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Creaming, in the laboratory sense, is the migration of the dispersed phase of an emulsion under the influence of buoyancy. The particles float upwards or sink depending on how large they are and density compared to the continuous phase as well as how viscous or how thixotropic the continuous phase might be. For as long...	{ "page_id": 17180183, "title": "Creaming (chemistry)" }
it differs from flocculation (where particles clump) or emulsion breaking (where particles coalesce). Unlike flocculation and breaking, creaming of an emulsion is a relatively simple process to reverse. == Creaming == A creamed emulsion increases the likelihood of coalescence due to the close proximity of the globules ...	{ "page_id": 17180183, "title": "Creaming (chemistry)" }
Sexual coercion among animals is the use of violence, threats, harassment, and other tactics to help them forcefully copulate. Such behavior has been compared to sexual assault, including rape, among humans. In nature, males and females usually differ in reproductive fitness optima. Males generally prefer to maximize t...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
shake branches, hit, slap, kick, pound, drag, and bite them. Orangutans are among the most forceful of mammals. Bornean orangutans (Pongo pygmaeus) exhibited aggression in almost 90 percent of their copulations, including when the females were not resisting. A possible explanation for aggressive behaviors in primates i...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
stress causes her cloaca to open, and aids the male in inserting his hemipenis. The stronger and more frequent the caudocephalic waves and the closer the male's cloaca to the female's, the more likely the male is to mate successfully. === Grasping and grappling === Males of certain species have evolved mating behaviors...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
males shake the females violently and keep them submerged underwater (diving beetles cannot go long without atmospheric oxygen). Unable to get air, female diving beetles submit to the male's advances in order to avoid drowning (and they lose the energy to resist). Once the males attach, copulation can occur. Male water...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
the female genitalia are often exposed and easily accessible to males. Without any courtship behavior, males initiate by forcefully trying to mount the females. Carrying the males on their backs is energetically costly to females, so they try to resist and throw off the males. The males fight back even harder and use t...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
(Anas platyrhynchos), hamadryas baboons and many other primates, coho salmon (Oncorhynchus kisutch), and others. === Infanticide === In some mammal species, it is common for males to commit infanticide to mate with females. This happens often in species that live in groups, such as Old and New World monkeys, apes, pros...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
to guard females for up to six hours. They hold them underwater, occasionally tilting them up for air. Guarding also occurs in water striders where, once males complete their sperm transfer, they often remain on top of the females. This guarding duration varies, lasting from several minutes to several weeks. The purpos...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
Costs to females == === Direct === A major direct cost of sexual coercion is physical injury. Male seed beetles (Coleoptera: Bruchidae) have sclerotized spines on their genitalia, which penetrate the female and leave melanized scars. Females can be physically injured from just one mating, and the more a female mates, t...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
to avoid violent males, they are not able to form female social ties (for example, Grévy's zebra/Equus grevyi). This also happens in species where herding males sometimes do not permit females to join their family in different groups, like in hamadryad baboons. === Indirect === Indirect costs are those that affect fema...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
it harder for males to insert themselves without the female's consent. === Male avoidance/habitat change === Another female tactic to counter coercion is to try to avoid males that may cause them harm. To do this, females often change their habitats to get away from aggressive males, as is seen in wild Trinidadian gupp...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
the capuchin; and prosimians such as the ring-tailed lemur. In African vervet monkeys, related females often form groups and “gang up” on males. Females of high rank create networks of female alliances; together, they fight away persistent suitors. === Resistance/fighting back === Resisting males and fighting back are ...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
after a male mates with a female, he becomes her mate. Then, he would defend and protect her. This is seen in many primate species. === Ultimate === A possible benefit of sexual coercion that would come out in the long run is the “good genes” hypothesis. If males can overcome a female's resistance, then they must posse...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
male's phallus, the more elaborate the corresponding vaginal structures. === Speciation === Speciation has been observed to be a possible consequence of sexual coercion. In diving beetle species family Dytiscidae, an intersexual arms race occurs between males and females. Males have evolved suction cup structures on th...	{ "page_id": 39331354, "title": "Sexual coercion among animals" }
The Biological General Repository for Interaction Datasets (BioGRID) is a curated biological database of protein-protein interactions, genetic interactions, chemical interactions, and post-translational modifications created in 2003 (originally referred to as simply the General Repository for Interaction Datasets (GRID...	{ "page_id": 4400671, "title": "BioGRID" }
expanded over several updates to incorporate curated post-translational modification data, chemical interaction data, and complex multi-gene/protein interactions. Moreover, on a monthly basis, the BioGRID continues to expand curated data and also develop and release new tools, data from comprehensive targeted curation ...	{ "page_id": 4400671, "title": "BioGRID" }
approach to curation of human interaction data in manageable collections of high impact data. These themed curation projects represent central biological processes with disease relevance such as chromatin modification, autophagy, and the ubiquitin-proteasome system or diseases of interest including glioblastoma, Fancon...	{ "page_id": 4400671, "title": "BioGRID" }
Kaggle is a data science competition platform and online community for data scientists and machine learning practitioners under Google LLC. Kaggle enables users to find and publish datasets, explore and build models in a web-based data science environment, work with other data scientists and machine learning engineers,...	{ "page_id": 31663650, "title": "Kaggle" }
Kaggle Kernels to achieve a better benchmark and to inspire new ideas. Submissions can be made through Kaggle Kernels, via manual upload or using the Kaggle API. For most competitions, submissions are scored immediately (based on their predictive accuracy relative to a hidden solution file) and summarized on a live lea...	{ "page_id": 31663650, "title": "Kaggle" }
reward users based on their contributions and achievements within the platform. This system consists of five tiers: Novice, Contributor, Expert, Master, and Grandmaster. Each tier is achieved by meeting specific criteria in competitions, datasets, kernels (code-sharing), and discussions. The highest tier, Kaggle Grandm...	{ "page_id": 31663650, "title": "Kaggle" }
Ehrlich-Lettre ascites carcinoma (EAC) is also known as Ehrlich cell. It was originally established as an ascites tumor in mice. == Ehrlich cell == The tumor was cultured in vivo, which became known as the Ehrlich cell. After 1948 Ehrlich cultures spread around research institutes all over the world. The Ehrlich cell b...	{ "page_id": 50275875, "title": "Ehrlich ascites carcinoma" }
The Linde–Frank–Caro process is a method for hydrogen production by removing hydrogen and carbon dioxide from water gas by condensation. The process was invented in 1909 by Adolf Frank and developed with Carl von Linde and Heinrich Caro. == Process description == Water gas is compressed to 20 bar and pumped into the Li...	{ "page_id": 22423074, "title": "Linde–Frank–Caro process" }
WineMaker Magazine is an American magazine, particularly concerned with the process of home winemaking. The magazine is published six times annually from offices in Manchester Village, Vermont. WineMaker was launched in 1999 and each issue includes wine recipes, how-to projects and advice columns. WineMaker magazine al...	{ "page_id": 34350629, "title": "WineMaker Magazine" }
A vertex model is a type of statistical mechanics model in which the Boltzmann weights are associated with a vertex in the model (representing an atom or particle). This contrasts with a nearest-neighbour model, such as the Ising model, in which the energy, and thus the Boltzmann weight of a statistical microstate is a...	{ "page_id": 4924962, "title": "Vertex model" }
For a given state of the lattice, the Boltzmann weight can be written as the product over the vertices of the Boltzmann weights of the corresponding vertex states exp ⁡ ( − β ε ( state ) ) = ∏ vertices exp ⁡ ( − β ε i j k ℓ ) {\displaystyle \exp(-\beta \varepsilon ({\mbox{state}}))=\prod _{\mbox{vertices}}\exp(-\beta \...	{ "page_id": 4924962, "title": "Vertex model" }
\mathbb {Z} } In order to evaluate the partition function, firstly examine the states of a row of vertices. The external edges are free variables, with summation over the internal bonds. Hence, form the row partition function T i 1 k 1 … k N i 1 ′ ℓ 1 … l N = ∑ r 1 , … , r N − 1 R i 1 k 1 r 1 ℓ 1 R r 1 k 2 r 2 ℓ 2 ⋯ R ...	{ "page_id": 4924962, "title": "Vertex model" }
R_{02}R_{01},} where the indices indicate the factors of the tensor product V ⊗ V ⊗ N {\displaystyle V\otimes V^{\otimes N}} on which R operates. Summing over the states of the bonds in the first row with the periodic boundary conditions i 1 = i 1 ′ {\displaystyle i_{1}=i'_{1}} , gives ( trace V ⁡ ( T ) ) k 1 … k N ℓ 1...	{ "page_id": 4924962, "title": "Vertex model" }
eigenvalue of τ {\displaystyle \tau } . The approximation follows from the fact that the eigenvalues of τ M {\displaystyle \tau ^{M}} are the eigenvalues of τ {\displaystyle \tau } to the power of M, and as M → ∞ {\displaystyle M\rightarrow \infty } , the power of the largest eigenvalue becomes much larger than the oth...	{ "page_id": 4924962, "title": "Vertex model" }
( λ ) ( 1 ⊗ T ( μ ) ) ( T ( ν ) ⊗ 1 ) = ( T ( ν ) ⊗ 1 ) ( 1 ⊗ T ( μ ) ) R ( λ ) {\displaystyle R(\lambda )(1\otimes T(\mu ))(T(\nu )\otimes 1)=(T(\nu )\otimes 1)(1\otimes T(\mu ))R(\lambda )} as endomorphisms of V ⊗ V ⊗ V ⊗ N {\displaystyle V\otimes V\otimes V^{\otimes N}} , where R ( λ ) {\displaystyle R(\lambda )} ac...	{ "page_id": 4924962, "title": "Vertex model" }
{\displaystyle \{1,\ldots ,n\}} , where R is an endomorphism in the space spanned by { \| a ⟩ ⊗ \| b ⟩ } , 1 ≤ a , b ≤ n {\displaystyle \{\|a\rangle \otimes \|b\rangle \},1\leq a,b\leq n} . This motivates the classification of all the finite-dimensional irreducible representations of a given Quantum algebra in order to fin...	{ "page_id": 4924962, "title": "Vertex model" }
An exoplanet or extrasolar planet is a planet outside the Solar System. The first confirmed detection of an exoplanet was in 1992 around a pulsar, and the first detection around a main-sequence star was in 1995. A different planet, first detected in 1988, was confirmed in 2003. In 2016, it was recognized that the first...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
be a planet and might be a brown dwarf. Known orbital times for exoplanets vary from less than an hour (for those closest to their star) to thousands of years. Some exoplanets are so far away from the star that it is difficult to tell whether they are gravitationally bound to it. Almost all planets detected so far are ...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
13 Jupiter masses for objects of solar metallicity) that orbit stars or stellar remnants are "planets" (no matter how they formed). The minimum mass/size required for an extrasolar object to be considered a planet should be the same as that used in the Solar System. Substellar objects with true masses above the limitin...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
MJup limit and can be as low as 1 MJup. Objects in this mass range that orbit their stars with wide separations of hundreds or thousands of astronomical units (AU) and have large star/object mass ratios likely formed as brown dwarfs; their atmospheres would likely have a composition more similar to their host star than...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
around 5 Jupiter masses. === Confirmation === An exoplanet is confirmed for NASA's Exoplanet Archive either when "different observation techniques reveal features that can only be explained by a planet" or by analytical techniques. For the Extrasolar Planets Encyclopedia, "A planet is considered as Confirmed if it is c...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
of the star using Mount Wilson's 60-inch telescope which he interpreted the spectrum to be of an F-type main-sequence star. This spectrum was reexamined during studies of white dwarf stars with unpredicted compositions. It is now thought that such a spectrum could be caused by the residue of a nearby exoplanet that had...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
the same kind as our own. In the sixteenth century, the Italian philosopher Giordano Bruno, an early supporter of the Copernican theory that Earth and other planets orbit the Sun (heliocentrism), put forward the view that fixed stars are similar to the Sun and are likewise accompanied by planets. In the eighteenth cent...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
made that 61 Cygni might have a planetary system. Kaj Strand of the Sproul Observatory in 1942 observed tiny but systematic variations in the orbital motions of 61 Cygni A and B, suggesting that a third body of about 16 Jupiter masses must be orbiting 61 Cygni A. Multiple further claims were made, but more recent obser...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
have been brown dwarfs, objects intermediate in mass between planets and stars. In 1990, additional observations were published that supported the existence of the planet orbiting Gamma Cephei, but subsequent work in 1992 again raised serious doubts. Finally, in 2003, improved techniques allowed the planet's existence ...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
definitive detection of an exoplanet orbiting a main-sequence star, nearby G-type star 51 Pegasi. This discovery, made at the Observatoire de Haute-Provence, ushered in the modern era of exoplanetary discovery, and was recognized by a share of the 2019 Nobel Prize in Physics. Technological advances, most notably in hig...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
exoplanet, Wolf 503b, is twice the size of Earth and was discovered orbiting a type of star known as an "Orange Dwarf". Wolf 503b completes one orbit in as few as six days because it is very close to the star. Wolf 503b is the only exoplanet that large that can be found near the so-called small planet radius gap. The g...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
Gemini Planet Imager, VLT-SPHERE, and SCExAO will image dozens of gas giants, but the vast majority of known extrasolar planets have only been detected through indirect methods. === Indirect methods === Transit method If a planet crosses (or transits) in front of its parent star's disk, then the observed brightness of ...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
confirm many transiting circumbinary planets. Gravitational microlensing Microlensing occurs when the gravitational field of a star acts like a lens, magnifying the light of a distant background star. Planets orbiting the lensing star can cause detectable anomalies in magnification as it varies over time. Unlike most o...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
can sometimes be caused by a planet orbiting it. As of 2013, a few planets have been discovered with this method. Reflection/emission modulations When a planet orbits very close to a star, it catches a considerable amount of starlight. As the planet orbits the star, the amount of light changes due to planets having pha...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
are still forming to planetary systems of over 10 Gyr old. When planets form in a gaseous protoplanetary disk, they accrete hydrogen/helium envelopes. These envelopes cool and contract over time and, depending on the mass of the planet, some or all of the hydrogen/helium is eventually lost to space. This means that eve...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
General features == === Color and brightness === The apparent brightness (apparent magnitude) of a planet depends on how far away the observer is, how reflective the planet is (albedo), and how much light the planet receives from its star, which depends on how far the planet is from the star and how bright the star is....	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
can cause major fluctuations in atmospheric composition, which can have a significant effect. There is more thermal emission than reflection at some near-infrared wavelengths for massive and/or young gas giants. So, although optical brightness is fully phase-dependent, this is not always the case in the near infrared. ...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
be a liquid metal at the pressures and temperatures found in super-Earths and could generate a magnetic field in the mantles of super-Earths. Hot Jupiters have been observed to have a larger radius than expected. This could be caused by the interaction between the stellar wind and the planet's magnetosphere creating an...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
conclusions about the likelihood of plate tectonics on larger super-Earths with one team saying that plate tectonics would be episodic or stagnant and the other team saying that plate tectonics is very likely on super-Earths even if the planet is dry. If super-Earths have more than 80 times as much water as Earth, then...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
warped ring system. === Moons === There is evidence that moons around other planets, commonly referred to exomoons, may exist. None has been confirmed so far. In 2012 a candidate exomoon was detected around WASP-12b via periodic light variations in the planet's light curve. Subsequent observations found this object mig...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
leaving a trailing tail of cloud and dust like a comet. The dust could be ash erupting from volcanos and escaping due to the small planet's low surface-gravity, or it could be from metals that are vaporized by the high temperatures of being so close to the star with the metal vapor then condensing into dust. In June 20...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
in error because they depend on the planet's usually unknown albedo, and because factors such as the greenhouse effect may introduce unknown complications. A few planets have had their temperature measured by observing the variation in infrared radiation as the planet moves around in its orbit and is eclipsed by its pa...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
size and age of the star, so that the habitable zone can be at different distances for different stars. Also, the atmospheric conditions on the planet influence the planet's ability to retain heat so that the location of the habitable zone is also specific to each type of planet: desert planets (also known as dry plane...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
previously thought due to the effect of clouds: at high stellar flux, strong convection produces thick water clouds near the substellar point that greatly increase the planetary albedo and reduce surface temperatures. Planets in the habitable zones of stars with low metallicity are more habitable for complex life on la...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
less likely to enter snowball states and can retain liquid water further from their star. Large fluctuations of axial tilt can have even more of a warming effect than a fixed large tilt. Paradoxically, planets orbiting cooler stars, such as red dwarfs, are less likely to enter snowball states because the infrared radia...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
°C (234 K). ==== Earth-size planets ==== In November 2013, it was estimated that 22±8% of Sun-like stars in the Milky Way galaxy may have an Earth-sized planet in the habitable zone. Assuming 200 billion stars in the Milky Way, that would be 11 billion potentially habitable Earths, rising to 40 billion if red dwarfs ar...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
Dispersion Echelle Spectrograph, a planet finding and planet characterisation spectrograph, is expected to be fitted onto ESO's ELT 39.3m telescope. ANDES was formally known as HIRES, which itself was created after a merger of the consortia behind the earlier CODEX (optical high-resolution) and SIMPLE (near-infrared hi...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
Infinite Worlds: An Illustrated Voyage to Planets Beyond Our Sun. University of California Press. ISBN 978-0-520-23710-0 Yaqoob, Tahir (2011). Exoplanets and Alien Solar Systems. New Earth Labs (Education and Outreach). ISBN 978-0-9741689-2-0. Paperback. == External links == The Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia (Paris ...	{ "page_id": 9763, "title": "Exoplanet" }
Climate resilience is a concept to describe how well people or ecosystems are prepared to bounce back from certain climate hazard events. The formal definition of the term is the "capacity of social, economic and ecosystems to cope with a hazardous event or trend or disturbance".: 7 For example, climate resilience can ...	{ "page_id": 42673705, "title": "Climate resilience" }
fall under this kind of development are climate resilient infrastructure and climate-smart agriculture. Another example are climate-resilient water services. These are services that provide access to high quality drinking water during all seasons and even during extreme weather events. On every continent, governments a...	{ "page_id": 42673705, "title": "Climate resilience" }
can more easily be tracked. The focus is on resilience as an outcome of an action or program, and how to measure an improvement. Climate resilience is strongly related to climate change adaptation because both have to do with strengthening the capacity of a system to withstand climate events. Adaptation and resilience ...	{ "page_id": 42673705, "title": "Climate resilience" }
adaptation is connected with implementation at scale and ideally at the system-level.: 72 : 26 Transformations, and the processes of transition, cover major systems and sectors at scale. These are energy, land and ecosystems, urban and infrastructure, and industrial and societal.: 125 Structural changes are also recogn...	{ "page_id": 42673705, "title": "Climate resilience" }
and includes adaptations for human, ecosystem and planetary health.: 7 Climate resilient development is facilitated by developing partnerships with traditionally marginalized groups, including women, youth, Indigenous Peoples, local communities and ethnic minorities.: 29 To achieve climate resilient development, the fo...	{ "page_id": 42673705, "title": "Climate resilience" }
often to less desirable and degraded conditions. On the hand, some human actions can make ecosystems more resilient and help species adapt. Examples are protecting larger areas of semi-natural habitat and creating links between parts of the landscape to help species move.: 283 === Disaster management === At larger gove...	{ "page_id": 42673705, "title": "Climate resilience" }
across a set of standardized values. However, sometimes weighting is done according what are thought to be the most important determinants of resilience. === Climate resilience framework === A climate resilience framework can better equip governments and policymakers to develop sustainable solutions that combat the eff...	{ "page_id": 42673705, "title": "Climate resilience" }
for resilience. A survey of the available tools found many differences between tools with no standardized approaches to assess resilience. One category of tools focuses mainly on measuring outcomes. In contrast tools that focus on measuring resilience at the 'starting point' or early stages and continuously over a proj...	{ "page_id": 42673705, "title": "Climate resilience" }
more resilient infrastructures. Through these applications, AI not only aids in mitigating the impacts of climate change but also empowers communities to develop sustainable strategies for long-term resilience. == Related concepts == === Climate change adaptation === === Climate change vulnerability === === Disaster ri...	{ "page_id": 42673705, "title": "Climate resilience" }
A triple bond in chemistry is a chemical bond between two atoms involving six bonding electrons instead of the usual two in a covalent single bond. Triple bonds are stronger than the equivalent single bonds or double bonds, with a bond order of three. The most common triple bond is in a nitrogen N2 molecule; the second...	{ "page_id": 534057, "title": "Triple bond" }
leading to metal-carbon triple bonded compounds of the formula RC≡W(OBut)3 Additionally, phosphorus can exist as the highly reactive diatomic molecule diphosphorus, which has roughly half the bond-dissociation energy of dinitrogen. == References ==	{ "page_id": 534057, "title": "Triple bond" }
Secondary spill containment is the containment of hazardous liquids in order to prevent pollution of soil and water. Common techniques include the use of spill berms to contain oil-filled equipment, fuel tanks, truck washing decks, or any other places or items that may leak hazardous liquids. == Definition == Secondary...	{ "page_id": 23733801, "title": "Secondary spill containment" }
berms usually do not solidify oil. Many companies involved in fracking use spill containment berms to capture contaminated water that is a by-product of the operation. Each well site has multiple trucks that transport water used in deep well drilling procedure. == See also == Bunding == References == == External links ...	{ "page_id": 23733801, "title": "Secondary spill containment" }
An eclipse is an astronomical event which occurs when an astronomical object or spacecraft is temporarily obscured, by passing into the shadow of another body or by having another body pass between it and the viewer. This alignment of three celestial objects is known as a syzygy. An eclipse is the result of either an o...	{ "page_id": 9770, "title": "Eclipse" }
every full moon, and a solar eclipse at every new moon. It is because of the non-planar differences that eclipses are not a common event. If both orbits were perfectly circular, then each eclipse would be the same type every month. Lunar eclipses can be viewed from the entire nightside half of the Earth. But solar ecli...	{ "page_id": 9770, "title": "Eclipse" }
Latin ante, 'before, in front of', plus umbra) extending beyond the tip of the umbra, within which the object is completely in front of the light source but too small to completely cover it. The penumbra (from the Latin paene, 'almost, nearly', plus umbra), within which the object is only partially in front of the ligh...	{ "page_id": 9770, "title": "Eclipse" }
3.844×105 km. Hence the umbral cone of the Earth can completely envelop the Moon during a lunar eclipse. If the occulting object has an atmosphere, however, some of the luminosity of the star can be refracted into the volume of the umbra. This occurs, for example, during an eclipse of the Moon by the Earth—producing a ...	{ "page_id": 9770, "title": "Eclipse" }
two planes (the nodes). The Sun, Earth and nodes are aligned twice a year (during an eclipse season), and eclipses can occur during a period of about two months around these times. There can be from four to seven eclipses in a calendar year, which repeat according to various eclipse cycles, such as a saros. Between 190...	{ "page_id": 9770, "title": "Eclipse" }
250 km wide. However, the region where a partial eclipse can be observed is much larger. The Moon's umbra will advance eastward at a rate of 1,700 km/h, until it no longer intersects the Earth's surface. During a solar eclipse, the Moon can sometimes perfectly cover the Sun because its apparent size is nearly the same ...	{ "page_id": 9770, "title": "Eclipse" }
illumination. Much as in a sunset, the atmosphere tends to more strongly scatter light with shorter wavelengths, so the illumination of the Moon by refracted light has a red hue, thus the phrase 'Blood Moon' is often found in descriptions of such lunar events as far back as eclipses are recorded. === Historical record ...	{ "page_id": 9770, "title": "Eclipse" }
41 seconds, whereas Le Gentil's charts were long by 68 seconds. By the 1600s, European astronomers were publishing books with diagrams explaining how lunar and solar eclipses occurred. In order to disseminate this information to a broader audience and decrease fear of the consequences of eclipses, booksellers printed b...	{ "page_id": 9770, "title": "Eclipse" }
of mythologies and certain religions, eclipses were seen as a sign that the gods were angry and that danger was soon to come, so people often altered their actions in an effort to dissuade the gods from unleashing their wrath. In the Hindu religion, for example, people often sing religious hymns for protection from the...	{ "page_id": 9770, "title": "Eclipse" }
Jupiter to the Earth. This was used to produce the first estimate of the speed of light. The timing of the Jovian satellite eclipses was also used to calculate an observer's longitude upon the Earth. By knowing the expected time when an eclipse would be observed at a standard longitude (such as Greenwich), the time dif...	{ "page_id": 9770, "title": "Eclipse" }
of many eclipses. A series of such mutual eclipses occurred between 1985 and 1990. These daily events led to the first accurate measurements of the physical parameters of both objects. === Mercury and Venus === Eclipses are impossible on Mercury and Venus, which have no moons. However, as seen from the Earth, both have...	{ "page_id": 9770, "title": "Eclipse" }
pair in front of the brighter star. The concept that an eclipsing body caused these luminosity variations was introduced by John Goodricke in 1783. == Types == Sun – Moon – Earth: Solar eclipse \| annular eclipse \| hybrid eclipse \| partial eclipse Sun – Earth – Moon: Lunar eclipse \| penumbral eclipse \| partial lunar ecl...	{ "page_id": 9770, "title": "Eclipse" }
The Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis (also known as the Stockholm papyrus) is a collection of craft recipes compiled in Egypt c. 300 AD. It is written in Greek. The Stockholm papyrus has 154 recipes for dyeing, coloring gemstones, cleaning (purifying) pearls, and imitation gold and silver. Certain of them may derive from the...	{ "page_id": 7677486, "title": "Papyrus Graecus Holmiensis" }
The endoplasmic reticulum (ER) is a part of a transportation system of the eukaryotic cell, and has many other important functions such as protein folding. The word endoplasmic means "within the cytoplasm", and reticulum is Latin for "little net". It is a type of organelle made up of two subunits – rough endoplasmic re...	{ "page_id": 9775, "title": "Endoplasmic reticulum" }
These sac-like structures are held together by the cytoskeleton. The phospholipid membrane encloses the cisternal space (or lumen), which is continuous with the perinuclear space but separate from the cytosol. The functions of the endoplasmic reticulum can be summarized as the synthesis and export of proteins and membr...	{ "page_id": 9775, "title": "Endoplasmic reticulum" }
into the cytosol; however, non-translating ribosomes are also known to stay associated with translocons. The membrane of the rough endoplasmic reticulum is in the form of large double-membrane sheets that are located near, and continuous with, the outer layer of the nuclear envelope. The double membrane sheets are stac...	{ "page_id": 9775, "title": "Endoplasmic reticulum" }
adds a 14-sugar backbone (2-N-acetylglucosamine, 9-branching mannose, and 3-glucose at the end) to the side-chain nitrogen of Asn. The RER has ribosomes while the SER does not. === Smooth endoplasmic reticulum === In most cells the smooth endoplasmic reticulum (abbreviated SER) is scarce. Instead there are areas where ...	{ "page_id": 9775, "title": "Endoplasmic reticulum" }
Sarcoplasmic reticulum ==== The sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR), from the Greek σάρξ sarx ("flesh"), is smooth ER found in muscle cells. The only structural difference between this organelle and the smooth endoplasmic reticulum is the composition of proteins they have, both bound to their membranes and drifting within the ...	{ "page_id": 9775, "title": "Endoplasmic reticulum" }
throughout the cell are marked with an address tag called a signal sequence. The N-terminus (one end) of a polypeptide chain (i.e., a protein) contains a few amino acids that work as an address tag, which are removed when the polypeptide reaches its destination. Nascent peptides reach the ER via the translocon, a membr...	{ "page_id": 9775, "title": "Endoplasmic reticulum" }
supply ATP to the ER through a Ca2+-antagonized transport into the ER (CaATiER) mechanism. The CaATiER mechanism shows sensitivity to cytosolic Ca2+ ranging from high nM to low μM range, with the Ca2+-sensing element yet to be identified and validated. == Clinical significance == Increased and supraphysiological ER str...	{ "page_id": 9775, "title": "Endoplasmic reticulum" }
The molecular formula C16H18N2 (molar mass: 238.33 g/mol) may refer to: Agroclavine Cycloclavine 1-(2-Diphenyl)piperazine (RA-7) Lysergine Metapramine Nomifensine	{ "page_id": 26617395, "title": "C16H18N2" }
In organic chemistry, a homologous series is a sequence of compounds with the same functional group and similar chemical properties in which the members of the series differ by the number of repeating units they contain. This can be the length of a carbon chain, for example in the straight-chained alkanes (paraffins), ...	{ "page_id": 1451572, "title": "Homologous series" }
in such a series, such as methane and ethane, are known as "adjacent homologues". Within that series, many physical properties such as boiling point gradually change with increasing mass. For example, ethane (C2H6), has a higher boiling point than methane (CH4). This is because the London dispersion forces between etha...	{ "page_id": 1451572, "title": "Homologous series" }
== Analog Congener Ruddlesden-Popper phase Structure–activity relationship == References ==	{ "page_id": 1451572, "title": "Homologous series" }
Ethylene-forming enzyme may refer to: 2-oxoglutarate dioxygenase (ethylene-forming) 2-oxoglutarate/L-arginine monooxygenase/decarboxylase (succinate-forming) 1-Aminocyclopropane-1-carboxylic acid (ACC) oxidase	{ "page_id": 38348342, "title": "Ethylene-forming enzyme" }
The transmission coefficient is used in physics and electrical engineering when wave propagation in a medium containing discontinuities is considered. A transmission coefficient describes the amplitude, intensity, or total power of a transmitted wave relative to an incident wave. == Overview == Different fields of appl...	{ "page_id": 5318198, "title": "Transmission coefficient" }
Transmission coefficients can be calculated for either the amplitude or the intensity of the wave. Either is calculated by taking the ratio of the value after the surface or element to the value before. The transmission coefficient for total power is generally the same as the coefficient for intensity. == Telecommunica...	{ "page_id": 5318198, "title": "Transmission coefficient" }
{A} }}}}} , and to the transmission coefficient: 1 + Γ = 2 Z B Z B + Z A {\displaystyle {{1+\Gamma }={{2Z_{\mathrm {B} }} \over {Z_{\mathrm {B} }+Z_{\mathrm {A} }}}}} . The probability that a portion of a communications system, such as a line, circuit, channel or trunk, will meet specified performance criteria is also ...	{ "page_id": 5318198, "title": "Transmission coefficient" }

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