} |
the mutual interactions". Scientific Reports. 11 (9461): 9431. Bibcode:2021NatSR..11.9431S. doi:10.1038/s41598-021-88778-4. PMC 8093207. PMID 33941810. == External links == Cooling by adiabatic demagnetization - The Feynman Lectures on Physics What is magnetocaloric effect and what materials exhibit this effect the mos... | {
"page_id": 204912,
"title": "Magnetocaloric effect"
} |
In radiometry, radiance is the radiant flux emitted, reflected, transmitted or received by a given surface, per unit solid angle per unit projected area. Radiance is used to characterize diffuse emission and reflection of electromagnetic radiation, and to quantify emission of neutrinos and other particles. The SI unit ... | {
"page_id": 532592,
"title": "Radiance"
} |
for an ideal optical system in air, the radiance at the output is the same as the input radiance. This is sometimes called conservation of radiance. For real, passive, optical systems, the output radiance is at most equal to the input, unless the index of refraction changes. As an example, if you form a demagnified ima... | {
"page_id": 532592,
"title": "Radiance"
} |
reflected, transmitted or received; Ω is the solid angle; A cos θ is the projected area. In general Le,Ω is a function of viewing direction, depending on θ through cos θ and azimuth angle through ∂Φe/∂Ω. For the special case of a Lambertian surface, ∂2Φe/(∂Ω ∂A) is proportional to cos θ, and Le,Ω is isotropic (independ... | {
"page_id": 532592,
"title": "Radiance"
} |
As the light travels through an ideal optical system, both the étendue and the radiant flux are conserved. Therefore, basic radiance defined by L e , Ω ∗ = L e , Ω n 2 {\displaystyle L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }^{*}={\frac {L_{\mathrm {e} ,\Omega }}{n^{2}}}} is also conserved. In real systems, the étendue may increase (for... | {
"page_id": 532592,
"title": "Radiance"
} |
Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics (ATMP) is a peer-reviewed, mathematics journal, published by International Press. Established in 1997, the journal publishes articles on theoretical physics and mathematics. The current managing editors are Charles Doran, Babak Haghighat, Junya Yagi and Hossein Yavartano... | {
"page_id": 30744693,
"title": "Advances in Theoretical and Mathematical Physics"
} |
An industrial filter press is a tool used in separation processes, specifically to separate solids and liquids. The machine stacks many filter elements and allows the filter to be easily opened to remove the filtered solids, and allows easy cleaning or replacement of the filter media. Filter presses cannot be operated ... | {
"page_id": 12591223,
"title": "Filter press"
} |
moisture in filter cakes. The device enables optimisation of the automatic filtration cycle, cake compression, cake discharge and filter-cloth washing leading to the increment in opportunities for various industrial applications. A detailed historical review, dating back to when the Shang Dynasty used presses to extrac... | {
"page_id": 12591223,
"title": "Filter press"
} |
are separated and the cake either falls off or is scraped from the membranes to be collected in a tray below. The filter membranes are then cleaned using wash liquid and the stack is re-compressed ready to start the next cycle. An early example of this is the Dehne filter press, developed by A L G Dehne (1832–1906) of ... | {
"page_id": 12591223,
"title": "Filter press"
} |
a fully automatic filter press is 24/7. === Recessed plate filter press === A recessed plate filter press does not use frames and instead has a recess in each plate with sloping edges in which the filter cloths lie, the filter cake builds up in the recess directly between two plates and when the plates are separated th... | {
"page_id": 12591223,
"title": "Filter press"
} |
on average, depending on the suspension. This results in faster cycle and turnaround times, which lead to an increase in productivity. The membrane inflation medium consists either of compressed air or a liquid medium (e.g. water). == Applications == Filter presses are used in a huge variety of different applications, ... | {
"page_id": 12591223,
"title": "Filter press"
} |
some typical filter press calculation used for handling operation applied in waste water treatment: === Solids loading rate === S=(B x 8.34 lb/gal x s)⁄A Where, S is the solid loadings rate in lb+h⁄ft2.<r /> B is biosolids in gal⁄h s is the % solids/ 100. A is the plate area in ft2. === Net filter yield === N F Y = S ×... | {
"page_id": 12591223,
"title": "Filter press"
} |
must be operated by increasing pressure difference to cope with the increase in flow resistance resulting from pore clogging. The filtration rate is mainly affected by viscosity of the filtrate as well as resistance of the filter plate and cake. == Optimum time cycle == High filtration rate can be obtained from produci... | {
"page_id": 12591223,
"title": "Filter press"
} |
by 2.4 m and 0.3 to 20 cm for the frame thickness. == Filter medium == Typical cloth areas can range from 1 m2 or less on laboratory scale to 1000 m2 in a production environment, even though plates can provide filter areas up to 2000 m2. Normally, plate and frame filter press can form up to 50 mm of cake thickness, how... | {
"page_id": 12591223,
"title": "Filter press"
} |
the solid suspension has settled down. Coagulation as pre-treatment can improve the performance of filter press because it increases the porosity of the filter cake leading to faster filtration. Varying the temperature, concentration and pH can control the size of the flocs. Moreover, if the filter cake is impermeable ... | {
"page_id": 12591223,
"title": "Filter press"
} |
produce different types of wastes. Harmful wastes such as toxic chemical from dye industries, as well as pathogen from waste stream might accumulate in the waste cakes; hence the requirement for treating those wastes would be different. Therefore, before discharge waste stream into the environment, application of post-... | {
"page_id": 12591223,
"title": "Filter press"
} |
compare characteristics and performances. == Batch filter press versus a continuous vacuum belt filter == Filter presses offer a wide range of application, one of its main propositions is the ability to provide a large filter area in a relatively small footprint. Surface area available is one of the most important dime... | {
"page_id": 12591223,
"title": "Filter press"
} |
air for cake dewatering. Steam dewatering technique can be a competitive method since it offers product of low-moisture cake. == References == | {
"page_id": 12591223,
"title": "Filter press"
} |
The Acree–Rosenheim reaction is a chemical test used for detecting the presence of tryptophan in proteins. A protein mixture is mixed with formaldehyde. Concentrated sulfuric acid is added to form two layers. A purple ring appears between the two layers if the test is positive for tryptophan. The test was named after t... | {
"page_id": 42410104,
"title": "Acree–Rosenheim reaction"
} |
Ensembl genome database project is a scientific project at the European Bioinformatics Institute, which provides a centralized resource for geneticists, molecular biologists and other researchers studying the genomes of our own species and other vertebrates and model organisms. Ensembl is one of several well known geno... | {
"page_id": 2039930,
"title": "Ensembl genome database project"
} |
additional species (including key model organisms such as mouse, fruitfly and zebrafish) as well as a wider range of genomic data, including genetic variations and regulatory features. Since April 2009, a sister project, Ensembl Genomes, has extended the scope of Ensembl into invertebrate metazoa, plants, fungi, bacter... | {
"page_id": 2039930,
"title": "Ensembl genome database project"
} |
modules based on GD, the standard Perl graphics display library. == Alternative access methods == In addition to its website, Ensembl provides a REST API and a Perl API (Application Programming Interface) that models biological objects such as genes and proteins, allowing simple scripts to be written to retrieve data o... | {
"page_id": 2039930,
"title": "Ensembl genome database project"
} |
analysis Sequence profiling tool Sequence motif UCSC Genome Browser ENCODE == References == == External links == Official website Vega Pre-Ensembl Ensembl genomes UCSC Genome Browser NCBI Ensembl: Browsing chordate genomes on EBI Train OnLine | {
"page_id": 2039930,
"title": "Ensembl genome database project"
} |
Carbol fuchsin, carbol-fuchsin, carbolfuchsin, or Castellani's paint is a mixture of phenol and basic fuchsin that is used in bacterial staining procedures. It is commonly used in the staining of mycobacteria because it has an affinity for the mycolic acids found in their cell membranes. It is a component of Ziehl–Neel... | {
"page_id": 2891901,
"title": "Carbol fuchsin"
} |
Dactyloceras lucina is a species of very large moth of the family Brahmaeidae. It is found in central and west Africa, where it has been recorded from Equatorial Guinea, Ghana, Ivory Coast, Kenya, Sierra Leone, Uganda and Zambia. The species was first described by Dru Drury in 1782. == Description == Upperside: Antenna... | {
"page_id": 26484863,
"title": "Dactyloceras lucina"
} |
Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration (PESA) is a technique used to determine sperm counts in the event of a possible blockage of the vas deferens. It is an alternative to microepidydimal sperm aspiration (MESA), and aims to address the technical difficulty and cost of MESA. A small needle is inserted through the sk... | {
"page_id": 5120132,
"title": "Percutaneous epididymal sperm aspiration"
} |
CRISPR-Display (CRISP-Disp) is a modification of the CRISPR/Cas9 (Clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats) system for genome editing. The CRISPR/Cas9 system uses a short guide RNA (sgRNA) sequence to direct a Streptococcus pyogenes Cas9 nuclease, acting as a programmable DNA binding protein, to cleave... | {
"page_id": 53354629,
"title": "CRISPR-Display"
} |
genomic imprinting, and regulating the chromatin state, and thereby the expression, of a given locus. Many ncRNAs have been discovered, but in many cases, their function has yet to be accurately dissected due to technical challenges. ncRNA function is often not affected by introducing point mutations and premature stop... | {
"page_id": 53354629,
"title": "CRISPR-Display"
} |
delivered into mammalian cells (HEK293FT cells) by a lentiviral vector. To ensure that the attached RNA module both retains targeting functionality as well as the resulting complex drive transcriptional activation at a specific site of interest, transient reporter gene expression of luciferase and fluorescent protein w... | {
"page_id": 53354629,
"title": "CRISPR-Display"
} |
natural protein binding motifs, artificial aptamers and small molecules with varying size. While all the complexes were functional and viable, and successfully deployed the RNA domains at endogenous loci, the efficacy changed with length and expression levels. This suggests that optimization of structure and sequence m... | {
"page_id": 53354629,
"title": "CRISPR-Display"
} |
affinity tagging for cell imaging. === lncRNA domain localization === CRISPR-Display allows targeted localization of natural lncRNAs to ectopic sites for investigation of their function. Exposing various ectopic DNA loci to natural lncRNAs can help show the effects of lncRNAs on gene expression and chromatin state, and... | {
"page_id": 53354629,
"title": "CRISPR-Display"
} |
bind specific RNA sequences. Recruiting these proteins can allow studies of specific proteins’ and protein complexes’ effects on gene regulation and chromatin states, as well as specific regulation of certain genes for investigation of gene function. === Multiplexed functional studies === Due to the modularity of the s... | {
"page_id": 53354629,
"title": "CRISPR-Display"
} |
pools of random sequences as well as natural lncRNAs. == Limitations == CRISPR-Display is currently limited by the number of available functional RNA motifs and RNA binding protein functions. As more such motifs and proteins are discovered and developed, further applications of CRISPR-Display may become possible. dCas9... | {
"page_id": 53354629,
"title": "CRISPR-Display"
} |
Vagina Obscura: An Anatomical Voyage is a 2022 non-fiction book written by science journalist Rachel E. Gross and illustrated by Armando Veve. == Summary == Vagina Obscura uses cultural historical and medical approaches to explore female anatomy. Gross' historical account begins in ancient Greece with Hippocrates. Gros... | {
"page_id": 70459525,
"title": "Vagina Obscura"
} |
Trans-regulatory elements (TRE) are DNA sequences encoding upstream regulators (ie. trans-acting factors), which may modify or regulate the expression of distant genes. Trans-acting factors interact with cis-regulatory elements to regulate gene expression. TRE mediates expression profiles of a large number of genes via... | {
"page_id": 14426255,
"title": "Trans-regulatory element"
} |
the same lineage. TRE is more evolutionary constraint than cis-regulatory element, suggesting a hypothesis that TRE mutations are corrected by CRE mutations to maintain stability in gene expression. This makes biological sense, due to TRE's effect on a broad range of genes and CRE's compensatory effect on specific gene... | {
"page_id": 14426255,
"title": "Trans-regulatory element"
} |
infections. Certain segmented RNA viruses can also regulate viral gene expression through RNA binding of another genome segment, however, the details of this mechanism are still unclear. Specific examples include: RNA binding protein siRNA miRNA piRNA == See also == Cis-regulatory element == References == | {
"page_id": 14426255,
"title": "Trans-regulatory element"
} |
Pharmacometabolomics, also known as pharmacometabonomics, is a field which stems from metabolomics, the quantification and analysis of metabolites produced by the body. It refers to the direct measurement of metabolites in an individual's bodily fluids, in order to predict or evaluate the metabolism of pharmaceutical c... | {
"page_id": 34939027,
"title": "Pharmacometabolomics"
} |
was initially projected to be approximately 2200 metabolites, but could be a larger number when gut derived metabolites and xenobiotics are added to the list. Overall, the goal of pharmacometabolomics is to more closely predict or assess the response of an individual to a pharmaceutical compound, permitting continued t... | {
"page_id": 34939027,
"title": "Pharmacometabolomics"
} |
metabolism has been used to treat disease since the Middle Ages. Early physicians employed a primitive form of metabolomic analysis by smelling, tasting and looking at urine to diagnose disease. Obviously the measurement techniques needed to look at specific metabolites were unavailable at that time, but such technolog... | {
"page_id": 34939027,
"title": "Pharmacometabolomics"
} |
It illustrated how pharmacometabolomics can enable a Quantitative and Systems Pharmacology approach. Pharmacometabolomics has been applied for the treatment of numerous human diseases, such as schizophrenia, diabetes, neural disease, depression and cancer. == Personalized Medicine == As metabolite analyses are being co... | {
"page_id": 34939027,
"title": "Pharmacometabolomics"
} |
correlating metabolic signatures with the outcome of a pharmaceutical treatment course. Analysis of a patient's metabolic profile can reveal factors that may contribute to altered drug metabolism, allowing for predictions of the overall efficacy of a proposed treatment, as well as potential drug toxicity risks that may... | {
"page_id": 34939027,
"title": "Pharmacometabolomics"
} |
of metabolites produced from the compound itself can also be identified, providing information on the rate of metabolism and potentially leading to development of a related compound with increased efficacy or decreased side effects. An example of this approach was used to investigate the effect of several antipsychotic... | {
"page_id": 34939027,
"title": "Pharmacometabolomics"
} |
technique for the identification and quantification of both known and unknown metabolites. For details on the principles of this technique, see NMR spectroscopy. In pharmacometabolomics analyses, NMR is advantageous because minimal sample preparation is required. Isolated patient samples typically include blood or urin... | {
"page_id": 34939027,
"title": "Pharmacometabolomics"
} |
a relatively high-throughput manner (greater than 100 samples per day) with greater detection sensitivity than NMR analysis. A limitation of GC-MS for this application, however, is that processed metabolite components must be readily volatilized for sample processing. LC-MS initially separates out the components of a s... | {
"page_id": 34939027,
"title": "Pharmacometabolomics"
} |
metabolic and biochemical pathways == Limitations == Along with the emerging diagnostic capabilities of pharmacometabolomics, there are limitations introduced when individual variability is looked at. The ability to determine an individual's physiological state by measurement of metabolites is not contested, but the ex... | {
"page_id": 34939027,
"title": "Pharmacometabolomics"
} |
who should not receive this in-depth, personalized treatment protocol. Certain diseases and stages of disease would have to be classified according to their requirement of such a treatment plan, but there are no criteria for this classification. Furthermore, not all hospitals and treatment institutes can afford the equ... | {
"page_id": 34939027,
"title": "Pharmacometabolomics"
} |
The Cactaceae is a monograph on plants of the cactus family written by the American botanists Nathaniel Lord Britton and Joseph Nelson Rose and published in multiple volumes between 1919 and 1923. It was landmark study that extensively reorganized cactus taxonomy and is still considered a cornerstone of the field. It w... | {
"page_id": 47128725,
"title": "The Cactaceae"
} |
broke these old-style catch-all genera into smaller, more defined genera, ultimately classifying 1255 species under 124 genera. It has been argued that with this first major overhaul of cactus genera, they ushered in an era of 'splitting' or liberalism in cactus taxonomy, in contrast to the conservative 'lumping' appro... | {
"page_id": 47128725,
"title": "The Cactaceae"
} |
employed by the New York Botanical Garden for two decades. The great majority of color plates in the four volumes of The Cactaceae are by Eaton, with a handful by other artists such as Deborah Griscom Passmore, Helen Adelaide Wood, and Kako Morita. Eaton's compositions are striking and her watercolors are noted for the... | {
"page_id": 47128725,
"title": "The Cactaceae"
} |
The Elston–Stewart algorithm is an algorithm for computing the likelihood of observed data on a pedigree assuming a general model under which specific genetic segregation, linkage and association models can be tested. It is due to Robert Elston and John Stewart. It can handle relatively large pedigrees providing they a... | {
"page_id": 17440918,
"title": "Elston–Stewart algorithm"
} |
The Allele Frequency Net Database (abbreviated AlFreD) is a database containing the allele frequencies of immune genes and their corresponding alleles in different populations. == References == == External links == Allele Frequency Net Database | {
"page_id": 30351511,
"title": "Allele Frequency Net Database"
} |
The O/OREOS (Organism/Organic Exposure to Orbital Stresses) is a NASA automated CubeSat nanosatellite laboratory approximately the size of a loaf of bread that contains two separate astrobiology experiments on board. Developed by the Small Spacecraft Division at NASA Ames Research Center, the spacecraft was successfull... | {
"page_id": 24453274,
"title": "O/OREOS"
} |
GeneSat-1 (launch 16 December 2006) and PharmaSat (launch 19 May 2009) missions, O/OREOS is constructed from off-the-shelf commercial and NASA-designed parts to create a fully self-contained, automated, stable, light-weight space science laboratory with innovative environment and power-control techniques. The spacecraf... | {
"page_id": 24453274,
"title": "O/OREOS"
} |
Organisms (SESLO) experiment will characterize the growth, activity, health and ability of microorganisms to adapt to the stresses of the space environment. The experiment is sealed in a vessel at one atmosphere and contains two types of bacteria commonly found in salt ponds and soil: Halorubrum chaoviatoris, which thr... | {
"page_id": 24453274,
"title": "O/OREOS"
} |
reactants involved in photochemical experiments. These reactants were chosen because they can be related to fundamental processes believed to occur in planetary surface environments, comets, and the interstellar medium. As such, each of the different cell types was carefully chosen to simulate important aspects of astr... | {
"page_id": 24453274,
"title": "O/OREOS"
} |
beacon packets have been submitted by amateurs in 20 countries. About 6 MB of data have been downlinked and processed by the Santa Clara University operation team through S-band (WiFi) bidirectional radio. In addition to the science results from both payloads, these data include measurements of the radiation dose, rota... | {
"page_id": 24453274,
"title": "O/OREOS"
} |
Breaking Bad is an American crime drama television series created and produced by Vince Gilligan for AMC. Set and filmed in Albuquerque, New Mexico, the series follows Walter White (Bryan Cranston), an over-qualified, dispirited high-school chemistry teacher struggling with a recent diagnosis of stage-three lung cancer... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
Actor in a Drama Series four times, Paul won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series three times, and Gunn won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series twice. In 2013, Breaking Bad entered the Guinness World Records as the most critically acclaime... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
Cast and characters == === Main characters === Bryan Cranston as Walter White, a high-school chemistry teacher who, shortly after his 50th birthday, is diagnosed with Stage III lung cancer and turns to making meth to secure his family's finances. As his shady business progresses, Walter gains a notorious reputation und... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
Marie. Hank is a DEA agent. At the beginning of the series, this character was intended to be the "comic relief". Betsy Brandt as Marie Schrader, Skyler's sister and Hank's kleptomaniac wife. Brandt described Marie as "an unpleasant bitch", but also stated that there was more to her than that. "I think we're seeing mor... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
Stays in the Picture on CD. He's constantly switching up his cadence and his delivery. He emphasizes interesting words. He has loads of attitude in almost every line that he says. So when I rehearse the scenes alone I do my impersonation of Robert Evans to find those moments and turns. Then I go out and I do Saul. Jona... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
friend of Jesse and a fellow pusher. Jessica Hecht and Adam Godley as Gretchen and Elliott Schwartz – Co-owners of Gray Matter, a company that they co-founded alongside Walter, who left the business prior to its major success. Gretchen was a former flame of Walt's and partially the reason he left. Raymond Cruz as Tuco ... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
bodyguard who also handles problems Walter needs fixing. Tina Parker as Francesca Liddy – Saul Goodman's receptionist. Bill Burr as Patrick Kuby – A hired con man of Saul's who handles various sensitive tasks involving verbal intimidation, coercion, and misdirection. Michael Bowen as Jack Welker – Todd's uncle and the ... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
support it, such as strong cinematography and acting. The show's title is a Southern colloquialism meaning, among other things, "raising hell", and was chosen by Gilligan to describe Walter's transformation. According to Time entertainment editor Lily Rothman, the term has a broader meaning and is an old phrase which "... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
for AMC who was looking for more original shows to add alongside their upcoming Mad Men. Elice was intrigued, and soon a meeting was set up between Gilligan, Elice, and two programming executives. Gilligan was not optimistic about this meeting, fearing they would just put him off, but instead all three showed great int... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
conditions offered by the state of New Mexico. Once Gilligan recognized that this would mean "we'd always have to be avoiding the Sandia Mountains" in shots directed toward the east, the story setting was changed to the actual production location. It was shot primarily on 35 mm film, with digital cameras employed as ne... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
a protagonist to an antagonist. We want to make people question who they're pulling for, and why." Cranston said by the fourth season, "I think Walt's figured out it's better to be a pursuer than the pursued. He's well on his way to badass." In July 2011, Vince Gilligan indicated that he intended to conclude Breaking B... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
diagnosed with cancer and given two years to live. Gilligan said by the end of the series, "it feels as if we should adhere to our promise that we explicitly made to our audience" from the first episode. === Casting === Breaking Bad creator Vince Gilligan cast Bryan Cranston for the role of Walter White based on having... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
repeatedly identified elements in certain scripts where he disagreed with how the character was handled, and went so far as to call Gilligan directly when he could not work out disagreements with the episode's screenwriters. Cranston has said he was inspired partially by his elderly father for how Walter carries himsel... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
us several seasons back and said, "I really like this show, and if you ever need help with the chemistry, I'd love to lend a hand." She's been a wonderful advisor. We get help wherever we need it, whether it's chemistry, electrical engineering, or physics. We try to get everything correct. There's no full-time [advisor... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
likely would have killed all in the room. A later Mythbusters episode, "Blow It Out of the Water", tested the possibility of mounting an automated machine gun in a car as in the series finale "Felina", and found it plausible. An episode of MythBusters Jr. proved that it was impossible for an electromagnet to draw metal... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
two, chemistry is clearly depicted as a manufacturing science without much explanation of analytical methods being provided. They also note that serious scientific subjects are mixed into the dialogue in order to show a world where chemistry plays a key role. === Technical aspects === Michael Slovis was the cinematogra... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
2008. Walter, diagnosed with inoperable lung cancer, conspires with Jesse to cook crystal meth to pay for his treatment and provide financial security for his family. Jesse secures an R.V. to cook in, while Walter devises a revolutionary formula using unregulated chemicals, creating a highly pure product tinted blue. A... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
June 13, 2010. Skyler learns of Walt's crimes and seeks a divorce from him. Walt briefly retires from the drug trade, but Gus offers him a job cooking meth at a hidden lab with an assistant, Gale. Hank's investigation leads him to Jesse. He finds no evidence, but assaults Jesse and is suspended from the DEA. Walt, in o... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
for a fifth and final season consisting of 16 episodes. Season five is split into two parts, each consisting of 8 episodes. The first half premiered on July 15, 2012, while the second half premiered on August 11, 2013. In August 2013, AMC released a trailer promoting the premiere of final season with Bryan Cranston rea... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
Times, Gilligan said the larger lesson of the series is that "actions have consequences". He elaborated on the show's philosophy: If religion is a reaction of man, and nothing more, it seems to me that it represents a human desire for wrongdoers to be punished. I hate the idea of Idi Amin living in Saudi Arabia for the... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
abandons the light for the darkness" while Tony is "someone born and raised in darkness" who turns down "opportunity after opportunity to claw his way upward to the light". === Devotion to family === The show explores most of the main characters' connections to their families in great detail. Walt justifies his decisio... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
When Tuco is killed by Hank, his cousins vow revenge. Their actions are further explained in a flashback, where Hector explains to the brothers that "La familia es todo" ("Family is everything"). Gustavo Fring's franchise Los Pollos Hermanos translates to "The Chicken Brothers". This refers to the fact that the company... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
offer to pay for his chemotherapy (season 1, episode 5): They offer [Walter White] everything he needs. At the end of that hour he says, "Thank you, no," and he goes back to Jesse Pinkman and says, "Let's cook." And that was where the character truly got interesting for me. This guy's got some serious pride issues. The... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
season, further connecting the crash to Jane. It is seen in flashforwards during four episodes, the titles of which, when put together in order, form the sentence "Seven Thirty-Seven Down Over ABQ". The flashforwards are shot in black and white (a practice that is continued in Better Call Saul), with the sole exception... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
we always try to think in terms of it. We always try to think of the color that a character is dressed in, in the sense that it represents on some level their state of mind." === Walt Whitman === The name "Walter White" is heavily reminiscent of the American poet Walt Whitman. During the series, Gale Boetticher gives W... | {
"page_id": 14426270,
"title": "Breaking Bad"
} |
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