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must by definition be different (barring the presence of a genetic or environmental modifier). Thus, the IBD mapping results can be further supplemented by removing any regions that are identical in both affected individuals and unaffected siblings. This is then repeated for multiple families, thus generating a small, ...	{ "page_id": 33891046, "title": "Disease gene identification" }
data A tool that identifies homozygous regions using deep sequence data. ==== Genome-wide knockdown studies ==== Genome-wide knockdown studies are an example of the reverse genetics made possible by the acquisition of whole genome sequences, and the advent of genomics and gene-silencing technologies, mainly siRNA and d...	{ "page_id": 33891046, "title": "Disease gene identification" }
Food composition data (FCD) are detailed sets of information on the nutritionally important components of foods and provide values for energy and nutrients including protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins and minerals and for other important food components such as fibre. The data are presented in food composition datab...	{ "page_id": 37429992, "title": "Food composition data" }
for compilers to rely only on chemical analysis when compiling FCDBs. For example, in the UK the third edition of The Composition of Foods presented data on vitamin content of foods. However, due to the amount of information already available and in order to avoid the need to analyse every food for every vitamin, value...	{ "page_id": 37429992, "title": "Food composition data" }
dish can often be used, together with information on likely weight (or yield) gain/loss and nutrient changes (e.g. vitamin losses) due to cooking. == Estimating FCD values from other sources == Another approach commonly used by FCD compilers is to ‘borrow’ or ‘adopt’ nutrient values that were originally generated by an...	{ "page_id": 37429992, "title": "Food composition data" }
the USA’s version. == Food composition dataset == Food composition datasets (FCDBs) or food composition tables are resources that provide detailed food composition data (FCD) on the nutritionally important components of foods. FCDBs provide values for energy and nutrients including protein, carbohydrates, fat, vitamins...	{ "page_id": 37429992, "title": "Food composition data" }
Age of data (limited resources mean that, inevitably, some values are not current) === Collection process === FCDBs are usually created using a variety of methods including (see Food composition data): Chemical analysis of food samples carried out in analytical laboratories Imputing and calculating values from data alr...	{ "page_id": 37429992, "title": "Food composition data" }
available. For example, the French national database provides information, where possible, on minimum and maximum values found from the different data sources used, the number of samples used to determine the selected value, a reference code corresponding to data sources for a given value, and a confidence code charact...	{ "page_id": 37429992, "title": "Food composition data" }
Hierarchical classification is a system of grouping things according to a hierarchy. In the field of machine learning, hierarchical classification is sometimes referred to as instance space decomposition, which splits a complete multi-class problem into a set of smaller classification problems. == See also == Deductive...	{ "page_id": 3482352, "title": "Hierarchical classification" }
In philology and linguistics, decipherment is the discovery of the meaning of the symbols found in extinct languages and/or alphabets. Decipherment is possible with respect to languages and scripts. One can also study or try to decipher how spoken languages that no longer exist were once pronounced, or how living langu...	{ "page_id": 8946, "title": "Decipherment" }
most difficult being logo-syllabic. Type II: known writing and unknown language. An example is Linear A. Strictly speaking, this situation is not one of decipherment but of linguistic analysis. Decipherment in this category is considered extremely difficult to achieve on the basis of internal information only. Type III...	{ "page_id": 8946, "title": "Decipherment" }
the multilingual text, limited information can be gleaned from it. === Internal information === Internal approaches are multi-step: one must first ensure that the writing they are looking at represents real writing, as opposed to a grouping of pictorial representations or a modern-day forgery without further meaning. T...	{ "page_id": 8946, "title": "Decipherment" }
impossible to decipher specific features (especially without certain outside information), such as when an alphabet does not express double consonants. Additional, and more complex methods, also exist. Eventually, the application of such statistical methods becomes exceedingly laborious, in which computers might be use...	{ "page_id": 8946, "title": "Decipherment" }
on a similar sound between the words "soul" and "soles", allowing confidence that the similar pronunciation between the terms today also existed in Shakespeare's time. Another common source of information on pronunciation is when earlier texts use rhyme, such as when consecutive lines in poetry end in the similar or th...	{ "page_id": 8946, "title": "Decipherment" }
spaces between words. When the language of a script subject to decipherment efforts is not known. When there is a small dataset available to learn about the properties of a script. This could lead to issues such as an incomplete vocabulary being known for the script. When the typical order between subjects, objects, an...	{ "page_id": 8946, "title": "Decipherment" }
ciphers from past wars have only recently been cracked. Unlike in language decipherment, however, actors using ciphertext intentionally lay obstacles to prevent outsiders from uncovering the meaning of the communication system. == History == Interest in ancient scripts and dead languages began to arise by the Renaissan...	{ "page_id": 8946, "title": "Decipherment" }
texts === Phaistos Disc Rohonc Codex Voynich Manuscript == References == == Further reading == Daniels, Peter T. (2020). "The Decipherment of Ancient Near Eastern Languages". In Hasselbach-Andee, Rebecca (ed.). A Companion to Ancient Near Eastern Languages. Wiley. pp. 1–25. Ferrera, Silvia; Tamburini, Fabio (2022). "Ad...	{ "page_id": 8946, "title": "Decipherment" }
The Track Imaging Cherenkov Experiment (TrICE) is a ground-based cosmic ray telescope located at Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, IL. The telescope, which contains a Fresnel lens, eight spherical mirrors, and a camera with 16 multianode photomultiplier tubes, uses the atmospheric Cherenkov imaging technique to...	{ "page_id": 10167028, "title": "Track Imaging Cherenkov Experiment" }
Eicosenoic acid may refer to one of three closely related chemical compounds: 9-Eicosenoic acid (gadoleic acid), an omega-11 fatty acid (20:1ω11) 11-Eicosenoic acid (gondoic acid), an omega-9 fatty acid (20:1ω9) 13-Eicosenoic acid (paullinic acid), an omega-7 fatty acid (20:1ω7)	{ "page_id": 35005175, "title": "Eicosenoic acid" }
The Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis highlights the formation of 5-aminothiazoles through the chemical reaction of α-aminonitriles or aminocyanoacetates with dithioacids, carbon disulphide, carbon oxysulfide, or isothiocyanates at room temperature and under mild or aqueous conditions. Variation of substituents at the 2...	{ "page_id": 13509367, "title": "Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis" }
with the adjacent carbon atoms, and catalyzing the formation of two new nitrogen-hydrogen, and sulfur-hydrogen sigma bonds. This tautomerization occurs because it is thermodynamically favourable, yielding the aromatic final product: 5-aminothiazole. == Applications == Few instances of applications of the Cook–Heilbron ...	{ "page_id": 13509367, "title": "Cook–Heilbron thiazole synthesis" }
In physical cosmology and astronomy, dark energy is a proposed form of energy that affects the universe on the largest scales. Its primary effect is to drive the accelerating expansion of the universe. It also slows the rate of structure formation. Assuming that the lambda-CDM model of cosmology is correct, dark energy...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
the section Dark energy § Theories of dark energy) an observational effect, cosmological coupling and shockwave cosmology (see the section § Alternatives to dark energy). == History of discovery and previous speculation == === Einstein's cosmological constant === The "cosmological constant" is a constant term that can ...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
static. Einstein reportedly referred to his failure to predict the idea of a dynamic universe, in contrast to a static universe, as his greatest blunder. === Inflationary dark energy === Alan Guth and Alexei Starobinsky proposed in 1980 that a negative pressure field, similar in concept to dark energy, could drive cosm...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
matter model. The first direct evidence for dark energy came from supernova observations in 1998 of accelerated expansion in Riess et al. and in Perlmutter et al., and the Lambda-CDM model then became the leading model. Soon after, dark energy was supported by independent observations: in 2000, the BOOMERanG and Maxima...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
energy. The mass–energy equivalence postulated by general relativity implies that the vacuum energy should exert a gravitational force. Hence, the vacuum energy is expected to contribute to the cosmological constant, which in turn impinges on the accelerated expansion of the universe. However, the cosmological constant...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
factor of eight (23). For radiation, the decrease in energy density is greater, because an increase in spatial distance also causes a redshift. The final component is dark energy: it is an intrinsic property of space and has a constant energy density, regardless of the dimensions of the volume under consideration (ρ ∝ ...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
weak lensing and supernovae dataset, with significance ranging from 2.8 to 4.2σ. Results suggest that the density of dark energy is slowly decreasing with time. == Evidence of existence == The evidence for dark energy is indirect but comes from three independent sources: Distance measurements and their relation to reds...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
an object and its redshift, which gives how fast it is receding from us. The relationship is roughly linear, according to Hubble's law. It is relatively easy to measure redshift, but finding the distance to an object is more difficult. Usually, astronomers use standard candles: objects for which the intrinsic brightnes...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
=== Cosmic microwave background === The existence of dark energy, in whatever form, is needed to reconcile the measured geometry of space with the total amount of matter in the universe. Measurements of cosmic microwave background anisotropies indicate that the universe is close to flat. For the shape of the universe t...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
early-type galaxies as "cosmic chronometers". From this point, this approach provides standard clocks in the universe. The core of this idea is the measurement of the differential age evolution as a function of redshift of these cosmic chronometers. Thus, it provides a direct estimate of the Hubble parameter H ( z ) = ...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
field theories predict a huge cosmological constant, about 120 orders of magnitude too large. This would need to be almost, but not exactly, cancelled by an equally large term of the opposite sign. Some supersymmetric theories require a cosmological constant that is exactly zero. Also, it is unknown whether there is a ...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
problem asks why the acceleration of the Universe began when it did. If acceleration began earlier in the universe, structures such as galaxies would never have had time to form, and life, at least as we know it, would never have had a chance to exist. Proponents of the anthropic principle view this as support for thei...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
at various scales. This could, for example, treat dark energy and dark matter as different facets of the same unknown substance, or postulate that cold dark matter decays into dark energy. Another class of theories that unifies dark matter and dark energy are suggested to be covariant theories of modified gravities. Th...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
history, suggests that the amount of dark energy is 10% lower than it was 4.5 billion years ago. However, there is not yet sufficient data to rule out dark energy being the cosmological constant. == Alternatives to dark energy == === Modified gravity === The evidence for dark energy is heavily dependent on the theory o...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
relative motion of us to the rest of the universe, or that the statistical methods employed were flawed. A laboratory direct detection attempt failed to detect any force associated with dark energy. Observational skepticism explanations of dark energy have generally not gained much traction among cosmologists. For exam...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
in our part of the universe having a lower density than that surrounding it, causing the accelerated expansion normally attributed to dark energy. They also propose that this related theory could be tested: a universe with dark energy should give a figure for the cubic correction to redshift versus luminosity C = −0.18...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
ultimate result will be that galaxies outside the Local Group will have a line-of-sight velocity that continually increases with time, eventually far exceeding the speed of light. This is not a violation of special relativity because the notion of "velocity" used here is different from that of velocity in a local inert...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
the wavelength becomes too large to detect in practice and the galaxies appear to vanish completely (see Future of an expanding universe). Planet Earth, the Milky Way, and the Local Group of galaxies of which the Milky Way is a part, would all remain virtually undisturbed as the rest of the universe recedes and disappe...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
a hypothesis that adds no empirical content and hence is unfalsifiable in the sense defined by Karl Popper. However, his opinion is not shared by all scientists. == See also == == Notes == == References == == External links == Euclid ESA Satellite, a mission to map the geometry of the dark universe "Surveying the dark ...	{ "page_id": 19604228, "title": "Dark energy" }
Vark (also varak Waraq or warq) is a fine filigree foil sheet of pure metal, typically silver but sometimes gold, used to decorate Indian sweets and food. The silver and gold are edible, though flavorless. Vark is made by pounding silver into sheets less than one micrometre (μm) thick, typically 0.2–0.8 μm. The silver ...	{ "page_id": 1581831, "title": "Vark" }
the vegetarian population of India, manufacturers have switched to the modern technologies that have evolved for the production of silver leaves in India, Germany, Russia and China. Modern technologies include beating over sheets of black special treated paper or polyester sheets coated with food grade calcium powder (...	{ "page_id": 1581831, "title": "Vark" }
animal intestine is present. In 2016, Government of India banned the usage of animal guts or skins in the making of vark. Consequently, the Indian market for vark has mostly converted to using the machine-based vegetarian process in the making of the silver foils. Food Safety and Standards Authority of India has issued...	{ "page_id": 1581831, "title": "Vark" }
sweets eaten, from vark, is less than one milligram. == See also == Metallic dragée Gold leaf Gilding Metal leaf Rolling paper == References ==	{ "page_id": 1581831, "title": "Vark" }
PB-28 is an agonist of the sigma-2 receptor. It is derived from cyclohexylpiperazine. == References == == External links == PB28+compound at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeSH)	{ "page_id": 11805449, "title": "PB-28" }
Econophysics is a non-orthodox (in economics) interdisciplinary research field, applying theories and methods originally developed by physicists in order to solve problems in economics, usually those including uncertainty or stochastic processes and nonlinear dynamics. Some of its application to the study of financial ...	{ "page_id": 664332, "title": "Econophysics" }
"econophysics" was coined by H. Eugene Stanley, to describe the large number of papers written by physicists in the problems of (stock and other) markets, in a conference on statistical physics in Kolkata (erstwhile Calcutta) in 1995 and first appeared in its proceedings publication in Physica A 1996. The inaugural mee...	{ "page_id": 664332, "title": "Econophysics" }
models used by economists. The fluctuation-dissipation theorem connects the two to establish a concrete correspondence of "temperature", "entropy", "free potential/energy", and other physics notions to an economics system. The statistical mechanics model is not constructed a-priori - it is a result of a boundedly ratio...	{ "page_id": 664332, "title": "Econophysics" }
similar study developed by Bariviera et al. explore the relationship between credit ratings and informational efficiency of a sample of corporate bonds of US oil and energy companies using also the complexity–entropy causality plane. They find that this classification agrees with the credit ratings assigned by Moody's....	{ "page_id": 664332, "title": "Econophysics" }
is the application of probability based on projective geometry—also known as quantum probability—to modelling in economics and finance. It draws on related areas such as quantum cognition, quantum game theory, quantum computing, and quantum physics." In his overview article in the same issue, David Orrell outlines how ...	{ "page_id": 664332, "title": "Econophysics" }
they can never be made exponentially tiny, but instead follow a measurable algebraically decreasing power law, for example with a failure probability of only P ∝ x − 4 , {\displaystyle P\propto x^{-4}\,,} where x is an increasingly large variable in the tail region of the distribution considered (i.e. a price statistic...	{ "page_id": 664332, "title": "Econophysics" }
2018) Philip Mirowski, More Heat than Light - Economics as Social Physics, Physics as Nature's Economics, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, UK, 1989) Rosario N. Mantegna, H. Eugene Stanley, An Introduction to Econophysics: Correlations and Complexity in Finance, Cambridge University Press (Cambridge, UK, 1999) Ber...	{ "page_id": 664332, "title": "Econophysics" }
Journal B, vol. 97 art. 69 (2024). == External links == Is Inequality Inevitable?; Scientific American, November 2019 When Physics Became Undisciplined (& Fathers of Econophysics): Cambridge University Thesis (2018) Conference to mark 25th anniversary of Farjoun and Machover's book Econophysics Colloquium === Lectures ...	{ "page_id": 664332, "title": "Econophysics" }
Yves A. Lussier is a physician-scientist conducting research in Precision medicine, Translational bioinformatics and Personal Genomics. As a co-founder of Purkinje, he pioneered the commercial use of controlled medical vocabulary organized as directed semantic networks in electronic medical records, as well as Pen comp...	{ "page_id": 19407630, "title": "Yves A. Lussier" }
American Medical Informatics Association (AMIA) Summit on Translational Bioinformatics and has made a significant contribution to the emerging field of translational bioinformatics and personalized medicine. He serves on the editorial board of the Journal of Biomedical Informatics, Journal of the American Medical Infor...	{ "page_id": 19407630, "title": "Yves A. Lussier" }
13 (3): 360–364. doi:10.1197/jamia.M2057. PMC 1513661. == External links == Lussier’s Software Lussier's Homepage Article describing Lussier's 3rd IBM Faculty Award	{ "page_id": 19407630, "title": "Yves A. Lussier" }
Methylpentanol may refer to: 2-Methyl-1-pentanol 3-Methyl-1-pentanol 4-Methyl-1-pentanol 2-Methyl-2-pentanol 3-Methyl-2-pentanol 4-Methyl-2-pentanol 2-Methyl-3-pentanol 3-Methyl-3-pentanol	{ "page_id": 25895695, "title": "Methylpentanol" }
The Antoing cement kiln is in the Belgian province of Hainaut. The facility is next to the Scheldt River in the Tournai region. It was built in 1929 under CBR which was later taken over by Heidelberg Materials. == History and ownership == In 1910 the anonymous association Cimenteries et Briqueteries Réunies Bonne-Espér...	{ "page_id": 76358418, "title": "Antoing cement kiln" }
the Antoing site of Heidelberg Materials, there is 1 cement kiln that operates according to the dry process with a capacity of 3250 tons of clinker per day. This kiln consists of 3 zones: the extraction, dosing and mixing of raw materials (step 1 to 3) the kiln (step 4 to 7) the crushing process of the resulting produc...	{ "page_id": 76358418, "title": "Antoing cement kiln" }
of the tower. The kiln consists of a 67m long tube of 3.9m in diameter with metal on the outside and covered with a fireproof brick on the inside. It is supported by 3 points and is placed under a slight angle of 2.5%. The kiln slides back-and-forth and rotates at a speed of 4.2 rotations per minute. In the sintering p...	{ "page_id": 76358418, "title": "Antoing cement kiln" }
clinker per year and an emission of 0.717 tons of CO2 per tonne clinker, we are looking at an annual emission of 842.55 ktons of CO2 per year in Antoing. This means that 33 million trees needs to be planted or 65.9 thousand hectares of forest (comparable to 85% of the land surface of New York City) to absorb these emis...	{ "page_id": 76358418, "title": "Antoing cement kiln" }
to use cRCP, which is old concrete that has been broken down back to its three basic components: aggregates, sand and powder. The extracted powder can then be reactivated by reacting with CO2. This can serve as a replacement powder for fly ash or blast furnace slag, but cannot completely replace cement. This technology...	{ "page_id": 76358418, "title": "Antoing cement kiln" }
quarries: Carrière Lemay (Sagrex) and Carrière du Milieu (Holcim), the quarry covers an area of 240 hectares, comparable to 240 football fields. Carrière Lemay will in the future be united with Carrière Cimescaut to form one large limestone quarry. Demolition of the separation wall between these 2 quarries has already ...	{ "page_id": 76358418, "title": "Antoing cement kiln" }
Willem Alberda van Ekenstein (March 28, 1858 – May 5, 1937) was a Dutch chemist and discovered the Lobry de Bruyn–van Ekenstein transformation together with Adriaan Lobry van Troostenburg de Bruyn. Ekenstein studied chemistry from 1876 till 1879 at the Delft University of Technology later he worked at the University of...	{ "page_id": 16130835, "title": "Willem Alberda van Ekenstein" }
A microreactor or microstructured reactor or microchannel reactor is a device in which chemical reactions take place in a confinement with typical lateral dimensions below 1 mm; the most typical form of such confinement are microchannels. Microreactors are studied in the field of micro process engineering, together wit...	{ "page_id": 729876, "title": "Microreactor" }
(1 L flask ~10 kW m−3 K−1). Thus, microreactors can remove heat much more efficiently than vessels and even critical reactions such as nitrations can be performed safely at high temperatures. Hot spot temperatures as well as the duration of high temperature exposition due to exothermicity decreases remarkably. Thus, mi...	{ "page_id": 729876, "title": "Microreactor" }
volumes is simply a process of multiplying the number of microchannels. In contrast, batch processes too often perform well on R&D bench-top level but fail at batch pilot plant level. Pressurisation of materials within microreactors (and associated components) is generally easier than with traditional batch reactors. T...	{ "page_id": 729876, "title": "Microreactor" }
imposes a bigger issue in microreactors because area to volume ratio is high. Degradation of few μm may go unnoticed in conventional vessels. As typical inner dimensions of channels are in the same order of magnitude, characteristics may be altered significantly. == T reactors == One of the simplest forms of a microrea...	{ "page_id": 729876, "title": "Microreactor" }
used to synthesize and purify extremely reactive Organometallic Compounds for ALD and CVD applications, with improved safety in operations and higher purity products. In microreactor studies a Knoevenagel condensation was performed with the channel coated with a zeolite catalyst layer which also serves to remove water ...	{ "page_id": 729876, "title": "Microreactor" }
of a microfluidic context. ==== NMR ==== Researchers at the Radboud University Nijmegen and Twente University, the Netherlands, have developed a microfluidic high-resolution NMR flow probe. They have shown a model reaction being followed in real-time. The combination of the uncompromised (sub-Hz) resolution and a low s...	{ "page_id": 729876, "title": "Microreactor" }
new chemical synthesis schemes, enhanced investigational throughput of up to approximately 10 - 100 experiments per day (depends on reaction time) and reaction subsystem, and actual synthesis conduct at scales ranging from 10 milligrams per experiment to triple digit tons per year (continuous operation of a reactor bat...	{ "page_id": 729876, "title": "Microreactor" }
Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology ("Palaeo3") is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing multidisciplinary studies and comprehensive reviews in the field of palaeoenvironmental geology. The journal is edited by Howard Falcon-Lang, Shuzhong Shen, Alex Dickson, Mary Elliot, Meixun Zhao, Lucia Angiol...	{ "page_id": 31925014, "title": "Palaeogeography, Palaeoclimatology, Palaeoecology" }
James Barney Pollack (July 9, 1938 – June 13, 1994) was an American astrophysicist who worked for NASA's Ames Research Center. Pollack was born on July 9, 1938, in New York City, and was brought up in Woodmere, Long Island by a Jewish family that was in the women's garment business. He was a valedictorian of his class ...	{ "page_id": 992021, "title": "James B. Pollack" }
Mars was named in his honor. == References == == External links == Short biography	{ "page_id": 992021, "title": "James B. Pollack" }
This article is a list of mnemonics and acronyms related to first responders including community first responders, emergency departments, and other first responders with either low level or no qualifications in the relevant field. This list includes the definition of each item in the mnemonic or acronym. == General == ...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
communications. Number of casualties - The number of casualties and their condition/classification should be communicated. An agreed upon classification system should be used, such as triage levels. Emergency services - The type and number of emergency service equipment and personnel which are required and those which ...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
to reduce the impacts and spread of the fire. The responder should take care not to cut off their route of evacuation during this step. Extinguish or Evacuate - If the responders are confident in their firefighting abilities, they should utilize 'first attack' firefighting practices and equipment, such as a portable fi...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
is devised, or when plans and resources are put in place. Implemented at the conclusion of the investigating phase, or whilst waiting for additional personnel or resources. Offensive - The phase where an offensive attack on the fire is conducted. Firefighters and equipment will enter the fire-affected structure to atte...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
extinguish the fire through the use of various firefighting methods. Overhaul - Check for the hidden spread of fire (such as through hot embers) and eliminate any risk of reignition (through sources such as hot-spots). Ventilate - When appropriate, ventilate the structure to allow smoke to escape. Ventilation allows he...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
boost various water supplies. In remote locations there may not be an adequate water supply close enough to the fire, in which case additional equipment may need to be requested. Area - Determine the rough area of any alight structures and consider requesting additional resources if necessary. Life hazard - Determine i...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
ensure the continued operation of these appliances (by, for example, increasing the supply of water to the sprinklers). Special matters - Identify the presence, and determine the effects of any special matters. A special matter is anything which could negatively affect firefighting, or place additional risk to the fire...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
should always wear, or ensure the quick access to, appropriate personal protective equipment (PPE). Lookouts - The wildfire fighting unit must ensure that they have a clear appreciation for the fire's behaviour, location, and size. The unit should establish a knowledge of the location of the fire relative to the unit i...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
completely (for example to complete their shift) whereas Safety zones allow firefighters to take refuge in unforeseen circumstances where the behaviour of the wildfire suddenly changes and places the firefighters at risk; Escape routes are usually further away from the firefighting unit and take longer to completely us...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
looking at the motions of their chest, listening for breaths by putting their ear next to the casualty's mouth and nose, and feeling for breaths by placing their hand on the casualty's chest and their cheek near to the casualty's mouth and nose. If the casualty is unresponsive but breathing (if the casualty is only tak...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
the side of the casualty and hold both of their hands, and then tell the casualty "Squeeze my hand". A MIST (Order of the steps in a handover procedure from first aider to paramedics or further medical care.) Age, name, and sex - The first responder should provide the name and age of the ill or injured person to the pe...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
shock. Pulse - A rapid and hypokinetic pulse (a weak and fast pulse) is a sign of possible shock. Anxious - Abnormal levels of anxiety or irritability are both possible symptoms of shock. Respirations - Rapid and shallow breathing is a possible sign of shock. Cool - Cold and clammy skin is a possible sign of shock. Cya...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
without slurring, this is a concern. Time - If any of the above symptoms present themselves it is time to call emergency services. HEADS (Risk factors of a stroke.) Hypertension or Hyperlipidimea - Hypertension (high blood pressure) or hyperlipidemia (elevated levels of any lipids such as fat in the blood) are both ris...	{ "page_id": 68494104, "title": "List of first response mnemonics" }
The Nuclebrás Equipamentos Pesados S.A., commonly shortned to NUCLEP, is a Brazilian state-owned nuclear company specialized in nuclear engineering and heavy equipment for nuclear, defense, oil and gas industries, founded on 12 April 1975. == See also == Goiânia accident (Nuclebrás aided in response effort) National Nu...	{ "page_id": 13247256, "title": "Nuclebrás Equipamentos Pesados" }
This glossary provides an overview of terms used in the description of lichens, composite organisms arising from algae or cyanobacteria living symbiotically among filaments of multiple fungus species. Erik Acharius, known as the "father of lichenology," coined many lichen terms still in use today around the turn of the...	{ "page_id": 71377690, "title": "Glossary of lichen terms" }
additions were made to the repertoire of lichen terms, subsequent to the increased understanding of lichen anatomy and physiology made possible by microscopy. For whatever reasons, there were not any new terms (still currently used) introduced from the period 1906 to 1945, when Gustaf Einar Du Rietz proposed replacing ...	{ "page_id": 71377690, "title": "Glossary of lichen terms" }
or eroded thallus surface. accessory substance A lichen product that is sometimes present, sometimes not present in a species. In literature, these are usually indicated with a ± symbol, e.g. ±usnic acid. -aceae A suffix used to indicate the taxonomic rank of family. -aceous A suffix used to indicate a relation or simi...	{ "page_id": 71377690, "title": "Glossary of lichen terms" }
fungal basidiomata—structures akin to the photobiont layer in lichens. This association, unlike in lichens, does not render the fungal partner nutritionally dependent on the algae, thus all involved fungal species are capable of surviving without the algal partner. Alcobiosis represents a diverse interaction, seen in v...	{ "page_id": 71377690, "title": "Glossary of lichen terms" }
with an inner ring, and a smooth, more or less shiny thallus; this morphotype occurs in the genera Myriotrema and Thelotrema. anticlinal Perpendicular to a surface; used to refer to hyphal alignment. apical Located at the highest point (the apex), the tip, or the end of something. apiculate Having a short projection (a...	{ "page_id": 71377690, "title": "Glossary of lichen terms" }
ascoconidium Plural ascoconidia. A conidium that is formed directly from an ascospore. ascogenous Also ascogenic. Producing or supporting the growth of an ascus. ascogonium Plural ascogonia. The cell or group of cells within an ascocarp from which the asci (spore-producing cells) ultimately develop. ascolichen A lichen...	{ "page_id": 71377690, "title": "Glossary of lichen terms" }
prefix meaning two or twice. biatorine A type of lecideine apothecium with a soft, light-colored (not carbonized) margin, like those in genus Biatorella. bifurcate Divided into two parts or branches. See related: dichotomous. bifusiform Referring to a shape or structure that is elongated and tapers at both ends, with a...	{ "page_id": 71377690, "title": "Glossary of lichen terms" }
A hepaticolous lichen is found only on liverworts, while a muscicolous lichen is found only on mosses. bullate Having blister-like or bubble-like swellings on a surface. byssoid Having the texture of cotton; made of loosely intertwined hyphae. See related: arachnoid, floccose. == C == C test A spot test that uses a sol...	{ "page_id": 71377690, "title": "Glossary of lichen terms" }
of a lichen. Cartilaginous structures have a texture similar to animal cartilage – firm but somewhat pliable, not brittle or soft. cataphysis See pseudoparaphysis. catapyrenioid lichen A member of the Verrucariaceae that is squamulose, has simple ascospores (without any septa), and lacks algae in the hymenium; historic...	{ "page_id": 71377690, "title": "Glossary of lichen terms" }
within cracks and fissures of rocks. See related: endolith. checklist A list of all of the species (sometimes including subspecies, varieties and forms) that occur within a particular region. chemosyndrome A set of lichen products produced by a species; this typically includes one or more major compounds and a set of b...	{ "page_id": 71377690, "title": "Glossary of lichen terms" }
thallus differentiates into both horizontal (primary thallus) and vertical (secondary thallus, or podetium) structures. Cladoniiform lichens occur in the families Cladoniaceae and Baeomycetaceae. clavate Also claviform. A shape resembling a club, broader at one end and tapering towards the other; typically used to refe...	{ "page_id": 71377690, "title": "Glossary of lichen terms" }
occurs in the genus Chapsa. crustose A form of growth where the lichen is pressed so tightly against the substrate upon which it grows that it is impossible to remove without destroying either it or part of the substrate. Crustose lichens have a cortex only on their upper surface. cryptoendolith Also cryptoendolithic. ...	{ "page_id": 71377690, "title": "Glossary of lichen terms" }

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