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concentrated alkaline solution. The high pH causes the egg white proteins, primarily ovalbumin, to denature and then reassemble into a globular network of fine strands. This network forms through a combination of non-specific interactions, including long-range electrostatic repulsion and short-range attractions, result...	{ "page_id": 30875975, "title": "Century egg" }
cut them up into small chunks and cook them with rice porridge to create "century egg and lean pork congee" (Chinese: 皮蛋瘦肉粥; pinyin: pídàn shòuròu zhōu). This is sometimes served in dim sum restaurants. Rice congee, lean pork, and century egg are the main ingredients. Peeled century eggs are cut into quarters or eighth...	{ "page_id": 30875975, "title": "Century egg" }
of the food: Thai: ไข่เยี่ยวม้า [kʰàj jîaw máː] (RTGS: khai yiao ma) Lao: ໄຂ່ຍ່ຽວມ້າ [kʰāj ɲīaw mâː] == Safety == Century eggs prepared in traditional ways are generally safe to consume. However, there have been incidents of malpractice in century egg production that causes eggs to be contaminated. In 2013, three facto...	{ "page_id": 30875975, "title": "Century egg" }
Food engineering is a scientific, academic, and professional field that interprets and applies principles of engineering, science, and mathematics to food manufacturing and operations, including the processing, production, handling, storage, conservation, control, packaging and distribution of food products. Given its ...	{ "page_id": 1515853, "title": "Food engineering" }
The main objective of food refrigeration and/or freezing is to preserve the quality and safety of food materials. Refrigeration and freezing contribute to the preservation of perishable foods, and to the conservation some food quality factors such as visual appearance, texture, taste, flavor and nutritional content. Fr...	{ "page_id": 1515853, "title": "Food engineering" }
efficiency and waste heat recovery. The replacement of conventional energy-intensive food processes with new technologies like thermodynamic cycles and non-thermal heating processes provide another potential to reduce energy consumption, reduce production costs, and improve the sustainability in food production. === He...	{ "page_id": 1515853, "title": "Food engineering" }
of 3D printing is slow, but is improving over time with the goal of reducing costs and processing times. Some of the successful food items that have been printed through 3D technology are: chocolate, cheese, cake frosting, turkey, pizza, celery, among others. This technology is continuously improving, and has the poten...	{ "page_id": 1515853, "title": "Food engineering" }
U.S. universities included food science and food technology in their curricula, and important works on food engineering appeared. Today, educational institutions throughout the world offer bachelors, masters, and doctoral degrees in food engineering. However, due to the unique character of food engineering, its trainin...	{ "page_id": 1515853, "title": "Food engineering" }
the emission of large quantities of waste and the pollution of water and air, which must be addressed by food engineers in the future development of food production and processing operations. Scientists and engineers are experimenting in different ways to create improved processes that reduce pollution, but these must ...	{ "page_id": 1515853, "title": "Food engineering" }
also == == References ==	{ "page_id": 1515853, "title": "Food engineering" }
Leukotriene A4 synthase may refer to: Arachidonate 5-lipoxygenase, an enzyme Arachidonate 12-lipoxygenase, an enzyme	{ "page_id": 38347088, "title": "Leukotriene A4 synthase" }
Archaeobiology, the study of the biology of ancient times through archaeological materials, is a subspecialty of archaeology. It can be seen as a blanket term for paleobotany, animal osteology, zooarchaeology, microbiology, and many other sub-disciplines. Specifically, plant and animal remains are also called ecofacts....	{ "page_id": 20324690, "title": "Archaeobiology" }
Bacteria are prokaryotic microorganisms, while protists are a group of eukaryotic organisms. Because both are microorganisms, both fall under the study of microbiology and special techniques are required for archaeologists to even see them. Archaeologists, in order to find these microorganisms in a site, have to first ...	{ "page_id": 20324690, "title": "Archaeobiology" }
used in archaeology to determine the age, gender, and ethnicity of the remains. It is also helpful to rebuild past societies’ cultural background. Osteology shares past activities pursued by the ancient cultures including human and animal migrations as well as warfare. Using the remains from the past can help modern ar...	{ "page_id": 20324690, "title": "Archaeobiology" }
Self-play is a technique for improving the performance of reinforcement learning agents. Intuitively, agents learn to improve their performance by playing "against themselves". == Definition and motivation == In multi-agent reinforcement learning experiments, researchers try to optimize the performance of a learning ag...	{ "page_id": 70721875, "title": "Self-play" }
the Cicero AI system to outperform humans at the game of Diplomacy. The technique is also used in training the DeepNash system to play the game Stratego. == Connections to other disciplines == Self-play has been compared to the epistemological concept of tabula rasa that describes the way that humans acquire knowledge ...	{ "page_id": 70721875, "title": "Self-play" }
Neurotrophin mimetics are small molecules or peptide like molecules that can modulate the action of the neurotrophin receptor. One of the main causes of neurodegeneration involves changes in the expression of neurotrophins (NTs) and/or their receptors (TrkA, TrkB, TrkC and p75NTR). Indeed, these imbalances or changes i...	{ "page_id": 70852946, "title": "Neurotrophin mimetics" }
3 clinical trial of 5% and 1% tavilermide ophthalmic solutions for the treatment of dry eye was completed in 2020 (NCT03925727), with positive results concerning safety and efficacy. Recent studies demonstrated the neurotrophic activity of carvacrol by inducing neurite outgrowth and phosphorylation of TrkA in cells dep...	{ "page_id": 70852946, "title": "Neurotrophin mimetics" }
disease (HD) models together with antioxidant activity and enhancement of motor neuronal survival, motor function and spine density in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) model. The benzothiazole riluzole exerts neuroprotective effects by increasing BDNF and GDNF levels with improvement of motor neuron survival. It has...	{ "page_id": 70852946, "title": "Neurotrophin mimetics" }
to highlight the small non-peptide molecules LM22A-24 and LM11A-31 developed by Longo and Massa. Through the modulation of p75NTR activity, these compounds downregulate degenerative and upregulate trophic signaling. In particular, LM11A-31 was found to inhibit several pathophysiological mechanisms involved in AD and re...	{ "page_id": 70852946, "title": "Neurotrophin mimetics" }
activity in primary cultured rat cortical by enhancing the BDNF expression. Merrilactone A, jiadifenin, jiadifenolide, (1R,10S)-2-oxo-3,4-dehydroxyneomajucin, jiadifenoxolane A, (2R)-hydroxynorneomajucin, 11-O-debenzoyltashironin,tricycloillicinone, and bicycloillicinone, natural products of the Illicium family have be...	{ "page_id": 70852946, "title": "Neurotrophin mimetics" }
Batter is a flour mixture with liquid and other ingredients such as sugar, salt, egg, milk and leavening used for cooking. Batters are a pourable consistency that cannot be kneaded. Batter is most often used for pancakes and as a coating for fried foods. It is also used for a variety of batter breads. The word batter c...	{ "page_id": 47849814, "title": "Batter (cooking)" }
be made from merely flour, beer, and some salt. The purpose of using beer is so the bubbles in the beer will add body and lightness to the batter. Depending on the type and quality of the beer, it may also add colour or some flavour to the batter. The practice of beer battering is popular in Australia, New Zealand, the...	{ "page_id": 47849814, "title": "Batter (cooking)" }
In theoretical physics, a rational conformal field theory is a special type of two-dimensional conformal field theory with a finite number of conformal primaries. In these theories, all dimensions (and the central charge) are rational numbers that can be computed from the consistency conditions of conformal field theor...	{ "page_id": 2695510, "title": "Rational conformal field theory" }
In chemistry, decarbonylation is a type of organic reaction that involves the loss of carbon monoxide (CO). It is often an undesirable reaction, since it represents a degradation. In the chemistry of metal carbonyls, decarbonylation describes a substitution process, whereby a CO ligand is replaced by another ligand. ==...	{ "page_id": 28123482, "title": "Decarbonylation" }
in the formation of a rhodium carbonyl complex rather than free carbon monoxide.) This reaction is generally carried out on small scale in the course of a complex natural product total synthesis, because although this reaction is very efficient at slightly elevated temperatures (e.g., 80 °C) when stoichiometric rhodium...	{ "page_id": 28123482, "title": "Decarbonylation" }
trimethylamine N-oxide: Me3NO + L + Fe(CO)5 → Me3N + CO2 + LFe(CO)4 == References ==	{ "page_id": 28123482, "title": "Decarbonylation" }
tert-Butylhydroquinone (TBHQ, tertiary butylhydroquinone, tBHQ) is a synthetic aromatic organic compound which is a type of phenol. It is a derivative of hydroquinone, substituted with a tert-butyl group. == Applications == === Food preservative === In foods, TBHQ is used as an antioxidant preservative for unsaturated ...	{ "page_id": 5316962, "title": "Tert-Butylhydroquinone" }
for TBHQ and other phenolic antioxidants (TBHQ was one of several, and not the most potent) and reduction of nitrosamine-induced carcinogenesis (likely due to phase II enzyme induction via Nrf2). The EFSA considers TBHQ to be noncarcinogenic. A 1986 review of scientific literature concerning the toxicity of TBHQ determ...	{ "page_id": 5316962, "title": "Tert-Butylhydroquinone" }
In computational chemistry, orbital-free density functional theory (OFDFT) is a quantum mechanical approach to electronic structure determination which is based on functionals of the electronic density. It is most closely related to the Thomas–Fermi model. Orbital-free density functional theory is, at present, less acc...	{ "page_id": 28320099, "title": "Orbital-free density functional theory" }
orbitals. == Thomas-Fermi (TF) kinetic energy == One of the first attempts to do this (even before the formulation of the Hohenberg–Kohn theorem) was the Thomas–Fermi model (1927), which wrote the kinetic energy as T TF [ n ] = 3 10 ( 3 π 2 ) 2 3 ⏟ C T F ∫ [ n ( r ) ] 5 3 d 3 r . {\displaystyle T_{\text{TF}}[n]=\underb...	{ "page_id": 28320099, "title": "Orbital-free density functional theory" }
the real system of interacting electrons to the artificial Kohn-Sham (KS) system of noninteracting electrons, the Pauli kinetic energy links the KS system to the fictitious system noninteracting model bosons. In the same way as the KS interacting energy it is highy KS-orbital dependent and must be in practice approxima...	{ "page_id": 28320099, "title": "Orbital-free density functional theory" }
d^{3}rd^{3}r'n(\mathbf {r} )^{\alpha }K[n](r,r')n(\mathbf {r} ')^{\beta }} where α {\displaystyle \alpha } and β {\displaystyle \beta } are arbitrary fractional exponents, K [ n ] ( r , r ′ ) {\displaystyle K[n](r,r')} is a nonlocal KEDF kernel and C NL {\displaystyle C_{\text{NL}}} some constant. == Levy-Perdew-Sahni ...	{ "page_id": 28320099, "title": "Orbital-free density functional theory" }
W [ n ] δ n ( r ) ⏟ v v W ( r ) + v S ( r ) + δ T P [ n ] δ n ( r ) ⏟ v P ( r ) = μ {\displaystyle \underbrace {\frac {\delta T_{vW}[n]}{\delta n(\mathbf {r} )}} _{v_{vW}(\mathbf {r} )}+v_{S}(\mathbf {r} )+\underbrace {\frac {\delta T_{P}[n]}{\delta n(\mathbf {r} )}} _{v_{P}(\mathbf {r} )}=\mu } . Expanding the functio...	{ "page_id": 28320099, "title": "Orbital-free density functional theory" }
B ( r ) {\displaystyle {\bigg (}-{\frac {1}{2}}\Delta +v_{B}(\mathbf {r} ){\bigg )}\phi _{B}(\mathbf {r} )=\mu \phi _{B}(\mathbf {r} )} . Note that the normalization constraint in Bra–ket notation ⟨ ϕ B \| ϕ B ⟩ = 1 {\displaystyle \langle \phi _{B}\|\phi _{B}\rangle =1} holds, since N [ n ] = ∫ n ( r ) d 3 r {\displaysty...	{ "page_id": 28320099, "title": "Orbital-free density functional theory" }
Meme Man, sometimes also referred to as Mr. Succ or the Stonks guy, is a character often featured in internet memes. He is depicted as a 3D render of a smooth, bald, and often disembodied blue-eyed male head. He was popularized in the mid-2010s by the artist "Special meme fresh", and became a common character in many s...	{ "page_id": 68362596, "title": "Meme Man" }
multiplayer video game Fortnite released a "Diamond Hanz" skin, based on the design of Meme Man, as a joke for April Fools Day. == See also == Rage comic – A meme which uses copies of black-and-white Microsoft Paint illustrations to illustrate emotional states Vaporwave – A microgenre of electronic music, and visual ar...	{ "page_id": 68362596, "title": "Meme Man" }
Dysgeusia, also known as parageusia, is a distortion of the sense of taste. Dysgeusia is also often associated with ageusia, which is the complete lack of taste, and hypogeusia, which is a decrease in taste sensitivity. An alteration in taste or smell may be a secondary process in various disease states, or it may be t...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
the mouth. Saliva mediates sour and sweet tastes through bicarbonate ions and glutamate, respectively. The salt taste is induced when sodium chloride levels surpass the concentration in the saliva. It has been reported that 50% of chemotherapy patients have had either dysgeusia or another form of taste impairment. Exam...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
and maintenance of normal taste buds". === Taste Modifiers === Miraculin Found in miracle berries, sweetens nonsweet food and beverages. Gymnema sylvestre Blocks the ability to taste sweetness. === Drugs === There are also a wide variety of drugs that can trigger dysgeusia, including zopiclone, H1-antihistamines, such ...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
case study, 22% of patients who were experiencing a bladder obstruction were also experiencing dysgeusia. Dysgeusia was eliminated in 100% of these patients once the obstruction was removed. Although it is uncertain what the relationship between bladder relief and dysgeusia entails, it has been observed that the areas ...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
tongue. The salivary glands are responsible for keeping the taste buds moist with saliva. A single taste bud is composed of four types of cells, and each taste bud has between 30 and 80 cells. Type I cells are thinly shaped, usually in the periphery of other cells. They also contain high amounts of chromatin. Type II c...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
stimuli can be used. In regional testing, 20 to 50 μL of liquid stimulus is presented to the anterior and posterior tongue using a pipette, soaked filter-paper disks, or cotton swabs. In whole mouth testing, small quantities (2-10 mL) of solution are administered, and the patient is asked to swish the solution around i...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
of NaCl, sucrose, citric acid and quinine-HCl stimuli, and the loudness of 1000 Hz tones. Other tests include identification or discrimination of common taste substances. Topical anesthesia of the tongue has been reported to be of use in the diagnosis of dysgeusia as well, since it has been shown to relieve the symptom...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
tastes to the receptor and protection of the taste receptor. Typical clinical investigations involve sialometry and sialochemistry. Studies have shown that electron micrographs of taste receptors obtained from saliva samples indicate pathological changes in the taste buds of patients with dysgeusia and other gustatory ...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
to the control group, suggesting that zinc may be a beneficial treatment. The efficacy of zinc, however, has been ambiguous in the past. In a second study, 94% of patients who were provided with zinc supplementation did not experience any improvement in their condition. This ambiguity is most likely due to small sample...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
an effect on the development of taste disorders in cancer patients. An excess amount of zinc in the body can have negative effects on the immune system, and physicians must use caution when administering zinc to immunocompromised cancer patients. Because taste disorders can have detrimental effects on a patient's quali...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
lipoic acid (ALA) is an antioxidant that is made naturally by human cells. It can also be administered in capsules or can be found in foods such as red meat, organ meats, and yeast. Like other antioxidants, it functions by ridding the body of harmful free radicals that can cause damage to tissues and organs. It has an ...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
teeth and utilizing mouthwash, or using sialogogues such as sugar-free gum or sour-tasting drops that stimulate the production of saliva. When taste is impeded, the food experience can also be improved through means other than taste, such as texture, aroma, temperature, and color. === Psychological impacts === People w...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
looking into the mechanisms underlying the key receptors on taste cells, and applying this knowledge to the future of medications and artificial food products. Meanwhile, the Taste and Smell Clinic at the University of Connecticut Health Center is integrating behavioral, neurophysiological, and genetic studies involvin...	{ "page_id": 205156, "title": "Dysgeusia" }
Falanja (فلنجه) is a red seed (perhaps the seed of cubeb) used in the making of perfumes. It was used to make perfumes by women in the court of Jahangir (1605–1627). == References == Steingass, Francis Joseph (2007). A comprehensive Persian-English dictionary. Asian Educational Services, India. ISBN 978-81-206-0670-8.	{ "page_id": 28778853, "title": "Falanja" }
Electropolishing, also known as electrochemical polishing, anodic polishing, or electrolytic polishing (especially in the metallography field), is an electrochemical process that removes material from a metallic workpiece, reducing the surface roughness by levelling micro-peaks and valleys, improving the surface finish...	{ "page_id": 598373, "title": "Electropolishing" }
process in the production of semiconductors. As electropolishing can also be used to sterilize workpieces, the process plays an essential role in the food, medical, and pharmaceutical industries. It is commonly used in the post-production of large metal pieces such as those used in drums of washing machines, bodies of ...	{ "page_id": 598373, "title": "Electropolishing" }
See also == Corrosion Electrochemistry Electroetching Electroplating Passivation (chemistry) Polishing (metalworking) Stainless steel Surface finishing == References ==	{ "page_id": 598373, "title": "Electropolishing" }
Clouding agents or cloudifiers are a type of food additive used to make beverages such as fruit juices to look more cloudy, and thus more natural-looking and visually appealing, typically by creating an emulsion of oil droplets. Natural fruit juices are often opalescent, due to protein, oil or pectin particles from pla...	{ "page_id": 31924586, "title": "Clouding agent" }
Methylfuran may refer to: 2-Methylfuran 3-Methylfuran	{ "page_id": 19145066, "title": "Methylfuran" }
The molecular formula C14H21N3O3S (molar mass: 311.400 g/mol, exact mass: 311.1304 u) may refer to: Metahexamide Tolazamide	{ "page_id": 24715628, "title": "C14H21N3O3S" }
A clonogenic assay is a cell biology technique for studying the effectiveness of specific agents on the survival and proliferation of cells. It is frequently used in cancer research laboratories to determine the effect of drugs or radiation on proliferating tumor cells as well as for titration of Cell-killing Particles...	{ "page_id": 532846, "title": "Clonogenic assay" }
Particular numbers of cells are plated depending on the experiment; for an experiment involving irradiation it is usual to plate larger numbers of cells with increasing dose of radiation. For example, at a dose of 0 or 1 gray of radiation, 500 cells might be plated, but at 4 or 5 gray, 2500 might be plated, since very ...	{ "page_id": 532846, "title": "Clonogenic assay" }
some studies involve the effect of the expression of particular genes or receptors on the cell, the responses of different cell types, or synergistic effects of multiple drugs. == See also == Cancer Microbiology Oncology Radiation Oncology Radiology == References ==	{ "page_id": 532846, "title": "Clonogenic assay" }
4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase may refer to: 4-hydroxyphenylpyruvate dioxygenase 4-hydroxymandelate synthase	{ "page_id": 38347122, "title": "4-Hydroxyphenylpyruvate:oxygen oxidoreductase" }
Molly R. Morris is an American behavioral ecologist who has worked with treefrogs and swordtail fishes in the areas of alternative reproductive tactics and sexual selection. Morris received a Bachelor of Arts from Earlham College and a PhD from Indiana University. As a National Science Foundation postdoctoral fellow at...	{ "page_id": 50995575, "title": "Molly R. Morris" }
Molly R.; Rios-Cardenas, Oscar; Lyons, Susan M; Scarlett Tudor, M.; Bono, Lisa M. (2012). "Fluctuating asymmetry indicates the optimization of growth rate over developmental stability". Functional Ecology. 26 (3): 723–731. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2435.2012.01983.x. Morris, Molly. R.; Friebertshauser, R. J.; Rios-Cardenas, O...	{ "page_id": 50995575, "title": "Molly R. Morris" }
The ruby fluorescence pressure scale is an optical method to measure pressure within a sample chamber of a diamond anvil cell apparatus. Since it is an optical method, which fully make use of the transparency of diamond anvils and only requires an access to a small scale laser generator, it has become the most prevalen...	{ "page_id": 60170617, "title": "Ruby pressure scale" }
Among pnictogen group Lewis acidic compounds, unusual lewis acidity of Lewis acidic antimony compounds have long been exploited as both stable conjugate acids of non-coordinating anions (SbF−6 and Sb2F−11), and strong Lewis acid counterparts of well-known superacids (magic acids, fluoroantimonic acid). Also, Lewis-acid...	{ "page_id": 65216890, "title": "Lewis acidic antimony compounds" }
Sb(C6F5)3 as shown in its electrostatic potential map, corresponding to higher Lewis acidity (the FIA of Sb(C6F5)3(o-O2C6Cl4) and Sb(C6F5)3 are 116 and 89 kcal/mol, respectively). == Structure of Lewis acidic antimony compounds == Lewis acidic antimony complexes with a variety of oxidation states and coordination numbe...	{ "page_id": 65216890, "title": "Lewis acidic antimony compounds" }
located in axial positions and the Sb–O bond distance (2.102(2) Å) is similar to the sum of the covalent radii of Sb and O (2.05 Å). In the distorted octahedral [SbPh3(dmap)2(OTf)]+, the Sb–N distance with the dmap (2.222(2) Å) is shorter than reported N–Sb+ distances. This bond distance implies Lewis adduct formation....	{ "page_id": 65216890, "title": "Lewis acidic antimony compounds" }
enantiomers and 7·F− has two diastereomers and four enantiomers. A bisantimony complex (9) is synthesized starting from xanthene. 9 has C2 symmetry and the Sb–Sb distance is 4.7805(7) Å. Both antimony(V) centers have distorted square pyramidal geometry with the geometry index τ5 = 0.08. The base planes of the antimony ...	{ "page_id": 65216890, "title": "Lewis acidic antimony compounds" }
Z-type ligands. Owing to the strong σ-accepting ability of dicationic Sb ligand, a gold-antimony complex can catalyze styrene polymerization and hydroamination after being activated by AgNTf2. == See also == Antimony Organoantimony chemistry Superacid == References ==	{ "page_id": 65216890, "title": "Lewis acidic antimony compounds" }
Phycotechnology refers to the technological applications of algae, both microalgae and macroalgae. == Uses == === Sewage reclamation === Currently micro-algae are being exploited for environmental protection as the species of Chlorella, Chlamydomonas, and Scenedesmus carry out selective uptake, accumulation and biodegr...	{ "page_id": 51388795, "title": "Phycotechnology" }
Systema Mycologicum is a systematic classification of fungi drawn up in 1821 by the Swedish mycologist and botanist Elias Fries. It took 11 years to complete. == References == == External links == Systema Mycologicum at biodiversitylibrary.org	{ "page_id": 27861372, "title": "Systema Mycologicum" }
ArachnoServer is a database storing information on the protein toxins from spider venoms. == References == == External links == Official website	{ "page_id": 30351741, "title": "ArachnoServer" }
Thermodynamics is expressed by a mathematical framework of thermodynamic equations which relate various thermodynamic quantities and physical properties measured in a laboratory or production process. Thermodynamics is based on a fundamental set of postulates, that became the laws of thermodynamics. == Introduction == ...	{ "page_id": 1515898, "title": "Thermodynamic equations" }
extensive parameters (except entropy) are generally conserved in some way as long as the system is "insulated" to changes to that parameter from the outside. The truth of this statement for volume is trivial, for particles one might say that the total particle number of each atomic element is conserved. In the case of ...	{ "page_id": 1515898, "title": "Thermodynamic equations" }
second law of thermodynamics specifies that the equilibrium state that it moves to is in fact the one with the greatest entropy. Once we know the entropy as a function of the extensive variables of the system, we will be able to predict the final equilibrium state. (Callen 1985) == Notation == Some of the most common t...	{ "page_id": 1515898, "title": "Thermodynamic equations" }
W {\displaystyle \delta W} is the infinitesimal work done by the system. The first law is the law of conservation of energy. The symbol δ {\displaystyle \delta } instead of the plain d, originated in the work of German mathematician Carl Gottfried Neumann and is used to denote an inexact differential and to indicate th...	{ "page_id": 1515898, "title": "Thermodynamic equations" }
referred to as the fourth law. == The fundamental equation == The first and second law of thermodynamics are the most fundamental equations of thermodynamics. They may be combined into what is known as fundamental thermodynamic relation which describes all of the changes of thermodynamic state functions of a system of ...	{ "page_id": 1515898, "title": "Thermodynamic equations" }
the following identifications can be made: ( ∂ U ∂ S ) V , { N i } = T {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial S}}\right)_{V,\{N_{i}\}}=T} ( ∂ U ∂ V ) S , { N i } = − p {\displaystyle \left({\frac {\partial U}{\partial V}}\right)_{S,\{N_{i}\}}=-p} ( ∂ U ∂ N i ) S , V , { N j ≠ i } = μ i {\displaystyle \left({...	{ "page_id": 1515898, "title": "Thermodynamic equations" }
the same Second-Law principle that gives rise to energy minimization under restricted conditions: that the total entropy of the system and its environment is maximized in equilibrium. The intensive parameters give the derivatives of the environment entropy with respect to the extensive properties of the system. The fou...	{ "page_id": 1515898, "title": "Thermodynamic equations" }
be expressed as: d Φ = ∑ i ∂ Φ ∂ X i d X i {\displaystyle d\Phi =\sum _{i}{\frac {\partial \Phi }{\partial X_{i}}}dX_{i}} where the X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} are the natural variables of the potential. If γ i {\displaystyle \gamma _{i}} is conjugate to X i {\displaystyle X_{i}} then we have the equations of state for t...	{ "page_id": 1515898, "title": "Thermodynamic equations" }
energy, it follows that: 0 = S d T − V d p + ∑ i N i d μ i {\displaystyle 0=SdT-Vdp+\sum _{i}N_{i}d\mu _{i}} which is known as the Gibbs-Duhem relationship. The Gibbs-Duhem is a relationship among the intensive parameters of the system. It follows that for a simple system with r components, there will be r+1 independen...	{ "page_id": 1515898, "title": "Thermodynamic equations" }
, N or S , N {\displaystyle \beta _{T{\text{ or }}S}=-{1 \over V}\left({\partial V \over \partial p}\right)_{T,N{\text{ or }}S,N}} Specific heat (per-particle) at constant pressure or constant volume c p or V = T N ( ∂ S ∂ T ) p or V {\displaystyle c_{p{\text{ or }}V}={\frac {T}{N}}\left({\partial S \over \partial T}\r...	{ "page_id": 1515898, "title": "Thermodynamic equations" }
is the enthalpy of vaporization at a provided temperature by measuring the slope of a saturation curve on a pressure vs. temperature graph. It also allows us to determine the specific volume of a saturated vapor and liquid at that provided temperature. In the equation below, L {\displaystyle L} represents the specific ...	{ "page_id": 1515898, "title": "Thermodynamic equations" }
York: Dover Publications, Inc. (reprinted from Oxford University Press, 1978) Lewis, G.N.; Randall, M. (1961). Thermodynamics (2nd ed.). New York: McGraw-Hill Book Company. Schroeder, Daniel V. (2000). Thermal Physics. San Francisco: Addison Wesley Longman. ISBN 978-0-201-38027-9. Silbey, Robert J.; et al. (2004). Phys...	{ "page_id": 1515898, "title": "Thermodynamic equations" }
Gallate may refer to: gallic acid salt, a salt or ester of gallic acid gallium salt, a salt containing oxyanions of gallium	{ "page_id": 2236798, "title": "Gallate" }
The International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors (also known by the acronym ICPS) is a biennial conference series on semiconductor science. This biennial meeting is the premier forum for reporting all aspects of semiconductor physics including electronic, structural, optical, magnetic and transport propert...	{ "page_id": 21242233, "title": "International Conference on the Physics of Semiconductors" }
In statistics and, in particular, in the fitting of linear or logistic regression models, the elastic net is a regularized regression method that linearly combines the L1 and L2 penalties of the lasso and ridge methods. Nevertheless, elastic net regularization is typically more accurate than both methods with regard to...	{ "page_id": 34021763, "title": "Elastic net regularization" }
0 , λ 2 = λ {\displaystyle \lambda _{1}=0,\lambda _{2}=\lambda } . Meanwhile, the naive version of elastic net method finds an estimator in a two-stage procedure : first for each fixed λ 2 {\displaystyle \lambda _{2}} it finds the ridge regression coefficients, and then does a LASSO type shrinkage. This kind of estimat...	{ "page_id": 34021763, "title": "Elastic net regularization" }
∈ R 2 p × n , y 2 ∈ { − 1 , 1 } 2 p , C ≥ 0. {\displaystyle X_{2}\in {\mathbb {R} }^{2p\times n},y_{2}\in \{-1,1\}^{2p},C\geq 0.} Here, y 2 {\displaystyle y_{2}} consists of binary labels − 1 , 1 {\displaystyle {-1,1}} . When 2 p > n {\displaystyle 2p>n} it is typically faster to solve the linear SVM in the primal, whe...	{ "page_id": 34021763, "title": "Elastic net regularization" }
class. SAS (software) The SAS procedure Glmselect and SAS Viya procedure Regselect support the use of elastic net regularization for model selection. == References == == Further reading == Hastie, Trevor; Tibshirani, Robert; Friedman, Jerome (2017). "Shrinkage Methods" (PDF). The Elements of Statistical Learning : Data...	{ "page_id": 34021763, "title": "Elastic net regularization" }
hPG80 refers to the extracellular and oncogenic version of progastrin. This name first appeared in a scientific publication in January 2020. Until that date, scientific publications only mention 'progastrin', without necessarily explicitly specifying whether it is intracellular (in the context of digestion) or extracel...	{ "page_id": 64758147, "title": "HPG80" }
and colon cancer cells. 1996 - 1997: hPG80 is identified as necessary for the proliferation and tumorigenesis of colon cancer cells. 2000 - 2001: The GAST gene is a target of the β-catenin/Tcf4 pathway. The presence of hPG80 is demonstrated in the plasma of colorectal cancer patients. 2003: hPG80 is involved in the dis...	{ "page_id": 64758147, "title": "HPG80" }
tumors. In the early 90s, it was shown that hPG80 was not fully matured in human colon cancer cell lines and, more importantly, that it was secreted by in vitro cells. These observations led to the study of autocrine and paracrine function of hPG80 in tumor cells. Generally, it has been shown that hPG80 does not mature...	{ "page_id": 64758147, "title": "HPG80" }
tumor metastasis prevention. In 2003, it was demonstrated that blocking hPG80 secretion by an antisense construction directed against progastrin mRNA allows restoration of membrane localization of tight and adherent junctions constituent proteins in a human colorectal carcinoma cell line DLD-1. hPG80 thus plays a role ...	{ "page_id": 64758147, "title": "HPG80" }
into normal intestinal stem cells is sufficient to trigger tumorigenesis. GAST gene which encodes hPG80 is activated by the Wnt oncogenic pathway. It is a downstream target of the β-catenin/Tcf-4 signaling pathway. Demonstration of the link between hPG80 and an oncogenic pathway has been described for K-Ras. Cell lines...	{ "page_id": 64758147, "title": "HPG80" }
is another important signaling messenger regulated by hPG80. Its involvement in mechanisms responsible for the anti-apoptotic effect of hPG80 has been demonstrated in pancreatic cancer cells in vitro and in vivo in mice overexpressing the GAST gene. JAK2 (Janus-activated kinase 2), STAT3 and kinases increases regulated...	{ "page_id": 64758147, "title": "HPG80" }
carboxy-terminal glycine-containing gastrin or amidated gastrin-17. Binding was not influenced by the presence of the classical CCK-2 receptor. It is clear from these two studies that there is a binding site/receptor for hPG80 that is distinct from binding to gastrin-17 amidated and to gastrin 17 with carboxy-terminal ...	{ "page_id": 64758147, "title": "HPG80" }
Colorectal cancer is not the only type of cancer to express hPG80. Its expression has also been demonstrated in ovarian cancers, liver tumors and pancreatic tumors. Thus, several types of tumors express the unmatured peptide. hPG80 can be detected and quantified in the blood of cancer patients. A first demonstration ha...	{ "page_id": 64758147, "title": "HPG80" }
with hepatocellular carcinoma treated with local or systemic therapies (Fig. 3). Measured hPG80 levels are relevant in patients for whom alpha-fetoprotein (AFP) is below 20 ng/ml, an established threshold in clinical practice. Depending on disease management, patients in remission have lower levels of hPG80 than those ...	{ "page_id": 64758147, "title": "HPG80" }
The Wang and Landau algorithm, proposed by Fugao Wang and David P. Landau, is a Monte Carlo method designed to estimate the density of states of a system. The method performs a non-Markovian random walk to build the density of states by quickly visiting all the available energy spectrum. The Wang and Landau algorithm i...	{ "page_id": 17506694, "title": "Wang and Landau algorithm" }

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