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Hjalmarsdottir, M. A., Gumundsdottir, P. F., Erlendsdottir, H., Kristinsson, K. G., & Haraldsson, G. (2016). Cocolonization of pneumococcal serotypes in healthy children attending day care centers: Molecular versus conventional methods. Pediatr Infect Dis J, 35(5), 477–480. Hjalmarsdottir, M. A., Petursdottir, B., Erle...	{ "page_id": 63316804, "title": "Martha Ásdís Hjálmarsdóttir" }
Relative species abundance is a component of biodiversity and is a measure of how common or rare a species is relative to other species in a defined location or community. Relative abundance is the percent composition of an organism of a particular kind relative to the total number of organisms in the area. Relative sp...	{ "page_id": 22422342, "title": "Relative species abundance" }
visualized in the form of relative abundance distribution plots. The consistency of relative species abundance patterns suggests that some common macroecological "rule" or process determines the distribution of individuals among species within a trophic level. === Distribution plots === Relative species abundance distr...	{ "page_id": 22422342, "title": "Relative species abundance" }
half (25%), the third, half of the remaining quarter (12.5%) and so forth. Although Motomura originally developed the model as a statistical (descriptive) means to plot observed abundances, the "discovery" of his paper by Western researchers in 1965 led to the model being used as a niche apportionment model – the "nich...	{ "page_id": 22422342, "title": "Relative species abundance" }
was eliminated. He also assumed that the total number of species in a community was infinite. Together, this produced the logseries distribution (Figure 4). The logseries predicts the number of species at different levels of abundance (n individuals) with the formula: S n = α x n n {\displaystyle S_{n}={\alpha \,\!x^{n...	{ "page_id": 22422342, "title": "Relative species abundance" }
random species sample. As the sample size increases however, the likelihood of collecting rare species in a way that accurately represents their abundance also increases, and more of the normal distribution becomes visible. The point at which rare species cease to be sampled has been termed Preston's veil line. As the ...	{ "page_id": 22422342, "title": "Relative species abundance" }
2003) ==== The Yule model is based on a much earlier, Galton–Watson model which was used to describe the distribution of species among genera. The Yule model assumes random branching of species trees, with each species (branch tip) having the equivalent probability of giving rise to new species or becoming extinct. As ...	{ "page_id": 22422342, "title": "Relative species abundance" }
arrive in a newly available location or through the development of a novel trait that allows access previously unavailable resources). Numerous niche apportionment models have been developed. Each make different assumptions about how species carve up niche-space. ==== Unified neutral theory (Hubbell 1979/2001) ==== The...	{ "page_id": 22422342, "title": "Relative species abundance" }
curve becomes flat (the community has infinite diversity and species abundances of one). Finally, when θ = 0 the community described consists of only one species (extreme dominance). ===== Fisher's alpha and Hubbell's theta – an interesting convergence ===== An unexpected result of the UNTB is that at very large sample...	{ "page_id": 22422342, "title": "Relative species abundance" }
John Henry Woodhouse is an English geophysicist, Emeritus Professor in the Department of Earth Sciences at the University of Oxford . He earned a Ph.D in 1975 in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics at Cambridge University. After 2 years at Scripps and Cambridge, he joined the Harvard faculty i...	{ "page_id": 57680714, "title": "John Woodhouse (geophysicist)" }
Peritoneal washing is a procedure used to look for malignant cells, i.e. cancer, in the peritoneum. Peritoneal washes are routinely done to stage abdominal and pelvic tumours, e.g. ovarian cancer. == See also == Peritoneal lavage == Additional images == == References == == External links == Peritoneal washing	{ "page_id": 26420043, "title": "Peritoneal washing" }
In condensed matter physics, the resonating valence bond theory (RVB) is a theoretical model that attempts to describe high-temperature superconductivity, and in particular the superconductivity in cuprate compounds. It was proposed by P. W. Anderson and Ganapathy Baskaran in 1987. The theory states that in copper oxid...	{ "page_id": 35398475, "title": "Resonating valence bond theory" }
superconducting phase transition per the Kosterlitz–Thouless mechanism. However, a rigorous proof for the existence of a superconducting ground state in either the Hubbard or the t-J Hamiltonian is not yet known. Further the stability of the RVB ground state has not yet been confirmed. == References ==	{ "page_id": 35398475, "title": "Resonating valence bond theory" }
The Glasser effect describes the creation of singularities in the flow field of a magnetically confined plasma when small resonant perturbations modify the gradient of the pressure field. == External links == Physics of magnetically confined plasmas Archived 2016-06-03 at the Wayback Machine	{ "page_id": 3810122, "title": "Glasser effect" }
The Divertor Tokamak Test (DTT) is a planned superconducting tokamak currently under construction in Frascati, Italy. It is set to be operated by the Italian government-sponsored research and development agency, ENEA, and will serve as a testbed for the construction of a DEMOnstration Power Plant. Its primary focus is ...	{ "page_id": 76161867, "title": "Divertor Tokamak Test" }
Twisted geometries are discrete geometries that play a role in loop quantum gravity and spin foam models, where they appear in the semiclassical limit of spin networks. A twisted geometry can be visualized as collections of polyhedra dual to the nodes of the spin network's graph. Intrinsic and extrinsic curvatures are ...	{ "page_id": 33104716, "title": "Twisted geometries" }
Crithidia fasciculata is a species of parasitic excavates. C. fasciculata, like other species of Crithidia have a single host life cycle with insect host, in the case of C. fasciculata this is the mosquito. C. fasciculata have low host species specificity and can infect many species of mosquito. == Life cycle == C. fas...	{ "page_id": 12591953, "title": "Crithidia fasciculata" }
parasitic species C. fasciculata requires a high nutrient content broth (including heme and folic acid) in which to grow under laboratory conditions. == References == Oliver Wilford Olsen (1986). Animal parasites: their life cycles and ecology. Mineola, N.Y: Dover. ISBN 0-486-65126-6. == Further reading == Awadelkariem...	{ "page_id": 12591953, "title": "Crithidia fasciculata" }
The Hopkinson effect is a feature of ferromagnetic or ferrimagnetic materials, in which an increase in magnetic susceptibility is observed at temperatures between the blocking temperature and the Curie temperature of the material. The Hopkinson effect can be observed as a peak in thermomagnetic curves that immediately ...	{ "page_id": 50013014, "title": "Hopkinson effect" }
The Dieckmann condensation is the intramolecular chemical reaction of diesters with base to give β-keto esters. It is named after the German chemist Walter Dieckmann (1869–1925). The equivalent intermolecular reaction is the Claisen condensation. Dieckmann condensations are highly effective routes to 5-, 6-, and 7-memb...	{ "page_id": 3875671, "title": "Dieckmann condensation" }
The term building engineering physics was introduced in a report released in January 2010 commissioned by The Royal Academy of Engineering (RAeng). The report, entitled Engineering a Low Carbon Built Environment: The Discipline of Building Engineering Physics, presents the initiative of many at the Royal Academy of Eng...	{ "page_id": 26616666, "title": "Building engineering physics" }
the need for energy independence and sustainability has prompted governments across the globe to adopt firm carbon reducing standards. A significant way to meet these stringent standards is in the construction of buildings that minimize environmental impacts, as well as the refurbishing of older buildings to meet carbo...	{ "page_id": 26616666, "title": "Building engineering physics" }
Deep image prior is a type of convolutional neural network used to enhance a given image with no prior training data other than the image itself. A neural network is randomly initialized and used as prior to solve inverse problems such as noise reduction, super-resolution, and inpainting. Image statistics are captured ...	{ "page_id": 56173403, "title": "Deep image prior" }
= f θ ∗ ( z ) {\displaystyle x^{}=f_{\theta ^{}}(z)} . The minimizer θ ∗ {\displaystyle \theta ^{}} (typically a gradient descent) starts from a randomly initialized parameters and descends into a local best result to yield the x ∗ {\displaystyle x^{}} restoration function. ==== Overfitting ==== A parameter θ may b...	{ "page_id": 56173403, "title": "Deep image prior" }
n θ \| \| f θ ( z ) − x 0 \| \| 2 {\displaystyle min_{\theta }\|\|f_{\theta }(z)-x_{0}\|\|^{2}} . === Super-resolution === Super-resolution is used to generate a higher resolution version of image x. The data term is set to E ( x ; x 0 ) = \| \| d ( x ) − x 0 \| \| 2 {\displaystyle E(x;x_{0})=\|\|d(x)-x_{0}\|\|^{2}} where d(·) is a do...	{ "page_id": 56173403, "title": "Deep image prior" }
license: deep-image-prior A TensorFlow-based implementation written in Python 2 and released under the CC-SA 3.0 license: deep-image-prior-tensorflow A Keras-based implementation written in Python 2 and released under the GPLv3: machine_learning_denoising == Example == See Astronomy Picture of the Day (APOD) of 2024-02...	{ "page_id": 56173403, "title": "Deep image prior" }
Diacetyl reductase is the name of two acetoin forming enzymes: Diacetyl reductase ((R)-acetoin forming) Diacetyl reductase ((S)-acetoin forming) == See also == Acetoin dehydrogenase	{ "page_id": 11019102, "title": "Diacetyl reductase" }
LNAPL transmissivity is the discharge of light non-aqueous phase liquid (LNAPL) through a unit width of aquifer for a unit gradient. Scholars Alex Mayer and S. Majid Hassanizadeh define LNAPL transmissivity as the "product of the porous medium permeability and the LNAPL relative permeability, which in turn is a functio...	{ "page_id": 29172575, "title": "LNAPL transmissivity" }
IUCN protected area categories, or IUCN protected area management categories, are categories used to classify protected areas in a system developed by the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN). The enlisting of such areas is part of a strategy being used toward the conservation of the world's natural en...	{ "page_id": 31466336, "title": "IUCN protected area categories" }
area will often fall into category IV or V. === Category Ib – wilderness area === A wilderness area (IUCN Category Ib) is similar to a strict nature reserve, but generally larger and protected in a slightly less stringent manner. These areas are a protected domain in which biodiversity and ecosystem processes (includin...	{ "page_id": 31466336, "title": "IUCN protected area categories" }
of the protected area's native species and communities to enable them to sustain themselves in the long term. === Category III – natural monument or feature === A natural monument or feature (IUCN Category III) is a comparatively smaller area that is specifically allocated to protect a natural monument and its surround...	{ "page_id": 31466336, "title": "IUCN protected area categories" }
controlled to ensure the maintenance, conservation, and restoration of particular species and habitats—possibly through traditional means—and public education of such areas is widely encouraged as part of the management objectives. Habitat or species management areas may exist as a fraction of a wider ecosystem or prot...	{ "page_id": 31466336, "title": "IUCN protected area categories" }
that a proportion of the land mass remain in its natural condition—a decision to be made on a national level, usually with specificity to each protected area. Governance has to be developed to adapt the diverse—and possibly growing—range of interests that arise from the production of sustainable natural resources. Cate...	{ "page_id": 31466336, "title": "IUCN protected area categories" }
Physics Reports is a peer-reviewed scientific journal, a review section of Physics Letters that has been published by Elsevier since 1971. The journal publishes long and deep reviews on all aspects of physics. In average, the length of these reports is the same of a short book. These reports aim to make their main poin...	{ "page_id": 10363747, "title": "Physics Reports" }
In condensed matter physics, semi-Dirac fermions are a class of quasiparticles that are fermionic with the unusual property that their energy dispersion relation changes from quadratic to linear dependent on their direction of motion. Their theoretical properties have been studied prior to their observation in 2024. Th...	{ "page_id": 78586725, "title": "Semi-Dirac fermion" }
Patricia M. Heller is a retired American scholar of physics education, and an associate professor emerita at the University of Minnesota. She is known for her research on physics instructor attitudes and on cooperative learning, for which she received the Robert A. Millikan award of the American Association of Physics ...	{ "page_id": 78521190, "title": "Patricia Heller" }
The obstetrical dilemma is a hypothesis to explain why humans often require assistance from other humans during childbirth to avoid complications, whereas most non-human primates give birth unassisted with relatively little difficulty. This occurs due to the tight fit of the fetal head to the maternal birth canal, whic...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
scientists. == History == The term, obstetrical dilemma, was coined in 1960, by Sherwood Larned Washburn, a prominent early American physical anthropologist, in order to describe the evolutionary development of the human pelvis and its relation to childbirth and pregnancy in hominids and non-human primates. In the inte...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
and female pelvis stem from the selective pressures of childbearing and birth. Females must be able to carry out the process of childbirth but also be able to move bipedally. The human female pelvis has evolved to be as wide as possible while still being able to allow bipedal locomotion. The compromise between these tw...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
apart from one another than the ischium bones of a male. Differences in the sacrum between males and females can also be attributed to the needs of childbirth. The female sacrum is wider than the male sacrum. The female sacrum can also be observed as being shorter than the sacrum of a male. The difference in width can ...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
due to the need for bipedal locomotion while having the need for childbearing and childbirth in females. === Adaptations to ensure live birth === Early human ancestors, hominids, originally gave birth in a similar way that non-human primates do because early obligate quadrupedal individuals would have retained a simila...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
birth process. During delivery, neonatal rotation occurs when the body gets rotated to align head and shoulders transversely when entering the small pelvis, otherwise known as internal rotation. The fetus then rotates longitudinally to exit the birth canal, which is known as external rotation. In humans, the long axes ...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
must undergo specific movements to rotate itself in a certain position to be able to pass through the pelvis. These movements are referred to as the seven cardinal movements, which the infant rotates itself at the widest diameter of the pelvis to allow for the narrowest aspect of the fetal body to align with the narrow...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
sideways (facing the mother's thigh) to allow for the shoulder to fit through the birth canal. Expulsion is the final step of labor. During this stage, the anterior shoulder moves past the birth canal first then the posterior shoulder. Once both shoulders are out, the baby is delivered through the birth canal completel...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
mammals and primates suggest that there is a metabolic constraint on how large and energetically expensive a fetus can grow before it must leave the mother's body. It is thought that this shorter gestation period is an adaptation to ensure the survival of mother and child because it leads to altriciality. Neonatal brai...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
caring for their children as they develop whereas other species stand on their own from when they are born. The faster an infant develops, the higher the reproductive output of a female can be. So in humans, the cost of slow development of their infants is that humans reproduce relatively slowly. This phenomenon is als...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
determination of maternal metabolism as a key factor in the growth of the fetus. Maternal constraints could be largely due to thermal stress or energy availability. A larger brain mass in the neonate corresponds to more energy needed to sustain it. It takes much more energy for the mother if the brain fully develops in...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
causes deleterious effects: approximately 2.1x their basal metabolic rate. During pregnancy, the growing brain mass and length in the neonate correspond to more energy needed to sustain it. This results in a competing balance between the fetus's demand for energy and the maternal ability to meet that demand. At approxi...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
the 'obstetrical dilemma' and provide a detailed, more complex explanation for the tight fetopelvic fit observed in humans. They propose that the original obstetrical dilemma hypothesis remains valuable as a foundation to explain the complex combination of evolutionary, ecological, and biocultural pressures that constr...	{ "page_id": 2368360, "title": "Obstetrical dilemma" }
The proto-mitochondrion is the hypothetical ancestral bacterial endosymbiont from which all mitochondria in eukaryotes are thought to descend, after an episode of symbiogenesis which created the aerobic eukaryotes. == Phylogeny == The phylogenetic analyses of the few genes that are still encoded in the genomes of moder...	{ "page_id": 4662120, "title": "Proto-mitochondrion" }
The Steglich esterification is a variation of an esterification with dicyclohexylcarbodiimide as a coupling reagent and 4-dimethylaminopyridine as a catalyst. The reaction was first described by Wolfgang Steglich in 1978. It is an adaptation of an older method for the formation of amides by means of DCC (dicyclohexylca...	{ "page_id": 22553448, "title": "Steglich esterification" }
The Marschalk reaction in chemistry is the sodium dithionite promoted reaction of a phenolic anthraquinone with an aldehyde to yield a substituted phenolic anthraquinone after the addition of acid. The mechanism can be found in the book Named Reactions in Organic Chemistry, and its more intuitive version is provided be...	{ "page_id": 24453994, "title": "Marschalk reaction" }
The arsonium cation is a positively charged polyatomic ion with the chemical formula AsH+4. An arsonium salt is a salt containing either the arsonium (AsH+4) cation, such as arsonium bromide (AsH+4Br−) and arsonium iodide (AsH+4I−), which can be synthesized by reacting arsine with hydrogen bromide or hydrogen iodide. O...	{ "page_id": 54731628, "title": "Arsonium" }
Isorenieratene /ˌaɪsoʊrəˈnɪərətiːn/ is a carotenoid light-harvesting pigment produced exclusively by the genus Chlorobium, which are the brown-colored strains of the family of green sulfur bacteria (Chlorobiaceae). Green sulfur bacteria are anaerobic photoautotrophic organisms, meaning they perform photosynthesis in th...	{ "page_id": 31466349, "title": "Isorenieratene" }
speculated that isorenieratene and other related carotenoids are adaptations that help organisms live under low-light conditions. Green sulfur bacteria fix carbon through the reverse tricarboxylic acid cycle (TCA), resulting in the produced biomass, including isorenieratene, being anomalously enriched in carbon-13 (13C...	{ "page_id": 31466349, "title": "Isorenieratene" }
in modern environments. == Preservation and measurement == Isorenieratene is generally poorly-preserved because its structure is susceptible to alteration and degradation. Upon diagenesis and catagenesis, isorenieratene may be transformed and produce various related products that still indicate photic zone euxinia in t...	{ "page_id": 31466349, "title": "Isorenieratene" }
== Carotenoids Biomarker Green Sulfur Bacteria Euxinia == References ==	{ "page_id": 31466349, "title": "Isorenieratene" }
The Staudinger reaction is a chemical reaction of an organic azide with a phosphine or phosphite produces an iminophosphorane. The reaction was discovered by and named after Hermann Staudinger. The reaction follows this stoichiometry: R3P + R'N3 → R3P=NR' + N2 == Staudinger reduction == The Staudinger reduction is cond...	{ "page_id": 2237293, "title": "Staudinger reaction" }
Decaffeination is the removal of caffeine from coffee beans, cocoa, tea leaves, and other caffeine-containing materials. Decaffeinated products are commonly termed by the abbreviation decaf. To ensure product quality, manufacturers are required to test the newly decaffeinated coffee beans to make sure that caffeine con...	{ "page_id": 861039, "title": "Decaffeination" }
Handels-Aktien-Gesellschaft (Coffee Trading Company) in most of Europe, as Café Sanka in France and later as Sanka brand coffee in the United States. Café HAG and Sanka are now worldwide brands of Kraft Foods. Methods similar to those first developed by Roselius have continued to dominate, and are sometimes known as th...	{ "page_id": 861039, "title": "Decaffeination" }
efforts to make the process more "natural" and a true water-based process by finding ways to process the caffeine out of the water in ways that circumvent the use of organic solvents. ==== Swiss Water ==== An alternative method for removal of caffeine from coffee is the Swiss Water process. This process uses no organic...	{ "page_id": 861039, "title": "Decaffeination" }
the caffeine to the surface of the beans. Next, the beans are transferred to another container and immersed in coffee oils that were obtained from spent coffee grounds and left to soak. After several hours of high temperatures, the triglycerides in the oils remove the caffeine, but not the flavor elements, from the bea...	{ "page_id": 861039, "title": "Decaffeination" }
companies use high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) to measure how much caffeine remains in the coffee beans. However, since HPLC can be quite costly, some coffee companies are beginning to use other methods such as near-infrared (NIR) spectroscopy. Although HPLC is highly accurate, NIR spectroscopy is much fas...	{ "page_id": 861039, "title": "Decaffeination" }
coffee plants. == Decaffeinated tea == Tea may also be decaffeinated, usually by using processes analogous to the direct method or the CO2 process, as described above. Oxidizing tea leaves to create black tea or oolong tea leaves from green leaves does not affect the amount of caffeine in the tea, though tea-plant subs...	{ "page_id": 861039, "title": "Decaffeination" }
tannins accelerate blood clotting, reduce blood pressure, decrease the serum lipid level, and modulate immunoresponses. Certain processes during normal production might help to decrease the caffeine content directly, or simply lower the rate at which it is released throughout each infusion. In China, this is evident in...	{ "page_id": 861039, "title": "Decaffeination" }
"After-Birth Abortion: Why Should the Baby Live?" is a controversial article published by Francesca Minerva and Alberto Giubilini. Available online from 2012 and published in the Journal of Medical Ethics in 2013, it argues to call infanticide "after-birth abortion" and highlights similarities between abortion and euth...	{ "page_id": 34939760, "title": "After-Birth Abortion" }
be euthanised under these circumstances. In the words of Bertha Alvarez Manninen, in a paper also written in the Journal of Medical Ethics, "Alberto Giubilini and Francesca Minerva argue that because there are no significant differences between a fetus and a neonate, in that neither possess sufficiently robust mental t...	{ "page_id": 34939760, "title": "After-Birth Abortion" }
Igal Talmi (Hebrew: יגאל תלמי; born January 31, 1925) is an Israeli nuclear physicist. == Biography == Igal Talmi was born in 1925 in Kiev, Ukraine, then part of the Soviet Union. His family immigrated to Mandate Palestine later that year and settled in Kfar Yehezkel. After graduating from Gymnasia Herzliya in Tel Aviv...	{ "page_id": 15672176, "title": "Igal Talmi" }
with the late Amos de-Shalit, was a veritable bible of shell theory and the second, written some 30 years later, continued the tradition of being an exhaustive compendium of relevant results and derivations. === Nuclear physics research === Talmi's main field of research is the theory of nuclear structure. The atomic n...	{ "page_id": 15672176, "title": "Igal Talmi" }
awarded the Weizmann Prize of Tel Aviv Municipality. In 1965, awarded the Israel Prize in exact sciences, together with his colleague Professor Amos de-Shalit, for their work on "shell model" in nuclear physics. In 1971, received the Rothschild Prize. In 1972, elected Fellow of the American Physical Society. In 2000, a...	{ "page_id": 15672176, "title": "Igal Talmi" }
A plant cutting is a piece of a plant that is used in horticulture for vegetative (asexual) propagation. A piece of the stem or root of the source plant is placed in a suitable medium such as moist soil. If the conditions are suitable, the plant piece will begin to grow as a new plant independent of the parent, a proce...	{ "page_id": 2368371, "title": "Cutting (plant)" }
Asexual reproduction of plants is also evolutionarily advantageous as it allows plantlets to be better suited to their environment through retention of epigenetic memory, heritable patterns of phenotypic differences that are not due to changes in DNA but rather histone modification and DNA methylation. Epigenetic memor...	{ "page_id": 2368371, "title": "Cutting (plant)" }
that normally would not have any root formation and found that auxin induced root formation, thus determining auxin is necessary for root formation. Identification of this hormone has been important to industries that rely on vegetative propagation, as it is sometimes applied to fresh cuttings to stimulate root growth....	{ "page_id": 2368371, "title": "Cutting (plant)" }
length of stem cuttings are between 5–15 centimetres (2.0–5.9 in) for soft wood and between 20–25 centimetres (7.9–9.8 in) for hard wood. Soft wood cuttings do best when about two thirds of the foliage are removed, while hard wood stem cuttings need complete foliage removal. The cut needs to be done either immediately ...	{ "page_id": 2368371, "title": "Cutting (plant)" }
in water, or by preparing a tea from the bark of a willow tree. Shoots or bark do better when soaked for 24 hours prior to using. The extract obtained from the crushing of leaves and bulbs of coco-grass (Cyperus rotundus) is used as an excellent rooting of cuttings and seedlings of various plant species. Honey, though ...	{ "page_id": 2368371, "title": "Cutting (plant)" }
cutting that has the most chance of success with that particular plant species. == Improving results == There are ways of improving the growth of stem cutting propagations. Intensifying light allows cuttings to root and sprout faster, though the heat thus generated could cause the propagation material distress. Azalea ...	{ "page_id": 2368371, "title": "Cutting (plant)" }
while to prevent formation of molds (manually). === Air and soil temperature === Air temperature for softwood and semi-hardwood cuttings is optimal at around 70 °F (21.1 °C) but temperatures as low as 55 °F (12.7 °C) are acceptable. Heating the air above 75 °F (23.8 °C) stimulates the growth of pathogens. Ventilating (...	{ "page_id": 2368371, "title": "Cutting (plant)" }
violet) Begonia sp. Echeveria sp. (hens and chicks) Dracaena trifasciata (snake plant) Hoya sp. (waxflower) == In popular culture == The poet Theodore Roethke wrote about plant cuttings and root growth behavior in his poems "Cuttings" and "Cuttings (Later)" found in his book The Lost Son: And Other Poems. == See also =...	{ "page_id": 2368371, "title": "Cutting (plant)" }
In chemistry and physics, cohesion (from Latin cohaesiō 'cohesion, unity'), also called cohesive attraction or cohesive force, is the action or property of like molecules sticking together, being mutually attractive. It is an intrinsic property of a substance that is caused by the shape and structure of its molecules, ...	{ "page_id": 2237309, "title": "Cohesion (chemistry)" }
in a glass flask is a good example of the effects of the ratio between cohesive and adhesive forces. Because of its high cohesion and low adhesion to the glass, mercury does not spread out to cover the bottom of the flask, and if enough is placed in the flask to cover the bottom, it exhibits a strongly convex meniscus,...	{ "page_id": 2237309, "title": "Cohesion (chemistry)" }
1,2-alpha-mannosidase may refer to: alpha-Mannosidase, an enzyme Mannosyl-oligosaccharide 1,2-alpha-mannosidase, an enzyme	{ "page_id": 39068542, "title": "1,2-alpha-mannosidase" }
Common Voice is a crowdsourcing project started by Mozilla to create a free and open speech corpus. The project is supported by volunteers who record sample sentences with a microphone and review recordings of other users. The transcribed sentences are collected in a voice database available under the public domain lic...	{ "page_id": 55976831, "title": "Common Voice" }
also == Forvo Lingua Libre Crowdsource (app) == References ==	{ "page_id": 55976831, "title": "Common Voice" }
The United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority Constabulary was the armed security police force of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. The force existed for 50 years, operating from 1955, until 1 April 2005. == Establishment == The constabulary was established under the provisions of the Atomic Energy Authority Act...	{ "page_id": 1385343, "title": "UK Atomic Energy Authority Constabulary" }
Joseph Leonard Goldstein ForMemRS (born April 18, 1940) is an American biochemist. He received the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1985, along with fellow University of Texas Southwestern researcher, Michael Brown, for their studies regarding cholesterol. They discovered that human cells have low-density lipop...	{ "page_id": 1319809, "title": "Joseph L. Goldstein" }
the SREBPs from membranes, thus allowing their migration to the nucleus where they activate all the genes involved in the synthesis of cholesterol and fatty acids. The machinery for generating active SREBPs is tightly regulated by a negative feedback mechanism, which explains how cells maintain the necessary levels of ...	{ "page_id": 1319809, "title": "Joseph L. Goldstein" }
the Lasker Awards. Among his professional activities, Goldstein is a member of the Board of Trustees of The Howard Hughes Medical Institute and of The Rockefeller University, where he was elected as a Life Trustee in 2015. He also serves as chairman of the Board of Scientific Counselors of the Broad Institute, and is a...	{ "page_id": 1319809, "title": "Joseph L. Goldstein" }
A fixative is a substance used to equalize the vapor pressures, and thus the volatilities, of the raw materials in a perfume oil, and to increase the perfume's odour tenacity. In simple words, fixatives increase the time for which the scent of a perfume lasts. Fixatives can be resinoids (e.g. benzoin, labdanum, myrrh, ...	{ "page_id": 2171777, "title": "Fixative (perfumery)" }
The Acheson process is a method of synthesizing silicon carbide (SiC) and graphite invented by Edward Goodrich Acheson and patented by him in 1896. == Process == The process consists of heating a mixture of silicon dioxide (SiO2), in the form of silica or quartz sand, and carbon, in its elemental form as powdered coke,...	{ "page_id": 33956742, "title": "Acheson process" }
Acheson developed an efficient electric furnace based on resistive heating, the design of which is the basis of most silicon carbide manufacturing today. == Commercial Production == The first commercial plant using the Acheson process was built by Acheson in Niagara Falls, New York, where hydroelectric plants nearby co...	{ "page_id": 33956742, "title": "Acheson process" }
process is 99.5%. == Uses == Silicon carbide was a useful material in jewelry making due to its abrasive properties, and this was the first commercial application of the Acheson process. In the 1940s, first the Manhattan Project and then the Soviet atomic bomb project adopted Acheson process for nuclear graphite manufa...	{ "page_id": 33956742, "title": "Acheson process" }
Specific force (SF) is a mass-specific quantity defined as the quotient of force per unit mass. S F = F / m {\displaystyle \mathrm {SF} =F/m} It is a physical quantity of kind acceleration, with dimension of length per time squared and units of metre per second squared (m·s−2). It is normally applied to forces other th...	{ "page_id": 15868806, "title": "Specific force" }
the acceleration relative to free-fall, not the "standard" acceleration that is relative to a coordinate system. == Hydraulics == In open channel hydraulics, specific force ( F s {\displaystyle F_{s}} ) has a different meaning: F s = Q 2 g A + z A {\displaystyle F_{s}={\frac {Q^{2}}{gA}}+zA} where Q is the discharge, g...	{ "page_id": 15868806, "title": "Specific force" }
Cinnamic acid is an organic compound with the formula C6H5-CH=CH-COOH. It is a white crystalline compound that is slightly soluble in water, and freely soluble in many organic solvents. Classified as an unsaturated carboxylic acid, it occurs naturally in a number of plants. It exists as both a cis and a trans isomer, a...	{ "page_id": 926601, "title": "Cinnamic acid" }
the following scheme == Metabolism == Cinnamic acid, obtained from autoxidation of cinnamaldehyde, is metabolized into sodium benzoate in the liver. == Uses == Cinnamic acid is used in flavorings, synthetic indigo, and certain pharmaceuticals. A major use is as a precursor to produce methyl cinnamate, ethyl cinnamate, ...	{ "page_id": 926601, "title": "Cinnamic acid" }
Ecological urbanism draws from ecology to inspire an urbanism that is more socially inclusive and sensitive to the environment. It is less ideologically driven than green urbanism or sustainable urbanism. In many ways, ecological urbanism is an evolution and a critique of landscape urbanism, which argues for a more hol...	{ "page_id": 30155658, "title": "Ecological urbanism" }
is part of the book. According to Architecture Today, the book is "one of the few books that recognises and articulates how, if this systems-based approach is to be successful, it needs to design, integrate and express complex systems and social processes in ways that are fundamentally humane." The book has been review...	{ "page_id": 30155658, "title": "Ecological urbanism" }
2010. The University of Washington’s urban initiative included a seminar on Now Urbanism and talks "on Ecological Urbanism, Ecological Design for Healthy Cities, Networked Urbanism, and America’s War on Immigrants". Eco-Urbanism: towards sustainable city living, was hosted by Nottingham University at the Shanghai Expo ...	{ "page_id": 30155658, "title": "Ecological urbanism" }
vegetation maps for a city are the tool to this end. Ecological Urbanism is explained as a successor to Landscape Urbanism without the difference between the two approaches, and the terms used in the new approach, being defined. Jason King sees it as an inadequately explained addition to a list of 61 other 'Fill-in-the...	{ "page_id": 30155658, "title": "Ecological urbanism" }
Priscilla Watson Laws (January 18, 1940 - December 12, 2023) was an American physics educator, known for her work in activity-based physics education. She was a research professor of physics at Dickinson College. == Education and career == Laws majored in physics, with a minor in mathematics, at Reed College, graduatin...	{ "page_id": 69084045, "title": "Priscilla Laws" }

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