Split (1)

train · 115k rows

text stringlengths 2 4.67k	source dict
Let I O {\displaystyle \mathrm {I} _{\mathrm {O} }\,} denote the set of images containing an object (e.g. car) Let I P {\displaystyle \mathrm {I} _{\mathrm {P} }\,} denote the set of images containing a part (e.g. wheel) Let the overlap score between object O and part P, S O , P {\displaystyle \mathrm {S} _{\mathrm {O}...	{ "page_id": 14622989, "title": "LabelMe" }
object overlap is when one object is actually on top of the other. For example, an image might contain a person standing in front of a building. The person is not a part label as above since the person is not part of the building. Instead, they are two separate objects that happen to overlap. To automatically determine...	{ "page_id": 14622989, "title": "LabelMe" }
Kevin P.; Freeman, William T. (2008). "Label Me: A Database and Web-Based Tool for Image Annotation" (PDF). International Journal of Computer Vision. 77 (1–3): 157–173. doi:10.1007/s11263-007-0090-8. S2CID 1900911. Swain, Michael J.; Ballard, Dana H. (1991). "Color indexing". International Journal of Computer Vision. 7...	{ "page_id": 14622989, "title": "LabelMe" }
A quadruple bond is a type of chemical bond between two atoms involving eight electrons. This bond is an extension of the more familiar types of covalent bonds: double bonds and triple bonds. Stable quadruple bonds are most common among the transition metals in the middle of the d-block, such as rhenium, tungsten, tech...	{ "page_id": 4137230, "title": "Quadruple bond" }
Re–Cl bonds. The d orbitals directed along the Re–Cl bonds are stabilized by interaction with chloride ligand orbitals and do not contribute to Re–Re bonding. In contrast, the [Os2Cl8]2− ion with two more electrons (σ2π4δ2δ*2) has an Os–Os triple bond and a staggered geometry. Many other compounds with quadruple bonds ...	{ "page_id": 4137230, "title": "Quadruple bond" }
Dubnium is a synthetic chemical element; it has symbol Db and atomic number 105. It is highly radioactive: the most stable known isotope, dubnium-268, has a half-life of about 16 hours. This greatly limits extended research on the element. Dubnium does not occur naturally on Earth and is produced artificially. The Sovi...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
the priority of discoveries was contested between American and Soviet physicists. Their rivalry resulted in a race for new elements and credit for their discoveries, later named the Transfermium Wars. === Reports === The first report of the discovery of element 105 came from the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research (JI...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
105. In April 1970, a team at Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory (LBL), in Berkeley, California, United States, claimed to have synthesized element 105 by bombarding californium-249 with nitrogen-15 ions, with an alpha activity of 9.1 MeV. To ensure this activity was not from a different reaction, the team attempted other re...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
=== Naming controversy === JINR did not propose a name after their first report claiming synthesis of element 105, which would have been the usual practice. This led LBL to believe that JINR did not have enough experimental data to back their claim. After collecting more data, JINR proposed the name bohrium (Bo) in hon...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
to weaken their outstanding claims. In 1981, the Gesellschaft für Schwerionenforschung (GSI; Society for Heavy Ion Research) in Darmstadt, Hesse, West Germany, claimed synthesis of element 107; their report came out five years after the first report from JINR but with greater precision, making a more solid claim on dis...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
Firstly, their suggestions were scrambled: the names rutherfordium and hahnium, originally suggested by Berkeley for elements 104 and 105, were respectively reassigned to elements 106 and 108. Secondly, elements 104 and 105 were given names favored by JINR, despite earlier recognition of LBL as an equal co-discoverer f...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
be offset by recognizing JINR's contributions to the discovery of elements 104, 105, and 106. Even after 1997, LBL still sometimes used the name hahnium for element 105 in their own material, doing so as recently as 2014. However, the problem was resolved in the literature as Jens Volker Kratz, editor of Radiochimica A...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
been produced in even smaller quantities: three atoms in total, with lifetimes of 33.4 h, 1.3 h, and 1.6 h. These two are the heaviest isotopes of dubnium to date, and both were produced as a result of decay of the heavier nuclei 288Mc and 294Ts rather than directly, because the experiments that yielded them were origi...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
example, the 7s orbital contracts by 25% in size and is stabilized by 2.6 eV. A more indirect effect is that the contracted s and p1/2 orbitals shield the charge of the nucleus more effectively, leaving less for the outer d and f electrons, which therefore move in larger orbitals. Dubnium is greatly affected by this: u...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
is 21.6 g/cm3. === Chemical === Computational chemistry is simplest in gas-phase chemistry, in which interactions between molecules may be ignored as negligible. Multiple authors have researched dubnium pentachloride; calculations show it to be consistent with the periodic laws by exhibiting the properties of a compoun...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
stable oxidation state of dubnium in aqueous solution was +5. Dubnium was fumed twice and washed with concentrated nitric acid; sorption of dubnium on glass cover slips was then compared with that of the group 5 elements niobium and tantalum and the group 4 elements zirconium and hafnium produced under similar conditio...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
of the +5 state: Db(V) was shown to be extractable from cation‐exchange columns with α‐hydroxyisobutyrate, like the group 5 elements and protactinium; Db(III) and Db(IV) were not. In 1998 and 1999, new predictions suggested that dubnium would extract nearly as well as niobium and better than tantalum from halide soluti...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
which was immediately assigned to dubnium, it also had a +4 species; based on that result, the team decided that additional chemical separation was needed. In 2005, the experiment was repeated, with the final product being hydroxide rather than nitrate precipitate, which was processed further in both Livermore (based o...	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
element research: Which nuclei could be synthesized within the next few years?". Journal of Physics: Conference Series. 420 (1): 012001. arXiv:1207.5700. Bibcode:2013JPhCS.420a2001Z. doi:10.1088/1742-6596/420/1/012001. ISSN 1742-6588. S2CID 55434734.	{ "page_id": 8463, "title": "Dubnium" }
The melanocortins are a family of neuropeptide hormones which are the ligands of the melanocortin receptors. The melanocortin system consists of melanocortin receptors, ligands, and accessory proteins. The genes of the melanocortin system are found in chordates. Melanocortins were originally named so because their earl...	{ "page_id": 4006160, "title": "Melanocortin" }
and activation of the enzyme adenyl cyclase. Adenyl cyclase then cleaves ATP to generate the second messenger cyclic AMP (cAMP), which in turn activates multiple downstream pathways. There are two known accessory proteins belonging to the melanocortin system which modulate function of the receptors. These are melanocor...	{ "page_id": 4006160, "title": "Melanocortin" }
regulate food intake in a push-pull fashion. The only neurons known to release melanocortins are located in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus. However, melanocortins are also produced by keratinocytes in response to UV exposure. Accordingly, there is a subpopulation called POMC neurons and one called AgRP neurons...	{ "page_id": 4006160, "title": "Melanocortin" }
A disaccharide (also called a double sugar or biose) is the sugar formed when two monosaccharides are joined by glycosidic linkage. Like monosaccharides, disaccharides are simple sugars soluble in water. Three common examples are sucrose, lactose, and maltose. Disaccharides are one of the four chemical groupings of car...	{ "page_id": 8464, "title": "Disaccharide" }
is between their respective hemiacetal carbon atoms. The reduced chemical reactivity of the non-reducing sugars, in comparison to reducing sugars, may be an advantage where stability in storage is important. == Formation == The formation of a disaccharide molecule from two monosaccharide molecules proceeds by displacin...	{ "page_id": 8464, "title": "Disaccharide" }
National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)	{ "page_id": 8464, "title": "Disaccharide" }
In mathematical physics, more specifically the one-dimensional inverse scattering problem, the Marchenko equation (or Gelfand-Levitan-Marchenko equation or GLM equation), named after Israel Gelfand, Boris Levitan and Vladimir Marchenko, is derived by computing the Fourier transform of the scattering relation: K ( r , r...	{ "page_id": 5644561, "title": "Marchenko equation" }
discrete bound spectrum. Then defining F ( x ) = ∑ n = 1 N β n e − χ n x + 1 2 π ∫ R r ( k ) e i k x d k , {\displaystyle F(x)=\sum _{n=1}^{N}\beta _{n}e^{-\chi _{n}x}+{\frac {1}{2\pi }}\int _{\mathbb {R} }r(k)e^{ikx}dk,} where the β n {\displaystyle \beta _{n}} are non-zero constants, solving the GLM equation K ( x , ...	{ "page_id": 5644561, "title": "Marchenko equation" }
In theoretical physics, the superconformal algebra is a graded Lie algebra or superalgebra that combines the conformal algebra and supersymmetry. In two dimensions, the superconformal algebra is infinite-dimensional. In higher dimensions, superconformal algebras are finite-dimensional and generate the superconformal gr...	{ "page_id": 2695448, "title": "Superconformal algebra" }
( 5 , 1 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {su}}^{*}(4)\simeq {\mathfrak {so}}(5,1)} ; s u ( 2 , 2 \| N ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {su}}(2,2\|N)} in 3+1D thanks to s u ( 2 , 2 ) ≃ s o ( 4 , 2 ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {su}}(2,2)\simeq {\mathfrak {so}}(4,2)} ; s l ( 4 \| N ) {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {sl}}(4\|N)} in 2+2D thanks...	{ "page_id": 2695448, "title": "Superconformal algebra" }
, … {\displaystyle i,j,\dots } the internal R-symmetry indices. The Lie superbrackets of the bosonic conformal algebra are given by [ M μ ν , M ρ σ ] = η ν ρ M μ σ − η μ ρ M ν σ + η ν σ M ρ μ − η μ σ M ρ ν {\displaystyle [M_{\mu \nu },M_{\rho \sigma }]=\eta _{\nu \rho }M_{\mu \sigma }-\eta _{\mu \rho }M_{\nu \sigma }+\...	{ "page_id": 2695448, "title": "Superconformal algebra" }
Q ¯ } = 0 {\displaystyle \left\{Q,Q\right\}=\left\{{\overline {Q}},{\overline {Q}}\right\}=0} { S α i , S ¯ β ˙ j } = 2 δ j i σ α β ˙ μ K μ {\displaystyle \left\{S_{\alpha }^{i},{\overline {S}}_{{\dot {\beta }}j}\right\}=2\delta _{j}^{i}\sigma _{\alpha {\dot {\beta }}}^{\mu }K_{\mu }} { S , S } = { S ¯ , S ¯ } = 0 {\di...	{ "page_id": 2695448, "title": "Superconformal algebra" }
[T_{j}^{i},{\overline {S}}_{k}]=-\delta _{k}^{i}{\overline {S}}_{j}} Under bosonic conformal transformations, the fermionic generators transform as: [ D , Q ] = − 1 2 Q {\displaystyle [D,Q]=-{\frac {1}{2}}Q} [ D , Q ¯ ] = − 1 2 Q ¯ {\displaystyle [D,{\overline {Q}}]=-{\frac {1}{2}}{\overline {Q}}} [ D , S ] = 1 2 S {\d...	{ "page_id": 2695448, "title": "Superconformal algebra" }
The extinct Solenoporaceae have traditionally been interpreted as a group of red algae ancestral to the Corallinales. The genus from which they take their name, Solenopora, originates in the Ordovician. Unlike the Corallinaceae, this family has large vegetative cells and an undifferentiated thallus. Additionally there ...	{ "page_id": 22552858, "title": "Solenopora" }
== References == ^a CID 911 from PubChem	{ "page_id": 11673883, "title": "N-Formylmethionine (data page)" }
Unequal crossing over is a type of gene duplication or deletion event that deletes a sequence in one strand and replaces it with a duplication from its sister chromatid in mitosis or from its homologous chromosome during meiosis. It is a type of chromosomal crossover between homologous sequences that are not paired pre...	{ "page_id": 31596828, "title": "Unequal crossing over" }
the duplicates, unequal crossing over can lead to dosage imbalance in the genome and can be highly deleterious. == Evolutionary implications == In unequal crossing over, there can be large sequence exchanges between the chromosomes. Compared with gene conversion, which can only transfer a maximum of 1,500 base pairs, u...	{ "page_id": 31596828, "title": "Unequal crossing over" }
regional duplication event that increases the size of the genome. ==== Junk DNA ==== When viewing the genome of a eukaryote, a striking observation is the large amount of tandem, repetitive DNA sequences that make up a large portion of the genome. For example, over 50% of the Dipodmys ordii genome is made up of three s...	{ "page_id": 31596828, "title": "Unequal crossing over" }
Pathophysiology (or physiopathology) is a branch of study, at the intersection of pathology and physiology, concerning disordered physiological processes that cause, result from, or are otherwise associated with a disease or injury. Pathology is the medical discipline that describes conditions typically observed during...	{ "page_id": 598302, "title": "Pathophysiology" }
to physical sciences. In the late 1850s, German anatomical pathologist Rudolf Virchow, a former student of Müller, directed focus to the cell, establishing cytology as the focus of physiological research. He also recognized pathophysiology as a distinct discipline, arguing that it should rely on clinical observation an...	{ "page_id": 598302, "title": "Pathophysiology" }
injection of putrid materials into animals." Koch used bacteriology and the new staining methods with aniline dyes to identify particular microorganisms for each. Germ theory of disease crystallized the concept of cause—presumably identifiable by scientific investigation. ==== Scientific medicine ==== The American phys...	{ "page_id": 598302, "title": "Pathophysiology" }
cause, although most deaths were via lobar pneumonia, already attributed to pneumococcal invasion. In London, pathologist with the Ministry of Health, Fred Griffith in 1928 reported pneumococcal transformation from virulent to avirulent and between antigenic types —nearly a switch in species— challenging pneumonia's sp...	{ "page_id": 598302, "title": "Pathophysiology" }
largely by physicist Max Delbrück at Caltech and Vanderbilt University. Yet the reality of organelles in cells was controversial amid unclear visualization with conventional light microscopy. Around 1940, largely via cancer research at Rockefeller Institute, cell biology emerged as a new discipline filling the vast gap...	{ "page_id": 598302, "title": "Pathophysiology" }
of dopaminergic neurons as a result of changes in biological activity in the brain with respect to Parkinson's disease (PD). There are several proposed mechanisms for neuronal death in PD; however, not all of them are well understood. Five proposed major mechanisms for neuronal death in Parkinson's Disease include prot...	{ "page_id": 598302, "title": "Pathophysiology" }
T helper cells, which are required for almost all adaptive immune responses. There is an initial period of influenza-like illness, and then a latent, asymptomatic phase. When the CD4 lymphocyte count falls below 200 cells/ml of blood, the HIV host has progressed to AIDS, a condition characterized by deficiency in cell-...	{ "page_id": 598302, "title": "Pathophysiology" }
The optical stretcher is a dual-beam optical trap that is used for trapping and deforming ("stretching") micrometre-sized soft matter particles, such as biological cells in suspension. The forces used for trapping and deforming objects arise from photon momentum transfer on the surface of the objects, making the Optica...	{ "page_id": 39002402, "title": "Optical stretcher" }
lies in the range from 1%–10%. The optical stretcher has since been developed into a versatile biophysical tool used by many groups worldwide for contact-free, marker-free measurements of whole-cell rheology. Using automated setups, high throughput rates of more than 100 cells/hour have been achieved, allowing for stat...	{ "page_id": 39002402, "title": "Optical stretcher" }
from which the two laser beams emerge. One can either use two distinct lasers or one laser source and a beam splitter. A microscope used for imaging the trapped objects. As single cells are virtually transparent, often phase contrast microscopes are used, but depending on the desired measurement, for example using fluo...	{ "page_id": 39002402, "title": "Optical stretcher" }
the center of the beam (on the optical axis) and decreases off the axis. It can be illustrative to decompose the trapping force into two components called the scattering force and the gradient force: The Gaussian beams used in optical stretchers are – in contrast to optical tweezers – weakly divergent. The momentum car...	{ "page_id": 39002402, "title": "Optical stretcher" }
the beam. However, the refractive index of biological matter is always higher than that of water or cell medium due to the additional protein content. In the optical stretcher, two counterpropagating laser beams are used in order to cancel their corresponding scattering forces. Because their gradient forces point in th...	{ "page_id": 39002402, "title": "Optical stretcher" }
cancel but add up. The highest stretching forces can be found on the beam axis, where the light intensity is highest and the rays incide at right angle. Near the poles of the cell, where virtually no rays impinge, the surface forces vanish. Different mathematical models have been developed to calculate the stretching f...	{ "page_id": 39002402, "title": "Optical stretcher" }
Paramoeba Parasite is a parasite that attacks the nervous system of lobsters. Lately, lobsters that have been pulled up in Western LIS have been dead with the parasite. Also, it caused almost all the deaths of the lobsters in 1999. After a microscopic analysis of hemocoelomic viscera and nervous tissues was done, it wa...	{ "page_id": 16720165, "title": "Paramoebiasis" }
The Bicentenary Medal is a scientific award given by the Linnean Society. It is awarded annually in recognition of work done by a biologist under the age of 40 years. The medal was first awarded in 1978 on the 200th anniversary of the death of Carl Linnaeus. == Recipients == === 1978–2018 === Recipients of the Bicenten...	{ "page_id": 25895209, "title": "Bicentenary Medal of the Linnean Society" }
Maria Dworzecka, originally Marysia Rozenszajn (June 19, 1941 – January 16, 2023) was a Polish-American computational nuclear physicist and physics educator, and a survivor of the Białystok Ghetto. Topics in her research have included the Hartree–Fock method, heavy-ion collisions, and the dissipation of nuclear energy;...	{ "page_id": 66593065, "title": "Maria Dworzecka" }
the Ravensbrück concentration camp and lived for a year as a refugee in Sweden. After spending several months becoming reacquainted with each other and living with the Białowarczuks, Maria and Bela Rozenszajn returned to Warsaw, but remained in contact with the Białowarczuks, who were named Righteous Among the Nations ...	{ "page_id": 66593065, "title": "Maria Dworzecka" }
of physics at George Mason University in 1982, and was promoted to full professor in 1987. She chaired the Physics & Astronomy Department from 1999 to 2006, and from 2006 to 2011 was Senior Associate Dean for Special Projects in the George Mason College of Science. After Dworzecka retired from George Mason as a profess...	{ "page_id": 66593065, "title": "Maria Dworzecka" }
Carl Barus (February 19, 1856 – September 20, 1935) was an American physicist and the maternal great-uncle of the American novelist Kurt Vonnegut. The Barus effect is named after him. Barus was born in Cincinnati, United States. The son of German immigrants (the musician Carl Barus, Sr. and Sophia, nee Möllmann), Barus...	{ "page_id": 34742573, "title": "Carl Barus" }
Autumn meeting. Biography from Brown University Works by or about Carl Barus at the Internet Archive Moellmann family papers, Rare Books and Manuscripts, Indiana State Library Carl Barus Papers from Friends Historical Library of Swarthmore College Smithsonian Institution Archives Carl Barus (1856-1935) Carl Barus Paper...	{ "page_id": 34742573, "title": "Carl Barus" }
Hydrogenotrophs are organisms that are able to metabolize molecular hydrogen as a source of energy. An example of hydrogenotrophy is performed by carbon dioxide-reducing organisms which use CO2 and H2 to produce methane (CH4) by the following reaction: CO2 + 4H2 → CH4 + 2H2O Other hydrogenotrophic metabolic pathways in...	{ "page_id": 43589934, "title": "Hydrogenotroph" }
MIPModDB is a database of comparative protein structure models of MIP (Major intrinsic proteins) family of proteins. == See also == Major intrinsic proteins == References == == External links == http://bioinfo.iitk.ac.in/MIPModDB.	{ "page_id": 34545969, "title": "MIPModDB" }
In analytical chemistry, a calibration curve, also known as a standard curve, is a general method for determining the concentration of a substance in an unknown sample by comparing the unknown to a set of standard samples of known concentration. A calibration curve is one approach to the problem of instrument calibrati...	{ "page_id": 532787, "title": "Calibration curve" }
the instrument response for each standard – can be fit to a straight line, using linear regression analysis. This yields a model described by the equation y = mx + y0, where y is the instrument response, m represents the sensitivity, and y0 is a constant that describes the background. The analyte concentration (x) of u...	{ "page_id": 532787, "title": "Calibration curve" }
formula below. This formula assumes that a linear relationship is observed for all the standards. It is important to note that the error in the concentration will be minimal if the signal from the unknown lies in the middle of the signals of all the standards (the term y unk − y ¯ {\displaystyle y_{\text{unk}}-{\bar {y...	{ "page_id": 532787, "title": "Calibration curve" }
understood according to some theoretical model, but most such models have limited value for real samples. (Instrumental response is usually highly dependent on the condition of the analyte, solvents used and impurities it may contain; it could also be affected by external factors such as pressure and temperature.) Many...	{ "page_id": 532787, "title": "Calibration curve" }
Mitotic recombination is a type of genetic recombination that may occur in somatic cells during their preparation for mitosis in both sexual and asexual organisms. In asexual organisms, the study of mitotic recombination is one way to understand genetic linkage because it is the only source of recombination within an i...	{ "page_id": 5054772, "title": "Mitotic recombination" }
be undetectable, despite the crossover event. However, if chromatids containing the same alleles line up on the same side, the daughter cells will be homozygous at that locus. This results in twin spotting, where one cell presents the homozygous recessive phenotype and the other cell has the homozygous wild type phenot...	{ "page_id": 5054772, "title": "Mitotic recombination" }
or near a common Chromosomal fragile site (CFS). This leads to a double-strand break, which is then repaired using one of the two strands. This can lead to the two chromatids switching places. In another model, two overlapping sister chromatids form a double Holliday junction at a common repeat site and are later shear...	{ "page_id": 5054772, "title": "Mitotic recombination" }
repairing double stranded breaks, and it may be beneficial to the organism if having homozygous dominant alleles is more functional than the heterozygous state. For use in experimentation with genomes in model organisms such as Drosophila melanogaster, mitotic recombination can be induced via X-ray and the FLP-FRT reco...	{ "page_id": 5054772, "title": "Mitotic recombination" }
Gross anatomy is the study of anatomy at the visible or macroscopic level. The counterpart to gross anatomy is the field of histology, which studies microscopic anatomy. Gross anatomy of the human body or other animals seeks to understand the relationship between components of an organism in order to gain a greater app...	{ "page_id": 2302264, "title": "Gross anatomy" }
aided by dissection manuals, as well as cadaveric atlases (e.g. Netter's, Rohen's). Working intimately with a cadaver during a gross anatomy course has been shown to capture the essence of the patient-provider relationship. However, the expense of maintaining cadaveric dissection facilities has limited the time and res...	{ "page_id": 2302264, "title": "Gross anatomy" }
The obturator membrane is a thin fibrous sheet, which almost completely closes the obturator foramen. Its fibers are arranged in interlacing bundles mainly transverse in direction; the uppermost bundle is attached to the obturator tubercles and completes the obturator canal for the passage of the obturator vessels and ...	{ "page_id": 4923704, "title": "Obturator membrane" }
Microbial ecology (or environmental microbiology) is a discipline where the interaction of microorganisms and their environment are studied. Microorganisms are known to have important and harmful ecological relationships within their species and other species. Many scientists have studied the relationship between natur...	{ "page_id": 1057083, "title": "Microbial ecology" }
microbial growth in any environment. Robert Koch was a physician-scientist who implemented oil-immersion lens and a condenser while using microscopes, to increase the imagery of viewing bacteria. This led Koch to be the first publisher of bacteria photographs. As a result, Koch was able to study wound infections in ani...	{ "page_id": 1057083, "title": "Microbial ecology" }
To add on, Gamboa has studied different ways to accurately detect malaria and leishmaniasis microorganisms in humans, using PCR and serology. Her studies have helped understand the epidemiology of these microorganisms, to reduce the interaction with them in nature and their harmful effects. == Important Microbial Roles...	{ "page_id": 1057083, "title": "Microbial ecology" }
to the studies of evolution. == Microbial Symbiotic Relationships == === Mutualism === Mutualism is a close relationship between two different species in which each has a positive effect on the other . In mutualism, one partner provides service to the other partner and also receives service from the other partner as we...	{ "page_id": 1057083, "title": "Microbial ecology" }
the fungi leading to the metabolic stimulation of the fungus. The fungus then attacks the epidermis of the plant’s root and penetrates its highly branched hyphae into the cortical cells of the plant. In this relationship, the fungi gives the plant phosphate and nitrogen obtained from the soil with the plant in return p...	{ "page_id": 1057083, "title": "Microbial ecology" }
organisms. For example, phytopathogenic fungi are known to infect and damage plants. The phytopathogenic fungi is a major issue in agriculture, because it has the capacity to infect its host by their root system. This is a major issue because the symptoms of the infection are not easily detected. Another example of a p...	{ "page_id": 1057083, "title": "Microbial ecology" }
Diaminonaphthalene describes several isomers containing naphthalene substituted with two amine groups (NH2), also called naphthalenediamines. All isomers are white solids that tend to air-oxidize. The 2,3-, 1,5-, and 1,8- derivatives have attracted most attention. 1,2-Diaminonaphthalene 938-25-0 1,3-Diaminonaphthalene ...	{ "page_id": 62791996, "title": "Diaminonaphthalene" }
The Bethe–Salpeter equation (BSE, named after Hans Bethe and Edwin Salpeter) is an integral equation, the solution of which describes the structure of a relativistic two-body (particles) bound state in a covariant formalism quantum field theory (QFT). The equation was first published in 1950 at the end of a paper by Yo...	{ "page_id": 10494269, "title": "Bethe–Salpeter equation" }
state of an electron–positron pair), excitons (bound states of an electron–hole pairs), and mesons (as quark-antiquark bound states). Even for simple systems such as the positronium, the equation cannot be solved exactly under quantum electrodynamics (QED), despite its exact formulation. A reduction of the equation can...	{ "page_id": 10494269, "title": "Bethe–Salpeter equation" }
pole as G ≈ Ψ Ψ ¯ P 2 − M 2 , {\displaystyle G\approx {\frac {\Psi \;{\bar {\Psi }}}{P^{2}-M^{2}}},} where P is the total momentum of the system. One sees, that if for this momentum the equation P 2 = M 2 {\displaystyle P^{2}=M^{2}} holds, which is exactly the Einstein energy-momentum relation (with the Four-momentum P...	{ "page_id": 10494269, "title": "Bethe–Salpeter equation" }
in quantum chromodynamics), other than contact interactions the most simple interaction is modeled by the exchange of only one of these force-carrying particles with a known propagator. As the Bethe–Salpeter equation sums up the interaction infinitely many times from a perturbative view point, the resulting Feynman gra...	{ "page_id": 10494269, "title": "Bethe–Salpeter equation" }
Interaction kernel does not depend on the total momentum of the Bethe–Salpeter amplitude, in which case the second term of the normalization condition vanishes. An alternative normalization based on the eigenvalue of the corresponding linear operator was derived by Nakanishi. == Solution in the Minkowski space == The B...	{ "page_id": 10494269, "title": "Bethe–Salpeter equation" }
first principles codes see here: List of quantum chemistry and solid-state physics software	{ "page_id": 10494269, "title": "Bethe–Salpeter equation" }
The Hagedorn temperature, TH, is the temperature in theoretical physics where hadronic matter (i.e. ordinary matter) is no longer stable, and must either "evaporate" or convert into quark matter; as such, it can be thought of as the "boiling point" of hadronic matter. It was discovered by Rolf Hagedorn. The Hagedorn te...	{ "page_id": 2695487, "title": "Hagedorn temperature" }
rather than the temperature, and "the temperature becomes stuck at a limiting value". == Technical explanation == Hagedorn temperature is the temperature TH above which the partition sum diverges in a system with exponential growth in the density of states. lim T → T H − Tr ⁡ [ e − β H ] = ∞ {\displaystyle \lim _{T\rig...	{ "page_id": 2695487, "title": "Hagedorn temperature" }
by Steven Frautschi and Hagedorn. In hadronic physics, the Hagedorn temperature is the deconfinement temperature. == In string theory == In string theory, it indicates a phase transition: the transition at which very long strings are copiously produced. It is controlled by the size of the string tension, which is small...	{ "page_id": 2695487, "title": "Hagedorn temperature" }
Immunohematology is a branch of hematology and transfusion medicine which studies antigen-antibody reactions and analogous phenomena as they relate to the pathogenesis and clinical manifestations of blood disorders. A person employed in this field is referred to as an immunohematologist or colloquially as a blood banke...	{ "page_id": 8331586, "title": "Immunohaematology" }
Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone may refer to: 7α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone 7β-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone 15α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone 16α-Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone	{ "page_id": 54272323, "title": "Hydroxydehydroepiandrosterone" }
ISCB Fellowship is an award granted to scientists that the International Society for Computational Biology (ISCB) judges to have made “outstanding contributions to the fields of computational biology and bioinformatics”. As of 2025, there are 161 Fellows of the ISCB including Michael Ashburner, Alex Bateman, Bonnie Ber...	{ "page_id": 53551430, "title": "ISCB Fellow" }
Meta-labeling, also known as corrective AI, is a machine learning (ML) technique utilized in quantitative finance to enhance the performance of investment and trading strategies, developed in 2017 by Marcos López de Prado at Guggenheim Partners and Cornell University. The core idea is to separate the decision of trade ...	{ "page_id": 79700295, "title": "Meta-Labeling" }
hold) and then training a secondary model to determine whether each signal is likely to lead to a profitable trade. The second model outputs a probability that is interpreted as the confidence in the forecast, which can be used to adjust the position size or to filter out unreliable trades. Meta-labeling is typically i...	{ "page_id": 79700295, "title": "Meta-Labeling" }
setting a minimum threshold that the initial output needs to be to qualify of a short or long position (if the threshold is not met, no side forecast is predicted, leading to closing of any open positions), this leads to the primary model output which is one of three possible side forecasts: −1, 0, or 1. The primary mo...	{ "page_id": 79700295, "title": "Meta-Labeling" }
filtering out trades that are likely to lead to losses. One could stop at this point or use the outputs of the secondary model as inputs to a position sizing algorithm (M3) which could further enhance strategy performance metrics by translating the output probability of the secondary model into a position size. Higher ...	{ "page_id": 79700295, "title": "Meta-Labeling" }
(SVMs). Isotonic regression: Fits a non-decreasing step function to probabilities and is effective particularly with larger datasets, though it can sometimes lead to overfitting. Transforming predictions to frequentist probabilities is crucial as it provides probabilistic outputs that are directly interpretable as the ...	{ "page_id": 79700295, "title": "Meta-Labeling" }
Short model: Specializes in features indicative of downward market movements. Separate feature sets may be employed to reflect distinct informational drivers of market rallies versus sell-offs. Benefits Improves model fit by addressing fundamentally different informational structures underlying longs vs. shorts. Enhanc...	{ "page_id": 79700295, "title": "Meta-Labeling" }
variance and overfitting. Components Primary model: Generates initial directional signals. Multiple secondary models: Each trained independently on bootstrap-sampled subsets of data. Typically uses simpler models (e.g., linear discriminant analysis, single-layer perceptrons, or decision trees). Predictions combined via...	{ "page_id": 79700295, "title": "Meta-Labeling" }
maximum drawdown, and leads to more stable returns over time. == Open-source code for experiment replication == The following GitHub repositories link to open-source code to replicate the experiments which show how meta-labeling improves the performance statistics of trading strategies. Theory and Framework: Using synt...	{ "page_id": 79700295, "title": "Meta-Labeling" }
Century eggs (Chinese: 皮蛋; pinyin: pídàn; Jyutping: pei4 daan2), also known as alkalized or preserved eggs, are a Chinese dish made by preserving duck, chicken, or quail eggs in a mixture of clay, ash, salt, quicklime, and rice hulls for several weeks to several months, depending on the processing method. Through the p...	{ "page_id": 30875975, "title": "Century egg" }
of his home two months before. Upon tasting the eggs, he set out to produce more – this time with the addition of salt to improve their flavor – resulting in the present recipe of the century egg. An alternate story involves a young duck farmer by the name of Shuige (水哥, lit. water-brother), also from Hunan, leaving du...	{ "page_id": 30875975, "title": "Century egg" }
3.2 kg (7 lb) of ash from burned oak, before being added to the tea. Each egg is individually covered by hand, with gloves worn to protect the skin from chemical burns. It is then rolled in a mass of rice chaff, to keep the eggs from adhering to one another, before the eggs are placed in cloth-covered jars or tightly w...	{ "page_id": 30875975, "title": "Century egg" }

Subsets and Splits

No community queries yet

The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.