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for application in foods or as part of surface decontamination protocols. == Meat biopreservation == In meat processing, biopreservation has been extensively studied in fermented meat products and ready to eat meat products. The use of native or artificially-introduced microbial population to improve animal health and ...	{ "page_id": 31196402, "source": null, "title": "Biopreservation" }
the food quality and safety. The microbial safety and stability of food are based on an application of preservative factors called hurdles. The delicate texture and flavor of seafood are very sensitive to the decontamination technologies such as cooking, and more recent mild technologies such as pulsed light, high pres...	{ "page_id": 31196402, "source": null, "title": "Biopreservation" }
Bacteriophages and their endolysins can be incorporated into food systems in several ways such as spraying, dipping or immobilization, singly or in combination with other hurdles. The phage preparation LMP-1O2 has been subsequently commercialized as "ListShield" Intralyx, Inc. It has been shown to be effective against ...	{ "page_id": 31196402, "source": null, "title": "Biopreservation" }
microorganisms in food and/or their metabolites with a long history of safe use. Bacteriocins, bacteriophages and bacteriophage-encoded enzymes fall in this theory. The long and traditional role of lactic acid bacteria on food and feed fermentations is the main factor related to the use of bacteriocins in biopreservati...	{ "page_id": 31196402, "source": null, "title": "Biopreservation" }
Alpha decay or α-decay is a type of radioactive decay in which an atomic nucleus emits an alpha particle (helium nucleus). The parent nucleus transforms or "decays" into a daughter product, with a mass number that is reduced by four and an atomic number that is reduced by two. An alpha particle is identical to the nucl...	{ "page_id": 1267, "source": null, "title": "Alpha decay" }
5 MeV (or ≈ 0.13% of their total energy, 110 TJ/kg) and have a speed of about 15,000,000 m/s, or 5% of the speed of light. There is surprisingly small variation around this energy, due to the strong dependence of the half-life of this process on the energy produced. Because of their relatively large mass, the electric ...	{ "page_id": 1267, "source": null, "title": "Alpha decay" }
also short-range, dropping quickly in strength beyond about 3 femtometers, while the electromagnetic force has an unlimited range. The strength of the attractive nuclear force keeping a nucleus together is thus proportional to the number of the nucleons, but the total disruptive electromagnetic force of proton-proton r...	{ "page_id": 1267, "source": null, "title": "Alpha decay" }
momentum, part of the energy goes to the recoil of the nucleus itself (see atomic recoil). However, since the mass numbers of most alpha-emitting radioisotopes exceed 210, far greater than the mass number of the alpha particle (4), the fraction of the energy going to the recoil of the nucleus is generally quite small, ...	{ "page_id": 1267, "source": null, "title": "Alpha decay" }
the wall confining it, but by tunneling through the wall. Gurney and Condon made the following observation in their paper on it: It has hitherto been necessary to postulate some special arbitrary 'instability' of the nucleus, but in the following note, it is pointed out that disintegration is a natural consequence of t...	{ "page_id": 1267, "source": null, "title": "Alpha decay" }
with mass 8 decay to two helium-4 nuclei; their half-lives (helium-5, lithium-5, and beryllium-8) are very short, unlike the half-lives for all other such nuclides with A ≤ 209, which are very long. (Such nuclides with A ≤ 209 are primordial nuclides except 146Sm.) Working out the details of the theory leads to an equa...	{ "page_id": 1267, "source": null, "title": "Alpha decay" }
beta-emitting radio daughters, and both are often accompanied by gamma photon emission. Relative biological effectiveness (RBE) quantifies the ability of radiation to cause certain biological effects, notably either cancer or cell-death, for equivalent radiation exposure. Alpha radiation has a high linear energy transf...	{ "page_id": 1267, "source": null, "title": "Alpha decay" }
is not clear if this was due to alpha radiation or X-rays. Curie worked extensively with radium, which decays into radon, along with other radioactive materials that emit beta and gamma rays. However, Curie also worked with unshielded X-ray tubes during World War I, and analysis of her skeleton during a reburial showed...	{ "page_id": 1267, "source": null, "title": "Alpha decay" }
Thermoplasmatota is phylum of Archaea. It is among six other phyla validly published according to the Bacteriological Code. These Archaea can live in acidic environments and have also been found in the South China Sea and Mediterranean grassland soil. == Phylogeny == == See also == List of Archaea genera == References ...	{ "page_id": 78513397, "source": null, "title": "Thermoplasmatota" }
This is a list of selective estrogen receptor modulators (SERMs). == Approved == SERMs that have been approved for medical use include anordrin (+mifepristone (Zi Yun)), bazedoxifene (+conjugated estrogens (Duavee)), broparestrol (Acnestrol), clomifene (Clomid), cyclofenil (Sexovid), lasofoxifene (Fablyn), ormeloxifene...	{ "page_id": 52626678, "source": null, "title": "List of selective estrogen receptor modulators" }
The pluriblast is a pluripotent population of cells in the embryogenesis of marsupials, called the inner cell mass in eutherians. The pluriblast is distinct from the trophoblast, and gives rise to the germ layers of the embryo, as well as extra embryonic endoderm and extra embryonic mesoderm. Both the pluriblast and tr...	{ "page_id": 14943480, "source": null, "title": "Pluriblast" }
Chlorinated polyethylene (PE-C or CPE) is an inexpensive variation of polyethylene, where chlorine is substituted for some of the hydrogen atoms. CPE has a chlorine content from 34 to 44%. Due to its soft, rubbery texture, CPE is added to polyvinyl chloride to increase its impact and weather resistance. Furthermore, it...	{ "page_id": 50529529, "source": null, "title": "Chlorinated polyethylene" }
In quantum field theory, the minimal subtraction scheme, or MS scheme, is a particular renormalization scheme used to absorb the infinities that arise in perturbative calculations beyond leading order, introduced independently by Gerard 't Hooft and Steven Weinberg in 1973. The MS scheme consists of absorbing only the ...	{ "page_id": 8324345, "source": null, "title": "Minimal subtraction scheme" }
Degas conductivity is used as an indicator of water quality in the water/steam cycle of power stations. Excessive conductivity values often indicate high corrosion potential, especially with certain ions such as chloride and acetate ions. These can be particularly damaging to the blades in the steam turbine. Degas cond...	{ "page_id": 52299004, "source": null, "title": "Degas conductivity" }
the ions have been removed from the conditioning of the circulating water (e.g. ammonium NH4+) in the cation exchanger, ions resulting from gaseous components must be removed in order to determine degas conductivity. These are typically gases from the atmosphere which have penetrated into the system through leaks in th...	{ "page_id": 52299004, "source": null, "title": "Degas conductivity" }
Use of bottled inert gases can be problematic in some industrial applications. Reboilers are very efficient degassing with results over 92%, but they typically require anywhere from 20 to 45 minutes to achieve useful results. Manufacturers of reboiler systems include Swan Analytical, Forbes Marshall, Mettler Toledo, an...	{ "page_id": 52299004, "source": null, "title": "Degas conductivity" }
to analyze steam quality, but in addition to measuring harmful ionic compounds (e.g. chloride ions), they also include CO2, which as stated above is not significantly harmful to the steam turbine. Furthermore, typical cation conductivity analyzers take 3–4 hours to provide useful indications of steam purity. In many ca...	{ "page_id": 52299004, "source": null, "title": "Degas conductivity" }
Kim R. Dunbar is an American inorganic chemist and Distinguished Professor of Chemistry at Texas A&M University. Her research concerns inorganic and coordination chemistry, including molecular magnetism, metals in medicine, supramolecular chemistry Involving anions and anion-pi interactions, and multifunctional materia...	{ "page_id": 53806334, "source": null, "title": "Kim Renee Dunbar" }
based functional materials, which was featured in an editorial celebrating Women in Chemistry in 2011 published in celebration of the International Year of Chemistry which was the 100th anniversary of Marie Skłodowska's Nobel Prize. Her research, which is based on her major interest in magnets and conductors, interacti...	{ "page_id": 53806334, "source": null, "title": "Kim Renee Dunbar" }
M. Prez, K. R. Dunbar, J. Am. Chem. Soc. 2003, 125, 10714 – 10724. 3. “Anion-p Interactions”: B. L. Schottel, H. T. Chifotides, K. R. Dunbar, Chem. Soc. Rev. 2008, 37, 68 – 83. 4. “Unprecedented Binary Semiconductors Based on TCNQ: Single-Crystal X-ray Studies and Physical Properties of Cu(TCNQX2) X = Cl, Br”: N. Lopez...	{ "page_id": 53806334, "source": null, "title": "Kim Renee Dunbar" }
Dunbar, J. Am. Chem. Soc., 2014, 36, 17058–17070. == Honors and awards == She is the second female recipient of the ACS's top award for inorganic chemistry in its 52-year history and got the first Texas A&M Women Former Students' Network (WFSN) and an honorary doctorate degree from her undergraduate alma mater at Westm...	{ "page_id": 53806334, "source": null, "title": "Kim Renee Dunbar" }
Allan McCulloch Campbell (April 27, 1929 – April 19, 2018) was an American microbiologist and geneticist and the Barbara Kimball Browning Professor Emeritus in the Department of Biology at Stanford University. His pioneering work on Lambda phage helped to advance molecular biology in the late 20th century. An important...	{ "page_id": 7603461, "source": null, "title": "Allan M. Campbell" }
where viral DNA is inserted into the host chromosome, becoming covalently bonded to the bacterial DNA, and then remains dormant until activation. Campbell's research was focused on a specific bacterial virus, phage lambda, and its host bacterium E. coli, but the model provided insights into how extrachromosomal DNA can...	{ "page_id": 7603461, "source": null, "title": "Allan M. Campbell" }
Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory on Long Island, where a ‘phage group’ led by Salvador Luria, Max Delbrück, Alfred Hershey and others met in the summers for research and training of new investigators. In 1951 Esther Lederberg discovered lambda phage, which had an unusual characteristic. While lambda could infect and repro...	{ "page_id": 7603461, "source": null, "title": "Allan M. Campbell" }
includes a $20,000 cash prize and a commemorative piece. In honoring Campbell, ASM officials cited his "exceptional insights and achievements in the field of molecular genetics - a career of groundbreaking research that has had a profound influence on several fields, including molecular cloning and gene therapy." == Se...	{ "page_id": 7603461, "source": null, "title": "Allan M. Campbell" }
François Chollet (French: [fʁɑ̃swa ʃoˈlɛ]; born 20 October 1989) is a French software engineer and artificial intelligence researcher formerly Senior Staff Engineer at Google. Chollet is the creator of the Keras deep-learning library, released in 2015. His research focuses on computer vision, the application of machine...	{ "page_id": 68355335, "source": null, "title": "François Chollet" }
Deep Learning With R. == Awards == On December 1, 2021, Chollet won the Global Swiss AI Award for breakthroughs in AI. In September 2024, Chollet was named by TIME as one of the 100 most influential people in AI. == Bibliography == Chollet, François (2017). Deep Learning with Python. Manning Publications. ISBN 97816172...	{ "page_id": 68355335, "source": null, "title": "François Chollet" }
The lacrimal caruncle, or caruncula lacrimalis, is the small, pink, globular nodule at the inner corner (the medial canthus) of the eye. It consists of tissue types of neighbouring eye structures. It may suffer from lesions and allergic inflammation. == Structure == The lacrimal caruncle is found at the medial canthus ...	{ "page_id": 8258828, "source": null, "title": "Lacrimal caruncle" }
is rarely necessary. If it affects the tear sac it may be dacryocystitis. == References == == Additional images ==	{ "page_id": 8258828, "source": null, "title": "Lacrimal caruncle" }
Endoreduplication (also referred to as endoreplication or endocycling) is replication of the nuclear genome in the absence of mitosis, which leads to elevated nuclear gene content and polyploidy. Endoreduplication can be understood simply as a variant form of the mitotic cell cycle (G1-S-G2-M) in which mitosis is circu...	{ "page_id": 2491663, "source": null, "title": "Endoreduplication" }
cell. Polytenization arises with under- or overamplification of some genomic regions, creating polytene chromosomes. == Biological significance == Based on the wide array of cell types in which endoreduplication occurs, a variety of hypotheses have been generated to explain the functional importance of this phenomenon....	{ "page_id": 2491663, "source": null, "title": "Endoreduplication" }
Myc oncogene in Drosophila follicle cells results in reduced endoreduplication and abortive oogenesis. However, reduction of endoreduplication in maize endosperm has limited effect on the accumulation of starch and storage proteins, suggesting that the nutritional requirements of the developing embryo may involve the n...	{ "page_id": 2491663, "source": null, "title": "Endoreduplication" }
entry into S-phase. The induction of endomitosis in mammalian megakaryocytes involves activation of the c-mpl receptor by the thrombopoietin (TPO) cytokine and is mediated by ERK1/2 signaling. As with Drosophila follicle cells, endoreduplication in megakaryocytes results from activation of S-phase cyclin-CDK complexes ...	{ "page_id": 2491663, "source": null, "title": "Endoreduplication" }
a result, the mature eggs that are produced subsequent to the two meiotic divisions have the same ploidy as the somatic cells of the adult female salamander. Synapsis and recombination during meiotic prophase I in these unisexual females is thought to ordinarily occur between identical sister chromosomes and occasional...	{ "page_id": 2491663, "source": null, "title": "Endoreduplication" }
Make People Better is a 2022 documentary film about the use of genetic engineering (called CRISPR gene editing) to enhance two twins girls to be immune to HIV. Directed by Cody Sheehy of Rhumbline Media, it was originated by Samira Kiani, a biotechnologist then at Arizona State University. It focuses on the circumstanc...	{ "page_id": 72746256, "source": null, "title": "Make People Better" }
of Genomics", and Antonio Regalado, senior editor for biomedicine of MIT Technology Review, who had been well-versed in the development of the technique. Regalado hinted them that CRISPR gene-edited babies would be born in China "very soon". They further learned from Kiani's former acquaintance Ryan Farrell who was wor...	{ "page_id": 72746256, "source": null, "title": "Make People Better" }
issued a statement that the experiment was unethical, "crazy" and "a huge blow to the global reputation and development of Chinese science". He's university, local authorities, and the Chinese government made a series of investigations, and He was found guilty of violating academic ethics and national laws on the use o...	{ "page_id": 72746256, "source": null, "title": "Make People Better" }
landing barely registers." She also criticised the film for omitting the news that He was released (in April 2022) while the film was being made. Christopher Cross on Tilt said that the documentary is a narrow-sighted view as the case is not just for scientists, and argues that Sheehy "ignores some of the most glaring ...	{ "page_id": 72746256, "source": null, "title": "Make People Better" }
Myomeres are blocks of skeletal muscle tissue arranged in sequence, commonly found in aquatic chordates. Myomeres are separated from adjacent myomeres by fascia consisting of connective tissue, known as myosepta. Myomere counts are sometimes used for identifying specimens using meristics, since their number corresponds...	{ "page_id": 13108497, "source": null, "title": "Myomere" }
are three types of myomeres observed in fish-like chordates: amphioxine (lancelet), cyclostomine (jawless fish), and gnathostomine (jawed fish). All myomeres flex the body laterally into concavity to provide force for locomotion. Since myomeres are composed of multinucleated myofibers (contractile cells), force can be ...	{ "page_id": 13108497, "source": null, "title": "Myomere" }
a biomechanical evaluation, it is presumed that Pikaia were not capable of rapid swimming like in living chordates. Several theories for this idea include lacking fast-twitch muscle fibers, ancestral muscle fiber types more like modern slow-twitch fibers, and less tension on myosepta due to less overlap between success...	{ "page_id": 13108497, "source": null, "title": "Myomere" }
is similar to that of bony fish, where myomeres contribute to propulsive force for locomotion. === Tetrapods === The myomeres of tetrapods run vertically and do not undergo folding like in bony fishes. Further, in higher order vertebrates, myomeres are fused and run longitudinally. Myosepta are not present in amniotes....	{ "page_id": 13108497, "source": null, "title": "Myomere" }
called myotomes or myomeres, the shape of which varies along the length of the body. In three dimensions, the myomeres constitute a series of overlapping cones that are bounded by connective tissue sheets or myocommata called myosepta. Typically, a transverse steak through the fillet will cut through several myotomes a...	{ "page_id": 13108497, "source": null, "title": "Myomere" }
This article contains a list of the most studied restriction enzymes whose names start with Bd to Bp inclusive. It contains approximately 100 enzymes. The following information is given: Enzyme: Accepted name of the molecule, according to the internationally adopted nomenclature, and bibliographical references. (Furthe...	{ "page_id": 27460882, "source": null, "title": "List of restriction enzyme cutting sites: Bd–Bp" }
In psychology, memory inhibition is the ability not to remember irrelevant information. The scientific concept of memory inhibition should not be confused with everyday uses of the word "inhibition". Scientifically speaking, memory inhibition is a type of cognitive inhibition, which is the stopping or overriding of a m...	{ "page_id": 5506325, "source": null, "title": "Memory inhibition" }
inhibits information that is unwanted. In the face of behaviorism during the late 1920s through the 1950s, and through the early growth of cognitive psychology in the late 1950s and early 1960s, inhibition largely disappeared as a theory. Instead, classical interference theory dominated memory research until as late as...	{ "page_id": 5506325, "source": null, "title": "Memory inhibition" }
the non-relearned associations. === Hasher and Zacks' inhibition account of aging === Using inhibition to explain memory processes began with the work of Hasher and Zacks (1988), which focused on the cognitive costs associated with aging and bridging the attention-memory gap. Hasher and Zacks found that older adults sh...	{ "page_id": 5506325, "source": null, "title": "Memory inhibition" }
This explains why an item that is very similar to tomato, but not from the same pair, also exhibits decreased recall rate. === "Think/no-think" paradigm and intentional inhibition === During the recovered memory debate of the 1990s, cognitive psychologists were dubious about whether specific memories could be repressed...	{ "page_id": 5506325, "source": null, "title": "Memory inhibition" }
forgetting of important personal information, usually occurs because of disease or injury to the brain, while psychogenic amnesia, which involves a loss of personal identity and has psychological causes, is rare. Nonetheless, a range of studies have concluded that at least 10% of physical and sexual abuse victims forge...	{ "page_id": 5506325, "source": null, "title": "Memory inhibition" }
more susceptible to producing false memories than individuals who could always recall the memory. Williams found that among women with confirmed histories of sexual abuse, approximately 38% did not recall the abuse 17 years later, especially when it was perpetrated by someone familiar to them. Hopper cites several stud...	{ "page_id": 5506325, "source": null, "title": "Memory inhibition" }
the same goal" (p. 203). == See also == Emotion and memory Interference theory == References == == External links == Anderson's Memory Control Laboratory Daniel Wegner's Thought Suppression Papers Neural Systems Underlying the Suppression of Unwanted Memories Sison, Jo Ann G.; Mather, Mara (2007). "Does remembering emo...	{ "page_id": 5506325, "source": null, "title": "Memory inhibition" }
The molecular formula C5H7N3 may refer to: Brunfelsamidine, a poisonous plant derivative, which has convulsant and neurotoxic effects 3,4-Diaminopyridine, compound predominantly used as a drug in the treatment of rare muscle diseases	{ "page_id": 36963607, "source": null, "title": "C5H7N3" }
The molecular formula C16H10O5 (molar mass: 282.24 g/mol, exact mass: 282.052823 u) may refer to: Damnacanthal, an anthraquinone Pseudobaptigenin, an isoflavone	{ "page_id": 26346775, "source": null, "title": "C16H10O5" }
An Measured Environmental Concentration (MEC) relates to a chemical substance found in an environmental sample. The concentration of the compound may result from direct contamination, transformation and/or metabolization of a different chemical contaminant, natural origin or a combination of these sources. MEC is to be...	{ "page_id": 25625880, "source": null, "title": "Measured environmental concentration" }
The molecular formula C23H28N4O3 (molar mass: 408.50 g/mol) may refer to: Etonitazepipne (N-piperidino etonitazene) Isotonitazepyne Protonitazepyne	{ "page_id": 74712348, "source": null, "title": "C23H28N4O3" }
Sandip Trivedi (Hindi: सन्दिप त्रिवेदी; born 1963) is an Indian theoretical physicist working at Tata Institute for Fundamental Research (TIFR) at Mumbai, India, where had been the director. He is well known for his contributions to string theory, in particular finding (along with Renata Kallosh, Andrei Linde, and Sham...	{ "page_id": 21759262, "source": null, "title": "Sandip Trivedi" }
Jiaya Jia (Chinese: 贾佳亚) is a Chair Professor of the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology (HKUST). He is an IEEE Fellow, the associate editor-in-chief of one of IEEE’s flagship and premier journals- Transactions on Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence...	{ "page_id": 69469471, "source": null, "title": "Jiaya Jia" }
of ICCV, CVPR, AAAI, ECCV, and several other premium international AI conferences for years. He was on program committees of major conferences in graphics and computational imaging, including ICCP, SIGGRAPH, and SIGGRAPH Asia. == Research == The research areas of Jiaya Jia are computer vision, large X models, and deep ...	{ "page_id": 69469471, "source": null, "title": "Jiaya Jia" }
and Practical Solvers for Uniform Motion Deblurring (in Motion Deblurring: Algorithms and Systems), Cambridge University Press, ISBN 9781107044364, 2014; Jiaya Jia: “Matte Extraction” Book: Computer Vision - A Reference Guide, Springer, ISBN 9780387307718 Editor-in-chief: Ikeuchi, Katsushi; Jiaya Jia, Chi-Keung Tang：Im...	{ "page_id": 69469471, "source": null, "title": "Jiaya Jia" }
New eugenics, also known as liberal eugenics (a term coined by bioethicist Nicholas Agar), advocates enhancing human characteristics and capacities through the use of reproductive technology and human genetic engineering. Those who advocate new eugenics generally think selecting or altering embryos should be left to th...	{ "page_id": 1115424, "source": null, "title": "New eugenics" }
than fail, and that it is acceptable to ensure that progeny has a chance of achieving this success. Ethical arguments against new eugenics include the claim that creating designer babies is not in the best interest of society as it might create a breach between genetically modified individuals and natural individuals. ...	{ "page_id": 1115424, "source": null, "title": "New eugenics" }
Noruron (or norea) is a premërgent urea herbicide active ingredient. It is considered obsolete, but may still be used. Introduced in the US in 1062, was used to control grass weeds and broadleaf weeds on crops including broomcorn, cotton, potatoes, sugarcane, spinach, soybeans and sorghum. Noruron is not approved for u...	{ "page_id": 80020768, "source": null, "title": "Noruron" }
The Harvard Computers were a team of women working as skilled workers to process astronomical data at the Harvard College Observatory in Cambridge, Massachusetts, United States. The team was directed by Edward Charles Pickering (1877 to 1919) and, following his death in 1919, by Annie Jump Cannon. The women were challe...	{ "page_id": 16385315, "source": null, "title": "Harvard Computers" }
to process it. Although some of Pickering's female staff were astronomy graduates, their wages were similar to those of unskilled workers. They usually earned between 25 and 50 cents per hour (between $8 and $16 in 2024), more than a factory worker but less than a clerical one. Most of the women depended financially on...	{ "page_id": 16385315, "source": null, "title": "Harvard Computers" }
and classify their spectrum. Their work was often segregated from men, so teams of male astronomers would take photographs of the stars in the evening and send them to the women at Harvard for analysis. The work included such tasks as classifying stars by calculating their exact position and movement, predicting the re...	{ "page_id": 16385315, "source": null, "title": "Harvard Computers" }
classified an average of 5,000 stars per month from the years 1912–1915. Florence Cushman helped organize and process the data. The catalog was published between 1918 and 1924. Following the death of Pickering (1919), Cannon took control of the projects. An extension to the original works was published between 1925 and...	{ "page_id": 16385315, "source": null, "title": "Harvard Computers" }
plates were very small. While at the university, Draper met the Harvard Observatory's current computers and was able to observe some of the observatory's current projects. After some deliberation and much consideration, Draper decided in 1886 to donate money and a telescope of her husband's to the Harvard Observatory i...	{ "page_id": 16385315, "source": null, "title": "Harvard Computers" }
career, Fleming was able to classify 10,000 spectra and found over 50 nebulae and over 300 stars. Fleming did not retire from working at the observatory, as she died at age 54 from pneumonia. === Antonia Maury === Antonia Maury (1866-1952) was an American astronomer who worked on calculating the orbit of a spectroscopi...	{ "page_id": 16385315, "source": null, "title": "Harvard Computers" }
(1857–1904) was an American astronomer who helped catalog stars for the Henry Draper Catalogue. Some of the first women who were hired to work as computers had familial connections to the Harvard Observatory’s male staff. For instance, Winlock, one of the first of the Harvard Computers, was the daughter of Joseph Winlo...	{ "page_id": 16385315, "source": null, "title": "Harvard Computers" }
type and causation of variation. Cannon, adding to work done by fellow computer Antonia Maury, greatly simplified [Pickering and Fleming's star classification based on temperature] system, and in 1922, the International Astronomical Union adopted [Cannon's] as the official classification system for stars....During Pick...	{ "page_id": 16385315, "source": null, "title": "Harvard Computers" }
=== Henrietta Swan Leavitt (1868-1921) was an American astronomer who worked to measure the distances between galaxies and determine the scale of modeling. Leavitt arrived at the observatory in 1893. She had experience through her college studies, traveling abroad, and teaching. In academia, Leavitt excelled in mathema...	{ "page_id": 16385315, "source": null, "title": "Harvard Computers" }
1888, she began work at the Harvard College Observatory as an employee of Edward Pickering. Her classifications of stellar spectra contributed to Henry Draper Catalogue between 1918 and 1934. She stayed as an astronomer at the Observatory until 1937 and died in 1940 at the age of 80. Cushman worked at the Harvard Colle...	{ "page_id": 16385315, "source": null, "title": "Harvard Computers" }
Backcrossing is a crossing of a hybrid with one of its parents or an individual genetically similar to its parent, to achieve offspring with a genetic identity closer to that of the parent. It is used in horticulture, animal breeding, and production of gene knockout organisms. Backcrossed hybrids are sometimes describe...	{ "page_id": 787748, "source": null, "title": "Backcrossing" }
the back-crossing between two plants. In this case, the filial generation formed after the back cross may have a phenotype ratio of 1:1 if the cross is made with recessive parent or else all offspring may be having phenotype of dominant trait if the backcross is with a parent having the dominant trait. The former of th...	{ "page_id": 787748, "source": null, "title": "Backcrossing" }
each parent are randomly shuffled and assigned to each nascent gamete, the percentage of genetic material deriving from either cell line varies between offspring of a single crossing, but will have an expected value. The genotype of each member of offspring may be assessed to choose not only an individual that carries ...	{ "page_id": 787748, "source": null, "title": "Backcrossing" }
A dense heterarchy is a hierarchical organization in social insect colonies in which the higher levels affect the lower levels and lower levels eventually influence the higher levels. Individual ants within the colony network are likely to have many connections with one another – making the network denser and non-hiera...	{ "page_id": 17302821, "source": null, "title": "Dense heterarchy" }
Imaginary time is a mathematical representation of time that appears in some approaches to special relativity and quantum mechanics. It finds uses in certain cosmological theories. Mathematically, imaginary time is real time which has undergone a Wick rotation so that its coordinates are multiplied by the imaginary uni...	{ "page_id": 2884904, "source": null, "title": "Imaginary time" }
other reasons. So what is real and what is imaginary? Is the distinction just in our minds?" In fact, the terms "real" and "imaginary" for numbers are just a historical accident, much like the terms "rational" and "irrational": "...the words real and imaginary are picturesque relics of an age when the nature of complex...	{ "page_id": 2884904, "source": null, "title": "Imaginary time" }
be rewritten in normalised form: d 2 = x 2 + y 2 + z 2 + τ 2 {\displaystyle d^{2}=x^{2}+y^{2}+z^{2}+\tau ^{2}} Similarly its four vector may then be written as ( x 0 , x 1 , x 2 , x 3 ) {\displaystyle (x_{0},x_{1},x_{2},x_{3})} where distances are represented as x n {\displaystyle x_{n}} , and x 0 = i c t {\displaystyl...	{ "page_id": 2884904, "source": null, "title": "Imaginary time" }
observations suggest that the Universe is open and will never shrink back to a Big Crunch. If this proves true, then the end-of-time boundary still remains.: 769–772 == See also == Euclidean quantum gravity Multiple time dimensions == References == == Further reading == Hawking, Stephen W. (1998). A Brief History of Ti...	{ "page_id": 2884904, "source": null, "title": "Imaginary time" }
A chimera or chimeric virus is a virus that contains genetic material derived from two or more distinct viruses. It is defined by the Center for Veterinary Biologics (part of the U.S. Department of Agriculture's Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service) as a "new hybrid microorganism created by joining nucleic acid f...	{ "page_id": 5637418, "source": null, "title": "Chimera (virus)" }
viral chimeras have also been found, and the group is known as the CHIV viruses ("chimeric viruses"). == As a bioweapon == Combining two pathogenic viruses increases the lethality of the new virus which is why there have been cases where chimeric viruses have been considered for use as a bioweapon. For example, the Sov...	{ "page_id": 5637418, "source": null, "title": "Chimera (virus)" }
In particle physics, every type of particle of "ordinary" matter (as opposed to antimatter) is associated with an antiparticle with the same mass but with opposite physical charges (such as electric charge). For example, the antiparticle of the electron is the positron (also known as an antielectron). While the electro...	{ "page_id": 1327, "source": null, "title": "Antiparticle" }
an unanswered one, and explanations so far are not truly satisfactory, overall. Because charge is conserved, it is not possible to create an antiparticle without either destroying another particle of the same charge (as is for instance the case when antiparticles are produced naturally via beta decay or the collision o...	{ "page_id": 1327, "source": null, "title": "Antiparticle" }
Chamberlain in 1955 at the University of California, Berkeley. Since then, the antiparticles of many other subatomic particles have been created in particle accelerator experiments. In recent years, complete atoms of antimatter have been assembled out of antiprotons and positrons, collected in electromagnetic traps. ==...	{ "page_id": 1327, "source": null, "title": "Antiparticle" }
p+ → γ + γ, where an electron and a proton annihilate to give two photons. Robert Oppenheimer and Igor Tamm, however, proved that this would cause ordinary matter to disappear too fast. A year later, in 1931, Dirac modified his theory and postulated the positron, a new particle of the same mass as the electron. The dis...	{ "page_id": 1327, "source": null, "title": "Antiparticle" }
annihilation in which a one particle quantum state may fluctuate into a two particle state and back. These processes are important in the vacuum state and renormalization of a quantum field theory. It also opens the way for neutral particle mixing through processes such as the one pictured here, which is a complicated ...	{ "page_id": 1327, "source": null, "title": "Antiparticle" }
− σ , n ⟩ , {\displaystyle T\ \|p,\sigma ,n\rangle \ \propto \ \|-p,-\sigma ,n\rangle ,} C P \| p , σ , n ⟩ ∝ \| − p , σ , n c ⟩ , {\displaystyle CP\ \|p,\sigma ,n\rangle \ \propto \ \|-p,\sigma ,n^{c}\rangle ,} C \| p , σ , n ⟩ ∝ \| p , σ , n c ⟩ , {\displaystyle C\ \|p,\sigma ,n\rangle \ \propto \ \|p,\sigma ,n^{c}\rangle ,} w...	{ "page_id": 1327, "source": null, "title": "Antiparticle" }
or 0. So one has to introduce the charge conjugate antiparticle field, with its own creation and annihilation operators satisfying the relations b k ′ = a k † a n d b k ′ † = a k , {\displaystyle b_{k\prime }=a_{k}^{\dagger }\ \mathrm {and} \ b_{k\prime }^{\dagger }=a_{k},\,} where k has the same p, and opposite σ and ...	{ "page_id": 1327, "source": null, "title": "Antiparticle" }
one kind of annihilation operator; therefore, real scalar fields describe neutral bosons. Since complex scalar fields admit two different kinds of annihilation operators, which are related by conjugation, such fields describe charged bosons. === Feynman–Stückelberg interpretation === By considering the propagation of t...	{ "page_id": 1327, "source": null, "title": "Antiparticle" }
Iron is a metal with strong redox activity. It exists mainly in the natural environment in two forms: divalent iron (Fe(II)) and trivalent iron (Fe(III)). It is one of the most widely distributed metals on Earth. While dissimilatory iron reduction is an anaerobic microbial process in which Fe(III) serves as a terminal ...	{ "page_id": 79627568, "source": null, "title": "Dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria" }
oxidized to acetate. == Importance in Biogeochemical Cycle == Iron reduction plays a key role in biogeochemical cycles, influencing a variety of environmental processes and the cycling of other elements. For example, processes such as nitrogen and sulfur cycles, anaerobic ammonium oxidation with iron reduction and sulf...	{ "page_id": 79627568, "source": null, "title": "Dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria" }
carbon dioxide, and energy are produced, is shown below. A wide variety of organic acids can be used as reductants for dissimilatory iron reduction. This process typically occurs on the cell surface or extracellularly. CH3COO- + 8Fe3+ + 3H2O -> 8Fe2+ + HCO3- + CO2 + 8H+ + 814 kJ/reaction === Electron transport === Bact...	{ "page_id": 79627568, "source": null, "title": "Dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria" }
to the cell in its oxidized form to repeat the cycle. This mechanism allows the bacteria to reduce iron at a distance. Pili (also known as nanowires), are electrically conductive appendages that facilitate long-range electron transfer and are produced by some iron-reducing bacteria, such as Geobacter sulfurreducens. Th...	{ "page_id": 79627568, "source": null, "title": "Dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria" }
mats from iron-rich hydrothermal environments also indicate that microbial iron cycling was active in early anoxic ecosystems. These ancient microbial communities may have contributed to Fe(III) accumulation and created conditions favorable for the emergence of iron-reducing pathways. === Sulfate-reducing bacteria (SRB...	{ "page_id": 79627568, "source": null, "title": "Dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria" }
iron reduction may become the dominant anaerobic respiration process. Environmental parameters such as redox potential, iron and sulfate availability, and organic matter content are key factors shaping the spatial distribution and activity of IRB and SRB in marine ecosystems. == Distribution and Environmental Condition...	{ "page_id": 79627568, "source": null, "title": "Dissimilatory iron reducing bacteria" }

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