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on Earth. == Cultures on simulated asteroid/meteorite materials == To quantify the potential amounts of life in biospheres, theoretical astroecology attempts to estimate the amount of biomass over the duration of a biosphere. The resources, and the potential time-integrated biomass were estimated for planetary systems,... | {
"page_id": 21168829,
"source": null,
"title": "Astroecology"
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soil fertility ratings comparable to productive agricultural soils. This offers some data relating to terraforming of Mars. Terrestrial analogues of planetary materials are also used in such experiments for comparison, and to test the effects of space conditions on microorganisms. The biomass that can be constructed fr... | {
"page_id": 21168829,
"source": null,
"title": "Astroecology"
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mass of the original biomass, k is its rate of decay (the fraction lost in a unit time) and biomass t is the remaining biomass after time t. Equation 2: M b i o m a s s ( t ) = M b i o m a s s ( 0 ) e − k t {\displaystyle M_{biomass}(t)=M_{biomass}(0)e^{-kt}\,} Integration from time zero to infinity yields Equation (3)... | {
"page_id": 21168829,
"source": null,
"title": "Astroecology"
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that decays fast, or smaller, but still large, populations that last longer. Life-centered biotic ethics suggests that life should last as long as possible. == Galactic ecology == If life reaches galactic proportions, technology should be able to access all of the materials resources, and sustainable life will be defin... | {
"page_id": 21168829,
"source": null,
"title": "Astroecology"
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contribute 1034 kg-years each, and 1012 red dwarfs can contribute 1046 kg-years, while brown dwarfs can contribute 1039 kg-years of time-integrated biomass (BIOTA) in the galaxy. In total, the energy output of stars during 1020 years can sustain a time-integrated biomass of about 1045 kg-years in the galaxy. This is on... | {
"page_id": 21168829,
"source": null,
"title": "Astroecology"
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Dr A.R.D. Prasad is an Indian Library and Information Science Academic, Information professional and Information scientist. Dr Prasad teaches at Documentation Research and Training Centre (DRTC), Bangalore as Professor of Library and Information Science and he is retired Head of DRTC, which is India's only proper ischo... | {
"page_id": 31064767,
"source": null,
"title": "A. R. D. Prasad"
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of the International Conference on Semantic Web and Digital Libraries (ICSD-2007). He is also guest Editor of Online Information Review, V.32(4), 2008, special edition on Semantic Web and Web Design. == Published work == === Peer reviewed articles in international Periodicals === Devika P. Madalli and A.R.D. Prasad: Vy... | {
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"source": null,
"title": "A. R. D. Prasad"
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& Training Centre, ISI, Bangalore, 13–15 March 2002. A. R. D. Prasad. Metadata:Cataloguing of Web Resources Using Dublin Core and Marc21. In Digital Libraries:Content Creation, Access and Management. USEFI-IIT Delhi workshop. IIT, New Delhi. 18–22 December 2001. A. R. D. Prasad. A Brief Introduction of Z39.50. NACLIN- ... | {
"page_id": 31064767,
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"title": "A. R. D. Prasad"
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Orientation to Internet. DRTC, Bangalore. 28–30 Jan 1998. A.R.D Prasad: Browsers: Interface to the Web. Paper presented in the DRTC Workshop on Practical Orientation to Internet.DRTC, Bangalore 28–30 Jan 1998. A.R.D Prasad: Customising Web browsing through Internet Channels. Paper presented in the DRTC Workshop on Prac... | {
"page_id": 31064767,
"source": null,
"title": "A. R. D. Prasad"
} |
26–29 Dec 1995. Lucknow. Devika V.Aptagiri and A.R.D.Prasad. Computer Assisted Thesaurus Construction. In: Research and Teaching in Classification and Indexing, Edited by M.A.Gopinath. DRTC Annual Seminar, 9–11 August, 94. Bangalore. A.R.D. Prasad and Ranjan Sinha Takur. Automatic Identification of Key Terms from Book ... | {
"page_id": 31064767,
"source": null,
"title": "A. R. D. Prasad"
} |
Publishers, 1990. A.R.D. Prasad. A Case for Artificial Intelligence in Library and Information Science Curriculum. In: Specialization in Library and Information Science Education. 8th IATLIS Conference held at Bangalore, 17—19 January 1990. == References == == External links == http://www.grl2020.net/uploads/position_p... | {
"page_id": 31064767,
"source": null,
"title": "A. R. D. Prasad"
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A behavioral cusp is any behavior change that brings an organism's behavior into contact with new contingencies that have far-reaching consequences. A behavioral cusp is a special type of behavior change because it provides the learner with opportunities to access new reinforcers, new contingencies, new environments, n... | {
"page_id": 26477248,
"source": null,
"title": "Behavioral cusp"
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(smoking), and (5) gained international acclaims for his skill. Soccer is not a developmental milestone because it is not a necessary skill in most environments. == Properties == The following properties are special features of a behavioral change that lead to more change, and an increased likelihood of social adaptati... | {
"page_id": 26477248,
"source": null,
"title": "Behavioral cusp"
} |
door (that has a special latch) was effectively a waste of time because the child's parents don't usually approve being alone in the backyard. === New contingencies of reinforcement === New contingencies are responsible for the selection of novel and more adaptive behaviors while decreasing problematic or archaic behav... | {
"page_id": 26477248,
"source": null,
"title": "Behavioral cusp"
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=== Behavior competition is the ability of cusp behaviors to displace previously established behaviors on a continuum of intensity and rate, across repertoires, and environments. Competing archaic behaviors occur on a corresponding continuum of severity. An example of this was illustrated in Frank Sulloway's research d... | {
"page_id": 26477248,
"source": null,
"title": "Behavioral cusp"
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methods, and tools for the intervention and the norms from the local community suggest the boundaries of what should be learned. == Applications == === Life span/development guidelines === The behavioral cusp has implications for the selection and sequencing of skills during the life span. While milestones are mainly c... | {
"page_id": 26477248,
"source": null,
"title": "Behavioral cusp"
} |
Face validity Feral child Functional analysis (psychology) Pedagogy Play (activity) Professional practice of behavior analysis Psychological behaviorism == References == | {
"page_id": 26477248,
"source": null,
"title": "Behavioral cusp"
} |
The molecular formula C30H44O9 (molar mass: 548.66 g/mol, exact mass: 548.2985 u) may refer to: Cymarin Peruvoside, or cannogenin thevetoside | {
"page_id": 42009286,
"source": null,
"title": "C30H44O9"
} |
A script lichen, or graphid lichen, is a member of a group of lichens which have spore producing structures that look like writing on the lichen body. The structures are elongated and narrow apothecia called lirellae, which look like short scribbles on the thallus. "Graphid" is derived from Greek for "writing". An exam... | {
"page_id": 43844298,
"source": null,
"title": "Script lichen"
} |
Louis Heyns Du Preez (born 9 July 1962) is a South African professor of zoology who specialises in parasitology and herpetology at the North-West University. Du Preez is best known for his research on South African frog species, writing a widely used wildlife guide for the frogs of Southern Africa, and contributions to... | {
"page_id": 74515147,
"source": null,
"title": "Louis du Preez"
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Brazil and China. He is a member of the Zoological Society of Southern Africa, the Herpetological Association of Africa, the Suid-Afrikaanse Akademie vir Wetenskap en Kuns, the Parasitological Association of Southern Africa and the Microscopy Association of Africa. == Publications == Louis du Preez published several bo... | {
"page_id": 74515147,
"source": null,
"title": "Louis du Preez"
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et al. "A view of early vertebrate evolution inferred from the phylogeny of polystome parasites (Monogenea: Polystomatidae)." Proceedings of the Royal Society of London. Series B: Biological Sciences 269.1490 (2002): 535–543. doi:10.1098/rspb.2001.1899 Weldon, Ché, et al. "Origin of the amphibian chytrid fungus." Emerg... | {
"page_id": 74515147,
"source": null,
"title": "Louis du Preez"
} |
"Metapolystoma ohlerianum n. sp.(Monogenea: Polystomatidae) from Aglyptodactylus madagascariensis (Anura: Mantellidae)." Acta Parasitologica (2023): 1–15. doi:10.1007/s11686-023-00668-z Verneau, Olivier, Gerald R. Johnston, and Louis Du Preez. "A quantum leap in the evolution of platyhelminths: Host-switching from turt... | {
"page_id": 74515147,
"source": null,
"title": "Louis du Preez"
} |
Rancilhac, Rödel, Scherz, Streicher, Hofreiter, and Glaw, 2021 Gephyromantis sergei Miralles, Köhler, Glaw, Wollenberg Valero, Crottini, Rosa, Du Preez, Gehring, Vieites, Ratsoavina, and Vences, 2023 Hyperolius friedemanni Mercurio and Rödel in Channing, Hillers, Lötters, Rödel, Schick, Conradie, Rödder, Mercurio, Wagn... | {
"page_id": 74515147,
"source": null,
"title": "Louis du Preez"
} |
Svitin, Bullard, Dutton, Netherlands, Syrota, Verneau & du Preez, 2021 Serpinema cayennense Harmoster, Svitin & Du Preez, 2019 Rhabdias delangei Kuzmin, Svitin, Harnoster & du Preez, 2020 Rhabdias blommersiae Kuzmin, Junker, du Preez & Bain, 2013 ==== Flatworms ==== Aussietrema queenslandense (Pichelin, 1995) Du Preez ... | {
"page_id": 74515147,
"source": null,
"title": "Louis du Preez"
} |
Huyse, 2008 Nanopolystoma lynchi Du Preez, Wilkinson & Huyse, 2008 Nanopolystoma tinsleyi Du Preez, Badets & Verneau, 2014 Pleurodirotrema chelodinae (MacCallum, 1918) du Preez, Domingues & Verneau, 2022 Pleurodirotrema macleayi (Rohde, 1984) du Preez, Domingues & Verneau, 2022 Pleurodirotrema novaeguineae (Fairfax, 19... | {
"page_id": 74515147,
"source": null,
"title": "Louis du Preez"
} |
Premature oxidation, (sometimes shortened to premox, or POx) is a flaw that occurs in white wines, when the presumably ageworthy wine is expected to be in good condition yet is found to be oxidised and often undrinkable. In particular the affliction has received attention in connection to incidents of whites produced i... | {
"page_id": 25821899,
"source": null,
"title": "Premature oxidation"
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that functions as an essential antioxidant during the fermentation process. According to Michel Bettane, Burgundy producers reacted by taking steps to address the possible causes by heightened scrutiny of cork quality, more awareness of possible sulfur dioxide insufficiency, and a decrease of the practice of batonnage,... | {
"page_id": 25821899,
"source": null,
"title": "Premature oxidation"
} |
In decision tree learning, ID3 (Iterative Dichotomiser 3) is an algorithm invented by Ross Quinlan used to generate a decision tree from a dataset. ID3 is the precursor to the C4.5 algorithm, and is typically used in the machine learning and natural language processing domains. == Algorithm == The ID3 algorithm begins ... | {
"page_id": 1966797,
"source": null,
"title": "ID3 algorithm"
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the absence of a person among the population with age over 100 years. Then a leaf node is created and labelled with the most common class of the examples in the parent node's set. Throughout the algorithm, the decision tree is constructed with each non-terminal node (internal node) representing the selected attribute o... | {
"page_id": 1966797,
"source": null,
"title": "ID3 algorithm"
} |
on a data set S {\displaystyle S} to produce a decision tree which is stored in memory. At runtime, this decision tree is used to classify new test cases (feature vectors) by traversing the decision tree using the features of the datum to arrive at a leaf node. == The ID3 metrics == === Entropy === Entropy H ( S ) {\di... | {
"page_id": 1966797,
"source": null,
"title": "ID3 algorithm"
} |
to which the distribution of the quantity's values is unknown. A constant quantity has zero entropy, as its distribution is perfectly known. In contrast, a uniformly distributed random variable (discretely or continuously uniform) maximizes entropy. Therefore, the greater the entropy at a node, the less information is ... | {
"page_id": 1966797,
"source": null,
"title": "ID3 algorithm"
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information gain can be calculated (instead of entropy) for each remaining attribute. The attribute with the largest information gain is used to split the set S {\displaystyle S} on this iteration. == See also == Classification and regression tree (CART) C4.5 algorithm Decision tree learning Decision tree model == Refe... | {
"page_id": 1966797,
"source": null,
"title": "ID3 algorithm"
} |
Drinking is the act of ingesting water or other liquids into the body through the mouth, proboscis, or elsewhere. Humans drink by swallowing, completed by peristalsis in the esophagus. The physiological processes of drinking vary widely among other animals. Most animals drink water to maintain bodily hydration, althoug... | {
"page_id": 66254,
"source": null,
"title": "Drinking"
} |
tongue (which is smooth) touches the water, and then the cat quickly pulls its tongue back into its mouth which soon closes; this results in a column of liquid being pulled into the cat's mouth, which is then secured by its mouth closing. Ruminants and most other herbivores partially submerge the tip of the mouth in or... | {
"page_id": 66254,
"source": null,
"title": "Drinking"
} |
the mouth as they swim, and purge the excess salt through the gills. Saltwater fishes do drink plenty of water and excrete a small volume of concentrated urine. == Hydration and dehydration == Like nearly all other life forms, humans require water for tissue hydration. Lack of hydration causes thirst, a desire to drink... | {
"page_id": 66254,
"source": null,
"title": "Drinking"
} |
evidence supporting this recommendation. Evidence-based hydration experts say that the amount of drinking water needed depends on ambient temperature, activity level, body size, and sweat rate. Research shows drinking when thirsty will maintain hydration to within about 2% of the needed level. Drinking beyond thirst mi... | {
"page_id": 66254,
"source": null,
"title": "Drinking"
} |
Iain (2008). Drink: A Cultural History of Alcohol. New York: Penguin. pp. 1–14. ISBN 978-1-59240-464-3. Retrieved 31 August 2013. Mayer, William (2012). Physiological Mammalogy. Vol. II. Elsevier. ISBN 9780323155250. Retrieved 31 August 2013. Provan, Drew (2010). Oxford Handbook of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation... | {
"page_id": 66254,
"source": null,
"title": "Drinking"
} |
A prill is a small aggregate or globule of a material, most often a dry sphere, formed from a melted liquid through spray crystallization. Prilled is a term used in mining and manufacturing to refer to a product that has been pelletized. ANFO explosive typically comprises ammonium nitrate prills mixed with #2 fuel oil.... | {
"page_id": 262863,
"source": null,
"title": "Prill"
} |
Debora M. Kane is an Honorary Professor at the Department of Electronic Materials Engineering at the Australian National University since 2022. Her research interests are in non-linear optics and laser physics. She is a Fellow of The Optical Society and has edited four books on nanotechnology, nanomaterials and semicon... | {
"page_id": 66323151,
"source": null,
"title": "Deborah M Kane"
} |
(2007), and Unlocking Dynamic Diversity: Optical Feedback Effects on Semiconductor Lasers (2005). == References == | {
"page_id": 66323151,
"source": null,
"title": "Deborah M Kane"
} |
Gerhard Theodor Materlik (born 16 January 1945) is a German physicist and science manager. He has made significant contributions to X-ray physics, notably improvements in the real-world application of synchrotron radiation. He is a Professor of Facilities Science at the University College London since 2013. == Educatio... | {
"page_id": 49873615,
"source": null,
"title": "Gerhard Materlik"
} |
soft X-ray FEL, FLASH at DESY, the newly commissioned hard X-ray FEL, LCLS at SLAC and the hard X-ray FEL, E-XFEL, currently been built at DESY. In 2014 he was awarded the Glazebrook Medal by the Institute of Physics for his leadership in establishing a world-leading laboratory at the Diamond Light Source. == Reference... | {
"page_id": 49873615,
"source": null,
"title": "Gerhard Materlik"
} |
SynBio is a long-term project started in 2011 with the goal of creating innovative medicines, including what are known as Biobetters. This project is a collaborative effort of several Russian and international pharmaceutical companies. The largest private participant of SynBio is the Human Stem Cells Institute (HSCI), ... | {
"page_id": 33161940,
"source": null,
"title": "SynBio"
} |
The molecular formula C17H36 (molar mass: 240.27 g/mol, exact mass: 240.2817 u) may refer to: 3,3-Di-tert-butyl-2,2,4,4-tetramethylpentane Heptadecane | {
"page_id": 20775637,
"source": null,
"title": "C17H36"
} |
A Chemical safety assessment (CSA) is an analysis used in many situations where chemical are used and where there is a possibility that they may present a risk to life, health or the environment. The European Union has adopted this phrase to describe a process that has to be performed by registrants for substances manu... | {
"page_id": 25625302,
"source": null,
"title": "Chemical safety assessment"
} |
In physical chemistry and chemical engineering, extent of reaction is a quantity that measures the extent to which the reaction has proceeded. Often, it refers specifically to the value of the extent of reaction when equilibrium has been reached. It is usually denoted by the Greek letter ξ. The extent of reaction is us... | {
"page_id": 3670743,
"source": null,
"title": "Extent of reaction"
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moles, conversely the extent of reaction can either be considered to have units of moles or to be a unitless mole fraction. The extent of reaction represents the amount of progress made towards equilibrium in a chemical reaction. Considering finite changes instead of infinitesimal changes, one can write the equation fo... | {
"page_id": 3670743,
"source": null,
"title": "Extent of reaction"
} |
== The extent of reaction is a useful quantity in computations with equilibrium reactions. Consider the reaction 2 A ⇌ B + 3 C where the initial amounts are n A = 2 mol , n B = 1 mol , n C = 0 mol {\displaystyle n_{A}=2\ {\text{mol}},n_{B}=1\ {\text{mol}},n_{C}=0\ {\text{mol}}} , and the equilibrium amount of A is 0.5 ... | {
"page_id": 3670743,
"source": null,
"title": "Extent of reaction"
} |
Ecophagy is a term coined by Robert Freitas that means the consumption of an ecosystem. It derives from Greek οἶκος (oikos) 'house, household' and φαγεῖν (phagein) 'to eat'. Freitas used the term to describe a scenario involving molecular nanotechnology gone awry. In this situation (called the grey goo scenario) out-of... | {
"page_id": 197337,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecophagy"
} |
biosafety group Green Goo - Life In The Era Of Humane Genocide by Nick Szabo Human Global Ecophagy (Or, How Quickly Can Humans Consume the Earth?) "Intentional Ecophagy" references "Nanotechnology Daily News" | {
"page_id": 197337,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecophagy"
} |
The Physics Instructional Association (PIRA) is an American association of physics education professionals and enthusiasts. Members are physics teachers, physics administrators, physics educational support staff and physics students. Interests cover all aspects of physics education with an emphasis on demonstrations, l... | {
"page_id": 26018522,
"source": null,
"title": "Physics Instructional Resource Association"
} |
For a small country, Albania is characterised by a considerable wealth of terrestrial and marine ecosystems and habitats with contrasting floral, faunal, and fungal species, defined in an area of 28,748 square kilometres. Most of the country is predominantly of Mediterranean character, comprehending the country's cente... | {
"page_id": 53805787,
"source": null,
"title": "Biodiversity of Albania"
} |
most ancient lakes in the world. The rivers also have a valuable effect on the local coastal biodiversity (or wildlife). There are 152 rivers in the country, most notable amongst them Drin, Vjosa, Shkumbin, Mat, Ishëm and Osum. The coasts along the Mediterranean Sea are home to various lagoons including Karavasta and N... | {
"page_id": 53805787,
"source": null,
"title": "Biodiversity of Albania"
} |
forest in 2020, up from 788,800 hectares (ha) in 1990. Of the naturally regenerating forest 11% was reported to be primary forest (consisting of native tree species with no clearly visible indications of human activity) and around 0% of the forest area was found within protected areas. For the year 2015, 97% of the for... | {
"page_id": 53805787,
"source": null,
"title": "Biodiversity of Albania"
} |
are more particularly in the coastal plain along the entire west border of Albania that is shaped by the Adriatic and Ionian Sea. The wetland complex of Butrint, Karavasta and Narta represents one of the most important coastal wetland sites of Albania. The lagoons are separated from the sea by rather narrow sandy bars,... | {
"page_id": 53805787,
"source": null,
"title": "Biodiversity of Albania"
} |
contain, however, the river basin of Drin is one of the most important biodiversity hotspots in Europe. == Flora == Albania features contrasting and different vegetation types, determined mainly by topography, hydrology, climate and geology. It enjoys a diversity of temperate ecologies, incorporating both deciduous and... | {
"page_id": 53805787,
"source": null,
"title": "Biodiversity of Albania"
} |
Fauna == === Birds === The geographical location of Albania in combination with its variable and complex climate is responsible for the diverse bird population in the country. Over 353 species of bird have been recorded in Albania with 11 globally threatened species and a species introduced by humans. The country is ho... | {
"page_id": 53805787,
"source": null,
"title": "Biodiversity of Albania"
} |
and various seabird colonies dotted around its pristine coastline in the west. Pelicans and flamingos are more commonly found in the coastal areas. The extremely rare Dalmatian pelican is the most common pelican in the country and very heavy for a flying bird. The greater flamingo, which is out of the six species of fl... | {
"page_id": 53805787,
"source": null,
"title": "Biodiversity of Albania"
} |
the largest distribution area of the critically endangered Balkan lynx, which is considered to be the largest cat in the Balkans, with an estimated population of less than 100 individuals. The family Canidae has several members in Albania including the gray wolf, Eurasian wolf, red fox and golden jackal. The distributi... | {
"page_id": 53805787,
"source": null,
"title": "Biodiversity of Albania"
} |
the country's territory. Classified as carnivores, pinnipeds are divided between earless seals and eared seals. Earless seals do not have ears and cannot get their hind flippers underneath their bodies to crawl. In contrast, eared seals have protruding ears and can walk with all four limbs on land. Nevertheless, the Me... | {
"page_id": 53805787,
"source": null,
"title": "Biodiversity of Albania"
} |
reptiles with over thirty-seven species being recorded. Many of them are widespread particularly along the Albanian coasts that contains a wide diversity of habitats and ecosystems. There are several species of sea turtle that nest on the country's beaches. The loggerhead turtle is a large oceanic turtle with flippers ... | {
"page_id": 53805787,
"source": null,
"title": "Biodiversity of Albania"
} |
the world, with 212 species of animals and plants. It is the habitat for many rare fish species such as the endangered Ohrid trout, one of the most ancient trout in the entire Balkan Peninsula. With more than 28 species identified, out of 38 species which were recorded for the entire Adriatic Sea, the diversity of shar... | {
"page_id": 53805787,
"source": null,
"title": "Biodiversity of Albania"
} |
Zita Carla Torrão Pinto Martins (born 1979), OSE, is a Portuguese astrobiologist, and an associate professor at Instituto Superior Técnico. She was a Royal Society University Research Fellow (URF) at Imperial College London. Her research explores how life may have begun on Earth by looking for organic compounds in mete... | {
"page_id": 43516635,
"source": null,
"title": "Zita Martins"
} |
is responsible for the production of complex organic molecules. The experiment found that the impact-shock of a comet produces a number of amino acids, which are the building blocks of proteins. This has implications for the origin of life on Earth but also potentially in the icy moons of Jupiter and Saturn. Zita Marti... | {
"page_id": 43516635,
"source": null,
"title": "Zita Martins"
} |
C4.5 is an algorithm used to generate a decision tree developed by Ross Quinlan. C4.5 is an extension of Quinlan's earlier ID3 algorithm. The decision trees generated by C4.5 can be used for classification, and for this reason, C4.5 is often referred to as a statistical classifier. In 2011, authors of the Weka machine ... | {
"page_id": 1966814,
"source": null,
"title": "C4.5 algorithm"
} |
leaf node for the decision tree saying to choose that class. None of the features provide any information gain. In this case, C4.5 creates a decision node higher up the tree using the expected value of the class. Instance of previously unseen class encountered. Again, C4.5 creates a decision node higher up the tree usi... | {
"page_id": 1966814,
"source": null,
"title": "C4.5 algorithm"
} |
of improvements on C4.5. Some of these are: Speed - C5.0 is significantly faster than C4.5 (several orders of magnitude) Memory usage - C5.0 is more memory efficient than C4.5 Smaller decision trees - C5.0 gets similar results to C4.5 with considerably smaller decision trees. Support for boosting - Boosting improves th... | {
"page_id": 1966814,
"source": null,
"title": "C4.5 algorithm"
} |
Gonzalo Javier Trancho Gayo (Madrid, 8 February 1955) is a Spanish anthropologist. He obtained doctor and bachelor degrees in Biological Sciences at the Universidad Complutense de Madrid, where he is also a professor in the Zoology and Anthropology Department. His thesis dealt with a cell biology study of populations o... | {
"page_id": 6554334,
"source": null,
"title": "Gonzalo Trancho"
} |
In molecular biology mir-186 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-186 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36373215,
"source": null,
"title": "Mir-186 microRNA precursor family"
} |
2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline (2AP) is an aroma compound and flavor that gives freshly baked bread, jasmine rice and basmati rice, the herb pandan (Pandanus amaryllifolius), and bread flowers (Vallaris glabra) their customary smell. Many observers describe the smell as similar to "hot, buttered popcorn", and it is credited for ... | {
"page_id": 15008481,
"source": null,
"title": "2-Acetyl-1-pyrroline"
} |
In organic chemistry, the Jocic reaction, also called the Jocic–Reeve reaction (named after Zivojin Jocic and Wilkins Reeve) is a name reaction that generates α-substituted carboxylic acids from trichloromethylcarbinols and corresponding nucleophiles in the presence of sodium hydroxide. The reaction involves nucleophil... | {
"page_id": 64946914,
"source": null,
"title": "Jocic reaction"
} |
Thevetins are a group of poisonous cardiac glycosides. They are obtained especially from the seeds of a West Indian shrub or small tree (Cascabela thevetia syn. Thevetia nereifolia) of the dogbane family (Apocynaceae). Hydrolysis products include glucose, digitalose, and a sterol. == References == | {
"page_id": 32375525,
"source": null,
"title": "Thevetin"
} |
J. H. Wilkerson & Son Brickworks was a historic abandoned brickworks and national historic district located at Milford, Kent County, Delaware. The district includes the sites of three contributing buildings and one contributing site at the brickworks that operated from 1912 to 1957. The sheds, machinery, kiln, and othe... | {
"page_id": 38339304,
"source": null,
"title": "J. H. Wilkerson & Son Brickworks"
} |
Food history is an interdisciplinary field that examines the history and the cultural, economic, environmental, and sociological impacts of food and human nutrition. It is considered distinct from the more traditional field of culinary history, which focuses on the origin and recreation of specific recipes. The first j... | {
"page_id": 21955305,
"source": null,
"title": "Food history"
} |
Sidney. Tasting Food, Tasting Freedom: Excursions into Eating, Power, and the Past, (1997). Nestle, Marion. Food Politics: How the Food Industry Influences Nutrition and Health (2nd ed 2007). Olver, Lynne. "Food Timeline: food history research service". The Food Timeline. Parasecoli, Fabio & Peter Scholliers, eds. A Cu... | {
"page_id": 21955305,
"source": null,
"title": "Food history"
} |
Commerce, Culture & Community (2015). Piatti-Farnell, Lorna. Beef: A Global History (2013) excerpt Reader, John. Propitious Esculent: The Potato in World History (2008), 315pp a standard scholarly history Salaman, R.N. The history and social influence of the potato (1949) Smith, Andrew F. Sugar: A Global History (2015)... | {
"page_id": 21955305,
"source": null,
"title": "Food history"
} |
and national identity (Reaktion Books, 2006). Kim, Soon Hee, et al. "Korean diet: characteristics and historical background." Journal of Ethnic Foods 3.1 (2016): 26–31. Kushner, Barak. Slurp! a Social and Culinary History of Ramen: Japan's Favorite Noodle Soup (2014) a scholarly cultural history over 1000 years Simoons... | {
"page_id": 21955305,
"source": null,
"title": "Food history"
} |
in economic history. (2015). 111–191. Hartley, Dorothy. Food In England: A complete guide to the food that makes us who we are (Hachette UK, 2014). Mennell, Stephen. All Manners of Food: Eating and Taste in England and France from the Middle Ages to the Present (2nd ed U of Illinois Press, 1996) Meredith, D. and Oxley,... | {
"page_id": 21955305,
"source": null,
"title": "Food history"
} |
Culinaires, first journal in the field Food and Foodways: Explorations in the History and Culture of Human Nourishment Food, Culture and Society: An International Journal of Multidisciplinary Research Food & History: multilingual scientific journal about the history and culture of food published by the (IEHCA) === Othe... | {
"page_id": 21955305,
"source": null,
"title": "Food history"
} |
Surface-enhanced ellipsometric contrast microscopy (SEEC) uses an upright or inverted optical microscope in a crossed polarization configuration and specific supporting plates called surfs on which the sample is deposited for observation. It is described as an optical nanoscopy technique. SEEC relies on precise control... | {
"page_id": 24117996,
"source": null,
"title": "SEEC microscopy"
} |
Langmuir-Blodgett structure on a silicon wafer and on a surf. == Applications == === Life sciences === Biological films Biochips Soft lithography === Thin films and surface treatment === Langmuir-Blodgett films === Nano-materials === Nanoparticles Graphene == Commercial applications == Nanolane's Sarfus Mapping Station... | {
"page_id": 24117996,
"source": null,
"title": "SEEC microscopy"
} |
Chromosomal landing is a genetic technique used to identify and isolate clones in a genetic library. Chromosomal landing reduces the problem of analyzing large, and/or highly repetitive genomes by minimizing the need for chromosome walking. It is based on the principle that the expected average between-marker distances... | {
"page_id": 18744044,
"source": null,
"title": "Chromosome landing"
} |
Wolfgang Ketter (born Traben-Trarbach, Germany, 1972) is Chaired Professor of Information Systems for a Sustainable Society at the University of Cologne. and a prominent scientist in the application of artificial intelligence, machine learning and intelligent agents in the design of smart markets, including demand resp... | {
"page_id": 63111921,
"source": null,
"title": "Wolfgang Ketter"
} |
Erasmus University-based team's publication on the optimization of the City of Rotterdam's electric transit bus network was recognized with the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences Daniel H. Wagner runner-up award. His research focuses on the use of competitive benchmarking and intelligent agen... | {
"page_id": 63111921,
"source": null,
"title": "Wolfgang Ketter"
} |
Siegfried Adolf Wouthuysen (17 August 1916 – 14 July 1996) was a Dutch physicist who made contributions to quantum mechanics. He collaborated with Leslie Lawrance Foldy to develop the Foldy–Wouthuysen transformation, and with George B. Field to develop the Wouthuysen–Field coupling. == Early life == Wouthuysen was born... | {
"page_id": 39912177,
"source": null,
"title": "Siegfried Adolf Wouthuysen"
} |
Reinforcement learning (RL) is an interdisciplinary area of machine learning and optimal control concerned with how an intelligent agent should take actions in a dynamic environment in order to maximize a reward signal. Reinforcement learning is one of the three basic machine learning paradigms, alongside supervised le... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
(the state space), S {\displaystyle {\mathcal {S}}} ; A set of actions (the action space), A {\displaystyle {\mathcal {A}}} , of the agent; P a ( s , s ′ ) = Pr ( S t + 1 = s ′ ∣ S t = s , A t = a ) {\displaystyle P_{a}(s,s')=\Pr(S_{t+1}=s'\mid S_{t}=s,A_{t}=a)} , the transition probability (at time t {\displaystyle t}... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
is determined. The goal of a reinforcement learning agent is to learn a policy: π : S × A → [ 0 , 1 ] {\displaystyle \pi :{\mathcal {S}}\times {\mathcal {A}}\rightarrow [0,1]} , π ( s , a ) = Pr ( A t = a ∣ S t = s ) {\displaystyle \pi (s,a)=\Pr(A_{t}=a\mid S_{t}=s)} that maximizes the expected cumulative reward. Formu... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
large environments. Thanks to these two key components, RL can be used in large environments in the following situations: A model of the environment is known, but an analytic solution is not available; Only a simulation model of the environment is given (the subject of simulation-based optimization); The only way to co... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
or adaptively based on heuristics. == Algorithms for control learning == Even if the issue of exploration is disregarded and even if the state was observable (assumed hereafter), the problem remains to use past experience to find out which actions lead to higher cumulative rewards. === Criterion of optimality === ==== ... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
∞ γ t R t + 1 = R 1 + γ R 2 + γ 2 R 3 + … , {\displaystyle G=\sum _{t=0}^{\infty }\gamma ^{t}R_{t+1}=R_{1}+\gamma R_{2}+\gamma ^{2}R_{3}+\dots ,} where R t + 1 {\displaystyle R_{t+1}} is the reward for transitioning from state S t {\displaystyle S_{t}} to S t + 1 {\displaystyle S_{t+1}} , 0 ≤ γ < 1 {\displaystyle 0\leq... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
The two main approaches for achieving this are value function estimation and direct policy search. === Value function === Value function approaches attempt to find a policy that maximizes the discounted return by maintaining a set of estimates of expected discounted returns E [ G ] {\displaystyle \operatorname {\math... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
]} , where s {\displaystyle s} is a state randomly sampled from the distribution μ {\displaystyle \mu } of initial states (so μ ( s ) = Pr ( S 0 = s ) {\displaystyle \mu (s)=\Pr(S_{0}=s)} ). Although state-values suffice to define optimality, it is useful to define action-values. Given a state s {\displaystyle s} , an ... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
} ) that converge to Q ∗ {\displaystyle Q^{*}} . Computing these functions involves computing expectations over the whole state-space, which is impractical for all but the smallest (finite) Markov decision processes. In reinforcement learning methods, expectations are approximated by averaging over samples and using fu... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
iteration (GPI). While dynamic programming computes value functions using full knowledge of the Markov decision process (MDP), Monte Carlo methods learn these functions through sample returns. The value functions and policies interact similarly to dynamic programming to achieve optimality, first addressing the predicti... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
continuously interpolate between Monte Carlo methods that do not rely on the Bellman equations and the basic TD methods that rely entirely on the Bellman equations. This can be effective in palliating this issue. ==== Function approximation methods ==== In order to address the fifth issue, function approximation method... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
are gradient-based and gradient-free methods. Gradient-based methods (policy gradient methods) start with a mapping from a finite-dimensional (parameter) space to the space of policies: given the parameter vector θ {\displaystyle \theta } , let π θ {\displaystyle \pi _{\theta }} denote the policy associated to θ {\disp... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
state given an action taken from an existing state. For instance, the Dyna algorithm learns a model from experience, and uses that to provide more modelled transitions for a value function, in addition to the real transitions. Such methods can sometimes be extended to use of non-parametric models, such as when the tran... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
learning multiagent/distributed reinforcement learning is a topic of interest. Applications are expanding. occupant-centric control optimization of computing resources partial information (e.g., using predictive state representation) reward function based on maximising novel information sample-based planning (e.g., bas... | {
"page_id": 66294,
"source": null,
"title": "Reinforcement learning"
} |
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