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Maria Dornelas FRSE is a researcher in biodiversity and professor of biology based at St. Andrew's University. She was made a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2021. Her research into biodiversity change has challenged previous views, on the growth and decline of coral reefs to understanding global biodiversi...	{ "page_id": 68686049, "title": "Maria Dornelas" }
by the University of St Andrews. She compiled and standardised a database of publicly available timeseries, which is the basis of the BioTIME project. Her funded project from the Leverhulme Trust (2019-2029) is generating datasets, and cross-discipline collaborations. Citations can be found in Google Scholar == Biodive...	{ "page_id": 68686049, "title": "Maria Dornelas" }
In biology, the canopy is the aboveground portion of a plant cropping or crop, formed by the collection of individual plant crowns. In forest ecology, the canopy is the upper layer or habitat zone, formed by mature tree crowns and including other biological organisms (epiphytes, lianas, arboreal animals, etc.). The com...	{ "page_id": 2953441, "title": "Canopy (biology)" }
leading to a relatively sparsely vegetated understory layer. Forest canopies are home to unique flora and fauna not found in other layers of forests. The highest terrestrial biodiversity resides in the canopies of tropical rainforests. Many rainforest animals have evolved to live solely in the canopy and never touch th...	{ "page_id": 2953441, "title": "Canopy (biology)" }
=== Forest canopies are significantly involved in maintaining the stability of the global climate. They are responsible for at least half of the global carbon dioxide exchange between terrestrial ecosystems and the atmosphere. Forest canopies act as carbon sinks, reducing the increase of atmospheric CO2 caused by human...	{ "page_id": 2953441, "title": "Canopy (biology)" }
The octet rule is a chemical rule of thumb that reflects the theory that main-group elements tend to bond in such a way that each atom has eight electrons in its valence shell, giving it the same electronic configuration as a noble gas. The rule is especially applicable to carbon, nitrogen, oxygen, and the halogens; al...	{ "page_id": 266466, "title": "Octet rule" }
the octet rule commends. Indeed, adding an electron to the produce the chloride ion (Cl−) releases 3.62 eV of energy. Conversely, another surplus electron cannot fit in the same shell, instead beginning the fourth electron shell around the nucleus. Thus the octet rule proscribes formation of a hypothetical Cl2− ion, an...	{ "page_id": 266466, "title": "Octet rule" }
of the atoms involved apparently became satisfied. In 1893, Alfred Werner showed that the number of atoms or groups associated with a central atom (the "coordination number") is often 4 or 6; other coordination numbers up to a maximum of 8 were known, but less frequent. In 1904, Richard Abegg was one of the first to ex...	{ "page_id": 266466, "title": "Octet rule" }
low-lying energy levels are full and higher energy levels are empty. For example, the neon atom ground state has a full n = 2 shell (2s22p6) and an empty n = 3 shell. According to the octet rule, the atoms immediately before and after neon in the periodic table (i.e. C, N, O, F, Na, Mg and Al), tend to attain a similar...	{ "page_id": 266466, "title": "Octet rule" }
that p orbital would be empty in an isolated atom, it may be filled through an intramolecular dative bond, as with aminoboranes. However, in some cases (e.g. boron trichloride and various boranes, triphenylmethanium), no nearby filled orbital can profitably overlap with the empty p orbital. In such cases, the orbital r...	{ "page_id": 266466, "title": "Octet rule" }
SF6. For example, in PF5, if it is supposed that there are five true covalent bonds in which five distinct electron pairs are shared, then the phosphorus would be surrounded by 10 valence electrons in violation of the octet rule. In the early days of quantum mechanics, Pauling proposed that third-row atoms can form fiv...	{ "page_id": 266466, "title": "Octet rule" }
molecular orbital calculations, which show that the contribution of d functions to the bonding orbitals is small. Nevertheless, for historical reasons, structures implying more than eight electrons around elements like P, S, Se, or I are still common in textbooks and research articles. In spite of the unimportance of d...	{ "page_id": 266466, "title": "Octet rule" }
Llinás's law, or law of no interchangeability of neurons, is a statement in neuroscience made by Rodolfo Llinás in 1989, during his Luigi Galvani Award Lecture at the Fidia Research Foundation Neuroscience Award Lectures. A neuron of a given kind (e.g. a thalamic cell) cannot be functionally replaced by one of another ...	{ "page_id": 29167845, "title": "Llinás's law" }
Martha (Stone) Palmer is an American computer scientist. She is best known for her work on verb semantics, and for the creation of ontological resources such as PropBank and VerbNet. == Education == Palmer received a Master of Arts in Computer Science from University of Texas at Austin in 1976, advised by Robert Simmon...	{ "page_id": 60231910, "title": "Martha Palmer" }
This is a list of organizations involved in genetics research. == Africa == === Kenya === International Livestock Research Institute (ILRI), Nairobi === Namibia === The Life Technologies Conservation Genetics Laboratory (Cheetah Conservation Fund), Otjiwarongo == Asia == === Malaysia === Malaysian Genomics Resource Cen...	{ "page_id": 987369, "title": "List of genetics research organizations" }
of Technology and Harvard University) Dana–Farber Cancer Institute Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research (Massachusetts Institute of Technology) Missouri McDonnell Genome Institute (Washington University in St. Louis) New Mexico National Center for Genome Resources New York Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory Icahn Ins...	{ "page_id": 987369, "title": "List of genetics research organizations" }
Plant transformation vectors are plasmids that have been specifically designed to facilitate the generation of transgenic plants. The most commonly used plant transformation vectors are T-DNA binary vectors and are often replicated in both E. coli, a common lab bacterium, and Agrobacterium tumefaciens, a plant-virulent...	{ "page_id": 12128493, "title": "Plant transformation vector" }
preferential accumulation in phagocytes is thought to be real and not a detection artefact since these DNA sequences are thought to provoke phagocytosis.) However, no gene expression is known to have resulted, and this is not thought to be possible. == Plasmid selection == A selector gene can be used to distinguish suc...	{ "page_id": 12128493, "title": "Plant transformation vector" }
to the plant cell and bacterium-bacterium plasmid conjugative transfer are located outside the T-DNA. The T-DNA fragment is flanked by 25-bp direct repeats, which act as a cis-element signal for the transfer apparatus. The process of T-DNA transfer is mediated by the cooperative action of proteins encoded by genes dete...	{ "page_id": 12128493, "title": "Plant transformation vector" }
Amata cerbera, the heady maiden, is a moth of the subfamily Arctiinae. It was described by Carl Linnaeus in 1764. It has an extensive range in sub-Saharan Africa. == Range == It is found in Angola, the DRC, Gabon, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Malawi, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Tanzania and Ug...	{ "page_id": 41947383, "title": "Amata cerbera" }
In cell biology, a lymphokine-activated killer cell (also known as a LAK cell) is a white blood cell, consisting mostly of natural killer, natural killer T, and T cells that has been stimulated to kill tumor cells, but because of the function in which they activate, and the cells they can successfully target, they are ...	{ "page_id": 9900287, "title": "Lymphokine-activated killer cell" }
assays that are now in use. LAK cells have shown potential as a cellular agent for cancer therapy and have been utilized therapeutically in association with IL-2 for the treatment of various cancers. LAK cells have anticancer efficacy against homologous carcinoma cells and can grow ex vivo in the presence of IL-2. In m...	{ "page_id": 9900287, "title": "Lymphokine-activated killer cell" }
The Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) assay measures the antioxidant capacity of a given substance, as compared to the standard, Trolox. Most commonly, antioxidant capacity is measured using the ABTS Decolorization Assay. Other antioxidant capacity assays which use Trolox as a standard include the diphenylp...	{ "page_id": 21827841, "title": "Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity" }
The molecular formula C7H12 (molar mass: 96.17 g/mol, exact mass: 96.0939 u) may refer to: Cycloheptene Heptyne Methylcyclohexenes 1-Methylcyclohexene 3-Methylcyclohexene 4-Methylcyclohexene Methylenecyclohexane Norbornane Norcarane Vinylcyclopentane	{ "page_id": 23662851, "title": "C7H12" }
Biological warfare, also known as germ warfare, is the use of biological toxins or infectious agents such as bacteria, viruses, insects, and fungi with the intent to kill, harm or incapacitate humans, animals or plants as an act of war. Biological weapons (often termed "bio-weapons", "biological threat agents", or "bio...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
the provisions of both the BWC and the Chemical Weapons Convention. Toxins and psychochemical weapons are often referred to as midspectrum agents. Unlike bioweapons, these midspectrum agents do not reproduce in their host and are typically characterized by shorter incubation periods. == Overview == A biological attack ...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
demonstrates the potential for accidental infection even of careful researchers fully aware of the dangers. While containment of biological warfare is less of a concern for certain criminal or terrorist organizations, it remains a significant concern for the military and civilian populations of virtually all nations. =...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
Native Americans laid siege to British-held Fort Pitt. Following instructions of his superior, Colonel Henry Bouquet, the commander of Fort Pitt, Swiss-born Captain Simeon Ecuyer, ordered his men to take smallpox-infested blankets from the infirmary and give it to a Lenape delegation during the siege. A reported outbre...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
indifferent results. The Geneva Protocol of 1925 prohibited the first use of chemical and biological weapons against enemy nationals in international armed conflicts. === World War II === With the onset of World War II, the Ministry of Supply in the United Kingdom established a biological warfare program at Porton Down...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
application and indiscriminate brutality. Biological weapons were used against Chinese soldiers and civilians in several military campaigns. In 1940, the Japanese Army Air Force bombed Ningbo with ceramic bombs full of fleas carrying the bubonic plague. Many of these operations were ineffective due to inefficient deliv...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
tularemia, brucellosis, Q-fever and others. In 1969, US President Richard Nixon decided to unilaterally terminate the offensive biological weapons program of the US, allowing only scientific research for defensive measures. This decision increased the momentum of the negotiations for a ban on biological warfare, which ...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
to the conscience of mankind". The BWC's effectiveness has been limited due to insufficient institutional support and the absence of any formal verification regime to monitor compliance. In 1985, the Australia Group was established, a multilateral export control regime of 43 countries aiming to prevent the proliferatio...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
emerged regarding do-it-yourself biology research organizations due to their associated risk that a rogue amateur DIY researcher could attempt to develop dangerous bioweapons using genome editing technology. In 2002, when CNN went through Al-Qaeda's (AQ's) experiments with crude poisons, they found out that AQ had begu...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
any person or animal they might bite. Another type of EW is a direct insect attack against crops; the insect may not be infected with any pathogen but instead represents a threat to agriculture. The final method uses uninfected insects, such as bees or wasps, to directly attack the enemy. == Genetics == Theoretically, ...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
and virulence after a prolonged period of storage) may also be desirable, particularly for military applications, and the ease of creating one is often considered. Control of the spread of the agent may be another desired characteristic. The primary difficulty is not the production of the biological agent, as many biol...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention's Select Agent Program. The former US biological warfare program categorized its weaponized anti-personnel bio-agents as either Lethal Agents (Bacillus anthracis, Francisella tularensis, Botulinum toxin) or Incapacitating Agents (Brucella suis, Coxiella burnetii, Venezu...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
of a variety of herbicides, famously Agent Orange, with the aim of destroying farmland and defoliating forests used as cover by the Viet Cong. Sri Lanka deployed military defoliants in its prosecution of the Eelam War against Tamil insurgents. ==== Anti-livestock ==== During World War I, German saboteurs used anthrax a...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
military personnel to get vaccinated for certain diseases that may potentially be used as a bioweapon such as anthrax, smallpox, and various other vaccines depending on the Area of Operations of the individual military units and commands. === Public health and disease surveillance === Most classical and modern biologic...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
making these data available to local public health officials in real time, most models of anthrax epidemics indicate that more than 80% of an exposed population can receive antibiotic treatment before becoming symptomatic, and thus avoid the moderately high mortality of the disease. === Common epidemiological warnings ...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
provincial (state) capabilities are being augmented by and coordinated with federal assets, to provide layered defenses against biological weapon attacks. During the first Gulf War the United Nations activated a biological and chemical response team, Task Force Scorpio, to respond to any potential use of weapons of mas...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
=== United Kingdom === Porton Down Gruinard Island Nancekuke Operation Vegetarian (1942–1944) Open-air field tests: Operation Harness off Antigua, 1948–1950. Operation Cauldron off Stornoway, 1952. Operation Hesperus off Stornoway, 1953. Operation Ozone off Nassau, 1954. Operation Negation off Nassau, 1954–5. === Sovie...	{ "page_id": 4361, "title": "Biological warfare" }
In the petroleum refining and petrochemical industries, the initialism BTX refers to mixtures of benzene, toluene, and the three xylene isomers, all of which are aromatic hydrocarbons. The xylene isomers are distinguished by the designations ortho- (or o-), meta- (or m-), and para- (or p-) as indicated in the adjacent ...	{ "page_id": 35131662, "title": "BTX (chemistry)" }
non-aromatic cyclic hydrocarbons (naphthenes) containing 6 or more carbon atoms. The adjacent table compares the BTX content of pyrolysis gasoline produced at standard cracking severity or at medium cracking severity with the BTX content of catalytic reformate produced by either a continuous catalytic regenerative (CCR...	{ "page_id": 35131662, "title": "BTX (chemistry)" }
Classical thermodynamics considers three main kinds of thermodynamic processes: (1) changes in a system, (2) cycles in a system, and (3) flow processes. (1) A Thermodynamic process is a process in which the thermodynamic state of a system is changed. A change in a system is defined by a passage from an initial to a fin...	{ "page_id": 3281166, "title": "Thermodynamic process" }
may occur with a theoretical slowness that avoids friction. It also contrasts with idealized frictionless processes in the surroundings, which may be thought of as including 'purely mechanical systems'; this difference comes close to defining a thermodynamic process. (2) A cyclic process carries the system through a cy...	{ "page_id": 3281166, "title": "Thermodynamic process" }
be assumed that the states are recurrently unchanged. The condition of the system during the several staged processes may be of even less interest than is the precise nature of the recurrent states. If, however, the several staged processes are idealized and quasi-static, then the cycle is described by a path through a...	{ "page_id": 3281166, "title": "Thermodynamic process" }
that process. Thus work is considered to be a process variable, as its exact value depends on the particular path taken between the start and end points of the process. Similarly, heat may be transferred during a process, and it too is a process variable. == Conjugate variable processes == It is often useful to group p...	{ "page_id": 3281166, "title": "Thermodynamic process" }
rigid boundary, from the environment. === Temperature – entropy === The temperature-entropy conjugate pair is concerned with the transfer of energy, especially for a closed system. An isothermal process occurs at a constant temperature. An example would be a closed system immersed in and thermally connected with a larg...	{ "page_id": 3281166, "title": "Thermodynamic process" }
reservoir. The conjugate here is a constant particle number process. These are the processes outlined just above. There is no energy added or subtracted from the system by particle transfer. The system is particle-transfer-insulated from its environment by a boundary that is impermeable to particles, but permissive of ...	{ "page_id": 3281166, "title": "Thermodynamic process" }
=== Effectively reversible process === To describe the geometry of graphical surfaces that illustrate equilibrium relations between thermodynamic functions of state, no one can fictively think of so-called "reversible processes". They are convenient theoretical objects that trace paths across graphical surfaces. They a...	{ "page_id": 3281166, "title": "Thermodynamic process" }
Technical and Scientific, 1971, ISBN 0-356-03736-3 Elements of Statistical Thermodynamics (2nd Edition), L.K. Nash, Principles of Chemistry, Addison-Wesley, 1974, ISBN 0-201-05229-6 Statistical Physics (2nd Edition), F. Mandl, Manchester Physics, John Wiley & Sons, 2008, ISBN 9780471915331	{ "page_id": 3281166, "title": "Thermodynamic process" }
Sexual objectification is the act of treating a person solely as an object of sexual desire (a sex object). Objectification more broadly means treating a person as a commodity or an object without regard to their personality or dignity. Objectification is most commonly examined at the level of a society (sociology), bu...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
belief that their intelligence and competence are currently not being, nor will ever be, acknowledged by society. Sexual objectification of women has also been found to negatively affect women's performance, confidence, and level of position in the workplace. How objectification has affected women and society in genera...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
friends who called the setup "reverse sexism", to which she responded unapologetically, adding a note of regret for not having sex with them. Within gay male communities, men are often objectified. In 2007 a study found discussing negative effects of objectification was met with considerable resistance in the community...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
be inherent or natural." In the media, the ideal version of a man is seen as a strong, toned man. The idealized version of a woman is thin. Body evaluation is more commonly used to criticize women than men, and it can take different forms for men. For example, body evaluation is often directed at men's nonverbal cues. ...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
vary widely on what constitutes sexual objectification and what are the ethical implications of such objectification. Some feminists such as Naomi Wolf find the concept of physical attractiveness itself to be problematic, with some radical feminists being opposed to any evaluation of another person's sexual attractiven...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
of life, and has resulted in negative consequences for women, especially in the political sphere. However, a rising form of new third-waver feminist groups have also taken the increased objectification of women as an opportunity to use the female body as a mode of power. Some social conservatives have taken up aspects ...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
may fulfill women's own fantasies. Psychologist Nigel Barber argues that men, and to a lesser extent, women, are naturally inclined to focus on the physical attractiveness of the opposite sex (or the same sex in the case of gays and lesbians), and that this has been widely misinterpreted as sexism. === Female self-obje...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
women face a particular form of sexual objectification based on stereotypes relating to Latina women. American media often portrays Latina women as being sexually promiscuous and curvaceous, having large breasts and buttocks, being melodramatic, or having a feisty attitude. Keller identifies three main stereotypes that...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
they explain, begin to view their bodies as objects separate from their person. This internalization has been termed self-objectification. This theory does not seek to prove the existence of sexual objectification; the theory assumes its existence in culture. This self-objectification then, according to objectification...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
not all women are influenced equally, due to the anatomical, hormonal, and genetic differences of the female body; however, women's bodies are often objectified and evaluated more frequently.: 90–95 Self-objectification in girls tends to stem from two main causes: the internalization of traditional beauty standards as ...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
to pose as an older age by uploading provocative photos. This behavior promotes sexual objectification of young girls that participate on social media. === Psychological consequences === Objectification theory suggests both direct and indirect consequences of objectification to women. Indirect consequences include self...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
being able to control the way in which others perceive their appearance. This lack of control often results in depression. In relating to a lack of motivation, objectification theory states that women have less control in relationships and the work environment because they have to depend on the evaluation of another wh...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
"Free use" describes a sexual fetish involving being consensually "used" as a sex object at any time and anywhere by a sexual partner when they are aroused, including while doing chores or while sleeping. It became popular online in the mid-2020s, including in gay pornography, on Reddit—where one subreddit dedicated to...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
culture lights fuses, but confuses". Daily News. New York. Paul, Pamela (2005). Pornified: how pornography is transforming our lives, our relationships, and our families. New York: Times Books. ISBN 978-0-8050-8132-9. Mario Perniola, The Sex-appeal of the inorganic, translated by Massimo Verdicchio, London-New York, Co...	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
User-generated content Tigtog (March 23, 2007). "FAQ: What is sexual objectification?". finallyfeminism101.wordpress.com. Finally, A Feminism 101 Blog via WordPress. Karen Straughan (March 28, 2012). I'm a sexy woman, so stop objectifying me! (Video). Karen Straughan via YouTube. Retrieved June 7, 2017.	{ "page_id": 200977, "title": "Sexual objectification" }
Amnon Albeck (Hebrew: אמנון אלבק; born August 1, 1958) is an organic and bioorganic chemist. == Biography == Amnon Albeck was born in Jerusalem, Israel, to Michael and Shulamit Albeck on August 1, 1958. Amnon's father is the chemist Prof. Michael Albeck, the fifth president of Bar Ilan University (1986-1989) and former...	{ "page_id": 48828689, "title": "Amnon Albeck" }
for drug development; (5) Chemistry and biological activity of tellurium compounds. == References ==	{ "page_id": 48828689, "title": "Amnon Albeck" }
The Hatta number (Ha) was developed by Shirôji Hatta (1895-1973 ) in 1932, who taught at Tohoku University from 1925 to 1958. It is a dimensionless parameter that compares the rate of reaction in a liquid film to the rate of diffusion through the film. It is related to one of the many Damköhler numbers, Hatta being the...	{ "page_id": 14356754, "title": "Hatta number" }
liquid film is saturated with gas at the interfacial (CA,i) and that the bulk concentration of A remains zero; the flux and hence the rate of reaction becomes proportional to the mass transfer coefficient kL and the Hatta number: kLCA,iHa. Conversely, a Hatta number smaller than unity suggests the reaction is the limit...	{ "page_id": 14356754, "title": "Hatta number" }
Newly created taxonomic names in biological nomenclature often reflect the discoverer's interests or honour those the discoverer holds in esteem. This is a list of real organisms with scientific names chosen to reference the fictional Harry Potter series by J.K. Rowling. == Named after wizards == == Named after magical...	{ "page_id": 56299797, "title": "List of organisms named after the Harry Potter series" }
Endogeny, in biology, refers to the property of originating or developing from within an organism, tissue, or cell. For example, endogenous substances, and endogenous processes are those that originate within a living system (e.g. an organism or a cell). For instance, estradiol is an endogenous estrogen hormone produce...	{ "page_id": 790808, "title": "Endogeny (biology)" }
Dan Shechtman (Hebrew: דן שכטמן; born January 24, 1941) is the Philip Tobias Professor of Materials Science at the Technion – Israel Institute of Technology, an Associate of the US Department of Energy's Ames National Laboratory, and Professor of Materials Science at Iowa State University. On April 8, 1982, while on sa...	{ "page_id": 3674396, "title": "Dan Shechtman" }
clinical psychology), and Ruth Dougoud-Nevo (also a PhD in clinical psychology). == Academic career == After receiving his Ph.D. in Materials Engineering from the Technion in 1972, where he also obtained his B.Sc. in Mechanical Engineering in 1966 and M.Sc. in Materials Engineering in 1968, Shechtman was an NRC fellow ...	{ "page_id": 3674396, "title": "Dan Shechtman" }
the idol of the American Chemical Society and one of the most famous scientists in the world. For years, 'til his last day, he fought against quasi-periodicity in crystals. He was wrong, and after a while, I enjoyed every moment of this scientific battle, knowing that he was wrong." Linus Pauling is noted saying "There...	{ "page_id": 3674396, "title": "Dan Shechtman" }
they never repeat themselves.""An intriguing feature of such patterns, [which are] also found in Arab mosaics, is that the mathematical constant known as the Greek letters phi or tau, or the "golden ratio", occurs over and over again. Underlying it is a sequence worked out by Fibonacci in the 13th century, where each n...	{ "page_id": 3674396, "title": "Dan Shechtman" }
== Shechtman, D.; Blech, I.; Gratias, D.; Cahn, J.W. (1984). "Metallic Phase with Long-Range Orientational Order and No Translational Symmetry". Physical Review Letters. 53 (20): 1951. Bibcode:1984PhRvL..53.1951S. doi:10.1103/PhysRevLett.53.1951. Swartzendruber, L.; Shechtman, D.; Bendersky, L.; Cahn, J.W. (1985). "Nuc...	{ "page_id": 3674396, "title": "Dan Shechtman" }
Sir John Bertram Adams (24 May 1920 – 3 March 1984) was an English accelerator physicist and administrator. Adams is mostly known for his work at CERN and Culham Laboratory. Despite a lack of formal university education, Adams worked for organizations like the Telecommunications Research Establishment and the Atomic En...	{ "page_id": 1249565, "title": "John Adams (physicist)" }
Council of CERN appointed Adams to the post of acting Director-General. He held this post until August 1961 when he returned to the UK as director of the Culham Fusion Laboratory, and then from 1966 to 1971 he was a member of the United Kingdom Atomic Energy Authority. He also became a Fellow of the Royal Society. Retu...	{ "page_id": 1249565, "title": "John Adams (physicist)" }
the Denys Wilkinson Building, an accelerator physics research institute comprising researchers from Royal Holloway, University of London, University of Oxford and Imperial College London is named in his honour. A main road ("Route Adams") in CERN's Prevessin site is also named after him. == See also == List of Director...	{ "page_id": 1249565, "title": "John Adams (physicist)" }
A reducing sugar is any sugar that is capable of acting as a reducing agent. In an alkaline solution, a reducing sugar forms some aldehyde or ketone, which allows it to act as a reducing agent, for example in Benedict's reagent. In such a reaction, the sugar becomes a carboxylic acid. All monosaccharides are reducing s...	{ "page_id": 987423, "title": "Reducing sugar" }
these food products. == Terminology == === Oxidation-reduction === A reducing sugar is one that reduces another compound and is itself oxidized; that is, the carbonyl carbon of the sugar is oxidized to a carboxyl group. A sugar is classified as a reducing sugar only if it has an open-chain form with an aldehyde group o...	{ "page_id": 987423, "title": "Reducing sugar" }
tautomerize in solution to form an aldehyde group (if they are ketoses). This includes common monosaccharides like galactose, glucose, glyceraldehyde, fructose, ribose, and xylose. Many disaccharides, like cellobiose, lactose, and maltose, also have a reducing form, as one of the two units may have an open-chain form w...	{ "page_id": 987423, "title": "Reducing sugar" }
detected with the addition of Tollen's reagent, which consist of silver ions (Ag+) in aqueous ammonia. When Tollen's reagent is added to an aldehyde, it precipitates silver metal, often forming a silver mirror on clean glassware. 3,5-dinitrosalicylic acid is another test reagent, one that allows quantitative detection....	{ "page_id": 987423, "title": "Reducing sugar" }
effect of the Maillard reaction is to decrease the nutritional value of food. One example of a toxic product of the Maillard reaction is acrylamide, a neurotoxin and possible carcinogen that is formed from free asparagine and reducing sugars when cooking starchy foods at high temperatures (above 120 °C). However, evide...	{ "page_id": 987423, "title": "Reducing sugar" }
This is a list of physicists who have worked in or made notable contributions to the field of plasma physics. == See also == Whistler (radio) waves Langmuir waves	{ "page_id": 1839391, "title": "List of plasma physicists" }
Conjunctive use is often used in discussing water supplies and water conservation. This phrase usually is used to describe the practice of storing surface water in a groundwater basin in wet years and withdrawing it from the basin in dry years. Conjunctive use consists of harmoniously combining the use of both surface ...	{ "page_id": 23597348, "title": "Conjunctive use" }
Heptyl acetate (C9H18O2), also known as acetate C-7, is a colorless alcohol-soluble liquid that is the ester formed by the condensation of 1-heptanol and acetic acid. Heptyl acetate is used as a fruit essence flavoring in foods and as a scent in perfumes. It has a woody, fruity, rumlike odor and a spicy, floral taste w...	{ "page_id": 5116197, "title": "Heptyl acetate" }
Olive oil regulation and adulteration are complex issues overseen and studied by various governmental bodies, non-governmental organizations, and private researchers across the world. The most frequent type of adulteration is that oil of lower quality is mixed into olive oil. == Background of regulation == The EU regul...	{ "page_id": 21762341, "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }
of origin" have stated that if a non-origin nation is shown on the label, then the real origin must be shown on the same side of the label and in comparable size letters so as not to mislead the consumer. Yet most major US brands continue to put "imported from Italy" on the front label in large letters and other origin...	{ "page_id": 21762341, "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }
inferior oil which removes all taste, colour and nutrients, colouring is then added before the tank is topped up with real extra-virgin oil to add flavour. A test published in 1887 described the detection of olive oil adulterated with mineral oil by a simple titration of the carboxylic acid moieties present in natural ...	{ "page_id": 21762341, "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }
retrieved at any time for authenticity test by PCR/sequencing. The advantages of this method, compared to conventional techniques are its low-cost, minimal sample preparation and minute volumes, and its universalness, since it can be applied to any oil type/sample. === Industry certifications of quality === As of 2015,...	{ "page_id": 21762341, "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }
a properly set refrigerator. However, olive oil is a complex mixture with significant variability in its fatty acid structure, and can be anywhere from 55% to 83% oleic acid, with the remainder a mixture of polyunsaturated fat and saturated fat, as well as containing waxes, phytosterols, and other compounds that affect...	{ "page_id": 21762341, "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }
should burn in an oil lamp. The ignition test however, like the refrigerator test, is not conclusive. == Investigations, incidents, and recalls == As of 2021, the most frequent type of adulteration of olive oil is that oil of lower quality is mixed into it. Adulterated oil is usually no more serious than passing off in...	{ "page_id": 21762341, "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }
olive oil. This extensive fraud prompted the Italian government to mandate a new labeling law in 2007 for companies selling olive oil, under which every bottle of Italian olive oil would have to declare the farm and press on which it was produced, as well as display a precise breakdown of the oils used, for blended oil...	{ "page_id": 21762341, "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }
Los Angeles County). All of the oils were labeled "extra-virgin olive oil." Samples were shipped to the Australian Oils Research Laboratory in Wagga Wagga, and were analyzed by their laboratory (which is recognized by the IOC to provide chemical analysis of olive oil) and tested by their sensory panel (which is recogni...	{ "page_id": 21762341, "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }
Carapelli lawyer Neri Pinucci said the company was not worried about the charges and that "the case is based on an irregularity in the documents". However, in June 2017 the Italian Antitrust Authority (Autorità Garante della Concorrenza e del Mercato), found them guilty of unfair business practices regarding their oliv...	{ "page_id": 21762341, "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }
Ciudad Real in Spain. See Olive oil raids of 2023 in Europe for more. == See also == Extra Virginity: The Sublime and Scandalous World of Olive Oil Tom Mueller's book on olive oil == References ==	{ "page_id": 21762341, "title": "Olive oil regulation and adulteration" }
In the placenta, the intervillous space is the space between chorionic villi, and contains maternal blood. The trophoblast, which is a collection of cells that invades the maternal endometrium to gain access to nutrition for the fetus, proliferates rapidly and forms a network of branching processes which cover the enti...	{ "page_id": 8196390, "title": "Intervillous space" }
This is a list of sulfonamides used in medicine. == Antimicrobials == Short-acting Sulfacetamide Sulfadiazine Sulfadimidine Sulfafurazole (sulfisoxazole) Sulfisomidine (sulfaisodimidine) Sulfaguanidine Intermediate-acting Sulfamethoxazole Sulfamoxole Sulfanitran Long-acting Sulfadimethoxine Sulfamethoxypyridazine Sulfa...	{ "page_id": 65736999, "title": "List of sulfonamides" }

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