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Bowen's Kale was a reference material produced by British chemist Humphry Bowen and used for the calibration of early scientific instruments intended to measure trace elements during the 1960s. With Peter Cawse, Bowen grew, dried, and crushed a large amount of marrow-stem kale (Brassica oleracea var. medullosa) into 10... | {
"page_id": 2556728,
"source": null,
"title": "Bowen's Kale"
} |
A trilaminar embryonic disc, trilaminary blastoderm, or trilaminar germ disk is an early stage in the development of triploblastic organisms, which include humans and many other animals. It is the next stage from the earlier bilaminar embryonic disc. It is an embryo which exists as three different germ layers – the ect... | {
"page_id": 4850489,
"source": null,
"title": "Trilaminar embryonic disc"
} |
An associative classifier (AC) is a kind of supervised learning model that uses association rules to assign a target value. The term associative classification was coined by Bing Liu et al., in which the authors defined a model made of rules "whose right-hand side are restricted to the classification class attribute". ... | {
"page_id": 58655546,
"source": null,
"title": "Associative classifier"
} |
Monoembryony is the emergence of one and only one seedling from a seed. A seed giving two or more seedlings is polyembryonic. Some of the nuclear cells surrounding the embryo sac start dividing and protrude into the embryo sac and develop into embryos. == References == | {
"page_id": 12976954,
"source": null,
"title": "Monoembryony"
} |
Haruo Hosoya (Japanese: 細矢 治夫, Hepburn: Hosoya Haruo, born 1936) is a Japanese chemist and emeritus professor of Ochanomizu University, Tokyo, Japan. He is the namesake of the Hosoya index used in discrete mathematics and computational chemistry. Hosoya was born in Kamakura, Japan to a family of an office worker. Durin... | {
"page_id": 14222136,
"source": null,
"title": "Haruo Hosoya"
} |
Algorithmic party platforms are a recent development in political campaigning where artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning are used to shape and adjust party messaging dynamically. Unlike traditional platforms that are drafted well before an election, these platforms adapt based on real-time data such as pol... | {
"page_id": 78316349,
"source": null,
"title": "Algorithmic party platforms in the United States"
} |
customize their messaging to align with the priorities of these smaller segments, adjusting their stances as trends develop during the campaign. This level of segmentation and customization ensures that outreach resonates with voters and maximizes engagement. Beyond messaging, AI also optimizes resource allocation by h... | {
"page_id": 78316349,
"source": null,
"title": "Algorithmic party platforms in the United States"
} |
and preventing disinformation in political discourse. == Impact on political platforms == Artificial intelligence (AI) has become instrumental in enabling political campaigns to adapt their platforms in real time, responding swiftly to evolving voter sentiments and emerging issues. By analyzing extensive datasets—inclu... | {
"page_id": 78316349,
"source": null,
"title": "Algorithmic party platforms in the United States"
} |
While AI-driven platforms offer significant advantages, they also introduce ethical and transparency challenges. One primary concern is the potential for AI to manipulate voter perception. The ability to adjust messaging dynamically raises questions about the authenticity of political platforms, as voters may feel dece... | {
"page_id": 78316349,
"source": null,
"title": "Algorithmic party platforms in the United States"
} |
engage constituents more effectively. Moreover, AI's ability to process vast amounts of data provides valuable insights into voter sentiment. By identifying trends and patterns, campaigns can address pressing issues proactively, fostering a more informed and responsive political environment. These capabilities also ext... | {
"page_id": 78316349,
"source": null,
"title": "Algorithmic party platforms in the United States"
} |
Pollination syndromes are suites of flower traits that have evolved in response to natural selection imposed by different pollen vectors, which can be abiotic (wind and water) or biotic, such as birds, bees, flies, and so forth through a process called pollinator-mediated selection. These traits include flower shape, s... | {
"page_id": 6161213,
"source": null,
"title": "Pollination syndrome"
} |
ambophilous flowers which are both wind and insect pollinated. Anemophilous, or wind pollinated flowers, are usually small and inconspicuous, and do not possess a scent or produce nectar. The anthers may produce a large number of pollen grains, while the stamens are generally long and protrude out of flower. === Water ... | {
"page_id": 6161213,
"source": null,
"title": "Pollination syndrome"
} |
similar to hummingbirds: they hover in front of flowers with rapid wingbeats. Most are nocturnal or crepuscular. So moth-pollinated flowers tend to be white, night-opening, large and showy with tubular corollas and a strong, sweet scent produced in the evening, night or early morning. Much nectar is produced to fuel th... | {
"page_id": 6161213,
"source": null,
"title": "Pollination syndrome"
} |
red or orange tubes with a lot of dilute nectar, secreted during the day. Since birds do not have a strong response to scent, they tend to be odorless. Flowers pollinated by generalist birds are often shorter and wider. Hummingbirds are often associated with pendulous flowers, whereas passerines (perching birds) need a... | {
"page_id": 6161213,
"source": null,
"title": "Pollination syndrome"
} |
evolved a special leaf just above the inflorescence to attract bats. The leaf petiole is twisted so the leaf sticks upwards, and the leaf is shaped like a concave disc or dish reflector. The leaf reflects echolocation signals from many directions, guiding the pollinating bats towards the flowers. The epiphytic bean Muc... | {
"page_id": 6161213,
"source": null,
"title": "Pollination syndrome"
} |
== Biology == Pollination syndromes reflect convergent evolution towards forms (phenotypes) that limit the number of species of pollinators visiting the plant. They increase the functional specialization of the plant with regard to pollination, though this may not affect the ecological specialization (i.e. the number o... | {
"page_id": 6161213,
"source": null,
"title": "Pollination syndrome"
} |
specialize on a plant species, rather than move to the next flower of any species? Although pollinator constancy was recognized by Aristotle, the benefits to animals are not yet fully understood. The most common hypothesis is that pollinators must learn to handle particular types of flowers, and they have limited capac... | {
"page_id": 6161213,
"source": null,
"title": "Pollination syndrome"
} |
the syndromes did not usefully predict the pollinators. A critical re-evaluation of the syndromes suggests that on average about one third of the flowering plants can be classified into the classical syndromes. This reflects the fact that nature is much less predictable and straightforward than 19th-century biologists ... | {
"page_id": 6161213,
"source": null,
"title": "Pollination syndrome"
} |
In biology, overabundant species refers to an excessive number of individuals and occurs when the normal population density has been exceeded. Increase in animal populations is influenced by a variety of factors, some of which include habitat destruction or augmentation by human activity, the introduction of invasive s... | {
"page_id": 60621630,
"source": null,
"title": "Overabundant species"
} |
Causes == Overabundance may occur naturally, for example after weather events such as a period of high rainfall in which habitat conditions become optimal. However, other contributing factors include: === Anthropogenic disturbances === Natural habitats are altered by human activity resulting in habitat fragmentation, d... | {
"page_id": 60621630,
"source": null,
"title": "Overabundant species"
} |
reached a level where other biodiversity within the ecosystem becomes threatened. Overgrazing can occur in both terrestrial and marine environments and can alter vegetation as well as the composition of vegetation. Population densities and the composition of fauna can also be negatively impacted on. Additionally, perma... | {
"page_id": 60621630,
"source": null,
"title": "Overabundant species"
} |
or eradicate overabundant species. For example, fencing regions as a protective measure against red foxes can cost approximately $10, 000 per kilometre while baiting an area of 35,0002 kilometres can cost about $1.3 million. == Invasive species == According to biology, invasive species are non-native animals that are i... | {
"page_id": 60621630,
"source": null,
"title": "Overabundant species"
} |
to thrive in. Red foxes have mainly had a negative impact on Australian fauna, with the exception of regulated rabbit populations. The diet of red foxes include a number of threatened native fauna which has contributed to their population declines and extinctions. Furthermore, populations of native fauna, mammals in pa... | {
"page_id": 60621630,
"source": null,
"title": "Overabundant species"
} |
overabundant populations, it involves the placement of lethal chemicals in food (the bait) that eliminates the animal. It is cost-effective and helps remove a large number of animals from a population, however if ingested by non-target animals it could potentially cause death depending on the type of bait the chemical ... | {
"page_id": 60621630,
"source": null,
"title": "Overabundant species"
} |
immunocontraception, and surgery to neuter males or spay females. There are various factors that impact the effectiveness of contraceptive methods, some of which include: expense, longevity of the treatment effect, level of difficulty in administering the treatment, and whether or not the method has a negative impact o... | {
"page_id": 60621630,
"source": null,
"title": "Overabundant species"
} |
Sequence homology is the biological homology between DNA, RNA, or protein sequences, defined in terms of shared ancestry in the evolutionary history of life. Two segments of DNA can have shared ancestry because of three phenomena: either a speciation event (orthologs), or a duplication event (paralogs), or else a horiz... | {
"page_id": 1442624,
"source": null,
"title": "Sequence homology"
} |
inferred to be descended from the same ancestral sequence separated by a speciation event: when a species diverges into two separate species, the copies of a single gene in the two resulting species are said to be orthologous. Orthologs, or orthologous genes, are genes in different species that originated by vertical d... | {
"page_id": 1442624,
"source": null,
"title": "Sequence homology"
} |
=== Given their tremendous importance for biology and bioinformatics, orthologous genes have been organized in several specialized databases that provide tools to identify and analyze orthologous gene sequences. These resources employ approaches that can be generally classified into those that use heuristic analysis of... | {
"page_id": 1442624,
"source": null,
"title": "Sequence homology"
} |
duplicated genes during separate speciation events. When descendants from the LCA share mutated homologs of the original duplicated genes then those genes are considered paralogs. As an example, in the LCA, one gene (gene A) may get duplicated to make a separate similar gene (gene B), those two genes will continue to g... | {
"page_id": 1442624,
"source": null,
"title": "Sequence homology"
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clusters being the best studied. Another example are the globin genes which encode myoglobin and hemoglobin and are considered to be ancient paralogs. Similarly, the four known classes of hemoglobins (hemoglobin A, hemoglobin A2, hemoglobin B, and hemoglobin F) are paralogs of each other. While each of these proteins s... | {
"page_id": 1442624,
"source": null,
"title": "Sequence homology"
} |
sets of paralogy regions include regions of human chromosome 2, 7, 12 and 17 containing Hox gene clusters, collagen genes, keratin genes and other duplicated genes, regions of human chromosomes 4, 5, 8 and 10 containing neuropeptide receptor genes, NK class homeobox genes and many more gene families, and parts of human... | {
"page_id": 1442624,
"source": null,
"title": "Sequence homology"
} |
leading to tetrasomic inheritance (four chromosomes pairing at meiosis), intergenomic recombination, and reduced fertility. == Gametology == Gametology denotes the relationship between homologous genes on non-recombining, opposite sex chromosomes. The term was coined by García-Moreno and Mindell. 2000. Gametologs resul... | {
"page_id": 1442624,
"source": null,
"title": "Sequence homology"
} |
The molecular formula C13H16N2O2 (molar mass : 232.27 g/mol, exact mass : 232.121178) may refer to: Aminoglutethimide Horsfiline 4,5-MDO-DMT 5,6-MDO-DMT Melatonin, a hormone Methylphenylpiracetam Mofebutazone | {
"page_id": 10093369,
"source": null,
"title": "C13H16N2O2"
} |
This is a list of gases at standard conditions, which means substances that boil or sublime at or below 25 °C (77 °F) and 1 atm pressure and are reasonably stable. == List == This list is sorted by boiling point of gases in ascending order, but can be sorted on different values. "sub" and "triple" refer to the sublimat... | {
"page_id": 57017151,
"source": null,
"title": "List of gases"
} |
2-Fluoro-1,3-butadiene 381-61-3 Trifluormethylcyclopropane 381-74-8 cis-1-Fluoro-1-butene 66675-34-1 trans-1-Fluoro-1-butene 66675-35-2 2-Fluoro-1-butene 3-Fluoro-1-butene trans-1-Fluoro-2-butene cis-2-fluoro-2-butene trans-2-fluoro-2-butene 1-Fluoro-2-methyl-1-propene 3-Fluoro-2-methyl-1-propene Perfluoro-2-methyl-1,3... | {
"page_id": 57017151,
"source": null,
"title": "List of gases"
} |
L-serine dehydratase may refer to: Serine dehydratase, an enzyme Threonine ammonia-lyase, an enzyme == See also == D-serine dehydratase, also called D-serine ammonia-lyase | {
"page_id": 11338563,
"source": null,
"title": "L-serine dehydratase"
} |
The aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction or aza-BH reaction in organic chemistry is a variation of the Baylis–Hillman reaction and describes the reaction of an electron deficient alkene, usually an α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compound, with an imine in the presence of a nucleophile. The reaction product is an allylic amine. The re... | {
"page_id": 3343173,
"source": null,
"title": "Aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction"
} |
by triphenylphosphine with chemical yield 34–39% and enantiomeric excess 71–84%. == References == == External links == https://www.organic-chemistry.org/Highlights/2006/30JanuaryA.shtm | {
"page_id": 3343173,
"source": null,
"title": "Aza-Baylis–Hillman reaction"
} |
Things named after physicist Julian Schwinger include the following: Schwinger effect (Schwinger pair production) Schwinger function Schwinger limit Schwinger model Schwinger parametrization Schwinger representation Schwinger reversed-phase coupler Schwinger variational principle Schwinger's quantum action principle Sc... | {
"page_id": 56427334,
"source": null,
"title": "List of things named after Julian Schwinger"
} |
The Plasma Physics Laboratory at the University of Saskatchewan was established in 1959 by H. M. Skarsgard. Early work centered on research with a Betatron. == Facilities == === STOR-1M === STOR-1M is Canada's first tokamak built in 1983. In 1987 STOR-1M was the world’s first demonstration of alternating current in a t... | {
"page_id": 5047113,
"source": null,
"title": "Plasma Physics Laboratory (Saskatchewan)"
} |
Mioara Mugur-Schächter is a French-Romanian physicist specialized in fundamental quantum mechanics, probability theory, and theory of communication of information. She is also an epistemologist. As a professor at the University of Reims, she founded there the Laboratoire de Mécanique Quantique et Structures de l'Inform... | {
"page_id": 9634634,
"source": null,
"title": "Mioara Mugur-Schächter"
} |
Viral shedding is the expulsion and release of virus progeny following successful reproduction during a host cell infection. Once replication has been completed and the host cell is exhausted of all resources in making viral progeny, the viruses may begin to leave the cell by several methods. The term is variously used... | {
"page_id": 14353229,
"source": null,
"title": "Viral shedding"
} |
Animal cells are programmed to self-destruct when they are under viral attack or damaged in some other way. By forcing the cell to undergo apoptosis or cell suicide, release of progeny into the extracellular space is possible. However, apoptosis does not necessarily result in the cell simply popping open and spilling i... | {
"page_id": 14353229,
"source": null,
"title": "Viral shedding"
} |
== See also == Vaccine shedding - a form of viral shedding following administration of an attenuated (or "live virus") vaccine == References == | {
"page_id": 14353229,
"source": null,
"title": "Viral shedding"
} |
Alfred Senier (24 January 1853 – 29 June 1918) was a chemist and a Professor of Chemistry, Queen's College, Galway from 1891 until his death. He was one of the founding members of the Aristotelian Society. == Life == Alfred Senier was born 24 January 1853 in Burnley, England to Alfred Senier (1823–1893) and Jane (née S... | {
"page_id": 34800461,
"source": null,
"title": "Alfred Senier"
} |
In passing through matter, charged particles ionize and thus lose energy in many steps, until their energy is (almost) zero. The distance to this point is called the range of the particle. The range depends on the type of particle, on its initial energy and on the material through which it passes. For example, if the i... | {
"page_id": 5047118,
"source": null,
"title": "Range (particle radiation)"
} |
before the end, the energy loss passes through a maximum, the Bragg Peak, and then drops to zero (see the figures in Bragg Peak and in stopping power). This fact is of great practical importance for radiation therapy. The range of alpha particles in ambient air amounts to only several centimeters; this type of radiatio... | {
"page_id": 5047118,
"source": null,
"title": "Range (particle radiation)"
} |
Mudundi Ramakrishna Raju is an Indian physicist, known for his research on the application of nuclear physics to cancer therapy. He hails from the Indian state of Andhra Pradesh and is the Managing Trustee of the International Cancer Center, Mahatma Gandhi Memorial Medical Trust located at Bhimavaram. He is reported to... | {
"page_id": 44761936,
"source": null,
"title": "Mudundi Ramakrishna Raju"
} |
In molecular biology mir-193 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-193 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36373329,
"source": null,
"title": "Mir-193 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Chlorocresol may refer to a number of different chemical compounds, of which two are of primary importance: 2-Chloro-m-cresol p-Chlorocresol | {
"page_id": 20579154,
"source": null,
"title": "Chlorocresol"
} |
Bothrioneodermata is a clade of flatworms containing the Bothrioplanida and the Neodermata. == References == | {
"page_id": 54592339,
"source": null,
"title": "Bothrioneodermata"
} |
Guido Beck (29 August 1903 – 21 October 1988) was an Argentine physicist of German Bohemian origin, who was born in Liberec and died in Rio de Janeiro. He discovered all cylindrically symmetric nonrotating vacuum solutions in general relativity, which is the first instance of exactly solved gravitational waves. == Biog... | {
"page_id": 4457299,
"source": null,
"title": "Guido Beck"
} |
to Brazil, in 1951, where his influence in developing physics was also great. He was called back to Argentina in 1962, after the death of Balseiro, and continued his work at the Instituto Balseiro. In 1975, he returned to Brazil, and worked in the Centro Brasileiro de Pesquisas Físicas (CBPF). Apart from his influence ... | {
"page_id": 4457299,
"source": null,
"title": "Guido Beck"
} |
The Hector Medal, formerly known as the Hector Memorial Medal, is a science award given by the Royal Society Te Apārangi in memory of Sir James Hector to researchers working in New Zealand. It is awarded annually in rotation for different sciences – currently there are three: chemical sciences; physical sciences; mathe... | {
"page_id": 22545239,
"source": null,
"title": "Hector Medal"
} |
Dicalcium phosphate is the calcium phosphate with the formula CaHPO4 and its dihydrate. The "di" prefix in the common name arises because the formation of the HPO42– anion involves the removal of two protons from phosphoric acid, H3PO4. It is also known as dibasic calcium phosphate or calcium monohydrogen phosphate. Di... | {
"page_id": 3277656,
"source": null,
"title": "Dicalcium phosphate"
} |
calcium phosphate is mainly used as a dietary supplement in prepared breakfast cereals, dog treats, enriched flour, and noodle products. It is also used as a tableting agent in some pharmaceutical preparations, including some products meant to eliminate body odor. Dibasic calcium phosphate is also found in some dietary... | {
"page_id": 3277656,
"source": null,
"title": "Dicalcium phosphate"
} |
Imi Tami is a private company and the largest industrial chemistry R&D centre in Israel. IMI TAMI is a member of the Israel Chemicals manufacturing concern. IMI TAMI has created a campus with research, analytical and testing laboratories, GMP compliant facilities, a mini-pilot and pilot plants for process development a... | {
"page_id": 1901399,
"source": null,
"title": "Imi Tami Institute for Research and Development"
} |
In nuclear physics, the island of stability is a predicted set of isotopes of superheavy elements that may have considerably longer half-lives than known isotopes of these elements. It is predicted to appear as an "island" in the chart of nuclides, separated from known stable and long-lived primordial radionuclides. It... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
island. Nevertheless, the successful synthesis of superheavy elements up to Z = 118 (oganesson) with up to 177 neutrons demonstrates a slight stabilizing effect around elements 110 to 114 that may continue in heavier isotopes, consistent with the existence of the island of stability. == Introduction == === Nuclide stab... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
there is a potential barrier opposing the split, but this barrier can be crossed by quantum tunneling. The lower the barrier and the masses of the fragments, the greater the probability per unit time of a split. Protons in a nucleus are bound together by the strong force, which counterbalances the Coulomb repulsion bet... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
with Frederick Werner. This idea did not attract wide interest until a decade later, after improvements in the nuclear shell model. In this model, the atomic nucleus is built up in "shells", analogous to electron shells in atoms. Independently of each other, neutrons and protons have energy levels that are normally clo... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
Glenn Seaborg, later a discoverer of many of the superheavy elements, quickly adopted the term and promoted it. Myers and Świątecki also proposed that some superheavy nuclei would be longer-lived as a consequence of higher fission barriers. Further improvements in the nuclear shell model by Soviet physicist Vilen Strut... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
and 1970s, both in nature and through nucleosynthesis in particle accelerators. During the 1970s, many searches for long-lived superheavy nuclei were conducted. Experiments aimed at synthesizing elements ranging in atomic number from 110 to 127 were conducted at laboratories around the world. These elements were sought... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
cold fusion reactions; rutherfordium, the first transactinide, was discovered in 1969, and copernicium, eight protons closer to the island of stability predicted at Z = 114, was reached by 1996. Even though the half-lives of these nuclei are very short (on the order of seconds), the very existence of elements heavier t... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
still fall several neutrons short of N = 184 where maximum stability is expected (the most neutron-rich confirmed nuclei, 293Lv and 294Ts, only reach N = 177), and the exact location of the center of the island remains unknown, the trend of increasing stability closer to N = 184 has been demonstrated. For example, the ... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
= 162 provides further strong evidence for this region of relative stability in deformed nuclei. This also strongly suggests that the island of stability (for spherical nuclei) is not completely isolated from the region of stable nuclei, but rather that both regions are instead linked through an isthmus of relatively s... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
the absence of fission barriers. In contrast, 298Fl (predicted to lie within the region of maximum shell effects) may have a much longer spontaneous fission half-life, possibly on the order of 1019 years. In the center of the island, there may be competition between alpha decay and spontaneous fission, though the exact... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
a lower atomic number, and competition between alpha decay and spontaneous fission in these nuclides; these include 100-year half-lives for 291Cn and 293Cn, a 1000-year half-life for 296Cn, a 300-year half-life for 294Ds, and a 3500-year half-life for 293Ds, with 294Ds and 296Cn exactly at the N = 184 shell closure. It... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
== Possible natural occurrence == Even though half-lives of hundreds or thousands of years would be relatively long for superheavy elements, they are far too short for any such nuclides to exist primordially on Earth. Additionally, instability of nuclei intermediate between primordial actinides (232Th, 235U, and 238U) ... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
constrained between 113 and 129, and their lifetimes were estimated to be at least 3,000 years. Although this observation has yet to be confirmed in independent studies, it strongly suggests the existence of the island of stability, and is consistent with theoretical calculations of half-lives of these nuclides. The de... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
generate otherwise unreachable isotopes of superheavy elements in these reactions. Some of these heavier isotopes (such as 291Mc, 291Fl, and 291Nh) may also undergo electron capture (converting a proton into a neutron) in addition to alpha decay with relatively long half-lives, decaying to nuclei such as 291Cn that are... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
It may also be possible to generate isotopes in the island of stability such as 298Fl in multi-nucleon transfer reactions in low-energy collisions of actinide nuclei (such as 238U and 248Cm). This inverse quasifission (partial fusion followed by fission, with a shift away from mass equilibrium that results in more asym... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
islands are thought to exist around heavier doubly magic nuclei; the first near 354126 (with 228 neutrons) and the second near 472164 or 482164 (with 308 or 318 neutrons). Nuclides within these two islands of stability might be especially resistant to spontaneous fission and have alpha decay half-lives measurable in ye... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
and would be stabilized against fission as a consequence of its stronger binding that is enough to overcome Coulomb repulsion. == See also == Island of inversion Table of nuclides == Notes == == References == === Bibliography === == External links == Island ahoy! (Nature, 2006, with JINR diagram of heavy nuclides and p... | {
"page_id": 66394,
"source": null,
"title": "Island of stability"
} |
Ammonia fungi are characterized by the rapid development and high germination rates of fruiting bodies in the presence of ammonia or other nitrogen-containing materials with alkaline soil conditions. These fungi naturally occur after decomposition events like animal excretion or death. Reproduction can be classified in... | {
"page_id": 22479712,
"source": null,
"title": "Ammonia fungi"
} |
and plant debris are preferred by many species. Many species prefer to occupy dung including Peziza moravecii, Amblyosporium botrytiis, and Chaetomium globosum. Coprinopsis stercorea specifically grows solely on the dung of sheep, goats, and donkeys. Chaetomium globosum also reside on plants, soils, and straw in forest... | {
"page_id": 22479712,
"source": null,
"title": "Ammonia fungi"
} |
but may not be considered a choice mushroom to consume. Coprinopsis cinera is edible when eaten directly after collecting. Ammonia fungi may also contribute to the ecosystem in other ways being more predatory than mutualistic. Laccaria bicolor is a species of carnivorous fungi, that will catch and kill springtails. Amm... | {
"page_id": 22479712,
"source": null,
"title": "Ammonia fungi"
} |
fungus and ability to produce its reproductive structures. === Early Phase Ammonia Fungi === Early phase (EP) ammonia fungi include anamorphic fungi, ascomycota, and smaller basidiomycota. These species occupy alkaline to nuetral soils that have higher ammonium-nitrogen concentrations. This is due to either a preferenc... | {
"page_id": 22479712,
"source": null,
"title": "Ammonia fungi"
} |
the agar media, and spore longevity. Germination can also be difficult in laboratory settings. Addressing the increasing threat to habitat for ammonia fungi is necessary through these methods to be able to better protect it. This includes not only conservation of the forests in which these fungi can be found but also s... | {
"page_id": 22479712,
"source": null,
"title": "Ammonia fungi"
} |
Late Successional Phase Collybia cookei Anamika lactariolens Calocybe leucocephela Hebeloma luchuense Hebeloma radicosum Hebeloma spoliatum Hebelome vinosophyllum Laccaria bicolor == References == | {
"page_id": 22479712,
"source": null,
"title": "Ammonia fungi"
} |
The names for the chemical elements 104 to 106 were the subject of a major controversy starting in the 1960s, described by some nuclear chemists as the Transfermium Wars because it concerned the elements following fermium (element 100) on the periodic table. This controversy arose from disputes between American scienti... | {
"page_id": 66400,
"source": null,
"title": "Transfermium Wars"
} |
name "hahnium", proposed for element 105 by the Americans, be used for GSI's element 108 instead. === Proposals === ==== Darmstadt ==== The names suggested for the elements 107 to 109 by the German group were: ==== IUPAC ==== In 1994, the IUPAC Commission on Nomenclature of Inorganic Chemistry proposed the following na... | {
"page_id": 66400,
"source": null,
"title": "Transfermium Wars"
} |
The name flerovium was later used for element 114. == Resolution (IUPAC 97) == In 1996, IUPAC held another meeting, reconsidered all names in hand, and accepted another set of recommendations; finally, it was approved and published in 1997 on the 39th IUPAC General Assembly in Geneva, Switzerland. Element 105 was named... | {
"page_id": 66400,
"source": null,
"title": "Transfermium Wars"
} |
In Electrochemistry, the electrochemical equivalent (Eq or Z) of a chemical element is the mass of that element (in grams) transported by a specific quantity of electricity, usually expressed in grams per coulomb of electric charge. The electrochemical equivalent of an element is measured with a voltameter. == Definiti... | {
"page_id": 11797347,
"source": null,
"title": "Electrochemical equivalent"
} |
measured as soon as possible and with a limited value of charge density (usually 1 A for every 50 m2). This is because if charge density is too much, the deposit may not stick with cathode and will wash off. == Eq values of some elements in kg/C == == References == | {
"page_id": 11797347,
"source": null,
"title": "Electrochemical equivalent"
} |
Semelparity and iteroparity are two contrasting reproductive strategies available to living organisms. A species is considered semelparous if it is characterized by a single reproductive episode before death, and iteroparous if it is characterized by multiple reproductive cycles over the course of its lifetime. Iteropa... | {
"page_id": 22610793,
"source": null,
"title": "Semelparity and iteroparity"
} |
of semelparous organisms is usually large as well as fatal. A classic example of a semelparous organism is (most) Pacific salmon (Oncorhynchus spp.), which live for many years in the ocean before swimming to the freshwater stream of its birth, spawning, and dying. Other semelparous animals include many insects, includi... | {
"page_id": 22610793,
"source": null,
"title": "Semelparity and iteroparity"
} |
and many insects (for example, mosquitoes and cockroaches) are iteroparous. Most perennial plants are iteroparous. == Models == === Trade-offs === It is a biological precept that within its lifetime an organism has a limited amount of energy/resources available to it, and must always partition it among various function... | {
"page_id": 22610793,
"source": null,
"title": "Semelparity and iteroparity"
} |
of offspring produced increases while the marginal cost of offspring forgone decreases. When this is the case, it is favorable for the organism to reproduce a single time. The individual devotes all of its resources to that one episode of reproduction, then dies as it has not reserved enough resources to meet its own o... | {
"page_id": 22610793,
"source": null,
"title": "Semelparity and iteroparity"
} |
An even more general demographic model was produced by Young. These demographic models have been more successful than the other models when tested with real-world systems. It has been shown that semelparous species have higher expected adult mortality, making it more economical to put all reproductive effort into the f... | {
"page_id": 22610793,
"source": null,
"title": "Semelparity and iteroparity"
} |
first mating season. As the marsupial ages, its testicles grow until they reach a peak size and weight at the beginning of the mating season. After the individual mates, the weight and size of the testes and scrotum decrease. They remain small and do not produce spermatozoa later in life, if maintained in a laboratory.... | {
"page_id": 22610793,
"source": null,
"title": "Semelparity and iteroparity"
} |
mating season. Unlike smaller dasyurids, male die-off in D. hallucatus is not due to endocrine system changes, and there was no observed spermatogenic failure after the mating season ended. If male D. hallucatus survive past their first mating season, they may be able to engage in a second mating season. While the indi... | {
"page_id": 22610793,
"source": null,
"title": "Semelparity and iteroparity"
} |
mating season. M. robinsoni has a monoestrus reproductive cycle, like M. incanus, and females are no longer fertile after 17 months so it is unlikely that females that survive past the drop off in female populations would be able to reproduce a second time. ===== Other mouse opossums ===== Gracilinanus microtarsus, or ... | {
"page_id": 22610793,
"source": null,
"title": "Semelparity and iteroparity"
} |
this inconsistency, Fritz, Stamp & Halverson (1982) define semelparous insects as "insects that lay a single clutch of eggs in their lifetime and deposit them at one place are clearly semelparous or 'big bang' reproducers. Their entire reproductive effort is committed at one time and they die shortly after oviposition"... | {
"page_id": 22610793,
"source": null,
"title": "Semelparity and iteroparity"
} |
is much less constrained in mammals because only females bear young. A male that dies after one mating season can still produce a large number of offspring if he invests all of his energy in mating with many females. ==== Evolution in mammals ==== Scientists have hypothesized that natural selection has allowed semelpar... | {
"page_id": 22610793,
"source": null,
"title": "Semelparity and iteroparity"
} |
of survival, since she invests less energy in gamete formation. Semelparous species do not expect to live past one mating season, so females invest a lot more energy in gamete formation resulting in large eggs. Anadromous salmonids may also have evolved semelparity to boost the nutrition density of the spawning grounds... | {
"page_id": 22610793,
"source": null,
"title": "Semelparity and iteroparity"
} |
== See also == Annual plant – Plant which completes its life cycle within one growing season and then dies Behavioral ecology – Study of the evolutionary basis for animal behavior due to ecological pressures Ecology – Study of organisms and their environment Life history theory – Analytical framework to study life hist... | {
"page_id": 22610793,
"source": null,
"title": "Semelparity and iteroparity"
} |
Backpropagation through structure (BPTS) is a gradient-based technique for training recursive neural networks, proposed in a 1996 paper written by Christoph Goller and Andreas Küchler. == References == | {
"page_id": 46465898,
"source": null,
"title": "Backpropagation through structure"
} |
In molecular biology mir-198 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-198 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36373353,
"source": null,
"title": "Mir-198 microRNA precursor family"
} |
Superparasitism is a form of parasitism in which the host (typically an insect larva such as a caterpillar) is attacked more than once by a single species of parasitoid. Multiparasitism or coinfection, on the other hand, occurs when the host has been parasitized by more than one species. Host discrimination, whereby pa... | {
"page_id": 2687852,
"source": null,
"title": "Superparasitism"
} |
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