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methods have been proposed to overcome these susceptibilities, in the most recent studies it has been shown that these proposed solutions are far from providing an accurate representation of current vulnerabilities of deep reinforcement learning policies. === Fuzzy reinforcement learning === By introducing fuzzy infere...	{ "page_id": 66294, "source": null, "title": "Reinforcement learning" }
account for the ignorance of the observer regarding the features the observed agent actually considers in its utility function. === Multi-objective reinforcement learning === Multi-objective reinforcement learning (MORL) is a form of reinforcement learning concerned with conflicting alternatives. It is distinct from mu...	{ "page_id": 66294, "source": null, "title": "Reinforcement learning" }
{\displaystyle a} . Receive a consequence situation s ′ {\displaystyle s'} . Compute state evaluation v ( s ′ ) {\displaystyle v(s')} of how good is to be in the consequence situation s ′ {\displaystyle s'} . Update crossbar memory w ′ ( a , s ) = w ( a , s ) + v ( s ′ ) {\displaystyle w'(a,s)=w(a,s)+v(s')} . Initial c...	{ "page_id": 66294, "source": null, "title": "Reinforcement learning" }
train a reward model that guides the RL agent. Unlike traditional rule-based or supervised systems, RLHF allows models to align their behavior with human judgments on complex and subjective tasks. This technique was initially used in the development of InstructGPT, an effective language model trained to follow human in...	{ "page_id": 66294, "source": null, "title": "Reinforcement learning" }
often require a large number of interactions with the environment to learn effective policies, leading to high computational costs and time-intensive to train the agent. For instance, OpenAI's Dota-playing bot utilized thousands of years of simulated gameplay to achieve human-level performance. Techniques like experien...	{ "page_id": 66294, "source": null, "title": "Reinforcement learning" }
Auer, Peter; Jaksch, Thomas; Ortner, Ronald (2010). "Near-optimal regret bounds for reinforcement learning". Journal of Machine Learning Research. 11: 1563–1600. Bertsekas, Dimitri P. (2023) [2019]. REINFORCEMENT LEARNING AND OPTIMAL CONTROL (1st ed.). Athena Scientific. ISBN 978-1-886-52939-7. Busoniu, Lucian; Babuska...	{ "page_id": 66294, "source": null, "title": "Reinforcement learning" }
Presentism (sometimes 'philosophical presentism') is the view of time which states that only present entities exist (or, equivalently, that everything which is exists presently) and what is present (i.e., what exists) changes as time passes. According to presentism, there are no past or future entities at all, though s...	{ "page_id": 2687736, "source": null, "title": "Philosophical presentism" }
is unreal, everything future is unreal, everything imagined, absent, mental... is unreal. Ultimately, real is only the present moment of physical efficiency [i.e., causation]." According to J. M. E. McTaggart's "The Unreality of Time", there are two ways of referring to events: the 'A Series' (or 'tensed time': yesterd...	{ "page_id": 2687736, "source": null, "title": "Philosophical presentism" }
past (and some accept that there are truths about the future, pace concerns about fatalism), but presentists deny the existence of the past and the future. For instance, most presentists accept that it is true that Marie Curie discovered polonium, but they deny that the event of her discovery exists (because it is a wh...	{ "page_id": 2687736, "source": null, "title": "Philosophical presentism" }
our universe.” In a similar way, ersatz times would exist, but not in the same sense that actual time currently exists. Rather, they would be theoretical times which represent the moment when in which the proposition was true. Ersatz presentists must, though, postulate an ordering relationship between ersatz times whic...	{ "page_id": 2687736, "source": null, "title": "Philosophical presentism" }
other are said to be in different frames of reference. These observers may disagree on whether two events at different locations occurred simultaneously, which is referred to as the relativity of simultaneity. Presentism in classical spacetime deems that only the present exists; this is not reconcilable with the relati...	{ "page_id": 2687736, "source": null, "title": "Philosophical presentism" }
also == A-series and B-series Appeal to novelty Arrow of time Centered worlds Endurantism Eternity Growing block universe Perdurantism Problem of future contingents Specious present == References == == External links == Balashov, Y; Janssen, M (2002), "Presentism and Relativity" (PDF), British Journal for the Philosoph...	{ "page_id": 2687736, "source": null, "title": "Philosophical presentism" }
A dasymeter was meant initially as a device to demonstrate the buoyant effect of gases like air (as shown in the adjacent pictures). A dasymeter which allows weighing acts as a densimeter used to measure the density of gases. == Principle == The Principle of Archimedes permits to derive a formula which does not rely on...	{ "page_id": 4129530, "source": null, "title": "Dasymeter" }
The molecular formula C10H19O6PS2 (molar mass: 330.36 g/mol, exact mass: 330.0361 u) may refer to: Isomalathion Malathion	{ "page_id": 23593722, "source": null, "title": "C10H19O6PS2" }
Diaphorase may refer to: Cytochrome b5 reductase, an enzyme NADH dehydrogenase, an enzyme NADPH dehydrogenase, an enzyme == See also == NADPH-diaphorase (disambiguation)	{ "page_id": 11928316, "source": null, "title": "Diaphorase" }
In chemistry, a resorcinarene (also resorcarene or calix[4]resorcinarene) is a macrocycle, or a cyclic oligomer, based on the condensation of resorcinol (1,3-dihydroxybenzene) and an aldehyde. Resorcinarenes are a type of calixarene. Other types of resorcinarenes include the related pyrogallolarenes and octahydroxypyri...	{ "page_id": 3998467, "source": null, "title": "Resorcinarene" }
the lower rim includes four appending groups, usually chosen to give optimal solubility. The resorcin[n]arene nomenclature is analogous to that of calix[n]arenes, in which 'n' represents the number of repeating units in the ring. Pyrogallolarenes are related macrocycles derived from the condensation of pyrogallol (1,2,...	{ "page_id": 3998467, "source": null, "title": "Resorcinarene" }
The nonequilibrium partition identity (NPI) is a remarkably simple and elegant consequence of the fluctuation theorem previously known as the Kawasaki identity: ⟨ exp ⁡ [ − Σ ¯ t t ] ⟩ = 1 , ∀ t {\displaystyle \left\langle {\exp[-{\overline {\Sigma }}_{t}\;t]}\right\rangle =1,\quad \forall t} (Carberry et al. 2004). Th...	{ "page_id": 16384773, "source": null, "title": "Nonequilibrium partition identity" }
links == Marconi, U; Puglisi, A; Rondoni, L; Vulpiani, A (2008). "Fluctuation–dissipation: Response theory in statistical physics". Physics Reports. 461 (4–6). Elsevier BV: 111–195. arXiv:0803.0719. Bibcode:2008PhR...461..111M. doi:10.1016/j.physrep.2008.02.002. ISSN 0370-1573. S2CID 118575899.	{ "page_id": 16384773, "source": null, "title": "Nonequilibrium partition identity" }
Koenig's manometric flame apparatus was a laboratory instrument invented in 1862 by the German physicist Rudolph Koenig, and used to visualize sound waves. It was the nearest equivalent of the modern oscilloscope in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. == Description == The manometric flame apparatus cons...	{ "page_id": 16646920, "source": null, "title": "Koenig's manometric flame apparatus" }
of the sound to be analyzed, or one of its harmonics. The flames produced from each capsule are then an indication of the strength of each of the Fourier components of the sound. == Notes == == References == 1. The Koinge manometric flame apparatus Jim & Rhoda Morris at SciTechAntiques. Accessed March 2008 2.Manometric...	{ "page_id": 16646920, "source": null, "title": "Koenig's manometric flame apparatus" }
Redox ( RED-oks, REE-doks, reduction–oxidation or oxidation–reduction: 150 ) is a type of chemical reaction in which the oxidation states of the reactants change. Oxidation is the loss of electrons or an increase in the oxidation state, while reduction is the gain of electrons or a decrease in the oxidation state. The ...	{ "page_id": 66313, "source": null, "title": "Redox" }
species and its corresponding oxidizing form, e.g., Fe2+/ Fe3+.The oxidation alone and the reduction alone are each called a half-reaction because two half-reactions always occur together to form a whole reaction. In electrochemical reactions the oxidation and reduction processes do occur simultaneously but are separat...	{ "page_id": 66313, "source": null, "title": "Redox" }
the loss in weight upon heating a metallic ore such as a metal oxide to extract the metal. In other words, ore was "reduced" to metal. Antoine Lavoisier demonstrated that this loss of weight was due to the loss of oxygen as a gas. Later, scientists realized that the metal atom gains electrons in this process. The meani...	{ "page_id": 66313, "source": null, "title": "Redox" }
standard electrode potential (Eocell), which is equal to the potential difference or voltage at equilibrium under standard conditions of an electrochemical cell in which the cathode reaction is the half-reaction considered, and the anode is a standard hydrogen electrode where hydrogen is oxidized: 1⁄2H2 → H+ + e− The e...	{ "page_id": 66313, "source": null, "title": "Redox" }
+ 2 e− → 2 F− The half-reactions are combined so that the electrons cancel: The protons and fluoride combine to form hydrogen fluoride in a non-redox reaction: 2 H+ + 2 F− → 2 HF The overall reaction is: H2 + F2 → 2 HF === Metal displacement === In this type of reaction, a metal atom in a compound or solution is replac...	{ "page_id": 66313, "source": null, "title": "Redox" }
electrochemical corrosion: it forms as a result of the oxidation of iron metal. Common rust often refers to iron(III) oxide, formed in the following chemical reaction: 4 Fe + 3 O2 → 2 Fe2O3 The oxidation of iron(II) to iron(III) by hydrogen peroxide in the presence of an acid: Fe2+ → Fe3+ + e− H2O2 + 2 e− → 2 OH− Here ...	{ "page_id": 66313, "source": null, "title": "Redox" }
reducing agent. The process of electroplating uses redox reactions to coat objects with a thin layer of a material, as in chrome-plated automotive parts, silver plating cutlery, galvanization and gold-plated jewelry. == Redox reactions in biology == Many essential biological processes involve redox reactions. Before so...	{ "page_id": 66313, "source": null, "title": "Redox" }
cellular processes. Redox proteins and their genes must be co-located for redox regulation according to the CoRR hypothesis for the function of DNA in mitochondria and chloroplasts. === Redox cycling === Wide varieties of aromatic compounds are enzymatically reduced to form free radicals that contain one more electron ...	{ "page_id": 66313, "source": null, "title": "Redox" }
redox and plant root growth in soils. Later work built on this foundation, and expanded it for understanding redox reactions related to heavy metal oxidation state changes, pedogenesis and morphology, organic compound degradation and formation, free radical chemistry, wetland delineation, soil remediation, and various ...	{ "page_id": 66313, "source": null, "title": "Redox" }
Applications. Heidelberg: Springer-Verlag. p. 246. hdl:10013/epic.31694.d001. ISBN 978-3-540-66528-1. Tratnyek, Paul G.; Grundl, Timothy J.; Haderlein, Stefan B., eds. (2011). Aquatic Redox Chemistry. ACS Symposium Series. Vol. 1071. doi:10.1021/bk-2011-1071. ISBN 978-0-8412-2652-4. == External links ==	{ "page_id": 66313, "source": null, "title": "Redox" }
Solid-state chemistry, also sometimes referred as materials chemistry, is the study of the synthesis, structure, and properties of solid phase materials. It therefore has a strong overlap with solid-state physics, mineralogy, crystallography, ceramics, metallurgy, thermodynamics, materials science and electronics with ...	{ "page_id": 66315, "source": null, "title": "Solid-state chemistry" }
methods === ==== Ceramic method ==== The ceramic method is one of the most common synthesis techniques. The synthesis occurs entirely in the solid state. The reactants are ground together, formed into a pellet using a pellet press and hydraulic press, and heated at high temperatures. When the temperature of the reactan...	{ "page_id": 66315, "source": null, "title": "Solid-state chemistry" }
sensitive to oxygen, a carbon- coated fused silica tube or a carbon crucible inside a fused silica tube is often used which prevents the direct contact between the tube wall and reagents. ==== Chemical vapour transport ==== Chemical vapour transport results in very pure materials. The reaction typically occurs in a sea...	{ "page_id": 66315, "source": null, "title": "Solid-state chemistry" }
are conducted in open-ended tubes, which the gasses are passed through. Also, these reactions can take place inside a measuring device such as a TGA. In that case, stoichiometric information can be obtained during the reaction, which helps identify the products. ==== Chemical vapour deposition ==== Chemical vapour depo...	{ "page_id": 66315, "source": null, "title": "Solid-state chemistry" }
a certain composition is made by analogy to known material, but this is rare. Often, considerable effort in refining the synthetic procedures is required to obtain a pure sample of the new material. If it is possible to separate the product from the rest of the reaction mixture, elemental analysis methods such as scann...	{ "page_id": 66315, "source": null, "title": "Solid-state chemistry" }
which phases are stable at what composition and what stoichiometry. In other words, what the phase diagram looks like. An important tool in establishing this are thermal analysis techniques like DSC or DTA and increasingly also, due to the advent of synchrotrons, temperature-dependent powder diffraction. Increased know...	{ "page_id": 66315, "source": null, "title": "Solid-state chemistry" }
compounds are further characterized by a variety of techniques that straddle the fine line that separates solid-state chemistry from solid-state physics. See Characterisation in material science for additional information. == References == == External links == Media related to Solid state chemistry at Wikimedia Commons...	{ "page_id": 66315, "source": null, "title": "Solid-state chemistry" }
Homi Jehangir Bhabha, FNI, FASc, FRS(30 October 1909 – 24 January 1966) was an Indian nuclear physicist who is widely credited as the "father of the Indian nuclear programme". He was the founding director and professor of physics at the Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR), as well as the founding director of ...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
also received special violin and piano lessons. His tutor in sketching and painting was the artist Jehangir Lalkala. At seventeen, Bhabha's self-portrait won second place at the prestigious Bombay Art Society's exhibition. Tending to a terrace garden of exotic plants and cross-bred bougainvillea and roses, Hormusji was...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
was due to the insistence of his father and his uncle Dorabji, who planned for Bhabha to obtain a degree in mechanical engineering from Cambridge and then return to India, where he would join the Tata Steel mills in Jamshedpur as a metallurgist. Within a year of joining Cambridge University, Bhabha wrote to his father:...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
races and designed the cover of his college magazine the Caian. He also designed the sets for a student performance of Pedro Calderón de la Barca's play Life is a Dream and Mozart's Idomeneo for the Cambridge Musical Society. Encouraged by the English artist and art critic Roger Fry, who praised his sketches, Bhabha se...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
used to fund his time working with Enrico Fermi at the Institute of Physics in Rome. The same year, Bhabha published his first paper on the role of electron showers in absorbing gamma radiation. The discovery of the positron in 1932 and the formulation of Dirac's hole theory to explain its properties had catalysed the ...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
Anderson, among others, also reached similar conclusions in independently published papers in Physical Review. Before pions were discovered, observers often confused muons with mesons. When Bhabha's collaborator Heitler made him aware of Hideki Yukawa's 1935 paper on the theory of the meson, Bhabha realized that this p...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
of Sciences and President of the Physics section of the Indian Sciences Congress. While introducing him at the 1941 Annual Meeting of the Indian Academy of Sciences, C.V. Raman described the 32-year-old Bhabha as "the modern equivalent of Leonardo da Vinci". On 20 January 1942, Bhabha formally accepted professorship an...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
wrote back:If you and some of your friends in the scientific world will put up concrete proposals backed by a sound case I think there is a very good chance that the Sir Dorabji Tata Trust will respond. After all, the advancement of science of one of the fundamental objectives with which the Tata Trusts were founded, a...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
absence of a sufficient number of outstanding pure research workers who would set the standard of good research and act on the directing boards in an advisory capacity ... Moreover, when nuclear energy has been successfully applied for power production in say a couple of decades from now, India will not have to look ab...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
the second decade". By 1954, Bhabha had stopped publishing scientific papers but continued to carry out a range of administrative tasks aimed at growing TIFR. Some of TIFR's research groups focused on nuclear chemistry and metallurgy; these were later moved to Trombay to provide the basis for a 1958 plan to integrate n...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
for the results of researches to become public." The scholar George Perkovich argues that due to this secrecy and the AEC's relative freedom from government control, the "Nehru-Bhabha relationship constituted the only potentially real mechanism to check and balance the nuclear programme". Yet, rather than being "watchf...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
a separate department of the Government of India with the full powers of a ministry was established in August 1954." A former chairman of the AEC, H. N. Sethna, said that until the establishment of the DAE in 1954, "the work of the Atomic Energy Commission had been restricted to the survey of radioactive minerals, sett...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
electric power and convert thorium into U-233, or depleted uranium into more plutonium with breeding gain... The second generation of power stations may be regarded as an intermediate step for the breeder power stations of the third generation all of which would produce more U-238 than they burn in the course of produc...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
1974 peaceful nuclear explosion. To supply CIRUS with heavy water, a heavy water plant with an output of 14 metric tonnes per year was commissioned in Nangal. It began operation on 2 August 1962. In July 1958, Bhabha decided to build a plutonium reprocessing plant in Trombay. Construction of the Phoenix plant, based on...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
was the "inalienable right of States to produce and hold the fissionable material required for the peaceful power programmes". The IAEA's final statute required only safeguards on fissile materials and reactors to ensure these weren't diverted to military use. Of Bhabha's negotiating skills, the US Atomic Energy Commis...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
would be compatible with a weapons programme if at some future date it appeared desirable to start one". A year after Bhabha's death, at a memorial lecture held in his honour, John Cockcroft stated that "it was a declared policy of the government of India not to develop nuclear weapons, and Homi Bhabha of course in his...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
successor, sought security guarantees from the existing nuclear powers, while declaring at the Cairo Conference of Non-aligned Nations that India's nuclear establishment was "under firm orders not to make a single experiment, not to perfect a single device which is not needed for peaceful uses of atomic energy". On a v...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
government and other Indian scientists to correct this estimate, Bhabha's arguments supporting the affordability of a nuclear weapons programme continued to be used by the Indian pro-bomb lobby. On 26 October 1964, the Hindu nationalist Jana Sangh editorialized: "We had the chance to do it [detonate a nuclear bomb] bef...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
realise that it was the responsibility of the Government to defend the country and adopt appropriate measures". Beyond economic considerations, he warned that with the development of an initial weapons capability, India "could not be content with one or two bombs. The spirit of competition was bound to capture her". As...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
marked the beginning of India's policy of keeping a "nuclear option". On 27 November 1964, the Jana Sangh introduced a motion in the Lok Sabha calling for the development of nuclear weapons. Shastri, reiterating his moral stand for nuclear disarmament, won a voice vote against the motion. However, he reminded the Parli...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
was not all that peaceful.Ramanna speculated that the Shastri endorsement of peaceful nuclear explosive research "must have come from Bhabha". In an interview with the scholar George Perkovich in 1997, Homi Sethna, a former AEC chairman, agreed that Bhabha had prompted this statement, though he added that "Bhabha was a...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
and the Defence Research and Development Organization began work on the nuclear device used in the 1974 Pokhran test. == Interest in and patronage of the arts == A classical music and opera enthusiast, Bhabha pushed for Vienna to be the headquarters of the IAEA in part to be able to attend the state opera when attendin...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
Physics in 1951 and 1953–1956. He was awarded Padma Bhushan, India's third-highest civilian honour, in 1954. In 1957, he was elected an honorary fellow of Gonville and Caius College and of the Royal Society of Edinburgh. He was elected a Foreign Honorary Fellow of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 1958, and ...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
was involved in paralysing India's nuclear program. An Indian diplomatic bag containing calendars and a personal letter was recovered near the crash site in 2012. Gregory Douglas, a journalist, conspiracy theorist, forger, and holocaust denier who claimed to have conducted telephone conversations with former CIA operat...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
at Bhabha's initiative in 1970. A number of research institutes received their initial funding from the Department of Atomic Energy under Bhabha's supervision, including the Tata Memorial Hospital, the Indian Cancer Research Centre, the Saha Institute of Nuclear Physics and the Physical Research Laboratory in Ahmedabad...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
(2022). Homi J Bhabha: A Renaissance Man among Scientists. Niyogi Books. ISBN 9789391125110. Chowdhury, Indira; Dasgupta, Ananya (2010). A masterful spirit : Homi J. Bhabha, 1909-1966. New Delhi: Penguin Books. ISBN 978-0-14-306672-9. OCLC 680165938. Deśamukha, Cintāmaṇī.; National Book Trust (2003). Homi Jehangir Bhab...	{ "page_id": 1245965, "source": null, "title": "Homi J. Bhabha" }
Morphological freedom refers to a proposed civil right of a person to either maintain or modify their own body, on their own terms, through informed, consensual recourse to, or refusal of, available therapeutic or enabling medical technology. The term may have been coined by transhumanist Max More in his 1993 article, ...	{ "page_id": 1311504, "source": null, "title": "Morphological freedom" }
== External links == Carrico, Dale (2006). "The Politics of Morphological Freedom". Amor Munro blog. Retrieved 2007-01-28. Sandberg, Anders (2001). "Morphological Freedom -- Why We not just Want it, but Need it". Retrieved 2024-03-07.	{ "page_id": 1311504, "source": null, "title": "Morphological freedom" }
In molecular biology mir-187 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. miR-187 has been found to be expressed at higher levels in ovarian cancers compared with benign tumours. It is known to target DAB2 (disabled homolog-2), a protein en...	{ "page_id": 36373264, "source": null, "title": "Mir-187 microRNA precursor family" }
Naturalist is an autobiography by naturalist, entomologist, and sociobiologist Edward O. Wilson first published in 1994 by Island Press. In it he writes on his childhood and the beginnings of his interest in biology, on his work in entomology and myrmecology, on his work with biogeography, and on several of his writing...	{ "page_id": 14484242, "source": null, "title": "Naturalist (book)" }
In mathematics, a Relevance Vector Machine (RVM) is a machine learning technique that uses Bayesian inference to obtain parsimonious solutions for regression and probabilistic classification. A greedy optimisation procedure and thus fast version were subsequently developed. The RVM has an identical functional form to t...	{ "page_id": 4195092, "source": null, "title": "Relevance vector machine" }
fast-scikit-rvm, rvm tutorial == External links == Tipping's webpage on Sparse Bayesian Models and the RVM A Tutorial on RVM by Tristan Fletcher Applied tutorial on RVM Comparison of RVM and SVM	{ "page_id": 4195092, "source": null, "title": "Relevance vector machine" }
Samer Hassan is a computer scientist, social scientist, activist and researcher, focused on the study of the collaborative economy, online communities and decentralized technologies. He is Associate Professor at Universidad Complutense de Madrid (Spain) and Faculty Associate at the Berkman Klein Center for Internet & S...	{ "page_id": 57475860, "source": null, "title": "Samer Hassan" }
was accredited as a grassroots facilitator by the Altekio Cooperative. He co-founded the Comunes Nonprofit in 2009 and the Move Commons webtool project in 2010. He has co-organized practitioner-oriented workshops on platform co-ops and free/open source decentralized tools for communities, and has presented his work in ...	{ "page_id": 57475860, "source": null, "title": "Samer Hassan" }
social collectives and Jetpad, a federated real time editor. He presented the innovations concerning these software at Harvard's Berkman Klein Center and Harvard's Center for Research on Computation and Society. Other research lines offered outcomes beyond publications. "Wikichron", coled by Javier Arroyo, is a web too...	{ "page_id": 57475860, "source": null, "title": "Samer Hassan" }
or using "he/they" as pronouns. == Selected works == Arroyo, Javier; Davó, David; Martínez-Vicente, Elena; Faqir-Rhazoui, Youssef; Hassan, Samer (8 November 2022). "DAO-Analyzer: Exploring Activity and Participation in Blockchain Organizations" (PDF). Companion Publication of the 2022 Conference on Computer Supported C...	{ "page_id": 57475860, "source": null, "title": "Samer Hassan" }
A flight interception trap (or FIT) is a widely used trapping, killing, and preserving system for flying insects. It is especially well-suited for collecting beetles, since these animals usually drop themselves after flying into an object, rather than flying upward (in which case a Malaise trap is a better option). Fli...	{ "page_id": 25559829, "source": null, "title": "Flight interception trap" }
important to check the activity of the desired insects under different weather conditions), weekly or even less often. Maximum time between two checks depends on the used preservatives, since not all preservatives are equally suited for preserving insects for a longer time. == Cover == To prevent the basins from fillin...	{ "page_id": 25559829, "source": null, "title": "Flight interception trap" }
The principle of microscopic reversibility in physics and chemistry is twofold: First, it states that the microscopic detailed dynamics of particles and fields is time-reversible because the microscopic equations of motion are symmetric with respect to inversion in time (T-symmetry); Second, it relates to the statistic...	{ "page_id": 3408660, "source": null, "title": "Microscopic reversibility" }
irreversible cycles of reaction are impossible and for the reversible cycles the product of constants of the forward reactions (in the "clockwise" direction) is equal to the product of constants of the reverse reactions (in the "anticlockwise" direction). Lars Onsager (1931) used these relations in his well-known work,...	{ "page_id": 3408660, "source": null, "title": "Microscopic reversibility" }
a pseudovector like the magnetic field or the rotation angular speed in the rotating frame then the T-symmetry does not hold. Second, in microphysics of weak interaction the T-symmetry may be violated and only the combined CPT symmetry holds. == Macroscopic consequences of the time-reversibility of dynamics == In physi...	{ "page_id": 3408660, "source": null, "title": "Microscopic reversibility" }
Onsager reciprocal relations	{ "page_id": 3408660, "source": null, "title": "Microscopic reversibility" }
The Apprentice is a novel by Lewis Libby, former Chief of Staff to United States Vice President Dick Cheney, first published in hardback in 1996, reprinted in trade paperback in 2002, and reissued in mass market paperback in 2005 after Libby's indictment in the CIA leak grand jury investigation. It is set in northern J...	{ "page_id": 3080986, "source": null, "title": "The Apprentice (Libby novel)" }
-- I wanted to graduate. ... But the story sort of wouldn't let me go, and I sort of said, why am I writing about -- this about Japan? ... And I went back and rewrote the book entirely in New England -- set in New England. Went out to Colorado, drank tequila and wrote. And sort of the dream life. ... But what eventuall...	{ "page_id": 3080986, "source": null, "title": "The Apprentice (Libby novel)" }
justice, perjury, and making false statements to federal investigators in Special Counsel Patrick Fitzgerald's CIA leak grand jury investigation, relating to the Plame affair, after the novel was reissued and promoted by its publisher and Libby in media interviews and the subject of subsequent reviews, it gained renewe...	{ "page_id": 3080986, "source": null, "title": "The Apprentice (Libby novel)" }
a milky white. Another sentence in the book introduces necrophilia in addition to bestiality, as a hunter copulates with a freshly killed deer: "The man called out to the others that the deer was still warm. He asked if they should fuck the deer" (127). In his June 7, 2007 Wall Street Journal op-ed calling for Presiden...	{ "page_id": 3080986, "source": null, "title": "The Apprentice (Libby novel)" }
This page provides supplementary chemical data on boron trioxide. == Material Safety Data Sheet == MSDS from SIRI == Structure and properties == == Thermodynamic properties == == Spectral data == == References ==	{ "page_id": 8323870, "source": null, "title": "Boron trioxide (data page)" }
In quantum chaos, a branch of mathematical physics, quantum ergodicity is a property of the quantization of classical mechanical systems that are chaotic in the sense of exponential sensitivity to initial conditions. Quantum ergodicity states, roughly, that in the high-energy limit, the probability distributions associ...	{ "page_id": 23855903, "source": null, "title": "Quantum ergodicity" }
space. Thus, when translating the concept of ergodicity to the quantum realm, it is natural to assume that the eigenstates of the quantum chaotic system would fill the quantum phase space evenly (up to random fluctuations) in the semiclassical limit ℏ → 0 {\displaystyle \hbar \rightarrow 0} . The quantum ergodicity the...	{ "page_id": 23855903, "source": null, "title": "Quantum ergodicity" }
as a purely classical phenomenon, whereas in the former quantum interference is important. On the other hand, in the perturbation-induced quantum scarring, some of the high-energy eigenstates of a locally perturbed quantum dot contain scars of short periodic orbits of the corresponding unperturbed system. Even though s...	{ "page_id": 23855903, "source": null, "title": "Quantum ergodicity" }
Expandable. We make separate entries for proteins, etc. Why not these? In molecular biology mir-188 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mi...	{ "page_id": 36373280, "source": null, "title": "Mir-188 microRNA precursor family" }
Solid hydrogen is the solid state of the element hydrogen. At standard pressure, this is achieved by decreasing the temperature below hydrogen's melting point of 14.01 K (−259.14 °C; −434.45 °F). It was collected for the first time by James Dewar in 1899 and published with the title "Sur la solidification de l'hydrogèn...	{ "page_id": 19137315, "source": null, "title": "Solid hydrogen" }
Density functional theory calculations have been used to search for candidate atomic structures for each phase. These candidate structures have low free energies and Raman spectra in agreement with the experimental spectra. Quantum Monte Carlo methods together with a first-principles treatment of anharmonic vibrational...	{ "page_id": 19137315, "source": null, "title": "Solid hydrogen" }
The cross-entropy (CE) method is a Monte Carlo method for importance sampling and optimization. It is applicable to both combinatorial and continuous problems, with either a static or noisy objective. The method approximates the optimal importance sampling estimator by repeating two phases: Draw a sample from a probabi...	{ "page_id": 5767980, "source": null, "title": "Cross-entropy method" }
∗ ( x ) = H ( x ) f ( x ; u ) / ℓ {\displaystyle g^{*}(\mathbf {x} )=H(\mathbf {x} )f(\mathbf {x} ;\mathbf {u} )/\ell } . This, however, depends on the unknown ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } . The CE method aims to approximate the optimal PDF by adaptively selecting members of the parametric family that are closest (in the Ku...	{ "page_id": 5767980, "source": null, "title": "Cross-entropy method" }
f ( X i ; v ( t − 1 ) ) {\displaystyle f(\mathbf {X} _{i};\mathbf {u} )=f(\mathbf {X} _{i};\mathbf {v} ^{(t-1)})} , then v ( t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} ^{(t)}} corresponds to the maximum likelihood estimator based on those X k ∈ A {\displaystyle \mathbf {X} _{k}\in A} . == Continuous optimization—example == The sam...	{ "page_id": 5767980, "source": null, "title": "Cross-entropy method" }
corresponding to the elite samples, which are those samples that have objective function value ≥ γ {\displaystyle \geq \gamma } . The worst of the elite samples is then used as the level parameter for the next iteration. This yields the following randomized algorithm that happens to coincide with the so-called Estimati...	{ "page_id": 5767980, "source": null, "title": "Cross-entropy method" }
The factored language model (FLM) is an extension of a conventional language model introduced by Jeff Bilmes and Katrin Kirchoff in 2003. In an FLM, each word is viewed as a vector of k factors: w i = { f i 1 , . . . , f i k } . {\displaystyle w_{i}=\{f_{i}^{1},...,f_{i}^{k}\}.} An FLM provides the probabilistic model ...	{ "page_id": 2229040, "source": null, "title": "Factored language model" }
Tirpitz was a pig captured from the Imperial German Navy after a naval skirmish (the Battle of Más a Tierra) following the Battle of the Falkland Islands in 1914. She became the mascot of the cruiser HMS Glasgow. == Early life == Pigs were often kept on board warships to supply fresh meat. Tirpitz was aboard SMS Dresde...	{ "page_id": 13304626, "source": null, "title": "Tirpitz (pig)" }
first seen her, who transferred her to Whale Island Gunnery School, Portsmouth for the rest of her career. The Times newspaper reported: The animal, which is known as 'Tirpitz', was once owned by the German light cruiser Dresden, and when, during the action with Glasgow, Kent, and Orama, the Germans escaped to the shor...	{ "page_id": 13304626, "source": null, "title": "Tirpitz (pig)" }
COMET (Coherent Muon to Electron Transition) is a nuclear physics experiment in J-PARC, Tokai, Japan. In contrast to the usual muon decay to an electron and neutrino, COMET seeks to look for neutrinoless muon to electron conversion, where the electron flies away with an energy of 104.8 MeV. Muon to electron conversion ...	{ "page_id": 53281588, "source": null, "title": "Comet (experiment)" }
In molecular biology mir-190 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function is to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-190 microRNA precursor family at Rfam	{ "page_id": 36373301, "source": null, "title": "Mir-190 microRNA precursor family" }

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