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The UCR Herbarium is a clearinghouse for information regarding plant species distribution in the Western hemisphere. The collection houses over 110,000 dried specimens, approximately 80,000 of which are from the United States, and 32,000 from Mexico. The collection is especially strong in the flora of Southern Californ... | {
"page_id": 14163980,
"title": "UC Riverside Herbarium"
} |
The molecular formula C3H3NS (molar mass: 85.13 g/mol, exact mass: 84.9986 u) may refer to: Isothiazole, or 1,2-thiazole Thiazole, or 1,3-thiazole | {
"page_id": 12132365,
"title": "C3H3NS"
} |
In signal processing, independent component analysis (ICA) is a computational method for separating a multivariate signal into additive subcomponents. This is done by assuming that at most one subcomponent is Gaussian and that the subcomponents are statistically independent from each other. ICA was invented by Jeanny H... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
recover the original signals. When there are an equal number of observations and source signals, the mixing matrix is square ( M = N {\textstyle M=N} ). Other cases of underdetermined ( M < N {\textstyle M<N} ) and overdetermined ( M > N {\textstyle M>N} ) have been investigated. The success of ICA separation of mixed ... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
as more covert applications such as undetected information transmission. The method has even been linked to real-world cyberespionage cases. In such applications, ICA serves to unmix the data based on statistical independence, making it possible to extract hidden components that are not apparent in the observed data. S... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
ICA should be considered as a separate case. === General Derivation === In the classical ICA model, it is assumed that the observed data x i ∈ R m {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} _{i}\in \mathbb {R} ^{m}} at time t i {\displaystyle t_{i}} is generated from source signals s i ∈ R m {\displaystyle \mathbf {s} _{i}\in \mathbb ... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
,x_{im})^{T}} , based on the linear mixing model: x i = A s i , {\displaystyle x_{i}=A\,s_{i},} where the A {\displaystyle A} is an m × m {\displaystyle m\times m} invertible matrix called the mixing matrix, s i {\displaystyle s_{i}} represents the m‑dimensional vector containing the values of the sources at time t i {... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
scaling (including sign) of the source signals. ICA is important to blind signal separation and has many practical applications. It is closely related to (or even a special case of) the search for a factorial code of the data, i.e., a new vector-valued representation of each data vector such that it gets uniquely encod... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
{s}}=(s_{1},\ldots ,s_{n})^{T}} . Given the model and realizations (samples) x 1 , … , x N {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}_{1},\ldots ,{\boldsymbol {x}}_{N}} of the random vector x {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {x}}} , the task is to estimate both the mixing matrix A {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {A}}} and the sources s {... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
( s | θ ) + n {\displaystyle x=f(s|\theta )+n} . === Identifiability === The independent components are identifiable up to a permutation and scaling of the sources. This identifiability requires that: At most one of the sources s k {\displaystyle s_{k}} is Gaussian, The number of observed mixtures, m {\displaystyle m} ... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
). Formally we have: x i = ⋁ j = 1 n ( g i j ∧ y j ) , i = 1 , 2 , … , m , {\displaystyle x_{i}=\bigvee _{j=1}^{n}(g_{ij}\wedge y_{j}),i=1,2,\ldots ,m,} where ∧ {\displaystyle \wedge } is Boolean AND and ∨ {\displaystyle \vee } is Boolean OR. Noise is not explicitly modelled, rather, can be treated as independent sourc... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
== Methods for blind source separation == === Projection pursuit === Signal mixtures tend to have Gaussian probability density functions, and source signals tend to have non-Gaussian probability density functions. Each source signal can be extracted from a set of signal mixtures by taking the inner product of a weight ... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
, and ensures that the measured kurtosis takes account of signal variance. The goal of projection pursuit is to maximize the kurtosis, and make the extracted signal as non-normal as possible. Using kurtosis as a measure of non-normality, we can now examine how the kurtosis of a signal y = w T x {\displaystyle \mathbf {... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
{z} } , which has unit variance, and z = ( z 1 , z 2 , … , z M ) T {\displaystyle \mathbf {z} =(z_{1},z_{2},\ldots ,z_{M})^{T}} . This process can be achieved by applying Singular value decomposition to x {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} } , x = U D V T {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =\mathbf {U} \mathbf {D} \mathbf {V} ^{T}} Re... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
w n e w | w n e w | {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} _{new}={\frac {\mathbf {w} _{new}}{|\mathbf {w} _{new}|}}} , and set w o l d = w n e w {\displaystyle \mathbf {w} _{old}=\mathbf {w} _{new}} , and repeat the updating process until convergence. We can also use another algorithm to update the weight vector w {\displaystyle ... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
( y ) ) − E ( G 2 ( v ) ) 2 {\displaystyle J(y)=k_{1}(E(G_{1}(y)))^{2}+k_{2}(E(G_{2}(y))-E(G_{2}(v))^{2}} A choice of G 1 {\displaystyle G_{1}} and G 2 {\displaystyle G_{2}} are G 1 = 1 a 1 log ( cosh ( a 1 u ) ) {\displaystyle G_{1}={\frac {1}{a_{1}}}\log(\cosh(a_{1}u))} and G 2 = − exp ( − u 2 2 ) {\displaystyl... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
{\displaystyle g} is an invertible function, and is the signal model. Note that if the source signal model probability density function p s {\displaystyle p_{s}} matches the probability density function of the extracted signal p y {\displaystyle p_{\mathbf {y} }} , then maximizing the joint entropy of Y {\displaystyle ... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
g ′ {\displaystyle g'} is the pdf assumed for source signals g ′ = p s {\displaystyle g'=p_{s}} , therefore, p Y ( Y ) = p y ( y ) | ∂ Y ∂ y | = p y ( y ) p s ( y ) {\displaystyle p_{\mathbf {Y} }(Y)={\frac {p_{\mathbf {y} }(\mathbf {y} )}{|{\frac {\partial \mathbf {Y} }{\partial \mathbf {y} }}|}}={\frac {p_{\mathbf {y... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
| W | + H ( x ) {\displaystyle H(\mathbf {Y} )={\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{t=1}^{N}\ln p_{\mathbf {s} }(\mathbf {y} ^{t})+\ln |\mathbf {W} |+H(\mathbf {x} )} since H ( x ) = − 1 N ∑ t = 1 N ln p x ( x t ) {\displaystyle H(\mathbf {x} )=-{\frac {1}{N}}\sum _{t=1}^{N}\ln p_{\mathbf {x} }(\mathbf {x} ^{t})} , and maximizing W ... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
situation, we can use gradient descent method to find the optimal solution of the unmixing matrix. === Based on maximum likelihood estimation === Maximum likelihood estimation (MLE) is a standard statistical tool for finding parameter values (e.g. the unmixing matrix W {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} } ) that provide the be... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
( W x ) | det W | . {\displaystyle \mathbf {L(W)} =p_{s}(\mathbf {W} x)|\det \mathbf {W} |.} This equals to the probability density at x {\displaystyle x} , since s = W x {\displaystyle s=\mathbf {W} x} . Thus, if we wish to find a W {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} } that is most likely to have generated the observed mixtur... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
| {\displaystyle \ln \mathbf {L(W)} ={1 \over N}\sum _{i}^{M}\sum _{t}^{N}\ln(1-\tanh(w_{i}^{T}x_{t})^{2})+\ln |\det \mathbf {W} |} This matrix W {\displaystyle \mathbf {W} } that maximizes this function is the maximum likelihood estimation. == History and background == The early general framework for independent compo... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
colour based detection of the ripeness of tomatoes removing artifacts, such as eye blinks, from EEG data. predicting decision-making using EEG analysis of changes in gene expression over time in single cell RNA-sequencing experiments. studies of the resting state network of the brain. astronomy and cosmology finance ==... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
Wayback Machine EEGLAB Toolbox ICA of EEG for Matlab, developed at UCSD. FMRLAB Toolbox ICA of fMRI for Matlab, developed at UCSD MELODIC, part of the FMRIB Software Library. Discussion of ICA used in a biomedical shape-representation context FastICA, CuBICA, JADE and TDSEP algorithm for Python and more... Group ICA To... | {
"page_id": 598031,
"title": "Independent component analysis"
} |
A thermal wheel, also known as a rotary heat exchanger, or rotary air-to-air enthalpy wheel, energy recovery wheel, or heat recovery wheel, is a type of energy recovery heat exchanger positioned within the supply and exhaust air streams of air-handling units or rooftop units or in the exhaust gases of an industrial pro... | {
"page_id": 30547984,
"title": "Thermal wheel"
} |
and releases it into the colder air stream. The driving force behind the exchange is the difference in temperatures between the opposing air streams (the thermal gradient). The enthalpy exchange is accomplished through the use of desiccants. Desiccants transfer moisture through the process of adsorption which is predom... | {
"page_id": 30547984,
"title": "Thermal wheel"
} |
be conclusively proved that rotary thermal wheels are feasible for integration into a commercial wind tower system. However, despite the air flow rate decrease within the building after the introduction of the rotary thermal wheel, the reduction was not large enough to prevent the ventilation guideline rates from being... | {
"page_id": 30547984,
"title": "Thermal wheel"
} |
of the exiting air temperature. If no heat exchange is required, the motor can be stopped altogether. Because heat is transferred from the exhaust air stream to the supply air stream without passing directly through an exchange medium, the gross efficiencies are usually higher than any other air-side heat recovery syst... | {
"page_id": 30547984,
"title": "Thermal wheel"
} |
energy exchange of such devices now comprises both sensible and latent heat transfer; in addition to a change in temperature, there is also a change in moisture content of the air streams. However, the film of condensation will also slightly increase pressure drop through the device, and depending upon the spacing of t... | {
"page_id": 30547984,
"title": "Thermal wheel"
} |
to deliver the proper performance, would have a low average fuel efficiency. Such an engine may at some future time be attractive when combined with an electric motor in a hybrid vehicle owing to its robust longevity and an ability to burn a wide variety of liquid fuels. == Desiccant wheel == A desiccant wheel is very ... | {
"page_id": 30547984,
"title": "Thermal wheel"
} |
impossible to effectively clean if dirty. Care must be taken to properly filter the air streams on both exhaust and fresh air sides of the wheel. Any dirt attaching on either air side will invariably be transported into the air stream of the other side. == Other types of air-to-air heat exchangers == Run-around coil Re... | {
"page_id": 30547984,
"title": "Thermal wheel"
} |
Cross-presentation is the ability of certain professional antigen-presenting cells (mostly dendritic cells) to take up, process and present extracellular antigens with MHC class I molecules to CD8 T cells (cytotoxic T cells). Cross-priming, the result of this process, describes the stimulation of naive cytotoxic CD8+ T... | {
"page_id": 2170901,
"title": "Cross-presentation"
} |
some experimental systems used. == Cross-presenting cells == The primary and most efficient cross-presenting cells are dendritic cells, though macrophages, B lymphocytes and sinusoidal endothelial cells have also been observed to cross present antigens in vivo and in vitro. However, in vivo dendritic cells have been fo... | {
"page_id": 2170901,
"title": "Cross-presentation"
} |
two main pathways proposed, cytosolic and vacuolar. The vacuolar pathway is initiated through the endocytosis of an extracellular antigen by a dendritic cell. Endocytosis results in the formation of a phagocytic vesicle, where an increasingly acidic environment along with the activation of enzymes such as lysosomal pro... | {
"page_id": 2170901,
"title": "Cross-presentation"
} |
through the Golgi complex, and then onto the cell surface for cross presentation. It appears that both pathways are able to occur within an antigen presenting cell, and may be influenced by environmental factors such as proteasome and phagocytic inhibitors. == Relevance for immunity == Cross-presentation has been shown... | {
"page_id": 2170901,
"title": "Cross-presentation"
} |
immune tolerance == Cross-presenting dendritic cells have a significant impact on the promotion of central and peripheral immune tolerance. In central tolerance, dendritic cells are present within the thymus, or the location of T cell development and maturation. Thymic dendritic cells can intake dead medullary thymic e... | {
"page_id": 2170901,
"title": "Cross-presentation"
} |
The Ionospheric Occultation Experiment (IOX) was a remote sensing satellite package that used a dual frequency Global Positioning System (GPS) receiver to measure properties of the ionosphere. IOX demonstrated remote sensing techniques for future United States Department of Defense space systems and helped to improve o... | {
"page_id": 20455445,
"title": "Ionospheric Occultation Experiment"
} |
The Hegedus indole synthesis is a name reaction in organic chemistry that allows for the generation of indoles through palladium(II)-mediated oxidative cyclization of ortho-alkenyl anilines. The reaction can still take place for tosyl-protected amines. == Application == 2-Allylaniline can be converted to 2-Methylindole... | {
"page_id": 68296727,
"title": "Hegedus indole synthesis"
} |
The term Adhesome was first used by Richard Hynes to describe the complement of cell-cell and cell-matrix adhesion receptors in an organism and later expanded by Benny Geiger and co-workers to include the entire network of structural and signaling proteins involved in regulating cell-matrix adhesion. == Receptors == Th... | {
"page_id": 48898077,
"title": "Adhesome"
} |
AND/OR their knockdown has a clear effect on cell adhesion. == Mass spectrometry == Mass spectrometry has been successfully used to identify changes in the composition of the adhesome upon perturbation. Schiller et al. as well as Kuo et al. examined the effect of inhibition of myosin contractility on the integrin adhes... | {
"page_id": 48898077,
"title": "Adhesome"
} |
life has opened up the possibility to study how the adhesome evolved from the unicellular relatives of animals through simple animals (e.g. sponges) to mammals. Surprisingly, the majority of cadherin adhesome proteins existed long before multicellularity and had other functions in cells. Later, with the emergence of th... | {
"page_id": 48898077,
"title": "Adhesome"
} |
Death is the end of life; the irreversible cessation of all biological functions that sustain a living organism. Death eventually and inevitably occurs in all organisms. The remains of a former organism normally begin to decompose shortly after death. Some organisms, such as Turritopsis dohrnii, are biologically immort... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
considered a more fitting option, but several definitions exist for this. Some people believe that all brain functions must cease. Others believe that even if the brainstem is still alive, the personality and identity are irretrievably lost, so therefore, the person should be considered entirely dead. Brain death is so... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
this approach is that there are many organisms that are alive but probably not conscious. Another problem is in defining consciousness, which has many different definitions given by modern scientists, psychologists and philosophers. Additionally, many religious traditions, including Abrahamic and Dharmic traditions, ho... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
to death in the past no longer kill in all circumstances; without a functioning heart or lungs, life can sometimes be sustained with a combination of life support devices, organ transplants, and artificial pacemakers. ==== Brain death ==== Today, where a definition of the moment of death is required, doctors and corone... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
are as human beings. The distinction should be made that "brain death" cannot be equated with one in a vegetative state or coma, in that the former situation describes a state that is beyond recovery. EEGs can detect spurious electrical impulses, while certain drugs, hypoglycemia, hypoxia, or hypothermia can suppress o... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
in medical practice ==== Aside from the issue of support of or dispute against brain death, there is another inherent problem in this categorical definition: the variability of its application in medical practice. In 1995, the American Academy of Neurology (AAN) established the criteria that became the medical standard... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
limbs of the corpse become stiff (Latin rigor) and difficult to move or manipulate Livor mortis, a settling of the blood in the lower (dependent) portion of the body Putrefaction, the beginning signs of decomposition Decomposition, the reduction into simpler forms of matter, accompanied by a strong, unpleasant odor. Sk... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
allowing an apparently dead person to survive. People found unconscious under icy water may survive if their faces are kept continuously cold until they arrive at an emergency room. This "diving response," in which metabolic activity and oxygen requirements are minimal, is something humans share with cetaceans called t... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
developed countries. One such disease is tuberculosis, a bacterial disease that killed 1.8 million people in 2015. In 2004, malaria caused about 2.7 million deaths annually. The AIDS death toll in Africa may reach 90–100 million by 2025. According to Jean Ziegler, the United Nations Special Reporter on the Right to Foo... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
adaptability is almost exhausted. In 2012, suicide overtook car crashes as the leading cause of human injury deaths in the U.S., followed by poisoning, falls, and murder. Accidents and disasters, from nuclear disasters to structural collapses, also claim lives. One of the deadliest incidents of all time is the 1975 Ban... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
manner of a person's death and to evaluate any disease or injury that may be present. It is usually performed by a specialized medical doctor called a pathologist. Autopsies are either performed for legal or medical purposes. A forensic autopsy is carried out when the cause of death may be a criminal matter, while a cl... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
as, "The expulsion or extraction from its mother of an embryo or fetus weighing 500g or less." Miscarriage is one of the most frequent problems in pregnancy, and is reported in around 12–15% of all clinical pregnancies; however, by including pregnancy losses during menstruation, it could be up to 17–22% of all pregnanc... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
of living capacities, even despite continuing metabolic reactions and viability. In the United Kingdom, for example, nine out of ten of all the deaths that occur daily relates to senescence, while around the world, it accounts for two-thirds of 150,000 deaths that take place daily. Almost all animals who survive extern... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
accidents and age or lifestyle-related afflictions such as cancer or cardiovascular disease. Extension of lifespan can be achieved by good diet, exercise, and avoidance of hazards such as smoking. Maximum lifespan is determined by the rate of aging for a species inherent in its genes. A recognized method of extending m... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
Some scientific literature is claimed to support the feasibility of cryonics. Medical science and cryobiologists generally regard cryonics with skepticism. == Location == Around 1930, most people in Western countries died in their own homes, surrounded by family, and comforted by clergy, neighbors, and doctors making h... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
to the idea of their deaths. Philosopher Galen Strawson writes that the death that many people wish for is an instant, painless, unexperienced annihilation. In this unlikely scenario, the person dies without realizing it and without being able to fear it. One moment the person is walking, eating, or sleeping, and the n... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
cremation. This is not a unified practice; in Tibet, for instance, the body is given a sky burial and left on a mountain top. Proper preparation for death and techniques and ceremonies for producing the ability to transfer one's spiritual attainments into another body (reincarnation) are subjects of detailed study in T... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
following the September 11 attacks but also further back in time with suicide bombings, kamikaze missions in World War II, and suicide missions in a host of other conflicts in history—death for a cause by way of suicide attack, including martyrdom, have had significant cultural impacts. Suicide, in general, and particu... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
it as a fait accompli, with a funeral procession of the dead body ending in an open-air burning-to-ashes. === Origins of death === The origin of death is a theme or myth of how death came to be. It is present in nearly all cultures across the world, as death is a universal happening. This makes it an origin myth, a myt... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
consumed by a predator or a scavenger. Organic material may then be further decomposed by detritivores, organisms that recycle detritus, returning it to the environment for reuse in the food chain, where these chemicals may eventually end up being consumed and assimilated into the cells of an organism. Examples of detr... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
such as bacteria, some protists, like the euglenoids and many amoebozoans, and unicellular organisms with sexual reproduction, colonial or not, like the volvocine algae Pandorina and Chlamydomonas, are "immortal" at some extent, dying only due to external hazards, like being eaten or meeting with a fatal accident. In m... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
that different kinds of emotional experiences might constitute grief. Based on these criteria, King gives examples of observed potential mourning behaviors in animals such as cetaceans, apes and monkeys, elephants, domesticated animals (including dogs, cats, rabbits, horses, and farmed animals), giraffes, peccaries, do... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
Siddhartha to strive to find the "deathless" and finally attain enlightenment. In Buddhist doctrine, death functions as a reminder of the value of having been born as a human being. Rebirth as a human being is considered the only state in which one can attain enlightenment. Therefore, death helps remind oneself that on... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
one's karma (good/bad material activities based on dharma) and the state of one's mind (impressions or last thoughts) at the time of death. Usually, the process of reincarnation makes one forget all memories of one's previous life. Because nothing really dies and the temporary material body is always changing, both in ... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
== The word "death" comes from Old English dēaþ, which in turn comes from Proto-Germanic *dauþuz (reconstructed by etymological analysis). This comes from the Proto-Indo-European stem *dheu- meaning the "process, act, condition of dying." The concept and symptoms of death, and varying degrees of delicacy used in discus... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
H (2017). Modern Death: How Medicine Changed the End of Life. St. Martin's Press. ISBN 978-1-250-10458-8. == External links == "Death" Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy "Death" . Encyclopædia Britannica. Vol. 7 (11th ed.). 1911. pp. 898–900. Best, Ben. "Causes of Death". BenBest.com. Retrieved 10 June 2016. "Death" (... | {
"page_id": 8221,
"title": "Death"
} |
This list contains the names of the centers and institutes at the Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Pennsylvania in alphabetical order with their external links. Abramson Cancer Center – http://penncancer.org/ Brain Behavior Lab (Department of Psychiatry) – http://www.med.upenn.edu/bbl/ Center for Bioeth... | {
"page_id": 33562655,
"title": "List of centers and institutes at the Perelman School of Medicine"
} |
Center for Studies of Addictions (Department of Psychiatry) – http://www.med.upenn.edu/csa/ Center for the Prevention of Suicide – http://www.med.upenn.edu/suicide/ Center for the Treatment and Study of Anxiety (Department of Psychiatry) – http://www.med.upenn.edu/ctsa/ Center for Translational Research (Department of ... | {
"page_id": 33562655,
"title": "List of centers and institutes at the Perelman School of Medicine"
} |
Eye Institute (Department of Ophthalmology) The University of Pennsylvania Smell and Taste Center (Department of Otorhinolaryngology) - https://www.med.upenn.edu/smellandtastecenter/ == References == | {
"page_id": 33562655,
"title": "List of centers and institutes at the Perelman School of Medicine"
} |
In artificial neural networks, a hybrid Kohonen self-organizing map is a type of self-organizing map (SOM) named for the Finnish professor Teuvo Kohonen, where the network architecture consists of an input layer fully connected to a 2–D SOM or Kohonen layer. The output from the Kohonen layer, which is the winning neuro... | {
"page_id": 34676768,
"title": "Hybrid Kohonen self-organizing map"
} |
These are Wikipedia lists about the pharmaceutical industry. The pharmaceutical industry develops, produces, and markets drugs or pharmaceuticals licensed for use as medications. Pharmaceutical companies are allowed to deal in generic or brand medications and medical devices. They are subject to a variety of laws and r... | {
"page_id": 43720735,
"title": "Lists of pharmaceutical industry topics"
} |
Dimethoxyphenethylamine may refer to: 2,3-Dimethoxyphenethylamine 2,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine 2,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine (2C-H) 2,6-Dimethoxyphenethylamine 3,4-Dimethoxyphenethylamine 3,5-Dimethoxyphenethylamine == See also == Substituted methoxyphenethylamine Methoxyphenethylamine Trimethoxyphenethylamine Methoxyamph... | {
"page_id": 44703773,
"title": "Dimethoxyphenethylamine"
} |
The International Mycological Institute was a non-profit organisation, based in England, that undertook research and disseminated information on fungi, particularly plant pathogenic species causing crop diseases. It was established as the Imperial Bureau of Mycology at Kew in 1920 and amalgamated with CAB International... | {
"page_id": 12591139,
"title": "International Mycological Institute"
} |
the Imperial Bureau of Mycology === Sir Edwin John Butler (1930–1935) Sydney Francis Ashby (1935–1939) Samuel Paul Wiltshire (1940–1948) === Director of the Commonwealth Mycological Institute === Samuel Paul Wiltshire (1948–1956) John Collier Frederick Hopkins (1956–1964) Geoffrey Clough Ainsworth (1964–1968) Anthony J... | {
"page_id": 12591139,
"title": "International Mycological Institute"
} |
Ann Marie English is an Irish Canadian scientist in bioinorganic chemistry and redox biology, recognized for her contribution to chemistry in Canada. == Education == English received a BSc from University College Dubin in Ireland in 1971 and a PhD in Inorganic Chemistry from McGill University in Canada in 1980. == Care... | {
"page_id": 78782496,
"title": "Ann English"
} |
Henry Clay White (1848–1927) was an American chemist, notable for his contributions to agricultural science and higher education. He was also an early proponent of Darwin's theory of evolution. == Early life and education == Henry Clay White was born in Baltimore, Maryland on December 30, 1848. He graduated from the Un... | {
"page_id": 48046115,
"title": "Henry Clay White"
} |
The Jena Microbial Resource Collection (JMRC) is a joint collection of the Leibniz Institute for Natural Product Research and Infection Biology – Hans-Knöll-Institute and the University of Jena. It was founded in October 2010 by merging two earlier collections from the two above-mentioned institutes. It is a research i... | {
"page_id": 43196455,
"title": "Jena Microbial Resource Collection"
} |
Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory (PEPL) is a University of Michigan laboratory facility for electric propulsion and plasma application research. The primary goals of PEPL are to increase efficiency of electric propulsion systems, understand integration issues of plasma thrusters with spacecraft, and to... | {
"page_id": 5382184,
"title": "Plasmadynamics and Electric Propulsion Laboratory"
} |
An environment's plasmidome refers to the plasmids present in it. The term is a portmanteau of the two English words Plasmid and Kingdom. In biological research, plasmidome may refer to the actual plasmids that were found and isolated from a certain microorganism by means of culturing isolated microorganism and investi... | {
"page_id": 40378416,
"title": "Plasmidome"
} |
p-Cymene is a naturally occurring aromatic organic compound. It is classified as an alkylbenzene related to monocyclic monoterpenes. Its structure consists of a benzene ring para-substituted with a methyl group and an isopropyl group. p-Cymene is insoluble in water, but miscible with organic solvents. == Isomers and pr... | {
"page_id": 3219505,
"title": "P-Cymene"
} |
Laudate Deum (Praise God) is an apostolic exhortation by Pope Francis, published on October 4, 2023. It was released on the 2023 Feast of St Francis Assisi as a follow-up to his 2015 encyclical Laudato si'. The text is about 8,000 words divided into 73 paragraphs. In it, Pope Francis calls for speedier action against t... | {
"page_id": 74981431,
"title": "Laudate Deum"
} |
again on all people of goodwill to care for the poor and for the Earth. == Content == In this document, the Pope expresses hope that societies around the world will change their lifestyles and intensify grassroots activities aimed at reducing the negative human impact on the natural environment, to prevent even more tr... | {
"page_id": 74981431,
"title": "Laudate Deum"
} |
nature of many associated catastrophes, "at least for several hundred years".: Paragraph 15 While acknowledging the limitations in fully correcting the damage, the document stresses the need for measures to prevent further harm. The document explores resistance and confusion surrounding climate change, identifies human... | {
"page_id": 74981431,
"title": "Laudate Deum"
} |
calls for a reconfiguration of multilateralism to address inadequacies in current political mechanisms. Pope Francis notes that "Not every increase in power represents progress for humanity", pointing to historical instances where technological progress has led to devastating consequences. === International political w... | {
"page_id": 74981431,
"title": "Laudate Deum"
} |
concludes by calling on people of all religious confessions to react to the climate crisis. Specifically addressing the Catholic faithful, Pope Francis reminds them of their responsibility to care for God's creation. The document emphasizes the importance of walking in communion and working towards reconciliation with ... | {
"page_id": 74981431,
"title": "Laudate Deum"
} |
urgent cry for us to create new structures that will foster and protect these relationships". Giorgio Parisi, the Nobel-winning physicist who was one of the speakers at the news conference presenting Laudate Deum, stressed that it is “very important that this Apostolic Exhortation is addressed to all people of good fai... | {
"page_id": 74981431,
"title": "Laudate Deum"
} |
In organic and organometallic chemistry, an organyl group (commonly denoted by the letter "R") is an organic substituent with one (sometimes more) free valence electron(s) at a carbon atom. The term is often used in chemical patent literature to protect claims over a broad scope. == Examples == Acetonyl group Acyl grou... | {
"page_id": 26943545,
"title": "Organyl group"
} |
This is a list of Bucerotiformes species by global population. While numbers are estimates, they have been made by the experts in their fields. For more information on how these estimates were ascertained, see Wikipedia's articles on population biology and population ecology. This list is incomprehensive, as not all Bu... | {
"page_id": 74850362,
"title": "List of Bucerotiformes by population"
} |
The Schick test, developed in 1913, is a skin test used to determine whether or not a person is susceptible to diphtheria. It was named after its inventor, Béla Schick (1877–1967), a Hungarian-born American pediatrician. == Procedure == The test is a simple procedure. A small amount (0.1 ml) of diluted (1/50 MLD) dipht... | {
"page_id": 3285054,
"title": "Schick test"
} |
Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry is a monthly peer-reviewed medical journal covering all aspects of medicinal chemistry. It is published by Bentham Science Publishers and the editors-in-chief are Atta-ur-Rahman (University of Cambridge), M. Iqbal Choudhary (University of Karachi), and George Perry (University of Tex... | {
"page_id": 43196479,
"title": "Mini-Reviews in Medicinal Chemistry"
} |
Valeriy V. Chernyshev (born 25 September 1944 in Kemerovo, Soviet Union) is a Russian scientist in nitrogen chemistry. == Publications == "Structure analysis of the cubic boron nitride crystals", cited 23 times according to Google Scholar. == References == | {
"page_id": 32645188,
"title": "Valeriy Chernyshev"
} |
Iodosilane is a chemical compound of silicon, hydrogen, and iodine. It is a colorless monoclinic crystal of space group P21/c at −157 °C. == Preparation == Iodosilane is the first product of the reaction between monosilane and iodine, the other products being di-, tri- and finally tetraiodosilane (silicon tetraiodide).... | {
"page_id": 36184133,
"title": "Iodosilane"
} |
The model solid approximation is a method used for determining the extrema of energy bands in semiconductors. The method was first proposed for silicon-germanium alloys by Chris G. Van de Walle and Richard M. Martin in 1986 and extended to several other semiconductor materials by Van de Walle in 1989. It has been used ... | {
"page_id": 20324423,
"title": "Model solid approximation"
} |
In engineering and science, dimensional analysis is the analysis of the relationships between different physical quantities by identifying their base quantities (such as length, mass, time, and electric current) and units of measurement (such as metres and grams) and tracking these dimensions as calculations or compari... | {
"page_id": 8267,
"title": "Dimensional analysis"
} |
a method for computing these dimensionless parameters from the given variables. A dimensional equation can have the dimensions reduced or eliminated through nondimensionalization, which begins with dimensional analysis, and involves scaling quantities by characteristic units of a system or physical constants of nature.... | {
"page_id": 8267,
"title": "Dimensional analysis"
} |
current of the SI basis with a dimension (Q) of electric charge, since Q = TI. A quantity that has only b ≠ 0 (with all other exponents zero) is known as a geometric quantity. A quantity that has only both a ≠ 0 and b ≠ 0 is known as a kinematic quantity. A quantity that has only all of a ≠ 0, b ≠ 0, and c ≠ 0 is known... | {
"page_id": 8267,
"title": "Dimensional analysis"
} |
\operatorname {dim} a={\frac {\text{speed}}{\text{time}}}={\frac {{\mathsf {T}}^{-1}{\mathsf {L}}}{\mathsf {T}}}={\mathsf {T}}^{-2}{\mathsf {L}}.} The dimension of the physical quantity force F is dim F = mass × acceleration = M × T − 2 L = T − 2 L M . {\displaystyle \operatorname {dim} F={\text{mass}}\times {\text{a... | {
"page_id": 8267,
"title": "Dimensional analysis"
} |
1 I 2 . {\displaystyle \operatorname {dim} C={\frac {\text{electric charge}}{\text{electric potential difference}}}={\frac {{\mathsf {T}}{\mathsf {I}}}{{\mathsf {T}}^{-3}{\mathsf {L}}^{2}{\mathsf {M}}{\mathsf {I}}^{-1}}}={\mathsf {T^{4}}}{\mathsf {L^{-2}}}{\mathsf {M^{-1}}}{\mathsf {I^{2}}}.} === Rayleigh's method === ... | {
"page_id": 8267,
"title": "Dimensional analysis"
} |
relations with "per" are expressed with division, e.g. 60 km/h. Other relations can involve multiplication (often shown with a centered dot or juxtaposition), powers (like m2 for square metres), or combinations thereof. A set of base units for a system of measurement is a conventionally chosen set of units, none of whi... | {
"page_id": 8267,
"title": "Dimensional analysis"
} |
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