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score before showing him the movie; instead, he would give him relevant cues like "falling into a black hole" or "event horizon." === Soundtrack === == Reception == A Brief History of Time received largely positive reviews. On review aggregator website Rotten Tomatoes, the film holds a 93% rating based on 15 reviews. O...	{ "page_id": 1443000, "source": null, "title": "A Brief History of Time (film)" }
Facial symmetry is one specific measure of bodily symmetry. Along with traits such as averageness and youthfulness, it influences judgments of aesthetic traits of physical attractiveness and beauty. For instance, in mate selection, people have been shown to have a preference for symmetry. Facial bilateral symmetry is t...	{ "page_id": 1967292, "source": null, "title": "Facial symmetry" }
than in the other. It means that across the population a deviation is more often to one direction than to the other, i.e., there is a statistically significant bias to one direction. In case of directional asymmetry, most individuals of a species are asymmetric to the same side, even though some individuals can be symm...	{ "page_id": 1967292, "source": null, "title": "Facial symmetry" }
rest of the body (except heart and bowels) make a half-turn in clockwise direction. Since the axial twist is located between the ear-region and the forebrain-face-region, it is predicted that the face grows from the left to the midline, as is indeed the case. == Fluctuating asymmetry == Fluctuating asymmetry is the non...	{ "page_id": 1967292, "source": null, "title": "Facial symmetry" }
and the right side of the face. === Facial averageness vs. symmetry === Experiments suggest that symmetry and averageness make independent contributions to attractiveness. === Aging === Facial symmetry is also a valid marker of cognitive aging. Progressive changes occurring throughout life in the soft tissues of the fa...	{ "page_id": 1967292, "source": null, "title": "Facial symmetry" }
openness, agreeableness and conscientiousness has remained unclear. Openness and agreeableness appear to be significantly negatively correlated to facial symmetry, while neuroticism and conscientiousness do not seem to be correlated to facial symmetry. With respect to trustworthiness it has been found that the facial m...	{ "page_id": 1967292, "source": null, "title": "Facial symmetry" }
at Stirling (PICS) Free Database of pictures of faces "FaceBase An interdisciplinary research consortium for facial symmetry "Tübinger Face Database An open research database of 200 merged 3-D faces "A facial symmetry app for iPhone Experiment with facial symmetry, using a free iPhone app. AI-Driven Facial Symmetry Too...	{ "page_id": 1967292, "source": null, "title": "Facial symmetry" }
The Gateway cloning method is a method of molecular cloning invented and commercialized by Invitrogen since the late 1990s, which makes use of the integration and excision recombination reactions that take place when bacteriophage lambda infects bacteria. This technology provides a fast and highly efficient way to tran...	{ "page_id": 20579517, "source": null, "title": "Gateway Technology" }
vector. Large archives of Gateway Entry clones, containing the vast majority of human, mouse, and rat ORFs (open reading frames) have been cloned from human cDNA libraries or chemically synthesized to support the research community using NIH (National Institutes of Health) funding (e.g. Mammalian Gene Collection, http:...	{ "page_id": 20579517, "source": null, "title": "Gateway Technology" }
nomenclature and the recombination sequences are referred to as Gateway "attL" type. A short end containing attL is added using the TOPO method, a technique in which DNA fragments are cloned into specific vectors without the need for DNA ligases. The desired DNA sequence can be cloned into a multicloning site containin...	{ "page_id": 20579517, "source": null, "title": "Gateway Technology" }
also use other methods of DNA isolation, such as restriction-digestion) + Donor vector containing attP sites + BP clonase => Gateway Entry clone, containing attL sites, flanking gene of interest Gateway LR reaction: Entry clone containing attL sites + Destination vector containing attR sites, and promoters and tags + L...	{ "page_id": 20579517, "source": null, "title": "Gateway Technology" }
Isoamyl formate, also known as isopentyl formate, is an ester formed from isoamyl alcohol and formic acid, with the formula C6H12O2. It is a colorless liquid with a fruity odor of plum or blackcurrant. == Natural occurrence == Isoamyl formate is found in nature in the plant Plectranthus glabratus. It occurs in the foll...	{ "page_id": 76088511, "source": null, "title": "Isoamyl formate" }
Immunogenic cell death is any type of cell death eliciting an immune response. Both accidental cell death and regulated cell death can result in immune response. Immunogenic cell death contrasts to forms of cell death (apoptosis, autophagy or others) that do not elicit any response or even mediate immune tolerance. The...	{ "page_id": 40436928, "source": null, "title": "Immunogenic cell death" }
infectious agent, immunogenic death of cancer cells can induce an effective antitumor immune response through activation of dendritic cells (DCs) and consequent activation of specific T cell response. This effect is used in antitumor therapy. ICD is characterized by secretion of damage-associated molecular patterns (DA...	{ "page_id": 40436928, "source": null, "title": "Immunogenic cell death" }
in antitumor therapy has started taking shape with the identification of some inducers mentioned above, which have a potential as anti-tumor vaccination strategies. The use of ICD inducers alone or in combination with other anticancer therapies (targeted therapies, immunotherapies) has been effective in mouse models of...	{ "page_id": 40436928, "source": null, "title": "Immunogenic cell death" }
1 (CASP1) is central to pyroptosis and when activated mediates the proteolytic activation of other caspases. In humans, other involved caspases are CASP3, CASP4 and CASP5, in mice CASP3 and CASP11. Precursors of IL-1β and IL-18 are among the most important CASP1 substrates, and the secretion of the cleavage products in...	{ "page_id": 40436928, "source": null, "title": "Immunogenic cell death" }
the loss of inner mitochondrial membrane (IMM) impermeability. The precise mechanisms leading to the formation of permeability-transition pore complexes, which assemble between the inner and outer mitochondrial membranes, are still unknown. Peptidylprolyl isomerase F (CYPD) is the only known required protein for MPT-dr...	{ "page_id": 40436928, "source": null, "title": "Immunogenic cell death" }
death typical for neutrophils, but also observed in basophils and eosinophils. The process is characterized by extrusion of chromatin fibers bound into neutrophil extracellular traps (NETs). NET formation is generally induced in response to microbial infections, but pathologically also in sterile conditions of some inf...	{ "page_id": 40436928, "source": null, "title": "Immunogenic cell death" }
Octanone may refer to any of three isomeric chemical compounds: 2-Octanone 3-Octanone 4-Octanone	{ "page_id": 42861759, "source": null, "title": "Octanone" }
The term glycosynthase refers to a class of proteins that have been engineered to catalyze the formation of a glycosidic bond. Glycosynthase are derived from glycosidase enzymes, which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds. They were traditionally formed from retaining glycosidase by mutating the active site nucl...	{ "page_id": 7013570, "source": null, "title": "Glycosynthase" }
the acceptor sugar aided by the active site general base amino acid of the enzyme. == Modern extensions == The first glycosynthase was a retaining exoglycosidase that catalyzed the formation of β 1-4 linked glycosides of glucose and galactose. Glycosynthase enzymes have since been expanded to include mutants of endogly...	{ "page_id": 7013570, "source": null, "title": "Glycosynthase" }
The Ray–Dutt twist is a mechanism proposed for the racemization of octahedral complexes containing three bidentate chelate rings. Such complexes typically adopt an octahedral molecular geometry in their ground states, in which case they possess helical chirality. The pathway entails formation of an intermediate of C2v ...	{ "page_id": 12518595, "source": null, "title": "Ray–Dutt twist" }
This page provides supplementary chemical data on vitexin. == Material Safety Data Sheet == The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as eChemPortal, and follow its direction...	{ "page_id": 30278857, "source": null, "title": "Vitexin (data page)" }
Pink flowers are used as a symbol of love and awareness. For decades, pink flowers have been used to decorate weddings as a symbol of love. They can also be used as a display of love at funerals, as demonstrated at the funeral for Anna Nicole Smith. More recently, pink flowers have come to symbolize breast cancer aware...	{ "page_id": 33293519, "source": null, "title": "Pink flowers" }
Mark Douglas Norman (1960s to present) is a scientist living in southern Australia. He works as a Chief Conservation Scientist with Parks Victoria. Prior to 2016 he worked as a curator and marine biologist through the University of Melbourne and Museum Victoria. For over a decade in this role, Norman worked exclusively...	{ "page_id": 4064464, "source": null, "title": "Mark Norman (marine biologist)" }
The molecular formula C27H27NO2 (molar mass: 397.51 g/mol, exact mass: 397.204179 u) may refer to: JWH-367 CHM-081	{ "page_id": 79168724, "source": null, "title": "C27H27NO2" }
Indium bromide may refer to: Indium(I) bromide, InBr Indium(III) bromide, InBr3; when molten it is dimeric, In2Br6, and it is predominantly dimeric in the gas phase	{ "page_id": 10159318, "source": null, "title": "Indium bromide" }
Hydrogenlyase may refer to: Ferredoxin hydrogenase, an enzyme Hydrogenase (acceptor), an enzyme	{ "page_id": 38339799, "source": null, "title": "Hydrogenlyase" }
A hemihelix is a curved geometric shape consisting of a series of helices with alternating chirality, connected by a perversion at the reversals. The formation of hemihelices with periodic distributions of perversions in slender structures is understood in terms of competing buckling instabilities generated by in-plane...	{ "page_id": 42599642, "source": null, "title": "Hemihelix" }
The molecular formula C12H20N2 (molar mass: 192.30 g/mol, exact mass: 192.1626 u) may refer to: Amiflamine (FLA-336) Tremorine	{ "page_id": 26608859, "source": null, "title": "C12H20N2" }
Infrared Control Freak 360 (IRCF360) is a 360-degree proximity sensor and a motion sensing devices, developed by ROBOTmaker. The sensor is in BETA developers release as a low cost (software configurable) sensor for use within research, technical and hobby projects. == Overview == The 360-degree sensor was originally de...	{ "page_id": 35456221, "source": null, "title": "IRCF360" }
Rupa Sarkar is the Editor-in-Chief of The Lancet Digital Health, a gold open access medical journal in the Lancet family published by Elsevier. She conducted her doctoral research at Imperial College London, where she studied RNA biology and its role in human stem cell differentiation. After earning her PhD, she did po...	{ "page_id": 62981341, "source": null, "title": "Rupa Sarkar" }
Metatranscriptomics is the set of techniques used to study gene expression of microbes within natural environments, i.e., the metatranscriptome. While metagenomics focuses on studying the genomic content and on identifying which microbes are present within a community, metatranscriptomics can be used to study the diver...	{ "page_id": 46204126, "source": null, "title": "Metatranscriptomics" }
the preferred techniques in metatranscriptomics. The protocol that is used to perform a metatranscriptome analysis may vary depending on the type of sample that needs to be analysed. Indeed, many different protocols have been developed for studying the metatranscriptome of microbial samples. Generally, the steps includ...	{ "page_id": 46204126, "source": null, "title": "Metatranscriptomics" }
expression of the different genes by assembling metatranscriptomic reads into longer fragments called contigs using different software. The Trinity software for RNA-seq, in comparison with other de novo transcriptome assemblers, was reported to recover more full-length transcripts over a broad range of expression level...	{ "page_id": 46204126, "source": null, "title": "Metatranscriptomics" }
the third tier, non-aligned reads are used for a translated search against a protein database. === MetaTrans === MetaTrans is a pipeline that exploits multithreading to improve efficiency. Data is obtained from paired-end RNA-Seq, mainly from 16S RNA for taxonomy and mRNA for gene expression levels. The pipeline is div...	{ "page_id": 46204126, "source": null, "title": "Metatranscriptomics" }
and rRNA sequences. Remaining reads are then mapped to NCBI databases using BLAST and MegaBLAST, then classified by their bitscore. Sequences with higher bitscores are used to predict phylogenetic origin and function, and lower-score reads are aligned with the more sensitive BLASTX and eventually can be aligned in prot...	{ "page_id": 46204126, "source": null, "title": "Metatranscriptomics" }
of mRNA that compromises sample integrity even before sequencing. Experimental issues can affect the quantification of differences in expression among multiple samples: They can influence integrity and input RNA, as well as the amount of rRNA remaining in the samples, size section and gene models. Moreover, molecular b...	{ "page_id": 46204126, "source": null, "title": "Metatranscriptomics" }
information. This suggests that non-housekeeping genes are not stably expressed in situ One example of metatranscriptomic application is in the study of the gut microbiome in inflammatory bowel disease. Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a group of chronic diseases of the digestive tract that affects millions of peopl...	{ "page_id": 46204126, "source": null, "title": "Metatranscriptomics" }
allowing researchers to skip the assaying of biochemical products in situ (like mucus or oxygen) and enables evaluation of effects of environmental changes on microbial expression patterns in vivo for large human populations. In addition, it can be coupled with longitudinal sampling to associate modulation of activity ...	{ "page_id": 46204126, "source": null, "title": "Metatranscriptomics" }
to the host. In addition, microarrays only provide the first global insights about the host innate immune response to PAMPs, as the effects of bacterial infection on the expression of various host factor. Anyway, the detection through microarrays of both organisms at the same time could be problematic. Problems: Probe ...	{ "page_id": 46204126, "source": null, "title": "Metatranscriptomics" }
The iron–sulfur world hypothesis is a set of proposals for the origin of life and the early evolution of life advanced in a series of articles between 1988 and 1992 by Günter Wächtershäuser, a Munich patent lawyer with a degree in chemistry, who had been encouraged and supported by philosopher Karl R. Popper to publish...	{ "page_id": 394464, "source": null, "title": "Iron–sulfur world hypothesis" }
compounds, ever more complex pathways and ever more complex catalytic centers. === Nutrient conversions === The water–gas shift reaction (CO + H2O → CO2 + H2) occurs in volcanic fluids with diverse catalysts or without catalysts. The combination of ferrous sulfide (FeS, troilite) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) as reducing ...	{ "page_id": 394464, "source": null, "title": "Iron–sulfur world hypothesis" }
methyl mercaptan) generates nickel cyanide, which reacts with carbon monoxide (CO) to generate pairs of α-hydroxy and α-amino acids: e.g. glycolate/glycine, lactate/alanine, glycerate/serine; as well as pyruvic acid in significant quantities. Pyruvic acid is also formed at high pressure and high temperature from CO, H2...	{ "page_id": 394464, "source": null, "title": "Iron–sulfur world hypothesis" }
the formation of primitive lipids (e.g. fatty acids or isoprenoids) in the surface metabolism. These lipids accumulate on or in the mineral base. This lipophilizes the outer or inner surfaces of the mineral base, which promotes condensation reactions over hydrolytic reactions by lowering the activity of water and proto...	{ "page_id": 394464, "source": null, "title": "Iron–sulfur world hypothesis" }
low concentrations of cysteine and alkaline pH. Methyl thioacetate, a precursor to acetyl-CoA can be synthesized in conditions relevant to hydrothermal vents. Phosphorylation of methyl thioacetate leads to the synthesis of thioacetate, a simpler precursor to acetyl-CoA. Thioacetate in more cooler and neutral conditions...	{ "page_id": 394464, "source": null, "title": "Iron–sulfur world hypothesis" }
environments would have generated Fe3+ which would have promoted ADP phosphorylation. The mixture of seawater and alkaline hydrothermal vent fluid can promote cycling between Fe3+ and Fe2+. Experimental research of biomimetic prebiotic reactions such as the reduction of NAD+ and phosphoryl transfer also support an orig...	{ "page_id": 394464, "source": null, "title": "Iron–sulfur world hypothesis" }
a lipid membrane that finally allows the organisms to leave the microcavern system of the vent. This postulated late acquisition of the biosynthesis of lipids as directed by genetically encoded peptides is consistent with the presence of completely different types of membrane lipids in archaea and bacteria (plus eukary...	{ "page_id": 394464, "source": null, "title": "Iron–sulfur world hypothesis" }
membranes could naturally develop under these conditions and electrochemically link reactions separated in space, if not in time. == Alternative environment == The 6 of the 11 metabolic intermediates in reverse Krebs cycle promoted by Fe, Zn2+, and Cr3+ in acidic conditions imply that protocells possibly emerged in loc...	{ "page_id": 394464, "source": null, "title": "Iron–sulfur world hypothesis" }
chemistry doesn't resemble known biochemical reactions. The abundance of subaerial hydrothermal fields would have been rare and offered no protection from either meteorites or ultraviolet irradiation. Clay minerals at subaerial hydrothermal fields would absorb organic reactants. Pyrophosphate has low solubility in wate...	{ "page_id": 394464, "source": null, "title": "Iron–sulfur world hypothesis" }
Glutaryl-coenzyme A is an intermediate in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. == See also == Glutaryl-CoA dehydrogenase == References ==	{ "page_id": 11470048, "source": null, "title": "Glutaryl-CoA" }
Forest genetic resources or forest tree genetic resources are genetic resources (i.e., genetic material of actual or future value) of forest shrub and tree species. Forest genetic resources are essential for forest-depending communities who rely for a substantial part of their livelihoods on timber and non-timber fores...	{ "page_id": 23266530, "source": null, "title": "Forest genetic resources" }
utilized by countries are threatened by the conversion of forests to pastures and farmland, overexploitation, and the impacts of climate change. On the basis of the information and knowledge compiled by FAO for The State of World’s Forest Genetic Resources, the Commission on Genetic Resources for Food and Agriculture d...	{ "page_id": 23266530, "source": null, "title": "Forest genetic resources" }
Programme Training guide on forest genetic resources for global foresters - Bioversity International	{ "page_id": 23266530, "source": null, "title": "Forest genetic resources" }
Neuroenhancement or cognitive enhancement is the experimental use of pharmacological or non-pharmacological methods intended to improve cognitive and affective abilities in healthy people who don't have any mental illness. Agents or methods of neuroenhancement are intended to affect cognitive, social, psychological, mo...	{ "page_id": 40568034, "source": null, "title": "Neuroenhancement" }
MPH is abused by a segment of the general population, especially college students. A comparison between the sales of MPH to the number of people for whom it was prescribed revealed a disproportionate ratio, indicating high abuse. MPH may impair cognitive performance. === Others === Studies are too preliminary to determ...	{ "page_id": 40568034, "source": null, "title": "Neuroenhancement" }
in its use" and, as "an informational resource, currently fails to enhance cognition", partly due to issues that include information overload, misinformation and persuasion. == Quality and social issues == === Validation and quality control === Quality standards, validation and authentication, sampling and lab testing ...	{ "page_id": 40568034, "source": null, "title": "Neuroenhancement" }
enhancement prescription drug use (namely 3%), while the willingness to take such drugs was found in 10% of respondents. A survey of some 5,000 German university students found a relatively low 30-day prevalence of 1%, while 2% of those sampled used such drugs within the last 6 months, 3% within the last 12 months, and...	{ "page_id": 40568034, "source": null, "title": "Neuroenhancement" }
Occipital cryoneurolysis is a procedure used to treat nerve pain generated by peripheral nerves (nerves located outside of the spinal column and skull) commonly due to the condition occipital neuralgia. A probe (no larger than a small needle) is carefully placed adjacent to the specific nerve. Once in the appropriate a...	{ "page_id": 6685921, "source": null, "title": "Occipital cryoneurolysis" }
Cytoplasmic streaming, also called protoplasmic streaming and cyclosis, is the flow of the cytoplasm inside the cell, driven by forces from the cytoskeleton. It is likely that its function is, at least in part, to speed up the transport of molecules and organelles around the cell. It is usually observed in large plant ...	{ "page_id": 656613, "source": null, "title": "Cytoplasmic streaming" }
disrupting the actin microfilaments responsible for facilitating cytoplasmic movement. == Mechanism == What is clearly visible in plants cells which exhibit cytoplasmic streaming is the motion of the chloroplasts moving with the cytoplasmic flow. This motion results from fluid being entrained by moving motor molecules ...	{ "page_id": 656613, "source": null, "title": "Cytoplasmic streaming" }
never seen to cross these zones, and as a result it was thought that cytoplasmic and vacuolar fluid flow are similarly restricted, but this is not true. First, Kamiya and Kuroda, experimentally determined that cytoplasmic flow rate varies radially within the cell, a phenomenon not clearly depicted by the chloroplast mo...	{ "page_id": 656613, "source": null, "title": "Cytoplasmic streaming" }
chloroplasts at the surface do not. Particles, as they rise in the cell, spiral around in a semicircular manner near the minus indifferent zone, cross one indifferent zone, and end up near a positive indifferent zone. Further experiments on the Characean cells support of the Goldstein model for vacuolar fluid flow. How...	{ "page_id": 656613, "source": null, "title": "Cytoplasmic streaming" }
to striking differences in growth rate and overall growth size. Experiments have been performed in Arabidopsis thaliana. Wild type versions of this plant exhibit cytoplasmic streaming due to the entrainment of fluid similar to Chara coralina, only at slower flow rates. One experiment removes the wild type myosin motor ...	{ "page_id": 656613, "source": null, "title": "Cytoplasmic streaming" }
generally assessed using chlorophyll fluorescence analysis. === Gravisensing === Gravisensing is the ability to sense the gravitational force and react to it. Many plants use gravisensing to direct growth. For example, depending on root orientation, amyloplasts will settle within a plant cell differently. These differe...	{ "page_id": 656613, "source": null, "title": "Cytoplasmic streaming" }
actin filaments must all be similarly oriented within each section. In other words, the section where the chloroplasts move upward will have all of the actin filaments oriented in the same upward direction, and the section where the chloroplasts move downward will have all the actin filaments oriented in the downward d...	{ "page_id": 656613, "source": null, "title": "Cytoplasmic streaming" }
cell. These contractions force cytoplasmic fluid in one direction and contributes to growth. It has been demonstrated that while the molecules are similar to those in humans, the molecule blocking the binding site of myosin to actin is different. While, in humans, tropomyosin covers the site, only allowing contraction ...	{ "page_id": 656613, "source": null, "title": "Cytoplasmic streaming" }
with a hole in the center should produce very symmetrical flow. Basic fluid mechanics suggest that eddies should form both before and after each septum. However, eddies only form before the septum in Neurospora crassa. This is because when microtubules enter the septal hole, they are arranged parallel to flow and contr...	{ "page_id": 656613, "source": null, "title": "Cytoplasmic streaming" }
is some debate as to whether this should be called cytoplasmic streaming. Nonetheless, directional movement of organelles does result from this situation. Since the cytoplasm fills the cell, it is geometrically arranged into the shape of a sphere. As the radius of a sphere increases, surface area increases. Further, th...	{ "page_id": 656613, "source": null, "title": "Cytoplasmic streaming" }
John French (1616–1657) was an English physician known for his contributions to chemistry (in particular, distillation) as well as for his English translations of Latin and German works. == Life == He was born in 1616 at Broughton, near Banbury, Oxfordshire. He obtained a B.A. degree from Oxford University in 1637 and ...	{ "page_id": 5637341, "source": null, "title": "John French (physician)" }
In biochemistry, glycoside hydrolases (also called glycosidases or glycosyl hydrolases) are a class of enzymes which catalyze the hydrolysis of glycosidic bonds in complex sugars. They are extremely common enzymes, with roles in nature including degradation of biomass such as cellulose (cellulase), hemicellulose, and s...	{ "page_id": 7013607, "source": null, "title": "Glycoside hydrolase" }
and nucleus of the cell. The glycoside hydrolases are involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of glycogen in the body. == Classification == Glycoside hydrolases are classified into EC 3.2.1 as enzymes catalyzing the hydrolysis of O- or S-glycosides. Glycoside hydrolases can also be classified according to the ster...	{ "page_id": 7013607, "source": null, "title": "Glycoside hydrolase" }
operate through a two-step mechanism, with each step resulting in inversion, for a net retention of stereochemistry. Again, two residues are involved, which are usually enzyme-borne carboxylates. One acts as a nucleophile and the other as an acid/base. In the first step, the nucleophile attacks the anomeric centre, res...	{ "page_id": 7013607, "source": null, "title": "Glycoside hydrolase" }
production), in the food industry (invertase for manufacture of invert sugar, amylase for production of maltodextrins), and in the paper and pulp industry (xylanases for removing hemicelluloses from paper pulp). Cellulases are added to detergents for the washing of cotton fabrics and assist in the maintenance of colour...	{ "page_id": 7013607, "source": null, "title": "Glycoside hydrolase" }
known that can act to inhibit the action of a glycoside hydrolase. Nitrogen-containing, 'sugar-shaped' heterocycles have been found in nature, including deoxynojirimycin, swainsonine, australine and castanospermine. From these natural templates many other inhibitors have been developed, including isofagomine and deoxyg...	{ "page_id": 7013607, "source": null, "title": "Glycoside hydrolase" }
Tetrahymena is a genus of free-living ciliates, examples of unicellular eukaryotes. The genus Tetrahymena is the most widely studied member of its phylum.: 59 It can produce, store and react with different types of hormones. Tetrahymena cells can recognize both related and hostile cells. They can also switch from comme...	{ "page_id": 66793, "source": null, "title": "Tetrahymena" }
scientific milestones including: First cell which showed synchronized division, which led to the first insights into the existence of mechanisms which control the cell cycle. Identification and purification of the first cytoskeleton based motor protein such as dynein. Aid in the discovery of lysosomes and peroxisomes. ...	{ "page_id": 66793, "source": null, "title": "Tetrahymena" }
diploid germline micronucleus is transcriptionally silent and only plays a role during sexual life stages. The germline nucleus contains 5 pairs of chromosomes which encode the heritable information passed down from one sexual generation to the next. During sexual conjugation, haploid micronuclear meiotic products from...	{ "page_id": 66793, "source": null, "title": "Tetrahymena" }
artificial selection, this method of DNA partitioning in the somatic genome can lead to clonal cell lines with different macronuclear phenotypes fixed for a particular trait, in a process called phenotypic assortment. In this way, the polyploid genome can fine-tune its adaptation to environmental conditions through gai...	{ "page_id": 66793, "source": null, "title": "Tetrahymena" }
the DNA alkylating agent methyl methanesulfonate also resulted in substantially elevated Rad 51 protein levels. These findings suggest that ciliates such as T. thermophila utilize a Rad51-dependent recombinational pathway to repair damaged DNA. The Rad51 recombinase of T. thermophila is a homolog of the Escherichia col...	{ "page_id": 66793, "source": null, "title": "Tetrahymena" }
cannibalistic pressure. While T. vorax is the most well studied Tetrahymena that exhibits inducible trophic polymorphisms, many lesser known species are able to undertake transformation as well, including T. paulina and T. paravorax. However, only T. vorax has been recorded as having both a macrostome and tailed-micros...	{ "page_id": 66793, "source": null, "title": "Tetrahymena" }
notion that the gene is at least partially responsible for controlling the transformation in T. vorax. However, very little is known about the SUBII-TG gene. Researchers were only able to sequence a portion of the entire open-reading frame, and other candidate genes have not been investigated thoroughly. mRNA and amino...	{ "page_id": 66793, "source": null, "title": "Tetrahymena" }
sample of the T. thermophila population in normal growth medium (lacking Cd2+) for one month, the number of MTT1, MTT3, and CNBDP genes decreased to an average of three copies (135C). By seven months in normal growth medium, the T. thermophila cells were found reduced to just the wild type copy number (45C). When resea...	{ "page_id": 66793, "source": null, "title": "Tetrahymena" }
been found to develop a single, non-beating, enlarged cilia that assists the cell in steering or directing movement. While the behavior has been shown to correlate with faster dispersal and form as a reversible trait in Tetrahymena cells, little is known about the genetic or cellular mechanisms that allow for its devel...	{ "page_id": 66793, "source": null, "title": "Tetrahymena" }
Experiments (JoVE) website Microbial Digital Specimen Archives: Tetrahymena image gallery All Creatures Great and Small: Elizabeth Blackburn	{ "page_id": 66793, "source": null, "title": "Tetrahymena" }
Neural facilitation, also known as paired-pulse facilitation (PPF), is a phenomenon in neuroscience in which postsynaptic potentials (PSPs) (EPPs, EPSPs or IPSPs) evoked by an impulse are increased when that impulse closely follows a prior impulse. PPF is thus a form of short-term synaptic plasticity. The mechanisms un...	{ "page_id": 5637355, "source": null, "title": "Neural facilitation" }
residual Ca2+ hypothesis. They attributed the increase in neurotransmitter release to residual or accumulated Ca2+ ("active calcium") within the axon membrane that remains attached to the membrane's inner surface. Katz and Miledi manipulated the Ca2+ concentration within the presynaptic membrane to determine whether or...	{ "page_id": 5637355, "source": null, "title": "Neural facilitation" }
the synapse between Purkinje cells, short-term facilitation has been shown to be entirely mediated by the facilitation of Ca2+ currents through the voltage-dependent calcium channels. == Relation to other forms of short-term synaptic plasticity == === Augmentation and potentiation === Short-term synaptic enhancement is...	{ "page_id": 5637355, "source": null, "title": "Neural facilitation" }
net change). However, it has been shown that depression occurs earlier on in the stimulus-response pathway than facilitation, and therefore plays into the expression of facilitation. Many synapses exhibit properties of both facilitation and depression. In general, however, synapses with low initial probability of vesic...	{ "page_id": 5637355, "source": null, "title": "Neural facilitation" }
a sound vary between each ear. Neuronal computations involving these interaurual intensity differences (IIDs) and interaural time differences (ITDs) are typically carried out in different pathways in the brain. Short-term plasticity likely assists in differentiating between these two pathways: short-term facilitation d...	{ "page_id": 5637355, "source": null, "title": "Neural facilitation" }
Avishai Dekel (Hebrew: אבישי דקל; born 1951) is a professor of physics at the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, holding the Andre Aisenstadt Chair of Theoretical Physics. His primary research interests are in astrophysics and cosmology. == Academic career == Dekel earned his Ph.D. from the Hebrew University in 1980, and ...	{ "page_id": 7210219, "source": null, "title": "Avishai Dekel" }
to star-forming disks and drive violent gravitational disk instability, and how this instability leads to the formation of compact spheroidal galactic components with central massive black holes. His recent work focuses on the formation of the first galaxies as observed by the James Webb Space Telescope, proposing a un...	{ "page_id": 7210219, "source": null, "title": "Avishai Dekel" }
A tetramer assay (also known as a tetramer stain) is a procedure that uses tetrameric proteins to detect and quantify T cells that are specific for a given antigen within a blood sample. The tetramers used in the assay are made up of four major histocompatibility complex (MHC) molecules, which are found on the surface ...	{ "page_id": 10290414, "source": null, "title": "Tetramer assay" }
in an increased total binding strength and lower dissociation rates. == Uses == === CD8+ T-cells === Tetramer stains usually analyze cytotoxic T lymphocyte (CTL) populations. CTLs are also called CD8+ T-cells, because they have CD8 co-receptors that bind to MHC class I molecules. Most cells in the body express MHC clas...	{ "page_id": 10290414, "source": null, "title": "Tetramer assay" }
the tetramers are mixed with a blood sample, they will bind to T-cells expressing the appropriate antigen specific receptor. Any MHC tetramers that are not bound are washed out of the sample before it is analyzed with flow cytometry. Recent advancements within recombinant MHC molecules have democratised peptide MHC com...	{ "page_id": 10290414, "source": null, "title": "Tetramer assay" }
to tetramers were sorted into ELIspot wells for analysis of cytokine secretion. Another study utilized MHC tetramer complexes to investigate the effectiveness of an influenza vaccine delivery method. Mice were given subcutaneous and intranasal vaccinations for influenza, and tetramer stains coupled with flow cytometry ...	{ "page_id": 10290414, "source": null, "title": "Tetramer assay" }
RNU4-2 Syndrome or ReNU syndrome is a neurodevelopmental disorder caused by de novo variants in the human gene RNU4-2, which encodes an RNA component of the major spliceosome. It is characterized by hypotonia, global developmental delay, severely impaired intellectual development with poor or absent speech, delayed wal...	{ "page_id": 77333746, "source": null, "title": "RNU4-2 syndrome" }
hope for a brighter future for all those affected. == Etiologically related disorder == An etiologically related disorder RNU2-2 syndrome has been identified by Greene and Turro. RNU2-2 syndrome is a major spliceosome disorder with similar symptoms to RNU4-2 / ReNU syndrome but it is five times less prevalent. == Refer...	{ "page_id": 77333746, "source": null, "title": "RNU4-2 syndrome" }
Biopreservation is the use of natural or controlled microbiota or antimicrobials as a way of preserving food and extending its shelf life. The biopreservation of food, especially utilizing lactic acid bacteria (LAB) that are inhibitory to food spoilage microbes, has been practiced since early ages, at first unconscious...	{ "page_id": 31196402, "source": null, "title": "Biopreservation" }
for nutrients, production and tolerance of high concentrations of ethanol, as well as the synthesis of a large class of antimicrobial compounds exhibiting large spectrum of activity against food spoilage microorganisms, but also against plant, animal and human pathogen. A bacterium/yeast that is a suitable candidate fo...	{ "page_id": 31196402, "source": null, "title": "Biopreservation" }

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