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The Lucifer Principle is a 1995 book by American author Howard Bloom, in which he argues that social groups, not individuals, are the primary "unit of selection" on genes and human psychological development. He states that both competition between groups and competition between individuals shape the evolution of the ge...	{ "page_id": 14946407, "title": "The Lucifer Principle" }
The Lucifer Principle be withdrawn from print and that nothing that I write be published again. They offered to boycott my publisher's products—all of them—worldwide. And they backed their warning with a call for my punishment in seventeen Islamic countries." Bloom states that the attorney for the Authors Guild wrote t...	{ "page_id": 14946407, "title": "The Lucifer Principle" }
The Crich β-mannosylation in organic chemistry is a synthetic strategy which is used in carbohydrate synthesis to generate a 1,2-cis-glycosidic bond. This type of linkate is generally very difficult to make, and specific methods like the Crich β-mannosylation are used to overcome these issues. The technique takes its n...	{ "page_id": 22483052, "title": "Crich beta-mannosylation" }
contact ion pair (CIP) 4 or a solvent-separated ion pair (SSIP) 5, or (2) a mechanistically variant transition state 7 (Scheme 2). For the intermediate CIP 4, the triflate anion is closely associated with face where it just departed thus shields that side against nucleophilic attack. For the alternative intermediate SS...	{ "page_id": 22483052, "title": "Crich beta-mannosylation" }
activation of the thioglycoside 19 was readily achieved, and the coupling reaction with the acceptor alcohol underwent smoothly to provide the bound β-mannoside 20. After removal of the excess reagents and byproducts from the resin, 20 was then treated with aqueous acetone to release 4,6-diol 21. Overall, this is a pow...	{ "page_id": 22483052, "title": "Crich beta-mannosylation" }
William Webster (1855–1910) was an English chemical engineer credited with developments in gas detection, sewage treatment and medical use of x-rays. A gifted artist and musician, Webster also helped found the Blackheath Concert Halls and the adjacent Conservatoire in Blackheath in south-east London during the 1890s. =...	{ "page_id": 57413744, "title": "William Webster (chemical engineer)" }
Conservatoire. The Conservatoire of Music opened in 1896 and the School of Art in 1897. == References ==	{ "page_id": 57413744, "title": "William Webster (chemical engineer)" }
The Professorship of Physiology, also known as the Chair of Physiology (1883), is a chair at the University of Cambridge. In 2006, the Department of Physiology was merged with the Department of Anatomy to form the Department of Physiology, Development and Neuroscience where the chair is now based. == List of Professors...	{ "page_id": 32051313, "title": "Professor of Physiology (Cambridge)" }
Mesoxantha is a genus of nymphalid butterflies. It is monotypic, containing only Mesoxantha ethosea, the Drury's delight. It is found in Sierra Leone, Guinea, Liberia, Ivory Coast, Ghana, Togo, Nigeria, Cameroon, Gabon, the Republic of the Congo, the Central African Republic, Angola, the Democratic Republic of the Cong...	{ "page_id": 35131505, "title": "Mesoxantha" }
LacED, also known as The Lactamase Engineering Database, is a database that identifies and corrects inconsistencies in already existing databases, namely Beta-lactamases. It integrates such information as mutations, sequence alignments, and structures in order to accomplish the task. As of the publication of the primar...	{ "page_id": 61149297, "title": "LacED" }
Prephytoene-diphosphate synthase may refer to: All-trans-phytoene synthase, an enzyme Phytoene synthase, an enzyme	{ "page_id": 38867060, "title": "Prephytoene-diphosphate synthase" }
Gray's Paradox is a paradox posed in 1936 by British zoologist Sir James Gray. The paradox was to figure out how dolphins can obtain such high speeds and accelerations with what appears to be a small muscle mass. Gray made an estimate of the power a dolphin could exert based on its physiology, and concluded the power w...	{ "page_id": 25038967, "title": "Gray's paradox" }
The researchers claim their analysis also "solves the perplexity of dolphin’s Gray paradox". == Gray's flawed assumption == The prior research efforts to refute Gray's paradox only looked at the drag reducing aspect of dolphin's skin, but never questioned the basic assumption of Gray "that drag cannot be greater than m...	{ "page_id": 25038967, "title": "Gray's paradox" }
{P} _{deformation}{\text{ and }}\mathbf {P} _{thrust}=\mathbf {P} _{drag}} . It is important to acknowledge the fact that a swimmer does not have to spend energy to overcome drag all through its muscle work; it is also assisted by the thrust force in this task. Their research also shows that defining drag on the body i...	{ "page_id": 25038967, "title": "Gray's paradox" }
The Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics (abbreviated VIPBG) is a human genetics research center, located at Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), that aims to study the role played by genetic factors in the etiology of psychiatric conditions and substance abuse. It was co-founded in 1996 by VCU...	{ "page_id": 57872517, "title": "Virginia Institute for Psychiatric and Behavioral Genetics" }
The cell is the basic structural and functional unit of all forms of life. Every cell consists of cytoplasm enclosed within a membrane; many cells contain organelles, each with a specific function. The term comes from the Latin word cellula meaning 'small room'. Most cells are only visible under a microscope. Cells eme...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
a nucleus, and other membrane-bound organelles. The DNA of a prokaryotic cell consists of a single circular chromosome that is in direct contact with the cytoplasm. The nuclear region in the cytoplasm is called the nucleoid. Most prokaryotes are the smallest of all organisms, ranging from 0.5 to 2.0 μm in diameter.: 78...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
and communication between cells. === Eukaryotic cells === Plants, animals, fungi, slime moulds, protozoa, and algae are all eukaryotic. These cells are about fifteen times wider than a typical prokaryote and can be as much as a thousand times greater in volume. The main distinguishing feature of eukaryotes as compared ...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
male, ~28 trillion in the female). == Subcellular components == All cells, whether prokaryotic or eukaryotic, have a membrane that envelops the cell, regulates what moves in and out (selectively permeable), and maintains the electric potential of the cell. Inside the membrane, the cytoplasm takes up most of the cell's ...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
acts to organize and maintain the cell's shape; anchors organelles in place; helps during endocytosis, the uptake of external materials by a cell, and cytokinesis, the separation of daughter cells after cell division; and moves parts of the cell in processes of growth and mobility. The eukaryotic cytoskeleton is compos...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
and in the mitochondria (the mitochondrial genome). In humans, the nuclear genome is divided into 46 linear DNA molecules called chromosomes, including 22 homologous chromosome pairs and a pair of sex chromosomes. The mitochondrial genome is a circular DNA molecule distinct from nuclear DNA. Although the mitochondrial ...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
cell's DNA from various molecules that could accidentally damage its structure or interfere with its processing. During processing, DNA is transcribed, or copied into a special RNA, called messenger RNA (mRNA). This mRNA is then transported out of the nucleus, where it is translated into a specific protein molecule. Th...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
environment. The cell could not house these destructive enzymes if they were not contained in a membrane-bound system. Centrosome: the cytoskeleton organizer: The centrosome produces the microtubules of a cell—a key component of the cytoskeleton. It directs the transport through the ER and the Golgi apparatus. Centroso...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
which helps in the tapping of light energy during photosynthesis. Chromoplasts contain fat-soluble carotenoid pigments like orange carotene and yellow xanthophylls which helps in synthesis and storage. Leucoplasts are non-pigmented plastids and helps in storage of nutrients. == Structures outside the cell membrane == M...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
also known as a pilus, plural pili) is a short, thin, hair-like filament found on the surface of bacteria. Fimbriae are formed of a protein called pilin (antigenic) and are responsible for the attachment of bacteria to specific receptors on human cells (cell adhesion). There are special types of pili involved in bacter...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
mutation. E. coli bacteria are a well-studied example of a cellular organism with diverse well-defined DNA repair processes. These include: nucleotide excision repair, DNA mismatch repair, non-homologous end joining of double-strand breaks, recombinational repair and light-dependent repair (photoreactivation). === Grow...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
to transfer RNA (tRNA) adapter molecules in binding pockets within the ribosome. The new polypeptide then folds into a functional three-dimensional protein molecule. === Motility === Unicellular organisms can move in order to find food or escape predators. Common mechanisms of motion include flagella and cilia. In mult...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
genes they contain. Most distinct cell types arise from a single totipotent cell, called a zygote, that differentiates into hundreds of different cell types during the course of development. Differentiation of cells is driven by different environmental cues (such as cell–cell interaction) and intrinsic differences (suc...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
years ago. The first cells were most likely heterotrophs. The early cell membranes were probably simpler and more permeable than modern ones, with only a single fatty acid chain per lipid. Lipids spontaneously form bilayered vesicles in water, and could have preceded RNA. === First eukaryotic cells === Eukaryotic cells...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
This put forth the idea that cells were not only fundamental to plants, but animals as well. 1632–1723: Antonie van Leeuwenhoek taught himself to make lenses, constructed basic optical microscopes and drew protozoa, such as Vorticella from rain water, and bacteria from his own mouth. 1665: Robert Hooke discovered cells...	{ "page_id": 4230, "title": "Cell (biology)" }
Enzyme potentiated desensitization (EPD), is a treatment for allergies developed in the 1960s by Dr. Leonard M. McEwen in the United Kingdom. EPD uses much lower doses of antigens than conventional desensitization treatment paired with the enzyme β-glucuronidase. EPD is approved in the United Kingdom for the treatment ...	{ "page_id": 6951047, "title": "Enzyme potentiated desensitization" }
appears to potentiate the desensitizing effect of a small dose of allergen. The quantities of both are smaller than those occurring naturally in the body, but not so small that they can be regarded as homeopathic. Intradermal injections are used. The treatment takes 3–4 weeks before any effect is seen. For food and env...	{ "page_id": 6951047, "title": "Enzyme potentiated desensitization" }
available after the event to test this theory as the remaining trial materials were destroyed immediately after the trial ended. == Safety of EPD == While the efficacy of EPD is sometimes the subject of controversy among the medical community, the safety of EPD is demonstrated in one study under the control of an Inves...	{ "page_id": 6951047, "title": "Enzyme potentiated desensitization" }
on EPD == EPD has not been developed for treatment of allergy to insect stings (for which convenventional immunotherapy is recommended), nor for contact dermatitis and allergy to drugs. It is not FDA approved. == References ==	{ "page_id": 6951047, "title": "Enzyme potentiated desensitization" }
Molecular Discovery Ltd is a software company working in the area of drug discovery. Founded in 1984 by Peter Goodford, its aim was to provide the GRID software to scientists working in the field of Drug Design, and enabled one of the first examples of rational drug design with the discovery of Zanamivir in 1989. In co...	{ "page_id": 22220935, "title": "Molecular Discovery" }
Pitthea famula is a species of moth in the family Geometridae. It was first described by Dru Drury in 1773 from Calabar, in what is now Nigeria. It is found in Angola, Benin, Cameroon, the Republic of the Congo, the Democratic Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea (Bioko), Nigeria, Sierra Leone and Zambia. == Descri...	{ "page_id": 44437641, "title": "Pitthea famula" }
A screening information dataset (SIDS) is a study of the hazards associated with a particular chemical substance or group of related substances, prepared under the auspices of the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). The substances studied are high production volume (HPV) chemicals, which are ...	{ "page_id": 24121484, "title": "Screening information dataset" }
from similar studies such as Concise International Chemical Assessment Documents (CICADs). In this sense, SIDS are similar to European Union Risk Assessment Reports (RARs). The distinction is that the SIDS programme is specifically aimed at HPV chemicals, while the chemicals selected for EU RARs are chosen more on the ...	{ "page_id": 24121484, "title": "Screening information dataset" }
In statistical mechanics, the metastate is a probability measure on the space of all thermodynamic states for a system with quenched randomness. The term metastate, in this context, was first used in by Charles M. Newman and Daniel L. Stein in 1996.. Two different versions have been proposed: 1) The Aizenman-Wehr const...	{ "page_id": 25694349, "title": "Metastate" }
Primary and secondary antibodies are two groups of antibodies that are classified based on whether they bind to antigens or proteins directly or target another (primary) antibody that, in turn, is bound to an antigen or protein. == Primary == A primary antibody can be very useful for the detection of biomarkers for dis...	{ "page_id": 27332750, "title": "Primary and secondary antibodies" }
endogenous immunoglobulins on cells, tissues or other surfaces, and to block the exposed immunoglobulins in multiple labeling experiments using primary antibodies from the same species. === Applications === Secondary antibodies can be conjugated to enzymes such as horseradish peroxidase (HRP) or alkaline phosphatase (A...	{ "page_id": 27332750, "title": "Primary and secondary antibodies" }
In physics, a Fano resonance is a type of resonant scattering phenomenon that gives rise to an asymmetric line-shape. Interference between a background and a resonant scattering process produces the asymmetric line-shape. It is named after Italian-American physicist Ugo Fano, who in 1961 gave a theoretical explanation ...	{ "page_id": 2166926, "title": "Fano resonance" }
while the resonant scattering amplitude changes both in magnitude and phase quickly. It is this variation that creates the asymmetric profile. For energies far from the resonant energy E r e s {\displaystyle E_{\mathrm {res} }} the background scattering process dominates. Within 2 Γ r e s {\displaystyle 2\Gamma _{\math...	{ "page_id": 2166926, "title": "Fano resonance" }
e s / 2 ) 2 + ( E − E r e s ) 2 = f ( E ; E r e s , Γ r e s / 2 , 1 ) {\displaystyle 1-\sigma (q=0)\approx {\frac {\left(\Gamma _{\mathrm {res} }/2\right)^{2}}{\left(\Gamma _{\mathrm {res} }/2\right)^{2}+\left(E-E_{\mathrm {res} }\right)^{2}}}=f(E;E_{\mathrm {res} },\Gamma _{\mathrm {res} }/2,1)} , the three parameters...	{ "page_id": 2166926, "title": "Fano resonance" }
DNA-encoded chemical libraries (DECL) is a technology for the synthesis and screening on an unprecedented scale of collections of small molecule compounds. DECL is used in medicinal chemistry to bridge the fields of combinatorial chemistry and molecular biology. The aim of DECL technology is to accelerate the drug disc...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
small molecules lead discovery was considered beyond this biological approach. DELs have opened the field of display technology to include non-natural compounds such as small molecules, extending the application of molecular evolution and natural selection to the identification of small molecule compounds of desired ac...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
in the same year. Motivations that led to the invention had been published in 2002. DNA encoded chemical libraries (DECLs) are synthesized by the combinatorial chemistry principle and it clearly agrees with their application. The concept of DNA-encoding was first described in a theoretical paper by Sydney Brenner and R...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
can be identified by DNA sequencing, however DNA translation and therefore molecular evolution is not feasible by these methods. The split and pool approaches developed by researchers at Praecis Pharmaceuticals (now owned by GlaxoSmithKline), Nuevolution (Copenhagen, Denmark) and encoded self- assembled chemical (ESAC)...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
compounds prepared by parallel synthesis. Combinatorial libraries have important features. ″ Mixtures are used in their synthesis. The use of mixtures ensures the very high efficiency of the process. Both reactants could be mixtures but for practical reasons the split-mix procedure is used: one mixture is divided into ...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
the number of components of DNA encoded combinatorial libraries (DECLs). === Split-&-Pool DNA Encoding === In order to apply combinatorial chemistry for the synthesis of DNA-encoded chemical libraries, a Split-&-Pool approach was pursued. Initially a set of unique DNA-oligonucleotides (n) each containing a specific cod...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
to a Diels-Alder reaction with a variety of maleimide derivatives. After completion of the desired reaction step, the identity of the chemical moiety added to the oligonucleotide is established by the annealing of a partially complementary oligonucleotide and by a subsequent Klenow fill-in DNA-polymerization, yielding ...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
on complementary oligonucleotide microarrays or by concatenation of the codes, subcloning and sequencing. The individual building blocks can eventually be conjugated using suitable linkers to yield a drug-like high-affinity compound. The characteristics of the linker (e.g. length, flexibility, geometry, chemical nature...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
to accelerate the reaction between chemical moieties displayed at the extremities of the two DNA strands. Furthermore, the "proximity effect", which accelerates bimolecular reaction, was shown to be distance-independent (at least within a distance of 30 nucleotides). In a sequence-programmed fashion oligonucleotides ca...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
DNA contains (a) the code for an attached BB at the distal end of the oligo (colored lines) and (b) areas of constant DNA sequence (black lines) to bring about the self-assembly of the DNA into a 3-way junction (independently of the BB) and the subsequent chemical reaction. Chemical reactions are performed via a stepwi...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
This is possible because random trapping of target and ligand is "diluted" by the high number of water droplets in the emulsion. The low noise and background signal characteristic of BTE is attributed to the "dilution" of the random signal, the lack of surface artifacts and the high fidelity of the yR library and scree...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
a device for high-throughput investigations widely used in molecular biology and in medicine. It consists of an arrayed series of microscopic spots (‘features’ or ‘locations’) containing few picomoles of oligonucleotides carrying a specific DNA sequence. This can be a short section of a gene or other DNA element that a...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
This study led to the identification of novel chemical compounds with submicromolar dissociation constants towards streptavidin and definitely shown the feasibility to construct, perform selections and decode DNA-encoded libraries containing millions of chemical compounds. == See also == Drug discovery High-throughput ...	{ "page_id": 22810768, "title": "DNA-encoded chemical library" }
Lysis ( LY-sis; from Greek λῠ́σῐς lýsis 'loosening') is the breaking down of the membrane of a cell, often by viral, enzymic, or osmotic (that is, "lytic" LIT-ik) mechanisms that compromise its integrity. A fluid containing the contents of lysed cells is called a lysate. In molecular biology, biochemistry, and cell bio...	{ "page_id": 397456, "title": "Lysis" }
contraction of cells within plants due to the loss of water through osmosis. In a hypertonic environment, the cell membrane peels off the cell wall and the vacuole collapses. These cells will eventually wilt and die unless the flow of water caused by osmosis can stop the contraction of the cell membrane. == Immune resp...	{ "page_id": 397456, "title": "Lysis" }
cell. === Chemical lysis === This method uses chemical disruption. It is the most popular and simple approach. Chemical lysis chemically deteriorates/solubilizes the proteins and lipids present within the membrane of targeted cells. Common lysis buffers contain sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). ...	{ "page_id": 397456, "title": "Lysis" }
Karsten Borgwardt (born 1980) is a German computer scientist and biologist specializing in machine learning and computational biology. Since February 2023, he has been a director at the Max Planck Institute of Biochemistry in Martinsried, Germany, where he leads the Department of Machine Learning and Systems Biology. =...	{ "page_id": 78516370, "title": "Karsten Borgwardt" }
systems and their molecular properties, which is fundamental for personalized medicine. == Awards and honors == During his studies, he was a scholar of the Stiftung Maximilianeum, and the Bavarian Foundation for the Promotion of the Gifted. Borgwardt received scholarships from the Studienstiftung des deutschen Volkes i...	{ "page_id": 78516370, "title": "Karsten Borgwardt" }
In biology, a common name of a taxon or organism (also known as a vernacular name, English name, colloquial name, country name, popular name, or farmer's name) is a name that is based on the normal language of everyday life; and is often contrasted with the scientific name for the same organism, which is often based in...	{ "page_id": 331921, "title": "Common name" }
taxonomy, which is a classification of objects using common names, has no formal rules and need not be consistent or logical in its assignment of names, so that say, not all flies are called flies (for example Braulidae, the so-called "bee lice") and not every animal called a fly is indeed a fly (such as dragonflies an...	{ "page_id": 331921, "title": "Common name" }
others are virtually universal within a particular language. Some such names even apply across ranges of languages; the word for cat, for instance, is easily recognizable in most Germanic and many Romance languages. Many vernacular names, however, are restricted to a single country and colloquial names to local distric...	{ "page_id": 331921, "title": "Common name" }
not recognise or care about subtle differences in appearance between only very distantly related species. Many species that are rare, or lack economic importance, do not have a common name. == Coining common names == In scientific binomial nomenclature, names commonly are derived from classical or modern Latin or Greek...	{ "page_id": 331921, "title": "Common name" }
danger of too great a multiplicity of vulgar names, by imagining what geography would be, or, for instance, the Post-office administration, supposing every town had a totally different name in every language. Various bodies and the authors of many technical and semi-technical books do not simply adapt existing common n...	{ "page_id": 331921, "title": "Common name" }
in English, including "stone curlews", so the choice of the name "thick-knees" is not easy to defend but is a clear illustration of the hazards of the facile coinage of terminology. == Lists that include common names == === Lists of general interest === === Collective nouns === For collective nouns for various subjects...	{ "page_id": 331921, "title": "Common name" }
More recently the SSAR switched to an online version with a searchable database. Standardized names for the amphibians and reptiles of Mexico in Spanish and English were first published in 1994, with a revised and updated list published in 2008. A set of guidelines for the creation of English names for birds was publis...	{ "page_id": 331921, "title": "Common name" }
Megaevolution describes the most dramatic events in evolution. It is no longer suggested that the evolutionary processes involved are necessarily special, although in some cases they might be. Whereas macroevolution can apply to relatively modest changes that produced diversification of species and genera and are readi...	{ "page_id": 44241044, "title": "Megaevolution" }
Cambrian radiation was the relatively rapid appearance of most major animal phyla around 530 million years ago (mya) in the fossil record, some of which are now extinct. It is the classic example of megaevolution. "The fossil record documents two mutually exclusive macroevolutionary modes separated by the transitional ...	{ "page_id": 44241044, "title": "Megaevolution" }
The molecular formula C11H14O2 (molar mass: 178.23 g/mol) may refer to: Actinidiolide 4-tert-Butylbenzaldehyde para-tert-Butylbenzoic acid Methyl eugenol Methyl isoeugenol 2-Phenethyl propionate Wieland–Miescher ketone	{ "page_id": 25825429, "title": "C11H14O2" }
A designer baby is an embryo or fetus whose genetic makeup has been intentionally selected or altered, often to exclude a particular gene or to remove genes associated with disease, to achieve desired traits. This process usually involves preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD), which analyzes multiple human embryos to...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
fertilisation. The technique was first used in 1989. PGD is used primarily to select embryos for implantation in the case of possible genetic defects, allowing identification of mutated or disease-related alleles and selection against them. It is especially useful in embryos from parents where one or both carry a herit...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
to produce many more copies of the same segment, allowing screening of large samples and identification of specific genes. The process is often used when screening for monogenic disorders, such as cystic fibrosis. Another screening technique, fluorescent in situ hybridisation (FISH) uses fluorescent probes which specif...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
the 2020s, companies such as Orchid Bioscience began offering polygenic risk scores (PRS) analysis for embryos during IVF. PRS estimates the likelihood of complex traits, such as height and intelligence, or diseases like diabetes, by summarizing data from thousands of genetic markers. However, many geneticists and bioe...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
knowledge of human genetic information, made possible by research such as the Human Genome Project, which identified the position and function of all the genes in the human genome. As of 2019, high-throughput sequencing methods allow genome sequencing to be conducted very rapidly, making the technology widely available...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
including Australia, Canada, Germany and Switzerland. Whilst the National Institutes of Health in the US does not currently allow in utero germline gene transfer clinical trials, in vitro trials are permitted. The NIH guidelines state that further studies are required regarding the safety of gene transfer protocols bef...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
serious genetic illness. Another difficulty is the possibility that some viruses will randomly integrate their nucleic acids into the genome, which can interrupt gene function and generate new mutations. This is a significant concern when considering germline gene therapy, due to the potential to generate new mutations...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
machinery to cleave the unwanted mRNA sequences to prevent their transcription. Another method utilises double-stranded oligonucleotides, which bind transcription factors required for transcription of the target gene. By competitively binding these transcription factors, the oligonucleotides can prevent the gene's expr...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
of 33-35 amino acid modules…by assembling those arrays…researchers can target any sequence they like". This event is referred as Repeat Variable Diresidue (RVD). The relationship between the amino acids enables researchers to engineer a specific DNA domain. The TALEN enzymes are designed to remove specific parts of the...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
This means it is often used in knockout experiments to disrupt genes and introduce loss of function mutations. Homology Directed Repair (HDR) - a less efficient but high-fidelity process which is used to introduce precise modifications into the target sequence. The process requires adding a DNA repair template includin...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
detection, there are two main models, Alignment Based Models that involve having the sequences of gRNA being aligned with sequences of genome, after which then the off-target locations are predicted. The second model is known as the Scoring-Based Model where each piece of gRNA is scored for their off-target effects in ...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
Human Rights and Biomedicine, also known as the Oviedo Convention, has stated in its article 13 "Interventions on the human genome" as follows: "An intervention seeking to modify the human genome may only be undertaken for preventive, diagnostic or therapeutic purposes and only if its aim is not to introduce any modifi...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
a protein used by HIV to enter host cells, so by introducing a specific mutation into the gene CCR5 Δ32 He claimed that the process would confer innate resistance to HIV. The project run by He recruited couples wanting children where the man was HIV-positive and the woman uninfected. During the project, He performed IV...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
one of the most precise and least expensive methods of gene modification to this day, whereas there are still a number of limitations that keep the technique from being labelled as safe and efficient. During the First International Summit on Human Gene Editing in 2015 the participants agreed that a halt must be set on ...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
by DARPA has the goal to protect soldiers against gene editing war tactics. They receive information from ethical experts to better predict and understand future and current potential gene editing issues. The World Health Organization has launched a global registry to track research on human genome editing, after a cal...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
Division of Bioethics at New York University suggests that establishing an international group to set guidelines for the topic would greatly benefit global discussion and proposes instating "religious and ethics and legal leaders" to impose well-informed regulations. In many countries, editing embryos and germline modi...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
avoidable diseases. Jackie Leach Scully, professor of social and bioethics at Newcastle University, acknowledges that the prospect of designer babies could leave those living with diseases and unable to afford the technology feeling marginalized and without medical support. However, Professor Leach Scully also suggests...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
David Pearce argues that "the question [of designer babies] comes down to an analysis of risk-reward ratios - and our basic ethical values, themselves shaped by our evolutionary past." According to Pearce,"it's worth recalling that each act of old-fashioned sexual reproduction is itself an untested genetic experiment",...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
technology gets mature enough for real world use, where all of the potential effects are known on a case-by-case basis to prevent undesired effects on the subject or patient being operated on. Social aspects also raise concern, as highlighted by Josephine Quintavelle, director of Comment on Reproductive Ethics at Queen...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
from God, and Catholics believe that people are created to be perfect in God's eyes. Thus, altering the genetic makeup of an infant is unnatural. In 1984, Pope John Paul II addressed that genetic manipulation in aiming to heal diseases is acceptable in the Church. He stated that it "will be considered in principle as d...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
the embryonic stage of development. Some scholars see the procedure as "acting like God/Allah" and a violation of the religious prohibition against "changing God's/Allah's creation". Other arguments include the possibility of introducing unforeseen mutations and genetic deficiencies, which would be counter to the princ...	{ "page_id": 1708182, "title": "Designer baby" }
Biodilution, sometimes referred to as bloom dilution, is the decrease in concentration of an element or pollutant with an increase in trophic level. This effect is primarily observed during algal blooms whereby an increase in algal biomass reduces the concentration of pollutants in organisms higher up in the food chain...	{ "page_id": 29102236, "title": "Biodilution" }
of cadmium, lead, and nickel with an increase in trophic level Cadmium and lead are both non-essential metals that will compete for calcium within an organism, which is detrimental for organism growth. Most studies measure bioaccumulation and biodilution using the δ15N isotope of nitrogen. The δ15N isotopic signature i...	{ "page_id": 29102236, "title": "Biodilution" }
The osmotic stress technique is a method for measuring the effect of water on biological molecules, particularly enzymes. Just as the properties of molecules can depend on the presence of salts, pH, and temperature, they can depend significantly on the amount of water present. In the osmotic stress technique, flexible ...	{ "page_id": 1249440, "title": "Osmotic stress technique" }
The molecular formula C6H9N3 may refer to: Ampyzine, a central nervous system stimulant IDPN (chemical), a neurotoxin with ototoxic and hepatotoxic effects Cyanomethine, trimer of acetonitrile	{ "page_id": 43782305, "title": "C6H9N3" }
A thermodynamic instrument is any device for the measurement of thermodynamic systems. In order for a thermodynamic parameter or physical quantity to be truly defined, a technique for its measurement must be specified. For example, the ultimate definition of temperature is "what a thermometer reads". The question follo...	{ "page_id": 3281057, "title": "Thermodynamic instruments" }
equilibrium with each other. This principle, as noted by James Maxwell in 1872, asserts that it is possible to measure temperature. An idealized thermometer is a sample of an ideal gas at constant pressure. From the ideal gas law, the volume of such a sample can be used as an indicator of temperature; in this manner it...	{ "page_id": 3281057, "title": "Thermodynamic instruments" }
quantity of water at its triple point forms an effective temperature reservoir. == Theory == Let's assume that we understand mechanics well enough to understand and measure volume, area, mass, and force. These may be combined to understand the concept of pressure, which is force per unit area and density, which is mass...	{ "page_id": 3281057, "title": "Thermodynamic instruments" }

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