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adaptation to maintain efficiency in their use of energy while growing. == Examples of extant piscivores == Aquatic genet Yellow anaconda Komodo dragon Green anaconda Flat-headed cat Bulldog bat Sea lion Fur seal Orca Silver arowana Otter shrew European otter North American river otter American mink Fishing cat Amazon ...	{ "page_id": 6755173, "title": "Piscivore" }
Gillicus, in its stomach) Diplomystus (a small relative of the herring, numerous fossils of individuals that died while trying to swallow other fishes, including smaller individuals of the same species, are known) Ornithocheirus (hypothesized to be piscivorous due to anatomy of its jaws and dentition) Titanoboa (multip...	{ "page_id": 6755173, "title": "Piscivore" }
Mycoscience is a peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of basic and applied research on fungi, including lichens, yeasts, oomycetes, and slime moulds. It is the official journal of the Mycological Society of Japan. A publication of the Mycological Society of Japan, it was founded in 1956 as Transactions...	{ "page_id": 33821541, "title": "Mycoscience" }
In mathematics, physics and chemistry, a space group is the symmetry group of a repeating pattern in space, usually in three dimensions. The elements of a space group (its symmetry operations) are the rigid transformations of the pattern that leave it unchanged. In three dimensions, space groups are classified into 219...	{ "page_id": 463721, "title": "Space group" }
method, but omitted four groups (Fdd2, I42d, P421d, and P421c) even though he already had the correct list of 230 groups from Fedorov and Schönflies; the common claim that Barlow was unaware of their work is incorrect. Burckhardt (1967) describes the history of the discovery of the space groups in detail. == Elements =...	{ "page_id": 463721, "title": "Space group" }
by the Bravais lattice is a finite group which is one of the 32 possible point groups. === Glide planes === A glide plane is a reflection in a plane, followed by a translation parallel with that plane. This is noted by a {\displaystyle a} , b {\displaystyle b} , or c {\displaystyle c} , depending on which axis the glid...	{ "page_id": 463721, "title": "Space group" }
1/2 of the lattice vector. === General formula === The general formula for the action of an element of a space group is y = M.x + D where M is its matrix, D is its vector, and where the element transforms point x into point y. In general, D = D (lattice) + D(M), where D(M) is a unique function of M that is zero for M b...	{ "page_id": 463721, "title": "Space group" }
identity element. The presence of mirrors implies glide planes as well, and the presence of rotation axes implies screw axes as well, but the converses are not true. An inversion and a mirror implies two-fold screw axes, and so on. == Notation == There are at least ten methods of naming space groups. Some of these meth...	{ "page_id": 463721, "title": "Space group" }
along the major axis (c-axis in trigonal cases), the second (2 in this case) along axes of secondary importance (a and b) and the third symbol the symmetry in another direction. In the trigonal case there also exists a space group P3112. In this space group the twofold axes are not along the a and b-axes but in a direc...	{ "page_id": 463721, "title": "Space group" }
and B2. However, crystallographers would not use Strukturbericht notation to describe the space group, rather it would be used to describe a specific crystal structure (e.g. space group + atomic arrangement (motif)). Orbifold notation (2D) Fibrifold notation (3D)As the name suggests, the orbifold notation describes the...	{ "page_id": 463721, "title": "Space group" }
free abelian subgroup of finite index, and is also the unique maximal normal abelian subgroup. He also showed that in any dimension n there are only a finite number of possibilities for the isomorphism class of the underlying group of a space group, and moreover the action of the group on Euclidean space is unique up t...	{ "page_id": 463721, "title": "Space group" }
of importance in magnetic structures that contain ordered unpaired spins, i.e. ferro-, ferri- or antiferromagnetic structures as studied by neutron diffraction. The time reversal element flips a magnetic spin while leaving all other structure the same and it can be combined with a number of other symmetry elements. Inc...	{ "page_id": 463721, "title": "Space group" }
(The term rhombohedral system is also sometimes used as an alternative name for the whole trigonal system.) The hexagonal lattice system is larger than the hexagonal crystal system, and consists of the hexagonal crystal system together with the 18 groups of the trigonal crystal system other than the seven whose names b...	{ "page_id": 463721, "title": "Space group" }
Selenium yeast is a feed additive for livestock, used to increase the selenium content in their fodder. It is a form of selenium currently approved for human consumption in the EU and Britain. Inorganic forms of selenium are used in feeds (namely sodium selenate and sodium selenite, which appear to work in roughly the ...	{ "page_id": 30806891, "title": "Selenium yeast" }
for humans, and it may not be used as an additive after 2002. G.N Schrauzer, who has written two papers about selenomethionine, claims it should be an essential amino acid, and that the product is completely safe. The European Food Safety Authority does allow the use of selenomethionine as a feed additive for animals. ...	{ "page_id": 30806891, "title": "Selenium yeast" }
fodder: U.S. Food and Drug Administration approval for use as a supplement to feed for chickens, turkeys, swine, goats, sheep, horses, dogs, bison, and beef and dairy cows. Organic Materials Review Institute approval for use as a feed supplement for all animal species. As of 2006, the European Food Safety Authority's S...	{ "page_id": 30806891, "title": "Selenium yeast" }
The term spiral separator can refer to either a device for separating slurry components by density (wet spiral separators), or for a device for sorting particles by shape (dry spiral separators). == Wet spiral separators == Spiral separators of the wet type, also called spiral concentrators, are devices to separate sol...	{ "page_id": 18223985, "title": "Spiral separator" }
space as one, to improve capacity. Many things can be done to improve the separation efficiency, including: changing the rate of material feed changing the grain size of the material changing the slurry mass percentage adjusting the cutter bar positions running the output of one spiral separator (often, a third, interm...	{ "page_id": 18223985, "title": "Spiral separator" }
Random features (RF) are a technique used in machine learning to approximate kernel methods, introduced by Ali Rahimi and Ben Recht in their 2007 paper "Random Features for Large-Scale Kernel Machines", and extended by. RF uses a Monte Carlo approximation to kernel functions by randomly sampled feature maps. It is used...	{ "page_id": 77992820, "title": "Random feature" }
) ⟩ {\displaystyle k(x,y)\approx \langle z(x),z(y)\rangle } where z {\textstyle z} is a randomly sampled feature map z : R d → R D {\textstyle z:\mathbb {R} ^{d}\to \mathbb {R} ^{D}} . This converts kernel linear regression into linear regression in feature space, kernel SVM into SVM in feature space, etc. Since we hav...	{ "page_id": 77992820, "title": "Random feature" }
,\ldots ,\cos \langle \omega _{D},x\rangle ,\sin \langle \omega _{D},x\rangle ]^{T}} where ω 1 , . . . , ω D {\displaystyle \omega _{1},...,\omega _{D}} are IID samples from the multidimensional normal distribution N ( 0 , σ − 2 I ) {\displaystyle N(0,\sigma ^{-2}I)} . Since cos , sin {\displaystyle \cos ,\sin } are bo...	{ "page_id": 77992820, "title": "Random feature" }
In the overparameterized case, when 2 D ≥ N {\displaystyle 2D\geq N} , the network linearly interpolates the dataset { ( x i , y i ) } i ∈ 1 : N {\displaystyle \{(x_{i},y_{i})\}_{i\in 1:N}} , and the network parameters is the least-norm solution: θ ^ = arg ⁡ min θ ∈ C D , f θ ( x k ) = y k ∀ k ∈ 1 : N ‖ θ ‖ {\displayst...	{ "page_id": 77992820, "title": "Random feature" }
Features works well for approximating kernels that depend only on the L 1 {\displaystyle L_{1}} distance between datapoints. === Orthogonal random features === Orthogonal random features uses a random orthogonal matrix instead of a random Fourier matrix. == Historical context == In NIPS 2006, deep learning had just bec...	{ "page_id": 77992820, "title": "Random feature" }
The Hayashi track is a luminosity–temperature relationship obeyed by infant stars of less than 3 M☉ in the pre-main-sequence phase (PMS phase) of stellar evolution. It is named after Japanese astrophysicist Chushiro Hayashi. On the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram, which plots luminosity against temperature, the track is a ...	{ "page_id": 5116788, "title": "Hayashi track" }
Hayashi published two papers that led to the concept of the pre-main-sequence and form the basis of the modern understanding of early stellar evolution. Hayashi realized that the existing model, in which stars are assumed to be in radiative equilibrium with no substantial convection zone, cannot explain the shape of th...	{ "page_id": 5116788, "title": "Hayashi track" }
these stars were rapidly contracting T Tauri stars. In 1962, Hayashi published a 183-page review of stellar evolution, discussing the evolution of stars born in the forbidden region. These stars rapidly contract due to gravity before settling to a quasistatic, fully convective state on the Hayashi tracks. In 1965, nume...	{ "page_id": 5116788, "title": "Hayashi track" }
⁡ T d ln ⁡ P > 0.4 , {\displaystyle {\frac {d\ln T}{d\ln P}}>0.4,} where d ln ⁡ T / d ln ⁡ P = 0.4 {\displaystyle d\ln T/d\ln P=0.4} for a monatomic ideal gas undergoing adiabatic expansion or contraction. A temperature gradient greater than 0.4 is therefore called superadiabatic. Consider a star with a superadiabatic ...	{ "page_id": 5116788, "title": "Hayashi track" }
If a star is placed in the forbidden zone, with a temperature gradient much greater than 0.4, it will experience rapid convection that brings the gradient down. Since this convection will drastically change the star's pressure and temperature distribution, the star is not in hydrostatic equilibrium, and will contract u...	{ "page_id": 5116788, "title": "Hayashi track" }
so that radiative transport is insufficient to carry away the generated energy and convection must occur. Stars less massive than 0.5 M☉ remain fully convective, and therefore remain on the Hayashi track, throughout their pre-main-sequence stage, joining the main sequence at the bottom of the Hayashi track. Stars heavi...	{ "page_id": 5116788, "title": "Hayashi track" }
P 1 − γ T γ = C , {\displaystyle P^{1-\gamma }T^{\gamma }=C,} where γ {\displaystyle \gamma } is the adiabatic gamma, which is 5/3 for an ideal monatomic gas. The ideal gas law says: P = N k T / V = ρ k T μ H = ( k ρ μ H ) γ C , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}P&=NkT/V\\[1ex]&={\frac {\rho kT}{\mu _{H}}}\\[1ex]&=\left({...	{ "page_id": 5116788, "title": "Hayashi track" }
γ = C . {\displaystyle P^{1-\gamma }T^{\gamma }=C.} Therefore, for any star of mass M and radius R, we have P 1 − γ T γ ∼ M 2 − γ R 3 γ − 4 , {\displaystyle P^{1-\gamma }T^{\gamma }\sim M^{2-\gamma }R^{3\gamma -4},} We need another relationship between P, T, M, and R in order to eliminate P. This relationship will come...	{ "page_id": 5116788, "title": "Hayashi track" }
Plugging this into the pressure equation, we get P 0 ∝ ( M R 2 T eff b ) 1 a + 1 , {\displaystyle P_{0}\propto \left({\frac {M}{R^{2}T_{\text{eff}}^{b}}}\right)^{\frac {1}{a+1}},} Finally, we need to eliminate R and introduce L, the luminosity. This can be done with the equation L = 4 π R 2 σ T eff 4 , {\displaystyle L...	{ "page_id": 5116788, "title": "Hayashi track" }
Kramers' opacity law instead of the H− ion, with a = 1 and b = −4.5. In that case, A = 0.2 in our crude model, far higher than 0.05, and the star is no longer on the Hayashi track. In Stellar Interiors, Hansen, Kawaler, and Trimble go through a similar derivation without neglecting multiplicative constants and arrived ...	{ "page_id": 5116788, "title": "Hayashi track" }
{\displaystyle \ln T_{\text{eff}}} by about 0.05. Chemical composition affects the Hayashi track in a few ways. The track depends strongly on the atmosphere's opacity, and this opacity is dominated by the H− ion. The abundance of the H− ion is proportional to the density of free electrons, which, in turn, is higher if ...	{ "page_id": 5116788, "title": "Hayashi track" }
the birthline before evolving downwards along their respective Hayashi tracks. The birthline exists because stars formed from overdense cores of giant molecular clouds in an inside-out manner. That is, a small central region first collapses in on itself while the outer shell is still nearly static. The outer envelope t...	{ "page_id": 5116788, "title": "Hayashi track" }
The Los Alamos Primer is a printed version of the first five lectures on the principles of nuclear weapons given to new arrivals at the top-secret Los Alamos laboratory during the Manhattan Project. The five lectures were given by physicist Robert Serber in April 1943. The notes from the lectures which became the Prime...	{ "page_id": 4592501, "title": "Los Alamos Primer" }
divided into chapters: Preliminaries Neutrons and the fission process Critical mass and efficiency Detonation, pre-detonation, and fizzles Conclusion The first paragraph states the intention of the Los Alamos Laboratory during World War II: The object of the project is to produce a practical military weapon in the form...	{ "page_id": 4592501, "title": "Los Alamos Primer" }
neutrons back into the core and its inertia...slowed the core's expansion and helped keep the core surface from blowing away. So there might be a third basic component to their atomic bomb besides nuclear core and confining tamper: an initiator - a Ra + Be source or, better, a Po + Be source, with the radium or poloniu...	{ "page_id": 4592501, "title": "Los Alamos Primer" }
1965, and that it can't be useful to any bomb designer from 1950, Dyson still thinks that such publication can be dangerous: There is nothing here that would have been technically useful to a Russian bomb designer in 1950 or to an Iraqi bomb designer in 1990. But the primer contains much more than technical information...	{ "page_id": 4592501, "title": "Los Alamos Primer" }
up armed men." He conceded that the risks of letting books go free into the world could be lethal as well as irreversible. He argued that the risks must still be accepted, because the censorship of books was the greater evil. He lost the argument, and in his day the censors prevailed. In our day, the censors have lost ...	{ "page_id": 4592501, "title": "Los Alamos Primer" }
rare instance in which one of the contributors to a historical event has gone back and explained his work, its importance, and the mistakes that were made at the same time." He also notes that the book is "one of the few books to deal at all with the technical side of the bomb project." Matthew Hersch writes that the b...	{ "page_id": 4592501, "title": "Los Alamos Primer" }
E. U. (1943), The Los Alamos Primer (PDF), retrieved 1 January 2024 == References == == External links == LANL (2023-07-19). "The Los Alamos Primer". Retrieved 2024-01-01.	{ "page_id": 4592501, "title": "Los Alamos Primer" }
In particle physics, the crypton is a hypothetical superheavy particle, thought to exist in a hidden sector of string theory. It has been proposed as a candidate particle to explain the dark matter content of the universe. Cryptons arising in the hidden sector of a superstring-derived flipped SU(5) GUT model have been ...	{ "page_id": 1839990, "title": "Crypton (particle)" }
The Pathogen-Host Interactions database (PHI-base) is a biological database that contains manually curated information on genes experimentally proven to affect the outcome of pathogen-host interactions. The database has been maintained by researchers at Rothamsted Research and external collaborators since 2005. PHI-bas...	{ "page_id": 8721272, "title": "PHI-base" }
focuses on plant pathogenic and human pathogenic organisms including fungi, oomycetes, and bacteria. The entire contents of the database can be downloaded in a tab delimited format. Since the launch of version 4, the PHI-base is also searchable using the PHIB-BLAST search tool, which uses the BLAST algorithm to compare...	{ "page_id": 8721272, "title": "PHI-base" }
(https://www.pombase.org), the model organism database for fission yeast. == Funding == PHI-base is a National Capability funded by the Biotechnology and Biological Sciences Research Council (BBSRC), a UK research council. == References == == External links == PHI-base	{ "page_id": 8721272, "title": "PHI-base" }
The Double Helix: A Personal Account of the Discovery of the Structure of DNA is an autobiographical account of the discovery of the double helix structure of DNA written by James D. Watson and published in 1968. It has earned both critical and public praise, along with continuing controversy about credit for the Nobel...	{ "page_id": 922489, "title": "The Double Helix" }
a BBC television program Life Story (known as The Race for the Double Helix in the U.S.). == Criticism == A 1980 Norton Critical Edition of The Double Helix edited by Gunther Stent, analyzed the events surrounding its initial publication. It presents a selection of both positive and negative reviews of the book, by suc...	{ "page_id": 922489, "title": "The Double Helix" }
the time he wrote the book. In the epilogue Watson writes; "Since my initial impressions about [Franklin], both scientific and personal (as recorded in the early pages of this book) were often wrong I want to say something here about her achievements." He goes on to describe her superb work, and, despite this, the enor...	{ "page_id": 922489, "title": "The Double Helix" }
which he previously declined permission to reprint in the 1980 Norton Critical Edition of The Double Helix edited by Gunther Stent. The book does not include the four press cuttings from the News Chronicle, Varsity and The New York Times (2) of May and June 1953 regarding the discovery of the structure of DNA, and Cric...	{ "page_id": 922489, "title": "The Double Helix" }
Photos of the first edition of The Double Helix A Reader's Guide to The Double Helix, 2009 by Kenneth R. Miller, a biology professor at Brown University Resource Page for The Double Helix used in Biology 20, The Foundations of Living Systems, a course at Brown University [2] 'DNA Pioneer James Watson Reveals Helix Stor...	{ "page_id": 922489, "title": "The Double Helix" }
A thermal mass refrigerator is a refrigerator that is foreseen with thermal mass as well as insulation to decrease the energy use of the refrigerator. A particularly popular thermal mass refrigerator was conceived by Michael Reynolds and detailed in his 1993 book Earthship Volume 3. This refrigerator was a DIY refriger...	{ "page_id": 41620348, "title": "Thermal mass refrigerator" }
This is a list of investigational sleep drugs, or drugs for the treatment of sleep disorders that are currently under development for clinical use but are not yet approved. Chemical/generic names are listed first, with developmental code names, synonyms, and brand names in parentheses. This list was last comprehensivel...	{ "page_id": 54203260, "title": "List of investigational sleep drugs" }
David Herbert Samuel, 3rd Viscount Samuel OBE (Hebrew: דוד הרברט סמואל; 8 July 1922 – 7 October 2014) was an Anglo-Israeli chemist and neurobiologist. Samuel was the son of Edwin Samuel, 2nd Viscount Samuel, and the grandson of the British-Jewish diplomat Herbert Samuel, 1st Viscount Samuel. He was a second cousin of R...	{ "page_id": 1839997, "title": "David Samuel, 3rd Viscount Samuel" }
In thermodynamics, the limit of local stability against phase separation with respect to small fluctuations is clearly defined by the condition that the second derivative of Gibbs free energy is zero. d 2 G d x 2 = 0 {\displaystyle {\operatorname {d} ^{2}\!G \over \operatorname {d} \!x^{2}}{=}0} The locus of these poin...	{ "page_id": 25105276, "title": "Spinodal" }
a line of pseudocritical points, with the correlation function taking a scaling form with non-classical critical exponents. Strictly speaking, a spinodal is defined as a mean field theoretic object. As such, the spinodal does not exist in real systems, but one can extrapolate to infer the existence of a pseudospinodal ...	{ "page_id": 25105276, "title": "Spinodal" }
Schmaltz herring is herring caught just before spawning, when the fat (schmaltz in Yiddish) in the fish is at a maximum. Colloquially, schmaltz herring refers to this fish pickled in brine: see pickled herring. == References == == External links == "Herring". The Food Lovers' Companion. Retrieved March 30, 2005.	{ "page_id": 1184645, "title": "Schmaltz herring" }
RecLOH is a term in genetics that is an abbreviation for "Recombinant Loss of Heterozygosity". This is a type of mutation which occurs with DNA by recombination. From a pair of equivalent ("homologous"), but slightly different (heterozygous) genes, a pair of identical genes results. In this case there is a non-reciproc...	{ "page_id": 3150728, "title": "RecLOH" }
be sure that there is no gene deletion. Family genealogies have proven many times, that parallel changes on all markers located on the same palindrome are frequently observed and the result of those changes are always twin alleles. So a 9–10, 15-16-17-17, 36-38 haplotype can change in one recombination event to the one...	{ "page_id": 3150728, "title": "RecLOH" }
Carboxypeptidase G may refer to one of the following: Glutamate carboxypeptidase, an enzyme Gamma-glutamyl hydrolase, an enzyme	{ "page_id": 39261065, "title": "Carboxypeptidase G" }
The beak is part of the shell of a bivalve mollusk, i.e. part of the shell of a saltwater or freshwater clam. The beak is the basal projection of the oldest part of the valve of the adult animal. The beak usually, but not always, coincides with the umbo, the highest and most prominent point on the valve. Because by def...	{ "page_id": 43455370, "title": "Beak (bivalve)" }
Universal conductance fluctuations (UCF) in mesoscopic physics is a phenomenon encountered in electrical transport experiments in mesoscopic species. The measured electrical conductance will vary from sample to sample, mainly due to inhomogeneous scattering sites. Fluctuations originate from coherence effects for elect...	{ "page_id": 13439882, "title": "Universal conductance fluctuations" }
41: 648] .	{ "page_id": 13439882, "title": "Universal conductance fluctuations" }
Photo-activated localization microscopy (PALM or FPALM) and stochastic optical reconstruction microscopy (STORM) are widefield (as opposed to point scanning techniques such as laser scanning confocal microscopy) fluorescence microscopy imaging methods that allow obtaining images with a resolution beyond the diffraction...	{ "page_id": 36770702, "title": "Photoactivated localization microscopy" }
be visualized under a microscope (or even under the naked eye) if the number of photons emitted is sufficiently high, and in contrast the background is low enough. The two dimensional image of a point source observed under a microscope is an extended spot, corresponding to the Airy disk (a section of the point spread f...	{ "page_id": 36770702, "title": "Photoactivated localization microscopy" }
localization error much smaller than the original point spread function. The two steps of identification and localization of individual fluorescent molecules in a dense environment where many are present are at the basis of PALM, STORM and their development. Although many approaches to molecular identification exist, t...	{ "page_id": 36770702, "title": "Photoactivated localization microscopy" }
be calculated according to the formula: σ = ( s i 2 + a 2 12 N ) ⋅ ( 16 9 + 8 π s i 2 b 2 a 2 N 2 ) {\displaystyle \sigma ={\sqrt {\left({\frac {s_{i}^{2}+{\frac {a^{2}}{12}}}{N}}\right)\cdot \left({\frac {16}{9}}+{\frac {8\pi s_{i}^{2}b^{2}}{a^{2}N^{2}}}\right)}}} where N is the number of collected photons, a is the p...	{ "page_id": 36770702, "title": "Photoactivated localization microscopy" }
and STORM === Although originally developed as 2D (x,y) imaging methods, PALM and STORM have quickly developed into 3D (x,y,z) capable techniques. To determine the axial position of a single fluorophore in the sample the following approaches are currently being used: modification of the point spread function to introdu...	{ "page_id": 36770702, "title": "Photoactivated localization microscopy" }
limitation of single particle tracking to work with systems displaying a very low concentration of fluorophores. === Nanophotonic interactions === While traditional PALM and STORM measurements are used to determine the physical structure of a sample, with the intensities of fluorescent events determining the certainty ...	{ "page_id": 36770702, "title": "Photoactivated localization microscopy" }
and photobleaching confine the life of the fluorophore to a limited interval of time, and a continuous emission of the fluorophore is desirable in between without any fluorescence intermittency. In STORM stochastic photoblinking of the organic fluorophores (typically brighter than fluorescent proteins) was originally e...	{ "page_id": 36770702, "title": "Photoactivated localization microscopy" }
In nuclear and materials physics, stopping power is the retarding force acting on charged particles, typically alpha and beta particles, due to interaction with matter, resulting in loss of particle kinetic energy. Stopping power is also interpreted as the rate at which a material absorbs the kinetic energy of a charge...	{ "page_id": 5051282, "title": "Stopping power (particle radiation)" }
because of the different density. One therefore often divides the force by the density of the material to obtain the mass stopping power which in the international system is expressed in m4/s2 but is usually found in units like MeV/(mg/cm2) or similar. The mass stopping power then depends only very little on the densit...	{ "page_id": 5051282, "title": "Stopping power (particle radiation)" }
result of Bethe in the high energy range. Since the number of collisions an ion experiences with electrons is large, and since the charge state of the ion while traversing the medium may change frequently, it is very difficult to describe all possible interactions for all possible ion charge states. Instead, the electr...	{ "page_id": 5051282, "title": "Stopping power (particle radiation)" }
determining the energy loss in binary collisions T ( E , b ) {\displaystyle T(E,b)} of two atoms interacting with the energy V ( r ) {\displaystyle V(r)} as a function of impact parameter b {\displaystyle b} F n ( E ) = 2 π ∫ 0 ∞ T ( E 0 , b ) b d b {\displaystyle F_{n}(E)=2\pi \int _{0}^{\infty }T(E_{0},b)bdb} In the ...	{ "page_id": 5051282, "title": "Stopping power (particle radiation)" }
may also be energy losses due to nuclear reactions, but such processes are not normally described by stopping power. Close to the surface of a solid target material, both nuclear and electronic stopping may lead to sputtering. == The slowing-down process in solids == In the beginning of the slowing-down process at high...	{ "page_id": 5051282, "title": "Stopping power (particle radiation)" }
= 1 4 π ε 0 Z 1 Z 2 e 2 r φ ( r / a ) {\displaystyle V(r)={1 \over 4\pi \varepsilon _{0}}{Z_{1}Z_{2}e^{2} \over r}\varphi (r/a)} where φ(r/a) → 1 when r → 0. Here Z 1 {\displaystyle Z_{1}} and Z 2 {\displaystyle Z_{2}} are the charges of the interacting nuclei, and r the distance between them; a is the so-called screen...	{ "page_id": 5051282, "title": "Stopping power (particle radiation)" }
screening parameters for all atom pairs in the range Z1, Z2 <= 92 in the functional form φ ( r ) = a 1 − b 1 r + a 2 − b 2 r + a 3 − b 3 r {\displaystyle \varphi (r)=a_{1}^{-b_{1}r}+a_{2}^{-b_{2}r}+a_{3}^{-b_{3}r}} where r is directly the interatomic distance, i.e. the screening parameter a=1. The pair-specific paramet...	{ "page_id": 5051282, "title": "Stopping power (particle radiation)" }
method is suitable only in simulations of implantation into amorphous materials, as it does not account for channeling. The best known BCA simulation program is TRIM/SRIM (acronym for TRansport of Ions in Matter, in more recent versions called Stopping and Range of Ions in Matter), which is based on the ZBL electronic ...	{ "page_id": 5051282, "title": "Stopping power (particle radiation)" }
enough for calculating ion ranges. The MD simulations this automatically describe the nuclear stopping power. The electronic stopping power can be readily included in molecular dynamics simulations, either as a frictional force or in a more advanced manner by also following the heating of the electronic systems and cou...	{ "page_id": 5051282, "title": "Stopping power (particle radiation)" }
for Electrons, Protons, and Helium Ions Stopping Power: Graphs and Data Penetration of charged particles through matter; lecture notes by E. Bonderup Archived 2019-05-28 at the Wayback Machine	{ "page_id": 5051282, "title": "Stopping power (particle radiation)" }
Human interactions with insects include both a wide variety of uses, whether practical such as for food, textiles, and dyestuffs, or symbolic, as in art, music, and literature, and negative interactions including damage to crops and extensive efforts to control insect pests. Academically, the interaction of insects and...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
roles in art, in music (with many songs featuring insects), in film, in literature, in religion, and in mythology. Insect costumes are used in theatrical productions and worn for parties and carnivals. == Cultural entomology and ethnoentomology == Ethnoentomology developed from the 19th century with early works by auth...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
Hogue set out the boundaries of the field by saying: "The narrative history of the science of entomology is not part of cultural entomology, while the influence of insects on general history would be considered cultural entomology." He added: "Because the term "cultural" is narrowly defined, some aspects normally inclu...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
hunting, fishing, and wildlife observation, including bird-watching"), dung burial, and pest control. The value has been estimated at $153 billion worldwide. As the ant expert E. O. Wilson observed: "If all mankind were to disappear, the world would regenerate back to the rich state of equilibrium that existed ten thou...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
of pesticides. Instead, at least 1,000 species have developed field resistance to pesticides, and extensive harm has been done to beneficial insects including pollinators such as bees. During the Cold War, the Warsaw Pact countries launched a widespread war against the potato beetle, blaming the introduction of the spe...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
high prices are fetched in Thailand for the giant water bug Lethocerus indicus. Insects used in food include honey bee larvae and pupae, mopani worms, silkworms, Maguey worms, Witchetty grubs, crickets, grasshoppers and locusts. In Thailand, there are 20,000 farmers rearing crickets, producing some 7,500 tons per year....	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
common medical insect product both historically and currently, and the most frequently referenced of these is honey. It can be applied to skin to treat excessive scar tissue, rashes, and burns, and as an eye poultice to treat infection. Honey is taken for digestive problems and as a general health restorative. It is ta...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
anticoagulants, vasodilators, vasoconstrictors, antihistamines, sodium channel blockers, complement inhibitors, pore formers, inhibitors of angiogenesis, anaesthetics, AMPs and microbial pattern recognition molecules, and parasite enhancers/activators. === In science and technology === Insects play an important role in...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
kermes oak. They were used as a red dye by the ancient Greeks and Romans. The kermes dye is a rich red, and has good colour fastness in silk and wool. Insect attributes are sometimes mimicked in architecture, as at the Eastgate Centre, Harare, which uses passive cooling, storing heat in the morning and releasing it in ...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
have been attempted in the Middle Ages or earlier, but was first systematically researched by several nations during the 20th century. It was put into practice by the Japanese army's Unit 731 in attacks on China during the Second World War, killing almost 500,000 Chinese people with fleas infected with plague and flies...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
of immortality. Amongst the Arrernte people of Australia, honey ants and witchety grubs served as personal clan totems. In the case of the San bushmen of the Kalahari, it is the praying mantis which holds much cultural significance including creation and zen-like patience in waiting.: 9 Insects feature in folklore arou...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
fangs but grasping claws that are typically very small and definitely not strong enough to break human skin. In Japan, the emergence of fireflies and rhinoceros beetles signify the anticipated changing of the seasons. === In religion === In the Brazilian Amazon, members of the Tupí–Guaraní language family have been obs...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
used as an adornment to paintings, textiles and jewelry. Different species of metallic wood-boring beetle wings were used depending on the region, but traditionally the most valued were those from beetles belonging to the genus Sternocera. The practice comes from across Asia and Southeast Asia, especially Thailand, Mya...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
be discrete and mutually exclusive categories ... In positing such questions, butterfly science, an inexhaustible, complex, and finely nuanced field, becomes not unlike the human imagination, or the field of literature itself. In the natural history of the animal, we begin to sense its literary and artistic possibiliti...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
of the butterfly in Japanese literature, both prose and poetry. He notes that these often allude to Chinese tales, such as of the young woman that the butterflies took to be a flower. He translates 22 Japanese haiku poems about butterflies, including one by the haiku master Matsuo Bashō, said to suggest happiness in sp...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
been transformed into an insect so that he can fly off to visit his father. The play upon which the opera was based – written by Alexander Pushkin – originally had two more insect themes: the Flight of the Mosquito and the Flight of the Fly. The Hungarian composer Béla Bartók explained in his diary that he was attempti...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
say the figure also have a connection to modern cosmology. Mayan mythology expert Migel Angel Vergara relates that the Mayans held a belief that bees came from Venus, the "Second Sun." The relief might be indicative of another "insect deity", that of Xux Ex, the Mayan "wasp star." The Mayan embodied Venus in the form o...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
I learned that OVO was inspired by insects, I immediately knew that I was in a perfect position to pay tribute to this majestic world with my costumes. All insects are beautiful and perfect; it is what they evoke for each of us that changes our perception of them." The Webby award-winning video series Green Porno was c...	{ "page_id": 37360538, "title": "Human interactions with insects" }
The molecular formula CH6N2 (molar mass: 46.07 g/mol, exact mass: 46.0531 u) may refer to: Methanediamine Monomethylhydrazine (mono-methyl hydrazine, MMH)	{ "page_id": 60035999, "title": "CH6N2" }
Jerzy Władysław Jurka (June 4, 1950 – July 19, 2014) was a Polish–American computational and molecular biologist known for his pioneering work on repetitive DNA and transposable elements (TEs) in eukaryotic genomes. He served as the assistant director of research at the Linus Pauling Institute prior to founding and dir...	{ "page_id": 20845472, "title": "Jerzy Jurka" }

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