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greatest television shows of all time. The series has also developed a cult following. The series has an overall rating of 87 of out 100 on Metacritic. The American Film Institute listed Breaking Bad as one of the top ten television series of 2008, 2010, 2011, 2012 and 2013. In 2013, TV Guide ranked it as the ninth gre...	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
the series saw a generally positive reception. Robert Bianco of USA Today praised Cranston and Paul, exclaiming, "There is humor in the show, mostly in Walt's efforts to impose scholarly logic on the business and on his idiot apprentice, a role Paul plays very well. But even their scenes lean toward the suspenseful, as...	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
on to call the show's visuals "a combination of staggering beauty – the directors make use of numerous wide-angle landscape portraits – and transfixing weirdness". After the finale aired, The A.V. Club said that season three was "one of television's finest dramatic accomplishments. And what makes it so exciting – what ...	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
received overwhelming critical acclaim. Following the end of the series, critic Nick Harley summarized his commendation of the show: "Expertly written, virtuosic with its direction, and flawlessly performed, Breaking Bad is everything you could want in a drama. Critics will spend the next decade dissecting and arguing ...	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
premiered on the same night as both the NFC and AFC Championships in the 2008 NFL playoffs, an intentional decision by AMC hoping to capture the adult male viewership immediately following the planned end of the NFC game. The game ran over its time slot, cutting into Breaking Bad's timeslot in most of America. As a res...	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actor in a Drama Series in 2010, 2012, and 2014. Paul also won the Saturn Award for Best Supporting Actor on Television in 2010 and 2012. Anna Gunn won the Primetime Emmy Award for Outstanding Supporting Actress in a Drama Series in 2013 and 2014. For his work on ...	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
most of the original writing staff to reflect on the show's run, the final season, the writing process, and alternative endings. Along with creator Vince Gilligan, fellow writers and producers Peter Gould, Thomas Schnauz, Gennifer Hutchison, Moira Walley-Beckett, Sam Catlin and George Mastras joined to discuss memories...	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
betray her character. This led them to justify the change by using her past job as a bookkeeper to segue into her helping Walt launder his money. Breaking the individual episodes was another form of problem-solving for the writers. They stressed the importance of not letting the "master plan" stop them from staying tru...	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
who wouldn't just collapse in the corner or wring her hands in despair. He and the show's writers made Skyler multilayered and, in her own way, morally compromised. But at the end of the day, she hasn't been judged by the same set of standards as Walter". In a 2018 cast reunion, Aaron Paul commented "Why did our audien...	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
on her experiences on the show, saying "This is not about me, Anna Gunn, and it's really not about Skyler. It's about the way people are connecting to him (Walter). It's also about the way that people still hold on to, perhaps, older ideas of what a woman or a wife should be or how she should act, or how she should beh...	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
also revealed that he learned so much about working with actors because of his directing of Cranston and Paul, describing the experience as a "free masterclass". When asked about the show's lasting legacy, Johnson offered up his thoughts, I think the seriousness and depth with which it took its characters is the thing ...	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
stop re-enacting a scene from "Caballo sin Nombre" in which Walter angrily throws a pizza onto his own roof after Skyler refuses to let him inside the house; this came after complaints from the home's real-life owner. === Role reprisals === Beyond appearances in Better Call Saul and El Camino, Cranston reprised his rol...	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
External links == Breaking Bad – official site at Sony Pictures Breaking Bad on Netflix Breaking Bad at IMDb Breaking Bad at Emmys.com	{ "page_id": 14426270, "title": "Breaking Bad" }
Texize Chemical Company or simply Texize, is a chemical company incorporated in the 1945 which sold industrial cleaners to textile mills, hence the name "Texize." It was also one of the first accounts of Henderson Advertising Agency, founded by James M. Henderson in 1946 in Greenville, South Carolina. It was Henderson ...	{ "page_id": 8921249, "title": "Texize" }
In mechanics, a diaphragm is a sheet of a semi-flexible material anchored at its periphery and most often round in shape. It serves either as a barrier between two chambers, moving slightly up into one chamber or down into the other depending on differences in pressure, or as a device that vibrates when certain frequen...	{ "page_id": 1188009, "title": "Diaphragm (mechanical device)" }
Diaminobenzene can refer to three different isomers, which are also termed phenylenediamines: 1,2-diaminobenzene 1,3-diaminobenzene 1,4-diaminobenzene	{ "page_id": 62791853, "title": "Diaminobenzene" }
The Polymer Battery Experiment (PBEX) demonstrates the charging and discharging characteristics of polymer batteries in the space environment. PBEX validates use of lightweight, flexible battery technology to decrease cost and weight for future military and commercial space systems. PBEX was developed by Johns Hopkins ...	{ "page_id": 20455598, "title": "Polymer Battery Experiment" }
A neurodegenerative disease is caused by the progressive loss of neurons, in the process known as neurodegeneration. Neuronal damage may also ultimately result in their death. Neurodegenerative diseases include amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, Huntington's dis...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
and inadequate knowledge of pathophysiology of AD. Currently, diagnoses of Alzheimer's is subpar, and better methods need to be utilized for various aspects of clinical diagnoses. Alzheimer's has a 20% misdiagnosis rate. AD pathology is primarily characterized by the presence of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tang...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
axons of cultured neurons. Membrane damage by alpha-synuclein could be another Parkinson's disease mechanism. The main known risk factor is age. Mutations in genes such as α-synuclein (SNCA), leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2), glucocerebrosidase (GBA), and tau protein (MAPT) can also cause hereditary PD or increase ...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
impaired transport of important cargoes such as BDNF. Huntington's disease currently has no effective treatments that would modify the disease. === Multiple sclerosis === Multiple sclerosis (MS) is a chronic debilitating demyelinating disease of the central nervous system, caused by an autoimmune attack resulting in th...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
referred to Lou Gehrig's disease, is a rare neurodegenerative disorder characterized by the gradual loss of both upper motor neurons (UMNs) and lower motor neurons (LMNs). Although initial symptoms may vary, most patients develop skeletal muscle weakness that progresses to involve the entire body. The precise etiology ...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
each caused by a specific gene mutation, of which there are thirteen. Since Batten disease is quite rare, its worldwide prevalence is about 1 in every 100,000 live births. In North America, NCL3 disease (juvenile NCL) typically manifests between the ages of 4 and 7. Batten disease is characterized by motor impairment, ...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
damage accumulation provides the underlying causative link between aging and neurodegenerative disease. About 20–40% of healthy people between 60 and 78 years old experience discernable decrements in cognitive performance in several domains including working, spatial, and episodic memory, and processing speed. === Infe...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
Protein misfolding === Several neurodegenerative diseases are classified as proteopathies as they are associated with the aggregation of misfolded proteins. Protein toxicity is one of the key mechanisms of many neurodegenrative diseases. alpha-synuclein: can aggregate to form insoluble fibrils in pathological condition...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
aggregates form. It is still unknown whether or not these aggregates are a cause or a result of neurodegeneration. autophagy–lysosome pathways: a form of programmed cell death (PCD), this becomes the favorable route when a protein is aggregate-prone meaning it is a poor proteasome substrate. This can be split into two ...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
of all neurodegenerative disorders. In addition to the generation of ROS, mitochondria are also involved with life-sustaining functions including calcium homeostasis, PCD, mitochondrial fission and fusion, lipid concentration of the mitochondrial membranes, and the mitochondrial permeability transition. Mitochondrial d...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
in diseased neurons, but also that they may cause certain pathological insult due to accumulation of organelles. Axonal transport can be disrupted by a variety of mechanisms including damage to: kinesin and cytoplasmic dynein, microtubules, cargoes, and mitochondria. When axonal transport is severely disrupted a degene...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
lysosome to destroy the contents of the autophagosome. Because many neurodegenerative diseases show unusual protein aggregates, it is hypothesized that defects in autophagy could be a common mechanism of neurodegeneration. ==== Cytoplasmic (type III) ==== PCD can also occur via non-apoptotic processes, also known as Ty...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
isopeptide bonds in these structures: The presence of isopeptide bonds (the result of the transglutaminase reaction) have been detected in the abnormal structures that are characteristic of these neurodegenerative diseases. Co-localization: Co-localization of transglutaminase mediated isopeptide bonds with these abnorm...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
interest in upregulating autophagy to help clear protein aggregates implicated in neurodegeneration. Both of these options involve very complex pathways that we are only beginning to understand. The goal of immunotherapy is to enhance aspects of the immune system. Both active and passive vaccinations have been proposed...	{ "page_id": 4464817, "title": "Neurodegenerative disease" }
"Desoxyribonucleic acid" and "desoxyribonucleate" are archaic terms for DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, and its salts, respectively. The terms are used in this sense in various classic papers in genetics, such as Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty (1944). == References ==	{ "page_id": 8986812, "title": "Desoxyribonucleate" }
Chemical bath deposition, also called chemical solution deposition and CBD, is a method of thin-film deposition (solids forming from a solution or gas), using an aqueous precursor solution. Chemical bath deposition typically forms films using heterogeneous nucleation (deposition or adsorption of aqueous ions onto a sol...	{ "page_id": 28254396, "title": "Chemical bath deposition" }
are more common. Around WWII, lead sulfide (PbS) and lead selenide (PbSe) CBD films are thought to have been used in infrared detectors. These films are photoconductive when formed by chemical bath deposition. Chemical bath deposition has a long history in forming thin films used in semiconductors as well. However the ...	{ "page_id": 28254396, "title": "Chemical bath deposition" }
the field of nanomaterials, because the small crystal size enables formation on the nanometer scale, because the properties and nanostructure of chemical bath deposition films can be precisely controlled, and because the uniform thickness, composition, and geometry of films deposited by chemical bath deposition allows ...	{ "page_id": 28254396, "title": "Chemical bath deposition" }
of formation and the structure of the film. Other factors affecting crystal size include agitation, illumination, and the thickness of the film upon which the crystal is deposited. Agitating the solution prevents the deposition of suspended colloidal crystals, creating a smoother and more homogenous film with a higher ...	{ "page_id": 28254396, "title": "Chemical bath deposition" }
form. The hydroxide ions act as ligands to the metal cations, forming insoluble colloidal clusters which are both dispersed throughout the solution and deposited onto the substrate. These clusters are attracted to the substrate by Van der Waals forces. The chalcogenide anions react with the metal hydroxide clusters, bo...	{ "page_id": 28254396, "title": "Chemical bath deposition" }
C6H3N2O5− as a molecular formula can represent any of: Dinitrophenolates 2,3-Dinitrophenolate 2,4-Dinitrophenolate 2-Hydroxy-5-nitrophenyl nitrite, anion(1−) == References ==	{ "page_id": 28844220, "title": "C6H3N2O5" }
Loam molding was formerly used for making cast iron or bronze cannon and is still used for casting large bells. Loam (pronounced 'low-m') is a mixture of sand and clay with water, sometimes with horse dung (valuable for its straw content), animal hair or coke. The object of including dung or hair was to make the mould ...	{ "page_id": 65151168, "title": "Loam molding" }
is of the same nature, but the procedure is necessarily different. == References ==	{ "page_id": 65151168, "title": "Loam molding" }
This list includes the shortest ever verified people in their lifetime or profession. The entries below are broken down into different categories which range from sex, to age group and occupations. Most of the sourcing is done by Guinness World Records which in the last decade has added new categories for "mobile" and ...	{ "page_id": 14229697, "title": "List of the verified shortest people" }
Development Growth & Differentiation is a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Wiley on behalf of the Japanese Society of Developmental Biologists. It was established in 1950 as Embryologia, obtaining its current title in 1969. The editor-in-chief is Masanori Taira (Chuo University). According to the Journal C...	{ "page_id": 62464195, "title": "Development, Growth & Differentiation" }
Copper-catalyzed allylic substitutions are chemical reactions with unique regioselectivity compared to other transition-metal-catalyzed allylic substitutions such as the Tsuji-Trost reaction. They involve copper catalysts and "hard" carbon nucleophiles. The mechanism of copper-catalyzed allylic substitutions involves t...	{ "page_id": 73998531, "title": "Copper-catalyzed allylic substitution" }
which enantiomer is formed. Chiral ligands on the metal center along with low temperatures are the general tactics employed to produce an enantiopure product. In particular, the careful pairing of ligand classes with the type of nucleophile has proven to be essential. With Grignard reagents, ferrocenyl thiolate, phosph...	{ "page_id": 73998531, "title": "Copper-catalyzed allylic substitution" }
This is a list of physiologists who have Wikipedia articles, in alphabetical order by surname. == A == Richard W. Aldrich Edgar Allen Adelbert Ames, Jr. Clay Armstrong Eugene Aserinsky Edwin B. Astwood John Auer == B == Anna Baetjer Frederick Banting Diane Barber George Bartholomew Hans Baruch William Beaumont Harry Be...	{ "page_id": 39198918, "title": "List of physiologists" }
Root-Bernstein == S == Kiki Sanford Laura Schlessinger Bodil Schmidt-Nielsen Knut Schmidt-Nielsen Theodor Schwann Dale Schoeller Édouard Séguin Sean Senechal Homer Smith John Speakman Gordon Stein Arthur H Steinhaus Grover C. Stephens Hubertus Strughold Paul K. Stumpf Earl Wilbur Sutherland, Jr. == T == Anitra Thorhaug...	{ "page_id": 39198918, "title": "List of physiologists" }
Cancer systems biology encompasses the application of systems biology approaches to cancer research, in order to study the disease as a complex adaptive system with emerging properties at multiple biological scales. Cancer systems biology represents the application of systems biology approaches to the analysis of how t...	{ "page_id": 39198919, "title": "Cancer systems biology" }
response to intervention. Application of cancer systems biology include but are not limited to- elucidating critical cellular and molecular networks underlying cancer risk, initiation and progression; thereby promoting an alternative viewpoint to the traditional reductionist approach which has typically focused on char...	{ "page_id": 39198919, "title": "Cancer systems biology" }
modeling of cellular responses to therapeutic intervention Mathematical modeling of cancer metabolism The practice of Cancer Systems Biology requires close physical integration between scientists with diverse backgrounds. Critical large-scale efforts are also underway to train a new workforce fluent in both the languag...	{ "page_id": 39198919, "title": "Cancer systems biology" }
et al. identified a previously unknown, complementary and potentially superior mechanism of inhibiting the ErbB receptor signaling network. ErbB3 was found to be the most sensitive node, leading to Akt activation; Akt regulates many biological processes, such as proliferation, apoptosis and growth, which are all releva...	{ "page_id": 39198919, "title": "Cancer systems biology" }
Systems Biology == National funding efforts == In 2004, the US National Cancer Institute launched a program effort on Integrative Cancer Systems Biology to establish Centers for Cancer Systems Biology that focus on the analysis of cancer as a complex biological system. The integration of experimental biology with mathe...	{ "page_id": 39198919, "title": "Cancer systems biology" }
Ladd's bands, sometimes called bands of Ladd, are fibrous stalks of peritoneal tissue that attach the cecum to the retroperitoneum in the right lower quadrant (RLQ). Obstructing Ladd's Bands are associated with malrotation of the intestine, a developmental disorder in which the cecum is found in the right upper quadran...	{ "page_id": 11935942, "title": "Ladd's bands" }
Cost-sensitive machine learning is an approach within machine learning that considers varying costs associated with different types of errors. This method diverges from traditional approaches by introducing a cost matrix, explicitly specifying the penalties or benefits for each type of prediction error. The inherent di...	{ "page_id": 75768013, "title": "Cost-sensitive machine learning" }
the specific consequences of misclassifications, adapting to scenarios where the impact of prediction errors varies across classes. == Applications == === Fraud Detection === In the realm of data science, particularly in finance, cost-sensitive machine learning is applied to fraud detection. By assigning different cost...	{ "page_id": 75768013, "title": "Cost-sensitive machine learning" }
A thermodynamic cycle consists of linked sequences of thermodynamic processes that involve transfer of heat and work into and out of the system, while varying pressure, temperature, and other state variables within the system, and that eventually returns the system to its initial state. In the process of passing throug...	{ "page_id": 3285197, "title": "Thermodynamic cycle" }
the workings of an actual device. == Heat and work == Two primary classes of thermodynamic cycles are power cycles and heat pump cycles. Power cycles are cycles which convert some heat input into a mechanical work output, while heat pump cycles transfer heat from low to high temperatures by using mechanical work as the...	{ "page_id": 3285197, "title": "Thermodynamic cycle" }
W n e t {\displaystyle W_{net}} will be negative, the cyclic machine will require work to absorb heat at a low temperature and reject it at a higher temperature and it represents a heat pump. === A list of thermodynamic processes === The following processes are often used to describe different stages of a thermodynamic...	{ "page_id": 3285197, "title": "Thermodynamic cycle" }
Polytropic : The process that obeys the relation P V n = c o n s t a n t {\displaystyle PV^{n}=\mathrm {constant} } . Reversible : The process where the net entropy production is zero; d S − δ Q T = 0 {\displaystyle dS-{\frac {\delta Q}{T}}=0} . === Example: The Otto cycle === The Otto Cycle is an example of a reversib...	{ "page_id": 3285197, "title": "Thermodynamic cycle" }
Diesel cycle, which models diesel engines. Cycles that model external combustion engines include the Brayton cycle, which models gas turbines, the Rankine cycle, which models steam turbines, the Stirling cycle, which models hot air engines, and the Ericsson cycle, which also models hot air engines. For example :--the p...	{ "page_id": 3285197, "title": "Thermodynamic cycle" }
a house. Both work by moving heat from a cold space to a warm space. The most common refrigeration cycle is the vapor compression cycle, which models systems using refrigerants that change phase. The absorption refrigeration cycle is an alternative that absorbs the refrigerant in a liquid solution rather than evaporati...	{ "page_id": 3285197, "title": "Thermodynamic cycle" }
a real engine. It may also be observed that the real individual processes diverge from their idealized counterparts; e.g., isochoric expansion (process 1-2) occurs with some actual volume change. == Well-known thermodynamic cycles == In practice, simple idealized thermodynamic cycles are usually made out of four thermo...	{ "page_id": 3285197, "title": "Thermodynamic cycle" }
The total work done per cycle is W c y c l e = p A ( v 2 − v 1 ) + p C ( v 4 − v 3 ) = p A ( v 2 − v 1 ) + p C ( v 1 − v 2 ) = ( p A − p C ) ( v 2 − v 1 ) {\displaystyle W_{cycle}=p_{A}(v_{2}-v_{1})+p_{C}(v_{4}-v_{3})=p_{A}(v_{2}-v_{1})+p_{C}(v_{1}-v_{2})=(p_{A}-p_{C})(v_{2}-v_{1})} , which is just the area of the rect...	{ "page_id": 3285197, "title": "Thermodynamic cycle" }
T L T H − T L {\displaystyle \ COP={\frac {T_{L}}{T_{H}-T_{L}}}} The second law of thermodynamics limits the efficiency and COP for all cyclic devices to levels at or below the Carnot efficiency. The Stirling cycle and Ericsson cycle are two other reversible cycles that use regeneration to obtain isothermal heat transf...	{ "page_id": 3285197, "title": "Thermodynamic cycle" }
a cyclic process: ∮ d Z = 0 {\displaystyle \oint dZ=0} . Entropy is a state function and is defined in an absolute sense through the Third Law of Thermodynamics as S = ∫ 0 T d Q r e v T {\displaystyle S=\int _{0}^{T}{dQ_{rev} \over T}} where a reversible path is chosen from absolute zero to the final state, so that for...	{ "page_id": 3285197, "title": "Thermodynamic cycle" }
The pharyngula is a stage in the embryonic development of vertebrates. At this stage, the embryos of all vertebrates are similar, having developed features typical of vertebrates, such as the beginning of a spinal cord. Named by William Ballard, the pharyngula stage follows the blastula, gastrula and neurula stages. ==...	{ "page_id": 4726991, "title": "Pharyngula" }
Nadir and Occultation for MArs Discovery (NOMAD) is a 3-channel spectrometer on board the ExoMars Trace Gas Orbiter (TGO) launched to Mars orbit on 14 March 2016. NOMAD is designed to perform high-sensitivity orbital identification of atmospheric components, concentration and temperature, their sources, loss, and cycle...	{ "page_id": 58138832, "title": "Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery" }
Objectives == NOMAD will map the composition and distribution of Mars' atmospheric trace gases and isotopes in unprecedented detail. The specific objectives are: search for signs of past or present life on Mars. investigate how the water and geochemical environment varies investigate Martian atmospheric trace gases and...	{ "page_id": 58138832, "title": "Nadir and Occultation for Mars Discovery" }
In physics and mathematics, the dimension of a mathematical space (or object) is informally defined as the minimum number of coordinates needed to specify any point within it. Thus, a line has a dimension of one (1D) because only one coordinate is needed to specify a point on it – for example, the point at 5 on a numbe...	{ "page_id": 8398, "title": "Dimension" }
mechanics; these are abstract spaces, independent of the physical space. == In mathematics == In mathematics, the dimension of an object is, roughly speaking, the number of degrees of freedom of a point that moves on this object. In other words, the dimension is the number of independent parameters or coordinates that ...	{ "page_id": 8398, "title": "Dimension" }
of a ball in En looks locally like En-1 and this leads to the notion of the inductive dimension. While these notions agree on En, they turn out to be different when one looks at more general spaces. A tesseract is an example of a four-dimensional object. Whereas outside mathematics the use of the term "dimension" is as...	{ "page_id": 8398, "title": "Dimension" }
by the way dimensions 1 and 2 are relatively elementary, the high-dimensional cases n > 4 are simplified by having extra space in which to "work"; and the cases n = 3 and 4 are in some senses the most difficult. This state of affairs was highly marked in the various cases of the Poincaré conjecture, in which four diffe...	{ "page_id": 8398, "title": "Dimension" }
algebraic varieties, its dimension is the maximum of the dimensions of its components. It is equal to the maximal length of the chains V 0 ⊊ V 1 ⊊ ⋯ ⊊ V d {\displaystyle V_{0}\subsetneq V_{1}\subsetneq \cdots \subsetneq V_{d}} of sub-varieties of the given algebraic set (the length of such a chain is the number of " ⊊ ...	{ "page_id": 8398, "title": "Dimension" }
than n + 1 elements. In this case dim X = n. For X a manifold, this coincides with the dimension mentioned above. If no such integer n exists, then the dimension of X is said to be infinite, and one writes dim X = ∞. Moreover, X has dimension −1, i.e. dim X = −1 if and only if X is empty. This definition of covering di...	{ "page_id": 8398, "title": "Dimension" }
is the dimension of those triangles. === Hausdorff dimension === The Hausdorff dimension is useful for studying structurally complicated sets, especially fractals. The Hausdorff dimension is defined for all metric spaces and, unlike the dimensions considered above, can also have non-integer real values. The box dimensi...	{ "page_id": 8398, "title": "Dimension" }
that there is only one of it, and that we cannot move freely in time but subjectively move in one direction. The equations used in physics to model reality do not treat time in the same way that humans commonly perceive it. The equations of classical mechanics are symmetric with respect to time, and equations of quantu...	{ "page_id": 8398, "title": "Dimension" }
superstring theories. Supergravity theory also promotes 11D spacetime = 7D hyperspace + 4 common dimensions. To date, no direct experimental or observational evidence is available to support the existence of these extra dimensions. If hyperspace exists, it must be hidden from us by some physical mechanism. One well-stu...	{ "page_id": 8398, "title": "Dimension" }
endpoints, whereas the closed strings that mediate the gravitational interaction are free to propagate into the whole spacetime, or "the bulk". This could be related to why gravity is exponentially weaker than the other forces, as it effectively dilutes itself as it propagates into a higher-dimensional volume. Some asp...	{ "page_id": 8398, "title": "Dimension" }
line that closes at its endpoints, representing the boundary of a two-dimensional region. The software is expected to use this boundary to partition 2-dimensional space into an interior and exterior. Surface (3-dimensional) represented using a variety of strategies, such as a polyhedron consisting of connected polygon ...	{ "page_id": 8398, "title": "Dimension" }
Third Dimension: Geometry, Computer Graphics, and Higher Dimensions. Scientific American Library. ISBN 978-0-7167-6015-3. Pickover, Clifford A. (2001). Surfing through Hyperspace: Understanding Higher Universes in Six Easy Lessons. Oxford University Press. ISBN 978-0-19-992381-6. Rucker, Rudy (2014) [1984]. The Fourth ...	{ "page_id": 8398, "title": "Dimension" }
Ethyl methylphenylglycidate, commonly known as strawberry aldehyde, is an organic compound used in the flavor industry in artificial fruit flavors, in particular strawberry. == Uses == Because of its pleasant taste and aroma, ethyl methylphenylglycidate finds use in the fragrance industry, in artificial flavors, and in...	{ "page_id": 5447890, "title": "Ethyl methylphenylglycidate" }
AmoebaDB is a functional genomics database for the genetics of amoebozoa. == See also == Amoebozoa == References == == External links == AmoebaDB	{ "page_id": 30351571, "title": "AmoebaDB" }
In a toroidal fusion power device, a plasma is confined within a donut-shaped cylinder. If the gas pressure of the plasma varies across the radius of the cylinder, a self-generated current will spontaneously arise within the plasma, due to collisions between trapped particles and passing particles. This current is call...	{ "page_id": 30154962, "title": "Bootstrap current" }
N-linked glycosylation is the attachment of an oligosaccharide, a carbohydrate consisting of several sugar molecules, sometimes also referred to as glycan, to a nitrogen atom (the amide nitrogen of an asparagine (Asn) residue of a protein), in a process called N-glycosylation, studied in biochemistry. The resulting pro...	{ "page_id": 22814939, "title": "N-linked glycosylation" }
attached to a sugar hydroxyl group, the anomeric carbon atom is attached to an amide nitrogen. The energy required for this linkage comes from the hydrolysis of a pyrophosphate molecule. == Biosynthesis == The biosynthesis of N-linked glycans occurs via three major steps: Synthesis of dolichol-linked precursor oligosac...	{ "page_id": 22814939, "title": "N-linked glycosylation" }
ER. The precursor molecule, ready to be transferred to a protein, consists of two GlcNAc, nine mannose, and three glucose molecules. === Transfer of glycan to protein === Once the precursor oligosaccharide is formed, the completed glycan is then transferred to the nascent polypeptide in the lumen of the ER membrane. Th...	{ "page_id": 22814939, "title": "N-linked glycosylation" }
residues located at the non-reducing end of the glycan. This initial trimming step is thought to act as a quality control step in the ER to monitor protein folding. Once the protein is folded correctly, two glucose residues are removed by glucosidase I and II. The removal of the final third glucose residue signals that...	{ "page_id": 22814939, "title": "N-linked glycosylation" }
organization of this machinery within a cell plays an important role in determining which glycans are made. ==== Enzymes in the Golgi ==== Golgi enzymes play a key role in determining the synthesis of the various types of glycans. The order of action of the enzymes is reflected in their position in the Golgi stack: ===...	{ "page_id": 22814939, "title": "N-linked glycosylation" }
are N-glycosylated therapeutic proteins. The importance of N-linked glycosylation is becoming increasingly evident in the field of pharmaceuticals. Although bacterial or yeast protein production systems have significant potential advantages such as high yield and low cost, problems arise when the protein of interest is...	{ "page_id": 22814939, "title": "N-linked glycosylation" }
Altered Glycan Theory of Autoimmunity: a critical review". Journal of Autoimmunity. 57: 1–13. doi:10.1016/j.jaut.2014.12.002. PMC 4340844. PMID 25578468.	{ "page_id": 22814939, "title": "N-linked glycosylation" }
Darwinism is a term used to describe a theory of biological evolution developed by the English naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) and others. The theory states that all species of organisms arise and develop through the natural selection of small, inherited variations that increase the individual's ability to compet...	{ "page_id": 8411, "title": "Darwinism" }
population genetics and Mendelian genetics, revived Darwinism in an updated form. While the term Darwinism has remained in use amongst the public when referring to modern evolutionary theory, it has increasingly been argued by science writers such as Olivia Judson, Eugenie Scott, and Carl Safina that it is an inappropr...	{ "page_id": 8411, "title": "Darwinism" }
may be in a position to say whether this is, or is not, the case; but in either event they will owe the author of "The Origin of Species" an immense debt of gratitude.... And viewed as a whole, we do not believe that, since the publication of Von Baer's "Researches on Development," thirty years ago, any work has appear...	{ "page_id": 8411, "title": "Darwinism" }
overwhelm the "superior" strains, and voluntary corrective measures would be desirable—the foundation of eugenics. In Darwin's day there was no rigid definition of the term "Darwinism", and it was used by opponents and proponents of Darwin's biological theory alike to mean whatever they wanted it to in a larger context...	{ "page_id": 8411, "title": "Darwinism" }
However, unlike Johnson, Hodge confined the term to exclude those like American botanist Asa Gray who combined Christian faith with support for Darwin's natural selection theory, before answering the question posed in the book's title by concluding: "It is Atheism." Creationists use pejoratively the term Darwinism to i...	{ "page_id": 8411, "title": "Darwinism" }
E. O. Wilson at Harvard University described the term as being "a rhetorical device to make evolution seem like a kind of faith, like 'Maoism [...] Scientists don't call it 'Darwinism'." In the United Kingdom, the term often retains its positive sense as a reference to natural selection, and for example British etholog...	{ "page_id": 8411, "title": "Darwinism" }
natural selection and therefore Darwinian; that things, aspects of people and landscapes considered beautiful are typically found in situations likely to give enhanced survival of the perceiving human's genes. == See also == Evolutionary biology portal == References == == Sources == == Further reading == Fiske, John. (...	{ "page_id": 8411, "title": "Darwinism" }
The BMA process or Degussa process is a chemical process developed by the German chemical company Degussa for the production of hydrogen cyanide from methane and ammonia in presence of a platinum catalyst. Hydrogen cyanide is used in the chemical industry for the production of intermediate chemicals like acrylonitrile,...	{ "page_id": 16982237, "title": "BMA process" }
A flux tube is a generally tube-like (cylindrical) region of space containing a magnetic field, B, such that the cylindrical sides of the tube are everywhere parallel to the magnetic field lines. It is a graphical visual aid for visualizing a magnetic field. Since no magnetic flux passes through the sides of the tube, ...	{ "page_id": 4595931, "title": "Flux tube" }
field lines passing through the boundary of S 1 {\displaystyle S_{1}} . This set forms a hollow tube. The tube follows the field lines, possibly turning, twisting, and changing its cross sectional size and shape as the field lines converge or diverge. Since no field lines pass through the tube walls there is no flux th...	{ "page_id": 4595931, "title": "Flux tube" }
also be useful for visualizing other vector fields in regions of zero divergence, such as electric fields in regions where there are no charges and gravitational fields in regions where there is no mass. In particle physics, the hadron particles that make up all matter, such as neutrons and protons, are composed of mor...	{ "page_id": 4595931, "title": "Flux tube" }

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