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a few days, weeks or months, a growth rate rather unusual in geology – especially for Mars. A team of Hungarian scientists propose that the geysers' most visible features, dark dune spots and spider channels, may be colonies of photosynthetic Martian microorganisms, which over-winter beneath the ice cap, and as the sun...	{ "page_id": 463835, "title": "Life on Mars" }
preserve the planetary record of natural processes by preventing human-caused microbial introductions, also called forward contamination. There is abundant evidence as to what can happen when organisms from regions on Earth that have been isolated from one another for significant periods of time are introduced into eac...	{ "page_id": 463835, "title": "Life on Mars" }
1950s by Hubertus Strughold, and popularized in civilian research by Joshua Lederberg and Carl Sagan. On April 26, 2012, scientists reported that an extremophile lichen survived and showed remarkable results on the adaptation capacity of photosynthetic activity within the simulation time of 34 days under Martian condit...	{ "page_id": 463835, "title": "Life on Mars" }
grown in a lab in water solutions containing more than 25% of salts common on Mars, and starting in 2019, the experiments will incorporate exposure to low temperature, salts, and high pressure. === Mars-like regions on Earth === On 21 February 2023, scientists reported the findings of a "dark microbiome" of unfamiliar ...	{ "page_id": 463835, "title": "Life on Mars" }
cosmic rays. The probe was able to calculate the atmospheric pressure on the planet to be about 0.6 kPa (compared to Earth's 101.3 kPa), meaning that liquid water could not exist on the planet's surface. After Mariner 4, the search for life on Mars changed to a search for bacteria-like living organisms rather than for ...	{ "page_id": 463835, "title": "Life on Mars" }
1976. Horowitz considered that the great versatility of the carbon atom makes it the element most likely to provide solutions, even exotic solutions, to the problems of survival of life on other planets. However, he also considered that the conditions found on Mars were incompatible with carbon based life. One of the d...	{ "page_id": 463835, "title": "Life on Mars" }
that may suggest evidence of "extant microbial life on Mars". Critics counter that the method has not yet been proven effective for differentiating between biological and non-biological processes on Earth so it is premature to draw any conclusions. A research team from the National Autonomous University of Mexico heade...	{ "page_id": 463835, "title": "Life on Mars" }
on Mars. The lander has a 2.5 meter robotic arm that was capable of digging shallow trenches in the regolith. There was an electrochemistry experiment which analysed the ions in the regolith and the amount and type of antioxidants on Mars. The Viking program data indicate that oxidants on Mars may vary with latitude, n...	{ "page_id": 463835, "title": "Life on Mars" }
on August 6, 2012. On December 16, 2014, NASA reported the Curiosity rover detected a "tenfold spike", likely localized, in the amount of methane in the Martian atmosphere. Sample measurements taken "a dozen times over 20 months" showed increases in late 2013 and early 2014, averaging "7 parts of methane per billion in...	{ "page_id": 463835, "title": "Life on Mars" }
suspended in 2022, and is unlikely to launch before 2028. Mars sample-return mission – The best life detection experiment proposed is the examination on Earth of a soil sample from Mars. However, the difficulty of providing and maintaining life support over the months of transit from Mars to Earth remains to be solved....	{ "page_id": 463835, "title": "Life on Mars" }
The following is a list of notable journals and magazines relating to birding and ornithology. The continent and country columns give the location where the journal or magazine is published and may not correspond with its scope or content. == See also == List of wildlife magazines == References ==	{ "page_id": 30872539, "title": "List of ornithology journals" }
Cyclohexatriene may refer to: 1,3,5-Cyclohexatriene and 2,4,6-cyclohexatriene, theoretical resonance isomers of benzene 1,2,3-Cyclohexatriene	{ "page_id": 2560987, "title": "Cyclohexatriene" }
Eurisko (Gr., I discover) is a discovery system written by Douglas Lenat in RLL-1, a representation language itself written in the Lisp programming language. A sequel to Automated Mathematician, it consists of heuristics, i.e. rules of thumb, including heuristics describing how to use and change its own heuristics. Len...	{ "page_id": 463838, "title": "Eurisko" }
permitted the program to destroy its own ships, permitting it to continue to use much the same strategy. Tournament officials announced that if Eurisko won another championship the competition would be abolished; Lenat retired Eurisko from the game. The Traveller TCS wins brought Lenat to the attention of DARPA, which ...	{ "page_id": 463838, "title": "Eurisko" }
Artificial Intelligence. 23 (3): 269–294. CiteSeerX 10.1.1.565.8830. doi:10.1016/0004-3702(84)90016-X. Haase, Kenneth W (February 1990). "Invention and exploration in discovery". Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2005-01-22. Retrieved 2008-12-13. == External Links == Eurisko on ...	{ "page_id": 463838, "title": "Eurisko" }
The molecular formula C10H18O4 (molar mass: 202.25 g/mol) may refer to: Sebacic acid 1,4-Butanediol diglycidyl ether	{ "page_id": 23729116, "title": "C10H18O4" }
A dispersant or a dispersing agent is a substance, typically a surfactant, that is added to a suspension of solid or liquid particles in a liquid (such as a colloid or emulsion) to improve the separation of the particles and to prevent their settling or clumping. Dispersants are widely used to stabilize various industr...	{ "page_id": 14095325, "title": "Dispersant" }
emulsifiers in some applications). Laundry detergents encase dirt and grime in miscelles, which naturally disperse. === Oil drilling === Dispersants in oil drilling aid in breaking up solids or liquids as fine particles or droplets into another medium. This term is often applied incorrectly to clay deflocculants. Clay ...	{ "page_id": 14095325, "title": "Dispersant" }
industry dispersing agents are added to process liquids to prevent unwanted deposits by keeping them finely dispersed. They function in both aqueous and nonaqueous media. === Surface coating === In order to provide optimal performance, pigment particles must act independently of each other in the coating film and thus ...	{ "page_id": 14095325, "title": "Dispersant" }
Moto was a molecular gastronomy restaurant in the Fulton River District of Chicago, Illinois known for creating "high-tech" dishes which incorporate elements such as carbonated fruit, edible paper, lasers, and liquid nitrogen for freezing food. Moto was run by executive chef Homaro Cantu until his suicide in 2015. Sist...	{ "page_id": 9049059, "title": "Moto (restaurant)" }
hot food cold and give fishes odd shapes. In the kitchen, Cantu employed unusual devices such as a centrifuge, a hand-held ion particle gun, and a class IV laser, among other science gadgets. Moto's menu showed off Cantu's zany ideas, describing dishes as "surf and turf with mc escher" and "after christmas sale on chri...	{ "page_id": 9049059, "title": "Moto (restaurant)" }
co-hosted by Cantu. On April 14, 2015, Cantu committed suicide. Moto was closed the next several days, reopening on April 18. A special "celebration of (Cantu’s) life" menu was offered for three days in which 10–20 former Moto employees offered contributions. Executive chef Richie Farina commented "The last thing he wo...	{ "page_id": 9049059, "title": "Moto (restaurant)" }
to change preconceived notions of what food is. Moto customers are "sick and tired of steak and eggs", he said. "They're tired of just going to a restaurant, having food placed on the table, having it cleared, and there's no more mental input into it other than the basic needs of a caveman, just eat and nourish ... the...	{ "page_id": 9049059, "title": "Moto (restaurant)" }
to provide aroma as you eat. It also mentioned Cantu's sense of humor in adding smoky aromas to a raw food course. The Spring/Summer 2012 menu at Moto featured 15 courses, including "Reconstructed Corn," "Forest Foraging 2.0," "The Explosion," and "Smell the Glove." The meal begins with a menu without words, in which t...	{ "page_id": 9049059, "title": "Moto (restaurant)" }
A paraspecies (a paraphyletic species) is a species, living or fossil, that gave rise to one or more daughter species without itself becoming extinct. Geographically widespread species that have given rise to one or more daughter species as peripheral isolates without themselves becoming extinct (i.e. through peripatri...	{ "page_id": 18420709, "title": "Paraspecies" }
Critical Control Point (CCP) is the point where the failure of Standard Operation Procedure (SOP) could cause harm to customers and to the business, or even loss of the business itself. It is a point, step or procedure at which controls can be applied and a food safety hazard can be prevented, eliminated or reduced to ...	{ "page_id": 4985830, "title": "Critical control point" }
lower temperatures for increased lengths of time) 135 °F (57 °C) for 15 seconds Cooked fruits or vegetables that will be held for a length of time before eaten Any commercially processed, ready-to-eat foods that will be held for a length of time before eaten In addition, hot food must be held at a minimum interval of 1...	{ "page_id": 4985830, "title": "Critical control point" }
At the front part of the auricula, where the helix bends upward, is a small projection of cartilage, called the spina helicis. == References == This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1034 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918)	{ "page_id": 6165477, "title": "Spina helicis" }
Redmanol Chemical Products Company was an early plastics manufacturer formed in 1913. Lawrence V. Redman was its president. In 1922, the Redmanol Company, the Condensite Company of America, and General Bakelite were consolidated into the Bakelite Corporation. == References ==	{ "page_id": 2364392, "title": "Redmanol Chemical Products Company" }
There is an ongoing decline in plant biodiversity, just like there is ongoing biodiversity loss for many other life forms. One of the causes for this decline is climate change. Environmental conditions play a key role in defining the function and geographic distributions of plants. Therefore, when environmental conditi...	{ "page_id": 19928041, "title": "Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity" }
effects of climate change are predicted to be more severe in mountains of northern latitude. Heat and drought as a result of climate change has been found to severely impact tree mortality rates, putting forest ecosystems at high risk. === Changes in distributions === If climatic factors such as temperature and precipi...	{ "page_id": 19928041, "title": "Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity" }
by any other. Distributions of species and plant species will narrow following the effects of climate change. Climate change can affect areas such as wintering and breeding grounds to birds. Migratory birds use wintering and breeding grounds as a place to feed and recharge after migrating for long hours. If these areas...	{ "page_id": 19928041, "title": "Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity" }
have changed, leading to annual plants flowering earlier than perennials, and insect pollinated plants flowering earlier than wind pollinated plants; with potential ecological consequences. Other observed effects also include the lengthening in growing seasons of certain agricultural crops such as wheat and maize. A re...	{ "page_id": 19928041, "title": "Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity" }
species or processes such as migration into account when predicting distribution changes; though possible trade-offs between regional accuracy and generality are recognised. Climate change is also predicted to interact with other drivers of biodiversity change such as habitat destruction and fragmentation, or the intro...	{ "page_id": 19928041, "title": "Effects of climate change on plant biodiversity" }
In the field of molecular biology, transrepression is a process whereby one protein represses (i.e., inhibits) the activity of a second protein through a protein-protein interaction. Since this repression occurs between two different protein molecules (intermolecular), it is referred to as a trans-acting process. The p...	{ "page_id": 5510125, "title": "Transrepression" }
Ecoimmunology or Ecological Immunology is the study of the causes and consequences of variation in immunity. The field of ecoimmunology seeks to give an ultimate perspective for proximate mechanisms of immunology. This approach places immunology in evolutionary and ecological contexts across all levels of biological or...	{ "page_id": 30741486, "title": "Ecoimmunology" }
the immunocompetence handicap hypothesis, whereby testosterone acts as a mediator of immunosuppression and thus keeps sexually-selected traits honest. Although there is only moderate observational or experimental evidence supporting this claim up until now, the paper itself was one of the first links to be made suggest...	{ "page_id": 30741486, "title": "Ecoimmunology" }
characterized by high-pathogen and low resources. In Tsimane children, a 49% reduction in growth was observed in children with mild immune activation. ==== Body size ==== Body size affects the extent to which an organism is exposed to parasites as well as limitations on how organisms can mount an immune response. A met...	{ "page_id": 30741486, "title": "Ecoimmunology" }
times of immunological and nutritional stress. In humans, studies have reported lower testosterone in males with acute illnesses, including sepsis, surgery and HIV. A different theoretical model has been proposed for testosterone variability as phenotypic plasticity taking into account behavioral and environmental impa...	{ "page_id": 30741486, "title": "Ecoimmunology" }
==== Parasite manipulation ==== Selection is expected to favor parasite manipulation of the host when the host's behavior creates a suboptimal environment for the parasite's fitness. An application of coevolutionary theory would predict sophisticated manipulations of host behavior when host-specificity is high. Manipul...	{ "page_id": 30741486, "title": "Ecoimmunology" }
human evolution Because the microbiome is influenced by the host environment, researchers believe that it played a role in facilitating human adaptation to novel environments facilitated through periods of climate change and migration. For instance, commensal microbes influence the host's ability to survive pathogenic ...	{ "page_id": 30741486, "title": "Ecoimmunology" }
studies in ecoimmunology tended to underestimate the complexities of parasite defenses, often relying on one or two immune metrics as an overall indication of anti-pathogen defense capabilities. Many studies involve in vivo laboratory experiments, but there have been recent calls for immunologists to study immune varia...	{ "page_id": 30741486, "title": "Ecoimmunology" }
has implications in human biomedicine, wildlife ecology, and public health. For example, there has been growing interest in the "antibiotic crisis" caused by the increased prevalence of drug-resistant microbes and a decline in the discovery of new antibiotic treatments. A shift in focus to tolerance rather than eradica...	{ "page_id": 30741486, "title": "Ecoimmunology" }
Phycoerythrocyanin is a kind of phycobiliprotein, magenta chromoprotein involved in photosynthesis of some Cyanobacteria. This chromoprotein consists of alpha- and beta-subunits, generally aggregated as hexamer. Alpha-phycoerythrocyanin contains a phycoviolobilin, a violet bilin, that covalently attached at Cys-84, and...	{ "page_id": 12522479, "title": "Phycoerythrocyanin" }
Three Plus Two, or 3 + 2 (Russian: Три плюс два, romanized: Try plyus dva) is a 1963 Soviet romantic comedy film directed by Genrikh Oganesyan based on a play by Sergei Mikhalkov, and co-produced by Moscow-based Gorky Film Studio and Soviet Latvian Riga Film Studio. == Plot summary == The film is set in mid-1960s Crime...	{ "page_id": 16782319, "title": "Three Plus Two" }
palm. Unfortunately these shots were not included in the film, because the tiger tamer, Walter Zapashny, fearing for the actress, kept the tiger by the leash all the time, and sadly his hands appeared in the frame. “It's a pity that all my heroism was in vain. After all, I stroked the tiger, and leaned on it, once even...	{ "page_id": 16782319, "title": "Three Plus Two" }
film sites also reference further uncredited cast members such as those who appear in Stepan's flashback scenes of Son of Frankenstein (Basil Rathbone, Boris Karloff, Bela Lugosi, and Lionel Atwill). == Language used == Whilst the majority of the film is in Russian, there are a few limited lines in English. Most of the...	{ "page_id": 16782319, "title": "Three Plus Two" }
is one of the few, untouched and recognizable features left of the original beach and camp site. == References == == External links == Three Plus Two at IMDb	{ "page_id": 16782319, "title": "Three Plus Two" }
Randall M. Feenstra is a Canadian physicist. He completed a bachelor's degree in engineering physics at the University of British Columbia in 1978, followed by his master's and doctorate in applied physics at the California Institute of Technology. From 1982 to 1995, he was a research staff member at the IBM Thomas J. ...	{ "page_id": 64164849, "title": "Randall M. Feenstra" }
Foliicolous refers to the growth habit of certain lichens, algae, fungi, liverworts, and other bryophytes that prefer to grow on the leaves of vascular plants. Foliicolous simply means 'growing upon leaves' whilst epiphyllous derives from the Greek epi- meaning on or over and phyllous means leaf so 'over leaf' and hypo...	{ "page_id": 26481652, "title": "Foliicolous" }
In quantum field theory, multiplicative quantum numbers are conserved quantum numbers of a special kind. A given quantum number q is said to be additive if in a particle reaction the sum of the q-values of the interacting particles is the same before and after the reaction. Most conserved quantum numbers are additive i...	{ "page_id": 1643511, "title": "Multiplicative quantum number" }
A superlattice is a periodic structure of layers of two (or more) materials. Typically, the thickness of one layer is several nanometers. It can also refer to a lower-dimensional structure such as an array of quantum dots or quantum wells. == Discovery == Superlattices were discovered early in 1925 by Johansson and Lin...	{ "page_id": 1381368, "title": "Superlattice" }
two ideas are often discussed on the same physical basis, but each has different physics useful for applications in electric and optical devices. == Semiconductor superlattice types == Superlattice miniband structures depend on the heterostructure type, either type I, type II or type III. For type I the bottom of the c...	{ "page_id": 1381368, "title": "Superlattice" }
be minimized after cooling from epitaxial growth temperatures. The first compositional superlattice was realized using the GaAs/AlxGa1−xAs material system. A graphene/boron nitride system forms a semiconductor superlattice once the two crystals are aligned. Its charge carriers move perpendicular to the electric field, ...	{ "page_id": 1381368, "title": "Superlattice" }
and neutron mirrors, neutron spin polarization, and changes in elastic and acoustic properties. Depending on the nature of its components, a superlattice may be called magnetic, optical or semiconducting. == Miniband structure == The schematic structure of a periodic superlattice is shown below, where A and B are two s...	{ "page_id": 1381368, "title": "Superlattice" }
mass change sign. The shape of the miniband dispersion influences miniband transport profoundly and accurate dispersion relation calculations are required given wide minibands. The condition for observing single miniband transport is the absence of interminiband transfer by any process. The thermal quantum kBT should b...	{ "page_id": 1381368, "title": "Superlattice" }
{k} )\approx E^{\nu }(q,\mathbf {0} )+\langle \phi _{q,\mathbf {k} }\mid {\frac {\hbar ^{2}\mathbf {k} ^{2}}{2m_{c}(z)}}\mid \phi _{q,\mathbf {k} }\rangle } . Now, ϕ q , 0 ( z ) {\displaystyle \phi _{q,\mathbf {0} }(z)} will exhibit a larger probability in the well, so that it seems reasonable to replace the second ter...	{ "page_id": 1381368, "title": "Superlattice" }
both in energy and real space and form the so-called Wannier–Stark ladder. The potential Φ 0 ( z ) {\displaystyle \Phi _{0}(z)} is not bounded for the infinite crystal, which implies a continuous energy spectrum. Nevertheless, the characteristic energy spectrum of these Wannier–Stark ladders could be resolved experimen...	{ "page_id": 1381368, "title": "Superlattice" }
If the amplitude of V(x,y) is large (take V ( x , y ) = − V 0 ( cos ⁡ 2 π x / a + cos ⁡ 2 π y / a ) , V 0 > 0 {\displaystyle V(x,y)=-V_{0}(\cos 2\pi x/a+\cos 2\pi y/a),V_{0}>0} as an example) compared to the Fermi level, \| V 0 \| ≫ E f {\displaystyle \|V_{0}\|\gg E_{f}} , the electrons in the superlattice should behave si...	{ "page_id": 1381368, "title": "Superlattice" }
and ruthenium are added for better mechanical strength and high temperature stability. This alloy is used for probe needles in probe cards. == See also == Cu-Pt type ordering in III-V semiconductor Tube-based nanostructures Wannier function == References == H.T. Grahn, "Semiconductor Superlattices", World Scientific (1...	{ "page_id": 1381368, "title": "Superlattice" }
The van der Waals radius, rw, of an atom is the radius of an imaginary hard sphere representing the distance of closest approach for another atom. It is named after Johannes Diderik van der Waals, winner of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physics, as he was the first to recognise that atoms were not simply points and to demons...	{ "page_id": 70651, "title": "Van der Waals radius" }
is necessary to divide by the Avogadro constant NA. The molar van der Waals volume should not be confused with the molar volume of the substance. In general, at normal laboratory temperatures and pressures, the atoms or molecules of gas only occupy about 1⁄1000 of the volume of the gas, the rest is empty space. Hence t...	{ "page_id": 70651, "title": "Van der Waals radius" }
~ − n b ) = n R T , {\displaystyle \left(p+a\left({\frac {n}{\tilde {V}}}\right)^{2}\right)({\tilde {V}}-nb)=nRT,} where p is pressure, n is the number of moles of the gas in question and a and b depend on the particular gas, V ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {V}}} is the volume, R is the specific gas constant on a unit mole ...	{ "page_id": 70651, "title": "Van der Waals radius" }
b = 23.7 cm3/mol. Helium is a monatomic gas, and each mole of helium contains 6.022×1023 atoms (the Avogadro constant, NA): V w = b N A {\displaystyle V_{\rm {w}}={b \over {N_{\rm {A}}}}} Therefore, the van der Waals volume of a single atom Vw = 39.36 Å3, which corresponds to rw = 2.11 Å (≈ 200 picometers). This method...	{ "page_id": 70651, "title": "Van der Waals radius" }
in the light of more recent crystallographic data: on the whole, the agreement was very good, although they recommend a value of 1.09 Å for the van der Waals radius of hydrogen as opposed to Bondi's 1.20 Å. A more recent analysis of the Cambridge Structural Database, carried out by Santiago Alvarez, provided a new set ...	{ "page_id": 70651, "title": "Van der Waals radius" }
and 101.325 kPa, which corresponds to a molar refractivity A = 5.23×10−7 m3/mol. Dividing by the Avogadro constant gives Vw = 8.685×10−31 m3 = 0.8685 Å3, corresponding to rw = 0.59 Å. === Polarizability === The polarizability α of a gas is related to its electric susceptibility χe by the relation α = ε 0 k B T p χ e {\...	{ "page_id": 70651, "title": "Van der Waals radius" }
E.; Keiter, Ellen A.; Keiter, Richard L. (1997). Inorganic Chemistry: Principles of Structure and Reactivity (4th ed.). New York: Prentice Hall. ISBN 978-0-06-042995-9. == External links == van der Waals Radius of the elements at PeriodicTable.com van der Waals Radius – Periodicity at WebElements.com	{ "page_id": 70651, "title": "Van der Waals radius" }
The 2023 Bilderberg Conference or Bilderberg Club was held between May 18–21, 2023 at the Pestana Palace hotel in Lisbon, Portugal. The 2023 meeting was the 69th edition of the event. A Bilderberg Group press release stated that there were approximately 130 participants from 23 countries. Established in 1954 by Prince ...	{ "page_id": 73864189, "title": "2023 Bilderberg Conference" }
despite his name not being on the list. == References ==	{ "page_id": 73864189, "title": "2023 Bilderberg Conference" }
Entropy: A New World View is a non-fiction book by Jeremy Rifkin and Ted Howard, with an Afterword by Nicholas Georgescu-Roegen. It was first published by Viking Press, New York in 1980 (ISBN 0-670-29717-8). A paperback edition was published by Bantam in 1981, in a paperback revised edition, by Bantam Books, in 1989 (I...	{ "page_id": 3740668, "title": "Entropy: A New World View" }
In the lower part of the helix, the cartilage is prolonged downward as a tail-like process, the cauda helicis; this is separated from the antihelix by a fissure, the fissura antitragohelicina. == References == This article incorporates text in the public domain from page 1034 of the 20th edition of Gray's Anatomy (1918...	{ "page_id": 6165504, "title": "Cauda helicis" }
'The All-Species Living Tree' Project is a collaboration between various academic groups/institutes, such as ARB, SILVA rRNA database project, and LPSN, with the aim of assembling a database of 16S rRNA sequences of all validly published species of Bacteria and Archaea. At one stage, 23S sequences were also collected, ...	{ "page_id": 33821697, "title": "'The All-Species Living Tree' Project" }
Mehryar Mohri is a professor and theoretical computer scientist at the Courant Institute of Mathematical Sciences. He is also heading the Machine Learning Theory (ML Theory) team at Google Research. == Career == Prior to joining the Courant Institute, Mohri was a research department head and later technology leader at ...	{ "page_id": 20976642, "title": "Mehryar Mohri" }
Generative Pre-trained Transformer 4Chan (GPT-4chan) is a controversial AI model that was developed and deployed by YouTuber and AI researcher Yannic Kilcher in June 2022. The model is a large language model, which means it can generate text based on some input, by fine-tuning GPT-J with a dataset of millions of posts ...	{ "page_id": 75371524, "title": "GPT4-Chan" }
group of independent AI researchers. Kilcher decided to use GPT-J as the base model for his project, and fine-tune it with a large dataset of /pol/ posts. The Raiders of the Lost Kek dataset contained over 100 million posts from /pol/, spanning from June 2016-November 2019. Kilcher then proceeded to fine-tune the GPT-J...	{ "page_id": 75371524, "title": "GPT4-Chan" }
that he welcomed feedback and criticism from anyone. He provided a link to his model’s page on Hugging Face, where anyone could access and use the model through a web interface or an API, and also provided a link to his GitHub repository, where anyone could download and inspect the model’s code and data. == Controversy...	{ "page_id": 75371524, "title": "GPT4-Chan" }
of views and interactions from viewers who watched and followed the project. Furthermore, a petition condemning the deployment of GPT-4chan gained over 300 signatures from technology experts. == References ==	{ "page_id": 75371524, "title": "GPT4-Chan" }
Orthotopic procedures (from Greek orthos, straight + topos, place) are those occurring at the normal place. Examples include: Orthotopic liver transplantation, in which the previous liver is removed and the transplant is placed at that location in the body Orthotopic heart transplantation Orthotopic kidney transplantat...	{ "page_id": 37688324, "title": "List of orthotopic procedures" }
Radionuclides which emit gamma radiation are valuable in a range of different industrial, scientific and medical technologies. This article lists some common gamma-emitting radionuclides of technological importance, and their properties. == Fission products == Many artificial radionuclides of technological importance a...	{ "page_id": 3085316, "title": "Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes" }
products == Some radionuclides, such as cobalt-60 and iridium-192, are made by the neutron irradiation of normal non-radioactive cobalt and iridium metal in a nuclear reactor, creating radioactive nuclides of these elements which contain extra neutrons, compared to the original stable nuclides. In addition to their use...	{ "page_id": 3085316, "title": "Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes" }
radium-226 and radon-222 were used as gamma-ray sources for industrial radiography: for instance, a radon-222 source was used to examine the mechanisms inside an unexploded V-1 flying bomb, while some of the early Bathyspheres could be examined using radium-226 to check for cracks. Because both radium and radon are ver...	{ "page_id": 3085316, "title": "Commonly used gamma-emitting isotopes" }
Denis Coulthard Graham FRSE FRSC FIB FRSA (December 1929 – 12 October 2002) was a British biological chemist. He specialised in plant diseases and their treatment. == Biography == Denis Coulthard Graham was born in Carlisle in December 1929. He went to Durham University, graduating with a BSc. He then undertook postgra...	{ "page_id": 51123208, "title": "Denis Coulthard Graham" }
Neodymium fluoride may refer to: Neodymium(II) fluoride (Neodymium difluoride), NdF2 Neodymium(III) fluoride (Neodymium trifluoride), NdF3 Neodymium(IV) fluoride (Neodymium tetrafluoride), NdF4	{ "page_id": 70652937, "title": "Neodymium fluoride" }
== Critical point == == References == === CRC.a-d === David R. Lide (ed), CRC Handbook of Chemistry and Physics, 85th Edition, online version. CRC Press. Boca Raton, Florida, 2003; Section 6, Fluid Properties; Critical Constants. Also agrees with Celsius values from Section 4: Properties of the Elements and Inorganic C...	{ "page_id": 4723731, "title": "Critical points of the elements (data page)" }
Juliana Chan is a biologist, a science communicator, the founder of Asian Scientist, and the founder and CEO of Wildtype Media Group. == Early life and education == Chan graduated from the University of Cambridge with both a BA and an MA in natural science. She graduated from MIT in 2010 with a PhD in biology. After gr...	{ "page_id": 76682260, "title": "Juliana Chan (science communicator)" }
Global Leader, a program created by the World Economic Forum to recognize highly accomplished professionals in their field. Chan transitioned Wildtype to full remote work in August 2023, citing the impacts from the COVID-19 pandemic and calling remote work "the future of work". She has also more recently transitioned i...	{ "page_id": 76682260, "title": "Juliana Chan (science communicator)" }
Revtraviricetes is a class of viruses that contains all viruses that encode a reverse transcriptase. The group includes all ssRNA-RT viruses (including the retroviruses) and dsDNA-RT viruses. It is the sole class in the phylum Artverviricota, which is the sole phylum in the kingdom Pararnavirae. The name of the group i...	{ "page_id": 63771669, "title": "Revtraviricetes" }
Biodistribution is a method of tracking where compounds of interest travel in an experimental animal or human subject. For example, in the development of new compounds for PET (positron emission tomography) scanning, a radioactive isotope is chemically joined with a peptide (subunit of a protein). This particular class...	{ "page_id": 1840155, "title": "Biodistribution" }
pancreas, brain, bone, stomach, small intestine, and upper and lower large intestine, a tumor if present) are placed in pre-weighed containers and weighed, then placed into a device that measures radioactivity (e.g. gamma radiation). Normalizing the tissue radioactivity concentrations to the injected dose gives values ...	{ "page_id": 1840155, "title": "Biodistribution" }
use in humans; (2) animals usually need to be anaesthetized for the duration of the scan (on the order of minutes) while humans are awake and simply need to stay still during the scan. == Non-invasive biodistribution imaging in gene therapy == In gene therapy, gene delivery vectors, such as viruses, can be imaged accor...	{ "page_id": 1840155, "title": "Biodistribution" }
Ammonium molybdate can refer to: Ammonium orthomolybdate, (NH4)2MoO4 Ammonium heptamolybdate, (NH4)6Mo7O24, usually encountered as the tetrahydrate Ammonium phosphomolybdate, (NH4)3PMo12O40 Ammonium tetrathiomolybdate, (NH4)2MoS4 this chemical is used for analysis of chloride in a solution == See also == Ammonium dimol...	{ "page_id": 21435420, "title": "Ammonium molybdate" }
In ecology, scramble competition (or complete symmetric competition or exploitation competition) refers to a situation in which a resource is accessible to all competitors (that is, it is not monopolizable by an individual or group). However, since the particular resource is usually finite, scramble competition may lea...	{ "page_id": 31396894, "title": "Scramble competition" }
social chains. Conversely, scramble competition is what occurs by accident when competitors naturally want the same resources. These two forms of competition can be interwoven into one another. Some researchers have noted parallels between intraspecific behaviors of competition and cooperation. These two processes can ...	{ "page_id": 31396894, "title": "Scramble competition" }
capacity of the population. The Ricker model, and a few other well-known population models, can be explicitly derived from individual-level processes assuming scramble competition and a random distribution of individuals among resources. Some researchers have noted that in certain species, such as the horseshoe crab, m...	{ "page_id": 31396894, "title": "Scramble competition" }
is the newts enhanced or strengthened tailfins. Another example of scramble competition is the success of small beetles over large beetles. While larger beetles, similar to larger animals in general, tend to win more often in contest competition, the opposite can be true in a scramble competition. Specifically with bee...	{ "page_id": 31396894, "title": "Scramble competition" }
Pharmacodynamics (PD) is the study of the biochemical and physiologic effects of drugs (especially pharmaceutical drugs). The effects can include those manifested within animals (including humans), microorganisms, or combinations of organisms (for example, infection). Pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics are the main ...	{ "page_id": 726049, "title": "Pharmacodynamics" }
be increased, decreased or unaffected (3 and 3 possibilities). NMBD = neuromuscular blocking drugs; NMDA = N-methyl-d-aspartate; EGF = epidermal growth factor. == Effects on the body == The majority of drugs either There are 7 main drug actions: stimulating action through direct receptor agonism and downstream effects ...	{ "page_id": 726049, "title": "Pharmacodynamics" }
inhibits the activity of the carrier molecule, Na-K-ATPase pump. The widest class of drugs act as ligands that bind to receptors that determine cellular effects. Upon drug binding, receptors can elicit their normal action (agonist), blocked action (antagonist), or even action opposite to normal (inverse agonist). In pr...	{ "page_id": 726049, "title": "Pharmacodynamics" }
psychoactive substance manifest themselves. Duration can be broken down into 6 parts: (1) total duration (2) onset (3) come up (4) peak (5) offset and (6) after effects. Depending upon the substance consumed, each of these occurs in a separate and continuous fashion. ==== Total ==== The total duration of a substance ca...	{ "page_id": 726049, "title": "Pharmacodynamics" }
mass action which relates the large-scale status to the rate of numerous molecular processes. The rates of formation and un-formation can be used to determine the equilibrium concentration of bound receptors. The equilibrium dissociation constant is defined by: L + R ↽ − − ⇀ LR {\displaystyle {\ce {L + R <=> LR}}} K d ...	{ "page_id": 726049, "title": "Pharmacodynamics" }

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