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these domains, highlighting both industrial and academic research contributions. System biology is used in agriculture to identify the genetic and metabolic components of complex characteristics through trait dissection. It aids in the comprehension of plant-pathogen interactions in disease resistance. It is utilized i...	{ "page_id": 467899, "title": "Systems biology" }
To do this, researchers utilize the three-dimensional structure of target proteins and computational models of interactions between small molecules and those targets to aid in the identification of superior compounds. Cell systems biology represents a phenotypic drug discovery method that integrates the complexity of h...	{ "page_id": 467899, "title": "Systems biology" }
Environmental system biology Genomics examines all genes as an evolving system over time, aiming to understand their interactions and effects on biological pathways, networks, and physiology in a broader context compared to genetics. As a result, genomics holds significant potential for discovering clusters of genes as...	{ "page_id": 467899, "title": "Systems biology" }
characteristics. There is no single universal language for systems biology that can adequately cover the diverse phenomena we aim to investigate. However, this intricate scenario overlooks two important aspects. Models can be developed in multiple versions over time and by different research teams. Conflicts can occur,...	{ "page_id": 467899, "title": "Systems biology" }
of AI for the analysis of expansive and complex datasets, including multi-omics data produced by high-throughput methods like next-generation sequencing and proteomics. Approaches powered by AI can be employed to detect patterns and correlations within these datasets and to anticipate the behavior of biological systems...	{ "page_id": 467899, "title": "Systems biology" }
- A Textbook, 2nd edition. Wiley. ISBN 978-3-527-33636-4. Asfar S. Azmi, ed. (2012). Systems Biology in Cancer Research and Drug Discovery. Springer. ISBN 978-94-007-4819-4. Kitano, Hiroaki (15 October 2001). Foundations of Systems Biology. MIT Press. ISBN 978-0-262-11266-6. Werner, Eric (29 March 2007). "All systems g...	{ "page_id": 467899, "title": "Systems biology" }
The molecular formula C7H14O4 may refer to: Oleandrose Sarmentose	{ "page_id": 74982332, "title": "C7H14O4" }
Motty (11 July – 21 July 1978) was the only proven hybrid between an Asian and an African elephant. The male calf was born in Chester Zoo to Asian mother Sheba and African father Jumbolino. He was named after George Mottershead, who founded the Chester Zoo in 1931. == Appearance == Motty's head and ears were morphologi...	{ "page_id": 4400061, "title": "Motty" }
== See also == List of individual elephants == References == == External links == Koehl D, Elephant Encyclopedia: Motty, the Hybrid Elephant	{ "page_id": 4400061, "title": "Motty" }
Applied ecology is a sub-field within ecology that considers the application of the science of ecology to real-world (usually management) questions. It is also described as a scientific field that focuses on the application of concepts, theories, models, or methods of fundamental ecology to environmental problems. == C...	{ "page_id": 1254336, "title": "Applied ecology" }
used in applied ecology could include inputs from management strategies such as conservation biology, restoration ecology, global change, ecotoxicology, biomonitoring, biodiversity, environmental policies, and economics, among others. Restoration ecology is a particularly prominent strategy in the discipline since it a...	{ "page_id": 1254336, "title": "Applied ecology" }
A Lactofuchsin mount (also spelled Lacto-fuchsin or Lacto-Fuchsin) is a technique used for mounting fungi with hyphae on a microscope slide for examination. The main advantage of a lactofuchsin mount is that if performed correctly, it preserves the structure and arrangement of any hyphae that are present. == Advantages...	{ "page_id": 35136449, "title": "Lactofuchsin mount" }
Tadashi Fukami is an associate Professor of Biology and community ecologist at Stanford University. He is currently the head of Fukami Lab which is a community ecology research group that focuses on "historical contingency in the assembly of ecological communities." Fukami is an elected Fellow of the Ecological Society...	{ "page_id": 66134978, "title": "Tadashi Fukami" }
Fukami, T., Gilbert, S.F. and Hentschel, U., 2013. Animals in a bacterial world, a new imperative for the life sciences. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, 110(9), pp.3229-3236. Nemergut, D.R., Schmidt, S.K., Fukami, T., O'Neill, S.P., Bilinski, T.M., Stanish, L.F., Knelman, J.E., Darcy, J.L., Lynch, R.C....	{ "page_id": 66134978, "title": "Tadashi Fukami" }
22R-Hydroxycholesterol, or (3β)-cholest-5-ene-3,22-diol is an endogenous, metabolic intermediate in the biosynthesis of the steroid hormones from cholesterol. Cholesterol ((3β)-cholest-5-en-3-ol) is hydroxylated by cholesterol side-chain cleavage enzyme (P450scc) to form 22R-hydroxycholesterol, which is subsequently hy...	{ "page_id": 35791809, "title": "22R-Hydroxycholesterol" }
Depletion gilding is a method for producing a layer of nearly pure gold on an object made of gold alloy by removing the other metals from its surface. It is sometimes referred to as a "surface enrichment" process. == Process == Most gilding methods are additive: they deposit gold that was not there before onto the surf...	{ "page_id": 9511878, "title": "Depletion gilding" }
Meanwhile, the relatively inert gold is left unaffected. The result is a thin layer of nearly pure gold on the surface of the original object. There is no well-defined minimum gold content required to successfully depletion gild an object. However, the less gold that is present, the more other material must be etched a...	{ "page_id": 9511878, "title": "Depletion gilding" }
an appropriate chemical, a layer of nearly pure silver can be produced on an object made of copper and silver. For instance, sterling silver can be depleted—'depletion silvering'—to produce a fine silver surface, perhaps as preamble to application of gold, as in the Keum-boo technique. However, in the majority of cases...	{ "page_id": 9511878, "title": "Depletion gilding" }
goal of which was to physically transform one metal into another. == References == == External links == The Ganoksin Project The Surface Enrichment of Carat Gold Alloys - Depletion Gilding (also used as a reference)	{ "page_id": 9511878, "title": "Depletion gilding" }
Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski (February 25, 1906 in Grodzisk Wielkopolski – November 13, 1982) was a Polish chemist, physicist and mathematician. An institute in Wrocław, Poland called the Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski Institute of Low Temperature and Structure Research is named after him. == External links == Włodzimierz Trze...	{ "page_id": 6431686, "title": "Włodzimierz Trzebiatowski" }
The High Energy and Particle Physics Prize, established in 1989, is awarded every two years by the European Physical Society (EPS) for an outstanding contribution to high energy and particle physics. == Recipients == Source: 1989 Georges Charpak 1991 Nicola Cabibbo 1993 Martinus Veltman 1995 Paul Söding, Bjørn Wiik, Gü...	{ "page_id": 58663888, "title": "High Energy and Particle Physics Prize" }
Hachimoji DNA (from Japanese 八文字 hachimoji, "eight letters") is a synthetic nucleic acid analog that uses four synthetic nucleotides in addition to the four present in the natural nucleic acids, DNA and RNA. This leads to four allowed base pairs: two unnatural base pairs formed by the synthetic nucleobases in addition ...	{ "page_id": 60040145, "title": "Hachimoji DNA" }
G), to make double-stranded DNA. Hachimoji DNA is similar to natural DNA but differs in the number, and type, of nucleobases. Unnatural nucleobases, more hydrophobic than natural bases, are used in successful hachimoji DNA. Such a DNA always formed the standard double helix, no matter what sequence of bases were used. ...	{ "page_id": 60040145, "title": "Hachimoji DNA" }
== Applications == NASA funded this research to "expand[s] the scope of the structures that we might encounter as we search for life in the cosmos". According to Lori Glaze of the Planetary Science Division of NASA, "Life detection is an increasingly important goal of NASA's planetary science missions, and this new wor...	{ "page_id": 60040145, "title": "Hachimoji DNA" }
The following outline is provided as an overview of and topical guide to fungi and mycology: Fungi – "Fungi" is plural for "fungus". A fungus is any member of the group of eukaryotic organisms that includes unicellular microorganisms such as yeasts and molds, as well as multicellular fungi that produce familiar fruitin...	{ "page_id": 47457234, "title": "Outline of fungi" }
fungi are a part == Lichen – composite organism that arises from algae or cyanobacteria living among filaments of multiple fungi in a symbiotic relationship. Lichens are classified by the fungal component. Lichen species are given the same scientific name (binomial name) as the fungus species in the lichen. Lichens are...	{ "page_id": 47457234, "title": "Outline of fungi" }
Organellar DNA (oDNA) is DNA contained in organelles (such as mitochondria and chloroplasts), outside the nucleus of eukaryotic cells. Mitochondria contain mitochondrial DNA Plastids (e.g., chloroplasts) contain plastid DNA == Inheritance of organelle DNA == The traits encoded by this type of DNA, in animals, generally...	{ "page_id": 12067795, "title": "Organellar DNA" }
A Snowden is a unit of soft X-ray emissivity, equivalent to 10 − 6 {\displaystyle 10^{-6}} ROSAT counts s − 1 a r c m i n − 2 {\displaystyle s^{-1}arcmin^{-2}} . These units were chosen by S. L. Snowden when working with the ROSAT mission to create the ROSAT All-Sky Survey in order to make the surface brightness values...	{ "page_id": 37495763, "title": "Snowden (physics)" }
Parity learning is a problem in machine learning. An algorithm that solves this problem must find a function ƒ, given some samples (x, ƒ(x)) and the assurance that ƒ computes the parity of bits at some fixed locations. The samples are generated using some distribution over the input. The problem is easy to solve using ...	{ "page_id": 23864280, "title": "Parity learning" }
Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs), also called photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (pRGC), or melanopsin-containing retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs), are a type of neuron in the retina of the mammalian eye. The presence of an additional photoreceptor was first suspected in 1927 when mice lack...	{ "page_id": 2565082, "title": "Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell" }
the regulation of pupil size and other behavioral responses to ambient lighting conditions. They contribute to photic regulation and acute photic suppression of release of the hormone melatonin. In rats, they play some role in conscious visual perception, including perception of regular gratings, light levels, and spat...	{ "page_id": 2565082, "title": "Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell" }
axons of ipRGCs are unmyelinated. === Melanopsin === Unlike other photoreceptor pigments, melanopsin has the ability to act as both the excitable photopigment and as a photoisomerase. Unlike the visual opsins in rod cells and cone cells, which rely on the standard visual cycles for recharging all-trans-retinal back int...	{ "page_id": 2565082, "title": "Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell" }
of ipRGCs include: the intergenticulate leaflet (IGL), a cluster of neurons located in the thalamus, which play a role in circadian entrainment; the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN), a cluster of neurons in the midbrain that controls the pupillary light reflex; the ventrolateral preoptic nucleus (VLPO), located in the h...	{ "page_id": 2565082, "title": "Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell" }
suggested that they have a role in mesopic vision and that the old theory of a purely duplex retina with rod (dark) and cone (light) light vision was simplistic. Zaidi and colleagues' work with rodless, coneless human subjects hence has also opened the door into image-forming (visual) roles for the ganglion cell photor...	{ "page_id": 2565082, "title": "Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell" }
the pupils in the eyes of blind mice he had accidentally bred still responded to light. The ability of the rodless, coneless mice to retain a pupillary light reflex was suggestive of an additional photoreceptor cell. In the 1980s, research in rod- and cone-deficient rats showed regulation of dopamine in the retina, a k...	{ "page_id": 2565082, "title": "Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell" }
years, only inferences could be drawn about the receptor in humans, though these were at times pertinent. In 2007, Zaidi and colleagues published their work on rodless, coneless humans, showing that these people retain normal responses to nonvisual effects of light. The identity of the non-rod, non-cone photoreceptor i...	{ "page_id": 2565082, "title": "Intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cell" }
An iron ring or ring clamp is an item of laboratory equipment which comprises a conjoined metal ring and radially-extending rod. In some cases, the rod terminates in a screw clamp for attachment to a retort stand or other support; in others, the rod may be attached to a stand by means of a laboratory clamp holder. Iron...	{ "page_id": 38872033, "title": "Iron ring (laboratory)" }
UN numbers from UN3401 to UN3500 as assigned by the United Nations Committee of Experts on the Transport of Dangerous Goods are as follows: == UN 3401 to UN 3500 == == See also == Lists of UN numbers == References == == External links == ADR Dangerous Goods, cited on 7 May 2015. UN Dangerous Goods List from 2015, cited...	{ "page_id": 31073251, "title": "List of UN numbers 3401 to 3500" }
Time-resolved mass spectrometry (TRMS) is a strategy in analytical chemistry that uses mass spectrometry platform to collect data with temporal resolution. Implementation of TRMS builds on the ability of mass spectrometers to process ions within sub-second duty cycles. It often requires the use of customized experiment...	{ "page_id": 40313828, "title": "Time-resolved mass spectrometry" }
Attitude-behaviour consistency is a central concept in social psychology, referring to the relationship and alignment between an individual’s beliefs, or attitudes, and their actions, or behaviour. Specifically, the concept attitude-behaviour consistency addresses the parts of the study of attitudes in which social psy...	{ "page_id": 52044774, "title": "Attitude-behavior consistency" }
the attitude is strong and accessible, the influence of social influences is minimal and the attitude aligns with the specific behavior. However when there are external pressures or conflicting priorities attitudes may fail to predict behaviours. === Theory of Planned Behaviour === The Theory of Planned Behaviour, deve...	{ "page_id": 52044774, "title": "Attitude-behavior consistency" }
direction of assertion (d; no gradation). The frame of reference is the individual; the source is the other communicator; and the assertion indicates the source's attitude. === Dissonance Theory === The Cognitive Dissonance Theory proposed by Leon Festinger, suggests that cognitive discomfort (dissonance) occurs when a...	{ "page_id": 52044774, "title": "Attitude-behavior consistency" }
occurs when individuals find or invent similarities between the chosen and unchosen alternatives; when alternatives share common elements, dissonance decreases partly because the decision feels less like a loss. In practice, this may look like reframing all the options, including the chosen and rejected, as all serving...	{ "page_id": 52044774, "title": "Attitude-behavior consistency" }
to learn to adapt and be flexible, rather than be consistent. Interdependent self-construals are fostered in collectivist cultures, where individuals emphasize themselves as part of social relationships. This includes Asian, Southern European, and Latin American countries. These cultures promote the importance of adjus...	{ "page_id": 52044774, "title": "Attitude-behavior consistency" }
High self monitoring may decrease attitude-consistent behaviour because more precedence is given to external pressures over internal beliefs. High self-monitors are more responsive to social contexts, and will often adjust their behaviour to conform to social expectations. === Attitude Accessibility and Strength === ==...	{ "page_id": 52044774, "title": "Attitude-behavior consistency" }
with low consistency between the expressed beliefs and the actual behaviors of individuals. When attitudes are strong, they have a greater influence on behaviour; individuals are more motivated to behave in ways that align with their beliefs and feelings towards the attitude object, leading to a higher level of attitud...	{ "page_id": 52044774, "title": "Attitude-behavior consistency" }
fallacy. Still, some kinds of behavior are difficult to study other than through interviews or surveys, and the knowledge produced in such cases may be still useful. The possibility of inconsistency between behavior and reported attitudes is always a concern. Methods that are limited by their inability to measure behav...	{ "page_id": 52044774, "title": "Attitude-behavior consistency" }
In particle physics, particle decay is the spontaneous process of one unstable subatomic particle transforming into multiple other particles. The particles created in this process (the final state) must each be less massive than the original, although the total mass of the system must be conserved. A particle is unstab...	{ "page_id": 8135659, "title": "Particle decay" }
unit time that the particle will decay. For a particle of a mass M and four-momentum P decaying into particles with momenta pi, the differential decay rate is given by the general formula (expressing Fermi's golden rule) d Γ n = S \| M \| 2 2 M d Φ n ( P ; p 1 , p 2 , … , p n ) {\displaystyle d\Gamma _{n}={\frac {S\left\|...	{ "page_id": 8135659, "title": "Particle decay" }
and E i {\displaystyle E_{i}\,} is the energy of particle i. One may integrate over the phase space to obtain the total decay rate for the specified final state. If a particle has multiple decay branches or modes with different final states, its full decay rate is obtained by summing the decay rates for all branches. T...	{ "page_id": 8135659, "title": "Particle decay" }
2 32 π 2 \| p → 1 \| M 2 d ϕ 1 d ( cos ⁡ θ 1 ) . {\displaystyle d\Gamma ={\frac {\left\|{\mathcal {M}}\right\|^{2}}{32\pi ^{2}}}{\frac {\|{\vec {p}}_{1}\|}{M^{2}}}\,d\phi _{1}\,d\left(\cos \theta _{1}\right).\,} === From two different frames === The angle of an emitted particle in the lab frame is related to the angle it has...	{ "page_id": 8135659, "title": "Particle decay" }
particles Weak interaction == Notes == == External links == J. D. Jackson (2004). "Kinematics" (PDF). Particle Data Group. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2014-11-21. Retrieved 2006-11-26. (See page 2). Particle Data Group. "The Particle Adventure" Particle Data Group, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.	{ "page_id": 8135659, "title": "Particle decay" }
A neutrophile is a neutrophilic organism that thrives in a neutral pH environment between 6.5 and 7.5. == Environment == The pH of the environment can support growth or hinder neutrophilic organisms. When the pH is within the microbe's range, they grow and within that range there is an optimal growth pH. Neutrophiles a...	{ "page_id": 1647600, "title": "Neutrophile" }
Endometrial cups form during pregnancy in mares and are the source of equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG) and a placenta-associated structure, which is derived from the fetus. Their purpose is to increase the immunological tolerance of the mare in order to protect the developing foal. == Function == Endometrial cups ar...	{ "page_id": 50013171, "title": "Endometrial cup" }
cells that invade the placenta have been described in humans. The purpose of these cells In both humans and horses is believed to be to interact with the mother's immune system and increase maternal immunological tolerance of the developing fetus. == Histology == Mature endometrial cup cells appear rounded and secrete ...	{ "page_id": 50013171, "title": "Endometrial cup" }
The molecular formula C2H10B2 (molar mass: 55.72 g/mol, exact mass: 56.0969 u) may refer to: 1,1-Dimethyldiborane 1,2-Dimethyldiborane	{ "page_id": 61481971, "title": "C2H10B2" }
Trigalloylglucose may refer to: 1,2,3-Trigalloylglucose (1,2,3-trigalloyl glucopyranoside) 1,2,6-Trigalloylglucose 1,3,6-Trigalloylglucose Trigalloylglucoses can be found in various species of oaks like the North American white oak (Quercus alba) and European red oak (Quercus robur). == References ==	{ "page_id": 26158071, "title": "Trigalloylglucose" }
The presence of mercury in corn syrup was a health controversy that arose due to several studies that found that mercury residues in high-fructose corn syrups (HFCS) used in food products. This was significant due to the toxic nature of mercury and its association with learning disabilities and heart disease. History o...	{ "page_id": 78783480, "title": "Mercury in corn syrup" }
ug/l.The results were peer-reviewed and published as a comment on the article published by Dufault and her collaborators in Environmental Health in 2010, a year after the Corn Refiners Association had claimed that there were no quantifiable levels of mercury in high-fructose corn syrup manufactured in US and Canada pro...	{ "page_id": 78783480, "title": "Mercury in corn syrup" }
The terms glycans and polysaccharides are defined by IUPAC as synonyms meaning "compounds consisting of a large number of monosaccharides linked glycosidically". However, in practice the term glycan may also be used to refer to the carbohydrate portion of a glycoconjugate, such as a glycoprotein, glycolipid, or a prote...	{ "page_id": 3023865, "title": "Glycan" }
addition of four more mannose residues. Finally, three glucose residues are added to this structure. Following full assembly, the glycan is transferred en bloc by the glycosyltransferase oligosaccharyltransferase to a nascent peptide chain, within the reticular lumen. This core structure of N-linked glycans, thus, cons...	{ "page_id": 3023865, "title": "Glycan" }
If a protein repeatedly fails to properly fold, it is excreted from the endoplasmic reticulum and degraded by cytoplasmic proteases. N-linked glycans also contribute to protein folding by steric effects. For example, cysteine residues in the peptide may be temporarily blocked from forming disulfide bonds with other cys...	{ "page_id": 3023865, "title": "Glycan" }
on a serine or threonine residue of a peptide chain in the Golgi apparatus. Unlike N-linked glycans, there is no known consensus sequence yet. However, the placement of a proline residue at either -1 or +3 relative to the serine or threonine is favourable for O-linked glycosylation. ==== Assembly ==== The first monosac...	{ "page_id": 3023865, "title": "Glycan" }
One such factor is the response of the endothelial cell to certain bacterial molecules, such as peptidoglycan. P-selectin binds to the SLex structure that is present on neutrophils in the bloodstream and helps to mediate the extravasation of these cells into the surrounding tissue during infection. O-linked glycans, in...	{ "page_id": 3023865, "title": "Glycan" }
== Tools used for glycan research == The following are examples of the commonly used techniques in glycan analysis: === High-resolution mass spectrometry (MS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) === The most commonly applied methods are MS and HPLC, in which the glycan part is cleaved either enzymatically...	{ "page_id": 3023865, "title": "Glycan" }
sensitivity and linear response over a wide dynamic range make it especially suited for glycan biomarker research and discovery. MRM is performed on a triple quadrupole (QqQ) instrument, which is set to detect a predetermined precursor ion in the first quadrupole, a fragmented in the collision quadrupole, and a predete...	{ "page_id": 3023865, "title": "Glycan" }
electrophoresis, etc.). == See also == Glycoside Glycoside hydrolase Glycosylation Glycosyltransferase Glycolipids - for Glycans and lipids Glycophosphatidylinositol for GPI-Anchors == Resources == National Center for Functional Glycomics (NCFG) The focus of the NCFG is the development in the glycosciences, with an emp...	{ "page_id": 3023865, "title": "Glycan" }
The sea surface microlayer (SML) is the boundary interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of Earth's surface. With an operationally defined thickness between 1 and 1,000 μm (1.0 mm), the SML has physicochemical and biological properties that are measurably distinct from underlying waters. Recent s...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
interface between the atmosphere and ocean, covering about 70% of the Earth's surface. The SML has physicochemical and biological properties that are measurably distinct from underlying waters. Because of its unique position at the air-sea interface, the SML is central to a range of global biogeochemical and climate-re...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
a microhabitat composed of several layers distinguished by their ecological, chemical and physical properties with an operational total thickness of between 1 and 1000 μm. In 2005 Hunter defined the SML as a "microscopic portion of the surface ocean which is in contact with the atmosphere and which may have physical, c...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
boundary layer, and remote sensing of the sea surface temperature shows ubiquitous anomalies between the sea surface skin and bulk temperature. Even so, the differences in both are driven by different processes. Enrichment, defined as concentration ratios of an analyte in the SML to the underlying bulk water, has been ...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
Due to its exclusive position between the atmosphere and the hydrosphere and by spanning about 70% of the Earth's surface, the sea-surface microlayer (sea-SML) is regarded as a fundamental component in air–sea exchange processes and in biogeochemical cycling. Although having a minor thickness of <1000 μm, the elusive S...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
bacterial community composition was often dependent on the SML sampling device being used. While being well defined with respect to bacterial community composition, little is known about viruses in the SML, i.e., the virioneuston. This review has its focus on virus–bacterium dynamics at air–water interfaces, even if vi...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
called "bubble bursting". Bubbles generate the major portion of marine aerosols. They can be dispersed to heights of several meters, picking up whatever particles latch on to their surface. However, the major supplier of materials comes from the SML. == Processes == Surfaces and interfaces are critical zones where majo...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
Bacterioneuston == The term neuston describes the organisms in the SML and was first suggested by Naumann in 1917. As in other marine ecosystems, bacterioneuston communities have important roles in SML functioning. Bacterioneuston community composition of the SML has been analysed and compared to the underlying water i...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
dilation of the surface water, have been proposed as one explanation for the observed enrichment in TEP. Also, due to their natural positive buoyancy, when not ballasted by other particles sticking to them, TEP ascend through the water column and ultimately end up at the SML . A second possible pathway of TEP from the ...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
microbial diversity and to structure trophic networks. Like other neuston members, the virioneuston likely originates from the bulk seawater. For instance, in 1977 Baylor et al. postulated adsorption of viruses onto air bubbles as they rise to the surface, or viruses can stick to organic particles also being transporte...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
Burzell as a simple but effective method of collecting small sea surface microlayer samples. A clean glass plate is immersed vertically into the water and then withdrawn in a controlled manner. Harvey and Burzell used a plate which was 20 cm square and 4 mm thick. They withdrew it from the sea at the rate of 20 cm per ...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
the atmosphere. Unlike coloured algal blooms, surfactant-associated bacteria may not be visible in ocean colour imagery. Having the ability to detect these "invisible" surfactant-associated bacteria using synthetic aperture radar has immense benefits in all-weather conditions, regardless of cloud, fog, or daylight. Thi...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
Evidence suggests that bacteria can remain viable after being transported inland through aerosols. Some reached as far as 200 meters at 30 meters above sea level. It was also noted that the process which transfers this material to the atmosphere causes further enrichment in both bacteria and viruses in comparison to ei...	{ "page_id": 12264442, "title": "Sea surface microlayer" }
β-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (β-MSH) is an endogenous peptide hormone and neuropeptide. It is a melanocortin, specifically, one of the three types of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and is produced from proopiomelanocortin (POMC). It is an agonist of the MC1, MC3, MC4, and MC5 receptors. It contains 23 amino ...	{ "page_id": 46801914, "title": "Β-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone" }
γ-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone (γ-MSH) is an endogenous peptide hormone and neuropeptide. It is a melanocortin, specifically, one of the three types of melanocyte-stimulating hormone (MSH), and is produced from proopiomelanocortin (POMC). It is an agonist of the MC1, MC3, MC4, and MC5 receptors. It exists in three fo...	{ "page_id": 46801915, "title": "Γ-Melanocyte-stimulating hormone" }
In physics, mirror nuclei are a pair of isobars of two different elements where the number of protons of isobar one (Z1) equals the number of neutrons of isobar two (N2) and the number of protons of isotope two (Z2) equals the number of neutrons in isotope one (N1); in short: Z1 = N2 and Z2 = N1. This implies that the ...	{ "page_id": 29172732, "title": "Mirror nuclei" }
The Black Knight (Dane Whitman) is a fictional superhero character appearing in American comic books published by Marvel Comics. Created by writer Roy Thomas and artist John Buscema, the character first appeared in The Avengers #47 (December 1967). Dane Whitman is the third character to use the codename of Black Knight...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
George Tuska when Stan Lee took John off the book for one issue to do something else. It was John Verpoorten and I that designed the costume." Following his introduction, the Dane Whitman Black Knight became a recurring character in the superhero-team comic The Avengers, with his first solo story appearing shortly afte...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
as Weirdworld. The ongoing series was cancelled with issue #5 in 2016, as Marvel was unhappy with its sales. The writer of the series, Frank Tieri, then considered it a standalone limited series and expressed his feelings over the series being cut short. Black Knight is notable as the first "All-New, All-Different Marv...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
Black Knight then encounters Doctor Strange and helps fight the extra-dimensional threat Tiboro. While still a provisional Avenger, he helps them in a battle against Kang the Conqueror. Kang was given the power of death over the Avengers by the Grandmaster as a prize for winning a recent game that Whitman has become un...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
the 12th century and is cared for by fellow Defender, the Valkyrie. Whitman then battles the Fomor, alongside the time-traveling Avengers. He then employs the Evil Eye to seal the portal between Earth and Avalon. Some time later, still in Garrington's body, the wizard Merlyn takes Whitman as his champion. He is command...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
Britain from Netherword and defeats Modred, who was attacking him and the knight. In the Otherworld dimension, the Black Knight and Captain Britain go to save Camelot from the attacks of the Nethergod Necromon. In the process, Merlyn reforges the Ebony Sword and King Arthur is resurrected. In the final assault, Whitman...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
the curse converted the Black Knight to a statue of stone again. The statue is brought by the Avengers to the knight's castle in England, under the care of Lady Victoria Bentley, an old friend of Whitman. After Lady Victoria tries a spell on the statue, Sir Percy takes possession of Whitman's body to stop the blood cur...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
During this time, he becomes romantically involved with his teammate Sersi (of the Eternals), but is also attracted by Crystal, one of the Inhumans' royal family. The Avengers are attacked numerous times by alternate versions of themselves, called the Gatherers, led by the mysterious Proctor. The relationship between T...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
her attacking Crystal enables the Black Knight to break the Gann Josin's hold on him temporarily. Then it is revealed that it was Proctor who caused the Mahd W'yry disease in Sersi. Whitman also discovers that Proctor is an alternate universe counterpart of himself. Having been rejected by his own Sersi and twisted by ...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
Knight and the rest of the team escaped. In a dispute between Loki and the Grandmaster for the possession of the Infinity Gems, the heroes of Ultraforce were put against his counterparts of Earth-616: the Avengers. The Black Knight was left as a wild card in the competition. Loki won but when the six original gems were...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
permission) to restore Whitman's consciousness. Whitman finds himself embroiled in a conflict with the evil mutant Apocalypse alongside his ancestor's best friend Bennet du Paris, the mutant who would later become Exodus. Apocalypse tries to get du Paris to kill his friend, but du Paris refuses. Judging him weak, Apoca...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
defeat yet another of her old enemy Ghaur's nefarious schemes with the help of the Eternals. After the team-up, Sersi and Whitman decided to be separated. Later, the Heroes for Hire find themselves in the midst of a major conflict in the High Evolutionary's city of Wundagore. During this time, Whitman fought again with...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
join MI-13 as part of the Secret Invasion crossover event. He is armed by what he believes was the Ebony Blade, which strongly encourages him to kill, but is later revealed to be a fake created by Dracula; this fake possesses an intelligence and feeds on blood. Whitman also is revealed to have a literal stone heart, gi...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
of European superheroes. Though he claims to not be bitter about being excluded from Captain America's new team of Avengers, it is implied that Whitman's deteriorating mental state had been the reason that he was passed over for membership. === Journey to Weirdworld === As part of the All-New, All-Different Marvel even...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
bear the toll of the Ebony Blade is Whitman, and the Blade also shows this by not allowing any harm to come to Whitman. As the Avengers leave, leaving behind an expert on the Black Knight who came with them to look after Whitman, it is concluded that Whitman had been maintaining his sanity better than everyone had thou...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
attempted takeover by Moon Knight and his patron deity Khonshu. Dane would be amongst a host of other recipients selected by the enigmatic cosmic entity to participate in a tournament to decide its next host. With the onset of the "King in Black", The Black Knight has his hands full dealing with personal issues stemmin...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }
the Obsidian Dagger; the opposing weapon of the Ebony Blade. A little while afterward the Black Knight's body is catered back to England where he is unexpectedly resurrected by a blood offering to the enchanted steel by Jackie Chopra; an Arthurian history buff he'd brought on as a liaison to better understand his famil...	{ "page_id": 2630654, "title": "Black Knight (Dane Whitman)" }

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