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t 2 − ∇ → ⋅ ∇ → + η ζ ∗ m 2 ) = − ( ◻ + η ζ ∗ m 2 ) {\displaystyle D_{\rm {R}}D_{\rm {L}}=\left(i\sigma ^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }+\eta m\omega K\right)\left(i{\overline {\sigma }}^{\mu }\partial _{\mu }+\zeta m\omega K\right)=-\left(\partial _{t}^{2}-{\vec {\nabla }}\cdot {\vec {\nabla }}+\eta \zeta ^{*}m^{2}\right)=-\le...	{ "page_id": 33162584, "source": null, "title": "Weyl equation" }
invariant under the action of the Lorentz group. This means that, as boosts and rotations are applied, the form of the equation itself does not change. However, the form of the spinor ψ {\displaystyle \psi } itself does change. Ignoring spacetime entirely, the algebra of the spinors is described by a (complexified) Cli...	{ "page_id": 33162584, "source": null, "title": "Weyl equation" }
defined formal structures to be interpreted as fermions. For ( p , q ) = ( 1 , 3 ) {\displaystyle (p,q)=(1,3)} dimensional Minkowski space-time, there are only two such spinors possible, by convention labelled "left" and "right", as described above. A more formal, general presentation of Weyl spinors can be found in th...	{ "page_id": 33162584, "source": null, "title": "Weyl equation" }
is termed spin geometry. === Mathematical definition === For even n {\displaystyle n} , the even subalgebra C l 0 ( n ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} l^{0}(n)} of the complex Clifford algebra C l ( n ) {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} l(n)} is isomorphic to E n d ( C N / 2 ) ⊕ E n d ( C N / 2 ) =: Δ n + ⊕ Δ n − {\displaystyle \...	{ "page_id": 33162584, "source": null, "title": "Weyl equation" }
just fancy notation denoting the product S p i n ( p , q ) × S 1 {\displaystyle \mathrm {Spin} (p,q)\times S^{1}} with opposite points ( s , u ) = ( − s , − u ) {\displaystyle (s,u)=(-s,-u)} identified (a double covering). The Majorana spinor is again a pair of Weyl spinors, but this time arranged so that the left-hand...	{ "page_id": 33162584, "source": null, "title": "Weyl equation" }
26288972. Vishwanath, Ashvin (8 September 2015). "Where the Weyl things are". APS Physics. Vol. 8. Retrieved 22 November 2018. Jia, Shuang; Xu, Su-Yang; Hasan, M. Zahid (25 October 2016). "Weyl semimetals, Fermi arcs and chiral anomaly". Nature Materials. 15 (11): 1140–1144. arXiv:1612.00416. Bibcode:2016NatMa..15.1140...	{ "page_id": 33162584, "source": null, "title": "Weyl equation" }
Optical Materials Express is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Optica. It covers advances in and applications of optical materials, including but not limited to nonlinear optical materials, laser media, nanomaterials, metamaterials and biomaterials. Its editor-in-chief is Andrea Alù (City Universi...	{ "page_id": 67110231, "source": null, "title": "Optical Materials Express" }
The Protein Common Interface Database (ProtCID) is a database of similar protein-protein interfaces in crystal structures of homologous proteins. Its main goal is to identify and cluster homodimeric and heterodimeric interfaces observed in multiple crystal forms of homologous proteins. Such interfaces, especially of no...	{ "page_id": 31720794, "source": null, "title": "ProtCID" }
A maritime forest is an ocean coastal wooded habitat found on higher ground than dune areas within range of salt spray. They can be found along the Atlantic and Pacific Northwest coasts of the United States. The maritime forests of the southeast U.S. are often laurel forests. They can also be found in areas of South-Ea...	{ "page_id": 24708443, "source": null, "title": "Maritime forest" }
This article contains a list of the most studied restriction enzymes whose names start with E to F inclusive. It contains approximately 110 enzymes. The following information is given: Enzyme: Accepted name of the molecule, according to the internationally adopted nomenclature, and bibliographical references. (Further ...	{ "page_id": 27460957, "source": null, "title": "List of restriction enzyme cutting sites: E–F" }
The eastern blot, or eastern blotting, is a biochemical technique used to analyze protein post-translational modifications including the addition of lipids, phosphates, and glycoconjugates. It is most often used to detect carbohydrate epitopes. Thus, eastern blot can be considered an extension of the biochemical techni...	{ "page_id": 21890398, "source": null, "title": "Eastern blot" }
RNA (resolved by agarose) which is then immobilized. The immobilized RNA is then probed using DNA. (1996) Eastern-western blot was first used by Bogdanov et al. The method involved blotting of phospholipids on polyvinylidene fluorideor nitrocellulose membrane prior to transfer of proteins onto the same nitrocellulose m...	{ "page_id": 21890398, "source": null, "title": "Eastern blot" }
molecules. The method is similar to southwestern blot. (2006) Eastern blotting has been used to refer to the detection of fusion proteins through complementation. The name is based on the use of an enzyme activator (EA) as part of the detection. (2009) Eastern blotting has most recently been re-dubbed by Thomas et al. ...	{ "page_id": 21890398, "source": null, "title": "Eastern blot" }
A summary of more recent improvements of the protocol has been provided by H. Freeze. == Applications == One application of the technique includes detection of protein modifications in two bacterial species Ehrlichia- E. muris and IOE. Cholera toxin B subunit (which binds to gangliosides), concanavalin A (which detects...	{ "page_id": 21890398, "source": null, "title": "Eastern blot" }
Distributional Soft Actor Critic (DSAC) is a suite of model-free off-policy reinforcement learning algorithms, tailored for learning decision-making or control policies in complex systems with continuous action spaces. Distinct from traditional methods that focus solely on expected returns, DSAC algorithms are designed...	{ "page_id": 75236706, "source": null, "title": "Distributional Soft Actor Critic" }
The molecular formula C14H16N4O3 (molar mass: 288.302 g/mol, exact mass: 288.1222 u) may refer to: Obidoxime Piromidic acid	{ "page_id": 61539682, "source": null, "title": "C14H16N4O3" }
An Elementary Treatise on Electricity is a posthumously published treatise on electricity by James Clerk Maxwell that was edited by William Garnett. The book was published in 1881 by Oxford University Press two years after Maxwell died in 1879. The editor's note at the beginning of the book states that most of the book...	{ "page_id": 16909668, "source": null, "title": "An Elementary Treatise on Electricity" }
Elementary Treatise, those chapters are largely constructed from material from the larger work. The purpose of the book is stated in the fragmentary preface by Maxwell himself:The aim of the following treatise is different from that of my larger treatise on electricity and magnetism. In the larger treatise the reader i...	{ "page_id": 16909668, "source": null, "title": "An Elementary Treatise on Electricity" }
the less technical presentation of the Elementary Treatise, the latter has been called "the final, unfinished expression of the understanding [Maxwell] achieved by studying and extending Faraday's work". Maxwell's relationship with Michael Faraday's work was foundational: as a young man, embarking on his study of elect...	{ "page_id": 16909668, "source": null, "title": "An Elementary Treatise on Electricity" }
their hieroglyphics that we also might work upon them by experiment. An important feature of the Elementary Treatise, therefore, is that it does not contain Maxwell's famous equations. In Chapter VI, article 93, Maxwell writes "we may proceed by mathematical methods" or we may employ "the humbler method of actually dra...	{ "page_id": 16909668, "source": null, "title": "An Elementary Treatise on Electricity" }
out that in the Elementary Treatise "Maxwell distinguishes sharply between the relations between the phenomena and the phenomena themselves". This has important consequences for Maxwell's views on scientific explanation: "it is clear that Maxwell does not take his physical analogies and fictional models to be explanato...	{ "page_id": 16909668, "source": null, "title": "An Elementary Treatise on Electricity" }
Sexually active life expectancy is the average number of years remaining for a person to be sexually active. This population-based indicator extends the concept of health expectancy to the measure of sexuality (via sexual activity). Calculation of sexually active life expectancy uses the age-specific prevalence data on...	{ "page_id": 26740075, "source": null, "title": "Sexually active life expectancy" }
of two large population-based U.S. surveys found that, on average, women expect fewer years of sexual activity, mainly due to prevalent widowhood among older women. This gender disparity is attenuated for people with a spouse or other intimate partner. The study also found that men tend to lose more years of sexually a...	{ "page_id": 26740075, "source": null, "title": "Sexually active life expectancy" }
such as arthritis, can also greatly affect a person's sexual activities, however, this is evident for any age range. Factors such as a decrease in self esteem, confidence, and cognitive function can prohibit an older person from participating in sex or romantic partnerships. Having to live in an assisted living home ha...	{ "page_id": 26740075, "source": null, "title": "Sexually active life expectancy" }
capacity of cognitively impaired residents. Physicians can play a key role in removing barriers to sexual expression. == References == == Further reading == "Men Have Longer Life Expectancy, Study Says". NBC News. AP. March 10, 2010. Deardorff, Julie (March 12, 2010). "Study examines sexually active life expectancy". C...	{ "page_id": 26740075, "source": null, "title": "Sexually active life expectancy" }
Chemical graph theory is the topology branch of mathematical chemistry which applies graph theory to mathematical modelling of chemical phenomena. The pioneers of chemical graph theory are Alexandru Balaban, Ante Graovac, Iván Gutman, Haruo Hosoya, Milan Randić and Nenad Trinajstić (also Harry Wiener and others). In 19...	{ "page_id": 14222708, "source": null, "title": "Chemical graph theory" }
A charge density wave (CDW) is an ordered quantum fluid of electrons in a linear chain compound or layered crystal. The electrons within a CDW form a standing wave pattern and sometimes collectively carry an electric current. The electrons in such a CDW, like those in a superconductor, can flow through a linear chain c...	{ "page_id": 9504117, "source": null, "title": "Charge density wave" }
electronic states at ±kF as compared to their original Fermi energy EF. The temperature below which such gaps form is known as the Peierls transition temperature, TP. The electron spins are spatially modulated to form a standing spin wave in a spin density wave (SDW). A SDW can be viewed as two CDWs for the spin-up and...	{ "page_id": 9504117, "source": null, "title": "Charge density wave" }
momentum space along with the entire Fermi sea, leading to an electric current proportional to dφ/dt. However, as discussed in subsequent sections, even an incommensurate CDW cannot move freely, but is pinned by impurities. Moreover, interaction with normal carriers leads to dissipative transport, unlike a superconduct...	{ "page_id": 9504117, "source": null, "title": "Charge density wave" }
chain compounds, such as transition metal trichalcogenides, was reported in 1976 by Monceau et al., who observed enhanced electrical conduction at increased electric fields in NbSe3. The nonlinear contribution to the electrical conductivity σ vs. field E was fit to a Landau-Zener tunneling characteristic ~ exp[-E0/E] (...	{ "page_id": 9504117, "source": null, "title": "Charge density wave" }
optimizing both the elastic strain energy due to spatial gradients in φ and the pinning energy. Two limits that emerge from FLR include weak pinning, typically from isoelectronic impurities, where the optimum phase is spread over many impurities and the depinning field scales as ni2 (ni being the impurity concentration...	{ "page_id": 9504117, "source": null, "title": "Charge density wave" }
equation. The narrow-band noise and related phenomena result from the periodic buildup of electrostatic charging energy and thus do not depend on the detailed shape of the washboard pinning potential. Both a soliton pair-creation threshold and a higher classical depinning field emerge from the model, which views the CD...	{ "page_id": 9504117, "source": null, "title": "Charge density wave" }
The convection–diffusion equation is a parabolic partial differential equation that combines the diffusion and convection (advection) equations. It describes physical phenomena where particles, energy, or other physical quantities are transferred inside a physical system due to two processes: diffusion and convection. ...	{ "page_id": 19662199, "source": null, "title": "Convection–diffusion equation" }
if thermal energy is being generated by friction. ∇ represents gradient and ∇ ⋅ represents divergence. In this equation, ∇c represents concentration gradient. In general, D, v, and R may vary with space and time. In cases in which they depend on concentration as well, the equation becomes nonlinear, giving rise to many...	{ "page_id": 19662199, "source": null, "title": "Convection–diffusion equation" }
of the system is proportional to the local concentration gradient. Second, when there is overall convection or flow, there is an associated flux called advective flux: j adv = v c {\displaystyle \mathbf {j} _{\text{adv}}=\mathbf {v} c} The total flux (in a stationary coordinate system) is given by the sum of these two:...	{ "page_id": 19662199, "source": null, "title": "Convection–diffusion equation" }
its characteristic equation can be obtained: i ω c ~ + v ⋅ i k c ~ = 0 → ω = − k ⋅ v , {\displaystyle i\omega {\tilde {c}}+\mathbf {v} \cdot i\mathbf {k} {\tilde {c}}=0\rightarrow \omega =-\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {v} ,} which gives the general solution: c = f ( x − v t ) , {\displaystyle c=f(\mathbf {x} -\mathbf {v} ...	{ "page_id": 19662199, "source": null, "title": "Convection–diffusion equation" }
and: g ( x ) = − 1 D ( x ) ∫ x R ( x ′ ) d x ′ {\displaystyle g(x)=-{\frac {1}{D(x)}}\int _{x}R(x')dx'} On the other hand, in the positions x where D=0, the first-order diffusion term disappears and the solution becomes simply the ratio: c ( x ) = 1 v ( x ) ∫ x R ( x ′ ) d x ′ {\displaystyle c(x)={\frac {1}{v(x)}}\int ...	{ "page_id": 19662199, "source": null, "title": "Convection–diffusion equation" }
is expected to agree with the Boltzmann distribution (more precisely, the Gibbs measure). From this assumption, the Einstein relation can be proven: D ζ = k B T . {\displaystyle D\zeta =k_{\mathrm {B} }T.} == Similar equations in other contexts == The convection–diffusion equation is a relatively simple equation descri...	{ "page_id": 19662199, "source": null, "title": "Convection–diffusion equation" }
convection–diffusion equation (with R = 0) can be viewed as the Fokker-Planck equation, corresponding to random motion with diffusivity D and bias v. For example, the equation can describe the Brownian motion of a single particle, where the variable c describes the probability distribution for the particle to be in a g...	{ "page_id": 19662199, "source": null, "title": "Convection–diffusion equation" }
to electrons and holes respectively, ⁠Jn/−q⁠ and ⁠Jp/q⁠ are the corresponding "particle currents" of electrons and holes respectively, R represents carrier generation and recombination (R > 0 for generation of electron-hole pairs, R < 0 for recombination.) E is the electric field vector μ n {\displaystyle \mu _{n}} and...	{ "page_id": 19662199, "source": null, "title": "Convection–diffusion equation" }
Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-05146-3. ISBN 978-3-642-05145-6. == Further reading == Sewell, Granville (1988). The Numerical Solution of Ordinary and Partial Differential Equations. Academic Press. ISBN 0-12-637475-9.	{ "page_id": 19662199, "source": null, "title": "Convection–diffusion equation" }
The analytical profile index, or API, is a classification system for bacteria based on biochemical tests. The system was developed to accelerate the speed of identifying clinically relevant bacteria. It can only be used to identify known species from an index. The data obtained are phenotypic traits. DNA sequence-based...	{ "page_id": 17630584, "source": null, "title": "Analytical profile index" }
this is done by a quick oxidase test for cytochrome coxidase. Enterobacteriaceae are typically oxidase negative, meaning they either do not use oxygen as an electron acceptor in the electron transport chain, or they use a different cytochrome enzyme for transferring electrons to oxygen. If the culture is determined to ...	{ "page_id": 17630584, "source": null, "title": "Analytical profile index" }
the organism through a database or identification software. == References == == Further reading == United States Patent Office, Patent Number 3936356 [1] API System: a Multitube Micromethod for Identification of Enterobacteriaceae, P. B. Smith, K. M. Tomfohrde, D. L. Rhoden, and A. BalowsCenter for Disease Control, Atl...	{ "page_id": 17630584, "source": null, "title": "Analytical profile index" }
In data science, dynamic mode decomposition (DMD) is a dimensionality reduction algorithm developed by Peter J. Schmid and Joern Sesterhenn in 2008. Given a time series of data, DMD computes a set of modes, each of which is associated with a fixed oscillation frequency and decay/growth rate. For linear systems in parti...	{ "page_id": 19858814, "source": null, "title": "Dynamic mode decomposition" }
V 2 N = A V 1 N − 1 + r e N − 1 T , {\displaystyle V_{2}^{N}=AV_{1}^{N-1}+re_{N-1}^{T},} where r {\displaystyle r} is the vector of residuals that accounts for behaviors that cannot be described completely by A {\displaystyle A} , e N − 1 = { 0 , 0 , … , 1 } ∈ R N − 1 {\displaystyle e_{N-1}=\{0,0,\ldots ,1\}\in \mathbb...	{ "page_id": 19858814, "source": null, "title": "Dynamic mode decomposition" }
{\displaystyle v_{N}} , which is written as v N = a 1 v 1 + a 2 v 2 + ⋯ + a N − 1 v N − 1 + r = V 1 N − 1 a + r , {\displaystyle v_{N}=a_{1}v_{1}+a_{2}v_{2}+\dots +a_{N-1}v_{N-1}+r=V_{1}^{N-1}a+r,} where a = a 1 , a 2 , … , a N − 1 {\displaystyle a={a_{1},a_{2},\dots ,a_{N-1}}} is a set of coefficients DMD must identif...	{ "page_id": 19858814, "source": null, "title": "Dynamic mode decomposition" }
is much smaller than A {\displaystyle A} , so the computational cost of DMD is determined by the number of snapshots rather than the size of a snapshot. === The SVD-based approach === Instead of computing the companion matrix S {\displaystyle S} , the SVD-based approach yields the matrix S ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {S}}...	{ "page_id": 19858814, "source": null, "title": "Dynamic mode decomposition" }
eigenvector of S ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {S}}} , then U y {\displaystyle Uy} is an eigenvector of A {\displaystyle A} . In summary, the SVD-based approach is as follows: Split the time series of data in V 1 N {\displaystyle V_{1}^{N}} into the two matrices V 1 N − 1 {\displaystyle V_{1}^{N-1}} and V 2 N {\displaystyle...	{ "page_id": 19858814, "source": null, "title": "Dynamic mode decomposition" }
of that approach: (i) the difficulty of DMD mode selection, and (ii) the sensitivity of DMD to noise or other errors in the last snapshot of the time series. Optimized DMD recasts the DMD procedure as an optimization problem where the identified linear operator has a fixed rank. Furthermore, unlike DMD which perfectly ...	{ "page_id": 19858814, "source": null, "title": "Dynamic mode decomposition" }
DMD modes, and is an alternative approach to the DMD mode selection problem that can be solved efficiently using convex optimization techniques. Multi-Resolution DMD: Multi-Resolution DMD (mrDMD) is a combination of the techniques used in multiresolution analysis with Exact DMD designed to robust extracting DMD modes a...	{ "page_id": 19858814, "source": null, "title": "Dynamic mode decomposition" }
overfitting, requires less training data, and is often less computationally expensive to build than standard DMD models. Measure-preserving EDMD: Measure-preserving extended DMD (mpEDMD) offers a Galerkin method whose eigendecomposition converges to the spectral quantities of the Koopman operators for general measure-p...	{ "page_id": 19858814, "source": null, "title": "Dynamic mode decomposition" }
DMD. For a more comprehensive list, see Tu et al. == Examples == === Trailing edge of a profile === The wake of an obstacle in the flow may develop a Kármán vortex street. The Fig.1 shows the shedding of a vortex behind the trailing edge of a profile. The DMD-analysis was applied to 90 sequential Entropy fields (animat...	{ "page_id": 19858814, "source": null, "title": "Dynamic mode decomposition" }
2 ℜ { e i ( k x − ω t ) } + random noise {\displaystyle q(x,y,t)=e^{-i\omega t}{\hat {q}}(x,t)e^{-(y/b)^{2}}\Re \left\{e^{i(kx-\omega t)}\right\}+{\text{random noise}}} With the time as the preselected exponential factor. A sample is given in the following figure with ω = 2 π / 0.1 {\displaystyle \omega =2\pi /0.1} , b...	{ "page_id": 19858814, "source": null, "title": "Dynamic mode decomposition" }
numerical and experimental data. In Bull. Amer. Phys. Soc., 61st APS meeting, p. 208. San Antonio. Hasselmann, K., 1988. POPs and PIPs. The reduction of complex dynamical systems using principal oscillation and interaction patterns. J. Geophys. Res., 93(D9): 10975–10988.	{ "page_id": 19858814, "source": null, "title": "Dynamic mode decomposition" }
Tenet is a 2020 science fiction action thriller film written and directed by Christopher Nolan, who also produced it with his wife Emma Thomas. It stars John David Washington, Robert Pattinson, Elizabeth Debicki, Dimple Kapadia, Michael Caine, and Kenneth Branagh. The film follows a former CIA agent who is recruited in...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
time. With his handler Neil, he traces inverted munitions to Priya Singh, an arms dealer in Mumbai. Priya reveals that she is a member of Tenet, and the man who inverted her bullets, Russian oligarch Andrei Sator, is communicating with the future. Sator's estranged wife Kat Barton is an art appraiser who authenticated ...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
enters the turnstile, followed by Neil and Kat. In Oslo, Priya tells him Sator now has all nine pieces of the "Algorithm", a device that future antagonists need to invert the entropy of the world and destroy its past. Priya had planned for Sator to get the artifact to reveal the other eight pieces in preparing his dead...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
He leaves them his piece of the algorithm to invert and sacrifice himself in the hypocenter. Later, in London, Priya plans to kill Kat to maintain the secrecy of Tenet. Having realized that he is Tenet’s creator, the Protagonist kills Priya and watches Kat leave with her son. == Cast == Also appearing are Jefferson Hal...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
going to make any case for this being scientifically accurate". Commenting on the scientific aspects of writing the script, he stated: "I think the scientific method is the best tool we have for analyzing and understanding the world around us ... I've been very inspired by working with great scientists like Kip Thorne,...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
diaries in which he expanded the Protagonist's backstory. Pattinson took some of Neil's mannerisms from political journalist and author Christopher Hitchens. Kat was originally going to be an older woman, but Debicki's appearance in Widows (2018) convinced the filmmakers otherwise. The casting of Dimple Kapadia, Aaron ...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
as the fictional Oslo Freeport. Barbara's office was built in a former law court, the Tallinn Freeport exterior was at the city docks, and a room at the Hilton Tallinn Park Hotel was also used. Mayor of Tallinn Mihhail Kõlvart expressed concerns about potential disruptions, as the shooting schedule required that the ar...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
desert, while the cavernous insides of the Hypocenter were fashioned on Warner Soundstage 16, their largest, with 32,130 square feet. Tenet wrapped on November 12, after 96 days of shooting. Director of photography Hoyte van Hoytema employed a combination of 70 mm film and IMAX, prioritizing Panavision lenses that woul...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
distorted industrial noise and, to represent Sator's irradiated breathing, asked Nolan to tape his own breath in a studio. Göransson produced ten to fifteen minutes of music each week. The first scoring session was held in November 2019, and sessions continued into early 2020. During the COVID-19 pandemic, Göransson re...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
involved dual promotions with the watch manufacturer Hamilton and Fortnite, both of whom assisted in increasing public awareness of the forthcoming film. Hamilton featured Washington wearing the watch and endorsing it in multiple ad campaigns, while Fortnite developer Epic Games worked on the pre-release trailer for th...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
in the country in response of a potential COVID-19 surge, becoming the last major Asian country to do so. The film was re-released in theaters for exclusive IMAX screenings in 70 mm formats for an exclusive one-week theatrical window from February 23 to March 1, 2024. It also included footage to promote the release of ...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
film would need to make $400–500 million to break even. In November 2020, rival studios expected the film to lose up to $100 million, but Warner Bros. insisted losses would not top $50 million. Nolan received twenty percent of the film's first-dollar gross. The film was projected to make $25–30 million internationally ...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
office its fifth weekend with $2.7 million, before ceding the number one spot to The War with Grandpa its sixth weekend. The film's worldwide 2024 IMAX re-release began on February 23, 2024, in 55 IMAX locations, including 12 showing the film in 70mm, opening against the one-week North American engagement of the Dolby ...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
Rolling Stone, Peter Travers described the film as "pure, ravishing cinema" and called Washington a "star-in-the-making" who "brings a natural athletic grace to the stunts and hand-to-hand combat". The Dispatch's Alec Dent found Tenet to have "a gloriously innovative storyline with incredible visuals to match". Mark Da...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
blissfully empty spectacle". LA Weekly's Asher Luberto also highlighted the similarities between Tenet and the James Bond films, but also felt it was "a daring, surprising and entirely original piece of work, reverent in its spectacle and haunting in its mesmerizing, dreamlike form". Branagh's character was described b...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
the 93rd Academy Awards, winning the latter. At the 74th British Academy Film Awards, the film won the Best Special Visual Effects award, and also won an award in the same category at the 26th Critics' Choice Awards, out of its five nominations. It received a nomination for Best Original Score at the 78th Golden Globe ...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
there are five simultaneous Neils (that are known) in the world during the moments of the climactic scene inside the Stalsk-12 hypocenter where he dies (two inverted and one normal on the battlefield, one inverted at the opera siege and one more normal somewhere else in the world who will later meet the Protagonist in ...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
is uncertainty in Tenet regarding the grandfather paradox and whether the use of the Algorithm in the future, wiping out the past (the time of the events in Tenet), would also wipe out the future. Tenet has been interpreted as a war between past and future. === Scientific accuracy === The plot revolves around reversing...	{ "page_id": 59770239, "source": null, "title": "Tenet (film)" }
RNA-based evolution is a theory that posits that RNA is not merely an intermediate between Watson and Crick model of the DNA molecule and proteins, but rather a far more dynamic and independent role-player in determining phenotype. By regulating the transcription in DNA sequences, the stability of RNA, and the capabili...	{ "page_id": 24970625, "source": null, "title": "RNA-based evolution" }
a fine dynamic of disorder and order that facilitate an efficient structure formation. RNA strands form complementary base pairs. These complementary strands of RNA base pair with another strand, which results in a three-dimensional shape from the paired strands folding in on itself. The formation of the secondary stru...	{ "page_id": 24970625, "source": null, "title": "RNA-based evolution" }
RNA stability === Phenotype may also be determined by the number of RNA molecules, as more RNA transcripts lead to a greater expression of protein. Short tails of repetitive nucleic acids are often added to the ends of RNA molecules in order to prevent degradation, effectively increasing the number of RNA strands able ...	{ "page_id": 24970625, "source": null, "title": "RNA-based evolution" }
in concert with one another and produce networks of regulating processes that allow a greater variety of proteins to be expressed than those strictly directed by the genome. These RNA processing events can also be passed on from generation to generation via reverse transcription into the genome. Over time, RNA networks...	{ "page_id": 24970625, "source": null, "title": "RNA-based evolution" }
also == RNA world == References ==	{ "page_id": 24970625, "source": null, "title": "RNA-based evolution" }
Supramolecular polymers are a subset of polymers where the monomeric units are connected by reversible and highly directional secondary interactions–that is, non-covalent bonds. These non-covalent interactions include van der Waals interactions, hydrogen bonding, Coulomb or ionic interactions, π-π stacking, metal coord...	{ "page_id": 9176452, "source": null, "title": "Supramolecular polymer" }
carboxylic acid and pyridine termini. The idea to make mechanically strong polymeric materials by 1D supramolecular association of small molecules requires a high association constant between the repeating building blocks. In 1997, E.W. "Bert" Meijer reported a telechelic monomer with ureidopyrimidinone termini as a "s...	{ "page_id": 9176452, "source": null, "title": "Supramolecular polymer" }
model (K represents the total binding interaction between two neighboring monomers). In isodesmic supramolecular polymerization, no critical temperature or concentration of monomers is required for the polymerization to occur and the association constant between polymer and monomer is independent of the polymer chain l...	{ "page_id": 9176452, "source": null, "title": "Supramolecular polymer" }
analogue of chain-growth supramolecular polymerization, a challenging prerequisite is the design of appropriate monomers that can polymerize only by the action of initiators. Recently one example of chain-growth supramolecular polymerization with "living" characteristics is demonstrated. In this case, a bowl-shaped mon...	{ "page_id": 9176452, "source": null, "title": "Supramolecular polymer" }
J-aggregate particles, long fibers can be prepared via living seeded supramolecular polymerization. Frank Würthner achieved similar seeded supramolecular polymerization of amide functionalized perylene bisimide as monomer. Importantly, the seeded supramolecular polymerization is also applicable to prepare supramolecula...	{ "page_id": 9176452, "source": null, "title": "Supramolecular polymer" }
Harada was one of the firstwhorecognize the importance of combining polymers and cyclodextrins. Feihe Huang showed an example of supramolecular alternating copolymer from two heteroditopic monomers carrying both crown ether and ammonium ion termini. Takeharo Haino demonstrated an extreme example of sequence control in ...	{ "page_id": 9176452, "source": null, "title": "Supramolecular polymer" }
copolymers, however supramolecular copolymers are still in its infancy and is slowly progressing. In recent years, all plausible category of supramolecular copolymers such as random, alternating, block, blocky, or periodic has been demonstrated in a broad sense. == Properties == Supramolecular polymers are the subject ...	{ "page_id": 9176452, "source": null, "title": "Supramolecular polymer" }
glassy material that can self-heal at room temperature remained a challenge until recently. A supramolecularly polymer based on ether-thiourea is mechanically robust (e= 1.4 GPa) but can self-heal at room temperature by a compression at the fractured surfaces. The invention of self-healable polymer glass updated the pr...	{ "page_id": 9176452, "source": null, "title": "Supramolecular polymer" }
Multiple cellular stimuli could induce responses in supramolecular polymers. The dynamic molecular skeletons of supramolecular polymers can be depolymerized when exposing to the external stimuli like pH in vivo. On the basis of this property, supramolecular polymers are capable of being a drug carrier. Making use of hy...	{ "page_id": 9176452, "source": null, "title": "Supramolecular polymer" }
kinetics of the dynamic crosslinks. To slow the dissociation rate (kd), a stronger enthalpic driving force is needed for the second guest association (ka) to release more of the conformationally restricted water from the CB(8] cavity. In other words, the hydrophobic second guest exhibited the highest Keq and lowest kd ...	{ "page_id": 9176452, "source": null, "title": "Supramolecular polymer" }
Aggregation of trans-1,2-Bis(acylamino)cyclohexane Containing a Mesogenic Moiety". Chemistry Letters. 27 (3): 193–194. doi:10.1246/cl.1998.193. ISSN 0366-7022. Yano K, Itoh Y, Araoka F, Watanabe G, Hikima T, Aida T (January 2019). "Nematic-to-columnar mesophase transition by in situ supramolecular polymerization". Scie...	{ "page_id": 9176452, "source": null, "title": "Supramolecular polymer" }
A human–animal hybrid and animal–human hybrid is an organism that incorporates elements from both humans and non-human animals. Technically, in a human–animal hybrid, each cell has both human and non-human genetic material. It is in contrast to an individual where some cells are human and some are derived from a differ...	{ "page_id": 47449480, "source": null, "title": "Human–animal hybrid" }
and pathologies. Humanized mice are commonly used as small animal models in biological and medical research for human therapeutics including infectious diseases and cancer. For example, genetically modified mice may be born with human leukocyte antigen genes in order to provide a more realistic environment when introdu...	{ "page_id": 47449480, "source": null, "title": "Human–animal hybrid" }
beings crossing species boundaries, arguing that it interferes with the fundamental 'right to exist' possessed by each animal species. "One doesn't have to be religious or into animal rights to think this doesn't make sense," he has argued when expressing support for anti-chimera and anti-hybrid legislation. As well, W...	{ "page_id": 47449480, "source": null, "title": "Human–animal hybrid" }
Union Address, in which he called for the prohibition of "human cloning in all its forms", "creating or implanting embryos for experiments", "creating human-animal hybrids", and also "buying, selling, or patenting human embryos". He argued, "A hopeful society has institutions of science and medicine that do not cut eth...	{ "page_id": 47449480, "source": null, "title": "Human–animal hybrid" }
proposal was signed into law by then Governor Jan Brewer. Its sponsor stated that it was needed to clarify important "ethical boundaries" in research. == In myth == For thousands of years, these hybrids have been one of the most common themes in storytelling about animals throughout the world. The lack of a strong divi...	{ "page_id": 47449480, "source": null, "title": "Human–animal hybrid" }
with various elements of ancient Egyptian society ebbing and flowing into those cultures in particular. Prominent examples in ancient Egyptian religion, featuring some of the earliest such hybrid beings, include the canine-like god of death known as Anubis and the lion-like Sphinx. Other instances of these types of cha...	{ "page_id": 47449480, "source": null, "title": "Human–animal hybrid" }
of a sow and ends up being born as a half-man/half-pig entity. With the head and ears of a pig coupled with a human body, his already animal-like sense of selfishness from his past life remains. Killing and eating his mother as well as devouring his brothers, he makes his way to a mountain hideout, spending his days pr...	{ "page_id": 47449480, "source": null, "title": "Human–animal hybrid" }
as sharp talons. The character picked up revived attention when an interpretation of it appeared in William Peter Blatty's 1971 novel The Exorcist and the Academy Award winning 1973 film adaption of the same name, with the demon possessing the body of an innocent young girl. The movie, regarded as one of the greatest h...	{ "page_id": 47449480, "source": null, "title": "Human–animal hybrid" }
creature, gets associated with a being referred to as the "Set animal" by Egyptologists. Khonsu, (god of the moon disc) depicted as a man with a falcons head and or as a human child, both with a moon disc on top of the head. Examples from other geographic areas include: Cernunnos, a historic Celtic deity, has been adap...	{ "page_id": 47449480, "source": null, "title": "Human–animal hybrid" }
the other way around— humans are so rabbit?" Writer H. G. Wells created his famous work The Island of Doctor Moreau, featuring a mixture of horror and science fiction elements, to promote the anti-vivisection cause as a part of his long-time advocacy for animal rights. Wells' story describes a man stuck on an island ru...	{ "page_id": 47449480, "source": null, "title": "Human–animal hybrid" }
Seas Entertainment. An anime television series adaptation by Haoliners Animation League aired in Japan from July to September 2017. === Films === The 1986 horror film The Fly features a deformed and monstrous human-fly hybrid, played by actor Jeff Goldblum. His character, scientist Seth Brundle, undergoes a teleportati...	{ "page_id": 47449480, "source": null, "title": "Human–animal hybrid" }

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