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the passage of the disk from rest to rotation in such a fashion that both the length of the radius and the length of the periphery, measured with respect to the comoving frame of reference, remain unchanged" 1975: Øyvind Grøn writes a classic review paper about solutions of the "paradox". 1977: Grünbaum and Janis intro...	{ "page_id": 2819556, "source": null, "title": "Ehrenfest paradox" }
summarized as follows: Small distances measured by disk-riding observers are described by the Langevin-Landau-Lifschitz metric, which is indeed well approximated (for small angular velocity) by the geometry of the hyperbolic plane, just as Kaluza had claimed. For physically reasonable materials, during the spin-up phas...	{ "page_id": 2819556, "source": null, "title": "Ehrenfest paradox" }
In building design, thermal mass is a property of the matter of a building that requires a flow of heat in order for it to change temperature. Not all writers agree on what physical property of matter "thermal mass" describes. Most writers use it as a synonym for heat capacity, the ability of a body to store thermal en...	{ "page_id": 67046, "source": null, "title": "Thermal mass" }
be used in the calculation, or in some cases (as for a whole animal, for example) the number may simply be measured for the entire body in question, directly. As an extensive property, heat capacity is characteristic of an object; its corresponding intensive property is specific heat capacity, expressed in terms of a m...	{ "page_id": 67046, "source": null, "title": "Thermal mass" }
mass has really no effect if the direction of heat flow through the building envelope stays constant for extended periods of time. Heat capacity is not normally calculated in the engineering of buildings. In the United States and Canada, national building codes and most state and local jurisdictions require that heatin...	{ "page_id": 67046, "source": null, "title": "Thermal mass" }
Ayanna MacCalla Howard (born January 24, 1972) is an American roboticist, entrepreneur, and educator currently serving as the dean of the College of Engineering at Ohio State University. Assuming this role in March 2021, Howard became the first woman to lead the Ohio State College of Engineering. Howard previously serv...	{ "page_id": 16713196, "source": null, "title": "Ayanna Howard" }
School of Interactive Computing at Georgia Tech. In 2008, Howard received worldwide attention for her SnoMote robots, designed to study the impact of global warming on the Antarctic ice shelves. In 2013, she founded Zyrobotics, which has released their first suite of therapy and educational products for children with s...	{ "page_id": 16713196, "source": null, "title": "Ayanna Howard" }
development for intelligent agents that must interact with and in a human-centered world. Her work, which addresses issues of human-robot interaction, learning, and autonomous control, has resulted in more than 200 peer-reviewed publications. == Honors and awards == Howard's numerous accomplishments have been documente...	{ "page_id": 16713196, "source": null, "title": "Ayanna Howard" }
Isoantibodies, formerly called alloantibodies, are antibodies produced by an individual against isoantigens produced by members of the same species. In the case of the species Homo sapiens, for example, there are a significant number of antigens that are different in every individual. When antigens from another individ...	{ "page_id": 20448749, "source": null, "title": "Isoantibodies" }
anti-B antibodies (called isohaemagglutinins), which are not present in human babies, appear in the first years of life. It is possible that food and environmental antigens (bacterial, viral or plant antigens) have epitopes similar enough to A and B glycoprotein antigens. The antibodies created against these environmen...	{ "page_id": 20448749, "source": null, "title": "Isoantibodies" }
John Derek Dowell FRS (born 6 January 1935) is a British physicist, emeritus professor at University of Birmingham. Born in Leicestershire, he was educated at Coalville Grammar School and the University of Birmingham (BSc, PhD). He worked as a Research fellow at Birmingham University (1958–1960) before moving to be a r...	{ "page_id": 34014703, "source": null, "title": "John Dowell" }
The molecular formula C6H8O (molar mass: 96.13 g/mol, exact mass: 96.05751 u) may refer to: Cyclohexenone 2,5-Dimethylfuran 2,3-Dimethylfuran 2,4-Dimethylfuran 3,4-Dimethylfuran 2,4-Hexadienal	{ "page_id": 12387824, "source": null, "title": "C6H8O" }
Borate buffered saline (abbreviated BBS) is a buffer used in some biochemical techniques to maintain the pH within a relatively narrow range. Borate buffers have an alkaline buffering capacity in the 8–10 range. Boric acid has a pKa of 9.14 at 25 °C. == Applications == BBS has many uses because it is isotonic and has a...	{ "page_id": 23594484, "source": null, "title": "Borate buffered saline" }
Rose water, or rosewater, is a flavoured water created by steeping rose petals in water. It is typically made as a by-product during the distillation of rose petals to create rose oil for perfumes. Rose water is widely utilized to flavour culinary dishes and enhance cosmetic products, and it is significant in religious...	{ "page_id": 67064, "source": null, "title": "Rose water" }
pink drink called bandung. Rose water is used in various dishes, especially in sweets such as Turkish delight, nougat, and baklava. Marzipan has long been flavoured with rose water. In Cyprus, it is used to flavour a number of different desserts, including the local version of muhallebi. It is also frequently used as a...	{ "page_id": 67064, "source": null, "title": "Rose water" }
Hierarchical temporal memory (HTM) is a biologically constrained machine intelligence technology developed by Numenta. Originally described in the 2004 book On Intelligence by Jeff Hawkins with Sandra Blakeslee, HTM is primarily used today for anomaly detection in streaming data. The technology is based on neuroscience...	{ "page_id": 11273721, "source": null, "title": "Hierarchical temporal memory" }
and space. When set in inference mode, a region (in each level) interprets information coming up from its "child" regions as probabilities of the categories it has in memory. Each HTM region learns by identifying and memorizing spatial patterns—combinations of input bits that often occur at the same time. It then ident...	{ "page_id": 11273721, "source": null, "title": "Hierarchical temporal memory" }
its meaning has changed over time (as the HTM algorithms evolved). ==== Inference ==== During inference, the node calculates the set of probabilities that a pattern belongs to each known coincidence. Then it calculates the probabilities that the input represents each temporal group. The set of probabilities assigned to...	{ "page_id": 11273721, "source": null, "title": "Hierarchical temporal memory" }
and affect the organisation of the external world. More details about the functioning of Zeta 1 HTM can be found in Numenta's old documentation. === Second generation: cortical learning algorithms === The second generation of HTM learning algorithms, often referred to as cortical learning algorithms (CLA), was drastica...	{ "page_id": 11273721, "source": null, "title": "Hierarchical temporal memory" }
values. Spatial pooling selects a relatively constant number of the most active minicolumns and inactivates (inhibits) other minicolumns in the vicinity of the active ones. Similar input patterns tend to activate a stable set of minicolumns. The amount of memory used by each layer can be increased to learn more complex...	{ "page_id": 11273721, "source": null, "title": "Hierarchical temporal memory" }
pattern, therefore no separate inference mode is necessary. During inference, HTM tries to match the stream of inputs to fragments of previously learned sequences. This allows each HTM layer to be constantly predicting the likely continuation of the recognized sequences. The index of the predicted sequence is the outpu...	{ "page_id": 11273721, "source": null, "title": "Hierarchical temporal memory" }
that cortical columns at every level of the hierarchy can learn complete models of objects over time and that features are learned at specific locations on the objects. The theory was expanded in 2018 and referred to as the Thousand Brains Theory. == Comparison of neuron models == == Comparing HTM and neocortex == HTM ...	{ "page_id": 11273721, "source": null, "title": "Hierarchical temporal memory" }
binary signals and synapses no direct inhibition of synapses or dendrites (but simulated indirectly) currently only models layers 2/3 and 4 (no 5 or 6) no "motor" control (layer 5) no feed-back between regions (layer 6 of high to layer 1 of low) == Sparse distributed representations == Integrating memory component with...	{ "page_id": 11273721, "source": null, "title": "Hierarchical temporal memory" }
bit may not affect the overall meaning much. This leads to the second advantage of SDRs: because the meaning of a representation is distributed across all active bits, the similarity between two representations can be used as a measure of semantic similarity in the objects they represent. That is, if two vectors in an ...	{ "page_id": 11273721, "source": null, "title": "Hierarchical temporal memory" }
HTMs attempt to model cortical columns (80 to 100 neurons) and their interactions with fewer HTM "neurons". The goal of current HTMs is to capture as much of the functions of neurons and the network (as they are currently understood) within the capability of typical computers and in areas that can be made readily usefu...	{ "page_id": 11273721, "source": null, "title": "Hierarchical temporal memory" }
Hierarchical Temporal Memory" (PDF). DEIS Technical Report. Italy: University of Bologna. Ratliff, Evan (March 2007). "The Thinking Machine". Wired. == External links == HTM at Numenta HTM Basics with Rahul (Numenta), talk about the cortical learning algorithm (CLA) used by the HTM model on YouTube	{ "page_id": 11273721, "source": null, "title": "Hierarchical temporal memory" }
β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA (or 3-hydroxybutyryl-coenzyme A) is an intermediate in the fermentation of butyric acid, and in the metabolism of lysine and tryptophan. The L-3-hydroxybutyl-CoA (or (S)-3-hydroxybutanoyl-CoA) enantiomer is also the second to last intermediate in beta oxidation of even-numbered, straight chain, and...	{ "page_id": 11470331, "source": null, "title": "Β-Hydroxybutyryl-CoA" }
The anorectal canal is an embryonic structure in placental mammals that develops from the posterior portion of the cloaca, after it is divided by the urorectal septum in the 6th week of embryonic development. The anterior portion becomes the urogenital sinus. The anorectal canal develops into the rectum and the anal ca...	{ "page_id": 52495867, "source": null, "title": "Anorectal canal" }
The Facial Images National Database (FIND) was a project managed by the United Kingdom's National Policing Improvement Agency. The database was a collection of mugshots both from still and from video image sources. It was also designed to keep track of scars, tattoos, and similar markings on persons within the database...	{ "page_id": 10225149, "source": null, "title": "Facial Images National Database" }
Polar Research is a biannual peer-reviewed scientific journal covering natural and social scientific research on the polar regions. It is published by the Norwegian Polar Institute. It covers a wide range of fields from biology to oceanography, including socio-economic and management topics. According to the Journal Ci...	{ "page_id": 10421755, "source": null, "title": "Polar Research" }
Organic matter, organic material or natural organic matter is the large source of carbon-based compounds found within natural and engineered, terrestrial, and aquatic environments. It is matter composed of organic compounds that have come from the feces and remains of organisms such as plants and animals. Organic molec...	{ "page_id": 1246718, "source": null, "title": "Organic matter" }
freely move between the phases. Groundwater has its own sources of natural organic matter including: organic matter deposits, such as kerogen and coal. soil and sediment organic matter. organic matter infiltrating into the subsurface from rivers, lakes, and marine systems." Organisms decompose into organic matter, whic...	{ "page_id": 1246718, "source": null, "title": "Organic matter" }
soil. These three materials supply nematodes and bacteria with nutrients for them to thrive and produce more humus, which will give plants enough nutrients to survive and grow. Soil organic matter is crucial to all ecology and to all agriculture, but it is especially emphasized in organic farming, where it is relied up...	{ "page_id": 1246718, "source": null, "title": "Organic matter" }
the priming effect phenomenon in 1926 through his studies of green manure decomposition and its effects on legume plants in soil. He noticed that when adding fresh organic residues to the soil, it resulted in intensified mineralization by the humus N. It was not until 1953, though, that the term priming effect was give...	{ "page_id": 1246718, "source": null, "title": "Organic matter" }
is biological material in the process of decaying or decomposing, such as humus. A closer look at the biological material in the process of decaying reveals so-called organic compounds (biological molecules) in the process of breaking up (disintegrating). The main processes by which soil molecules disintegrate are by b...	{ "page_id": 1246718, "source": null, "title": "Organic matter" }
biological activity. Organic matter is heterogeneous and very complex. Generally, organic matter, in terms of weight, is: 45–55% carbon 35–45% oxygen 3–5% hydrogen 1–4% nitrogen The molecular weights of these compounds can vary drastically, depending on if they repolymerize or not, from 200 to 20,000 amu. Up to one-thi...	{ "page_id": 1246718, "source": null, "title": "Organic matter" }
infrared (IR) spectroscopy, UV-Visible spectroscopy, and fluorescence spectroscopy. Each of these methods has its advantages and limitations. === Water purification === The same capability of natural organic matter that helps with water retention in the soil creates problems for current water purification methods. In w...	{ "page_id": 1246718, "source": null, "title": "Organic matter" }
UNM, ND, KSU, UNC, USGS. 22 Apr. 2007. Cho, Min, Hyenmi Chung, and Jeyong Yoon. "Disinfection of Water Containing Natural Organic Matter by Using Ozone-Initiated Radical Reactions." Abstract. Applied and Environmental Microbiology Vol. 69 No.4 (2003): 2284–2291. Fortner, John D., Joseph B. Hughes, Jae-Hong Kim, and Hoo...	{ "page_id": 1246718, "source": null, "title": "Organic matter" }
Urban evolution refers to the heritable genetic changes of populations in response to urban development and anthropogenic activities in urban areas. Urban evolution can be caused by non-random mating, mutation, genetic drift, gene flow, or evolution by natural selection. In the context of Earth's living history, rapid ...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
soil are mostly replaced or covered by dense grey materials. Urbanized areas continue to expand both in size and number globally; in 2018, the United Nations estimated that 68% of people globally will live in ever-expanding urban areas by 2050. == Urban evolution selective agents == Urbanization intensifies diverse str...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
=== Many species have evolved over macroevolutionary timescales by adapting in response to the presence of toxins in the environment of the planet. Human activities, including urbanization, have greatly increased selection pressures due to pollution of the environment, climate change, ocean acidification, and other str...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
soil chemistry, affecting nutrient availability and further stressing plant growth. These physiological changes to both flora and fauna influence urban ecosystems, determining which species can survive and reproduce in polluted environments. A study on Great tits (Parus major) also found that air pollutants, in combina...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
in urban areas than previously believed. This is due to the numerous microhabitats. These remnants of wild vegetation or artificially created habitats with often exotic plants and animals all support different kinds of species, which leads to pockets of diversity inside cities. With habitat fragmentation also comes gen...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
specifically explored how early life adversity—such as nutritional stress or challenging environmental conditions—may trigger adaptive behaviors in the starlings, including increased foraging and actively seeking out information later in life. The birds were found to be more efficient at locating food and gathering rel...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
be seen in the New York City white-footed mice (Peromyscus leucopus) as its tooth rows adapt a structure that can chew on the foods and resources available. Urban Raccoons (Procyon lotor) have also adapted to urban environments by exploiting food sources like garbage, pet food, and bird feeders. These animals have deve...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
traits. Thus, in considering the examples of urban evolution, observed phenotypic divergences or differences in response to urbanization have to be genetically based and increase fitness in that particular environment to be tagged as evolution and adaptation, respectively. Hence, it will be appropriate to consider neut...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
became more normal again in cities. Acorn ants (Temnothorax curvispinosus) adapt to tolerate increased urban temperatures. As a consequence of abundant heat-retaining manmade materials such as concrete and steel in urban environments, cities tend to exhibit a heat island effect. Compared to rural populations, urban pop...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
of the associated VKOR gene, VKORC1, in rat and mice species indicated mutations in said gene. There was also observed resistance to the rodenticides in these mice. Presence of mutation and consequential resistance to these rodenticides indicate genetic change and resulting adaptation to the anthropogenic chemical. The...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
seeds found naturally occurring in the native desert habitat that rural finches continue to reside in. Thus, urban house finches have evolved longer and wider beaks compared to the shorter beaks of desert house finches. It was discovered that the urban finches express bone morphogenetic proteins at larger doses and ear...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
Sorex cinereus all showed a statistically significant larger cranial capacity relative to rural members of the same respective species. An increased cranial size may be associated with development of novel behaviors to cope with the new stresses of the urban environment. However, it is not entirely certain whether this...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
thus show different allele frequencies and phenotypic frequencies than the original population. A population bottleneck may arise from anthropogenic factors common in urban areas, such as habitat fragmentation from abundant infrastructure. Habitat fragmentation may also lead to reduction in gene flow, further isolating...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
traits may arise from one set of genes and therefore, genetic change did not occur to produce these traits, and evolution did not occur. However, genetic evolution, phenotypic plasticity, and even other factors such as learning may all contribute in varying degrees to form the apparent phenotypic difference. For exampl...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
without noise present. While this could have been indicative of a genetic basis and thus evolution, it was also observed that prior to capture, birds would exhibit sharing of song with one another. The higher frequency song in the captured experimental population could have therefore been a result of learning from othe...	{ "page_id": 65340929, "source": null, "title": "Urban evolution" }
The European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances (EUSES) is a mathematical model for calculation of Predicted Environmental Concentrations (PEC) and human exposure. It may be used in Chemical Safety Assessments (CSA) and be cited in Chemical Safety Reports (CSR). EUSES is provided free of charge from the Euro...	{ "page_id": 25626113, "source": null, "title": "European Union System for the Evaluation of Substances" }
Mutage MEW-tij is a wine making technique for making sweet wines. == Typical mechanism == The typical process involves the addition of alcohol to the must so that the fermentation process is prematurely stopped. Most yeasts die when the alcohol content in their environment is raised to approximately 13–15%. By stopping...	{ "page_id": 28837379, "source": null, "title": "Mutage" }
Armor or armour in animals is a rigid cuticle or exoskeleton that provides exterior protection against attack by predators, formed as part of the body (rather than the behavioural utilization of external objects for protection) usually through the thickening and hardening of superficial tissues, outgrowths or skin secr...	{ "page_id": 5768710, "source": null, "title": "Armour (zoology)" }
of the echidnas and of porcupines and hedgehogs. The bony shell of the armadillos and the extinct Glyptodon were very much like Ankylosaurus' armour and some modern armadillos curl up into a ball when threatened, making them unexposed due to their armour. Similarly, the hairy plate-like scales of the pangolin are emplo...	{ "page_id": 5768710, "source": null, "title": "Armour (zoology)" }
In organosulfur chemistry, a Bunte salt is an archaic name for salts with the formula R−S−SO−3Na+. They are also called S-alkylthiosulfates or S-arylthiosulfates. These compounds are typically derived from alkylation on the pendant sulfur of sodium thiosulfate: RX + Na2S2O3 → RS−SO−3Na+ + NaX They have been used as int...	{ "page_id": 43910664, "source": null, "title": "Bunte salt" }
The molecular formula C8H18S (molar mass: 146.29 g/mol, exact mass: 146.1129 u) may refer to: 2-Methyl-2-heptanethiol 1-Octanethiol, or 1-mercaptooctane n-Octyl mercaptan or Octyl mercaptan	{ "page_id": 56034825, "source": null, "title": "C8H18S" }
Yeast artificial chromosomes (YACs) are genetically engineered chromosomes derived from the DNA of the yeast, Saccharomyces cerevisiae [1], which is then ligated into a bacterial plasmid. By inserting large fragments of DNA, from 100–1000 kb, the inserted sequences can be cloned and physically mapped using a process ca...	{ "page_id": 394765, "source": null, "title": "Yeast artificial chromosome" }
been the subject of intensive study, not least because it contains the three genetic loci involved in mating-type control: MAT, HML and HMR. In March 2014, Jef Boeke of the Langone Medical Centre at New York University, published that his team has synthesized one of the S. cerevisiae 16 yeast chromosomes, the chromosom...	{ "page_id": 394765, "source": null, "title": "Yeast artificial chromosome" }
BACs, producing "chimeric effects" : artifacts where the sequence of the cloned DNA actually corresponds not to a single genomic region but to multiple regions. Chimerism may be due to either co-ligation of multiple genomic segments into a single YAC, or recombination of two or more YACs transformed in the same host Ye...	{ "page_id": 394765, "source": null, "title": "Yeast artificial chromosome" }
in with YACs. == See also == Bacterial artificial chromosome (BAC) Cosmid Fosmid Genetic engineering Human artificial chromosome Autonomously replicating sequence(ARS) Cloning Vector == References == == External links == Yeast+Artificial+Chromosomes at the U.S. National Library of Medicine Medical Subject Headings (MeS...	{ "page_id": 394765, "source": null, "title": "Yeast artificial chromosome" }
Since the 1990s, biogeomorphology has developed as an established research field examining the interrelationship between organisms and geomorphic processes in a variety of environments, both marine, and terrestrial. Coastal biogeomorphology looks at the interaction between marine organisms and coastal geomorphic proces...	{ "page_id": 20383245, "source": null, "title": "Coastal biogeomorphology" }
regions prone to wave action and tidal re-suspension. == See also == Changes in global mangrove distributions == References ==	{ "page_id": 20383245, "source": null, "title": "Coastal biogeomorphology" }
Wetting solutions are liquids containing active chemical compounds that minimise the distance between two immiscible phases by lowering the surface tension to induce optimal spreading. The two phases, known as an interface, can be classified into five categories, namely, solid-solid, solid-liquid, solid-gas, liquid-liq...	{ "page_id": 70321679, "source": null, "title": "Wetting solution" }
ancient Babylon. The earliest credible reference of soap is in the writings of Galen, the Greek physician, around 200 AD. Over the following centuries, wetting solutions mainly functioned as detergents due to their wetting properties. Despite the extensive use of wetting solutions, the underlying chemical mechanism rem...	{ "page_id": 70321679, "source": null, "title": "Wetting solution" }
further decrease in surface tension and makes the molecules at the surfaces become more crowded. The molecules will be forced to remain in the aqueous phase when there are no more vacancies for them to stay on the surface. At this point, the surface tension is maximally lowered and is termed as the critical micelle con...	{ "page_id": 70321679, "source": null, "title": "Wetting solution" }
cleansing products and water retention in soils. === Pharmaceuticals === Specific properties of different wetting solutions are able to alternate drug delivery which is beneficial in improving drug safety and patients' experiences . For example, solulan C-24, a non-ionic wetting solution, forms large bilayers of wettin...	{ "page_id": 70321679, "source": null, "title": "Wetting solution" }
the topical ophthalmic solutions to remain on the corneal surface for a longer period of time to maximise the amount of drug that can diffuse from the applied topical ophthalmic solution layer to the corneal epithelium through tear film, the protective layer of the cornea from the external environment. === Cosmetics: S...	{ "page_id": 70321679, "source": null, "title": "Wetting solution" }
skin irritation. === Agriculture === Wetting solutions are widely used in Agriculture to increase crop yield which is affected by the degree of infiltration and penetration of water, nutrients and chemicals such as fertilisers and pesticides. Wetting solutions reduce surface runoff of water and nutrients and enhance wa...	{ "page_id": 70321679, "source": null, "title": "Wetting solution" }
The Netherlands Entomological Society (Dutch: Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging, abbreviated NEV) was founded in 1845 for the purpose of improving and promoting entomology in the Netherlands. The society has more than 600 members. == External links == Official website: Nederlandse Entomologische Vereniging (in Dutc...	{ "page_id": 11863568, "source": null, "title": "Netherlands Entomological Society" }
In thermodynamics, thermal pressure (also known as the thermal pressure coefficient) is a measure of the relative pressure change of a fluid or a solid as a response to a temperature change at constant volume. The concept is related to the Pressure-Temperature Law, also known as Amontons's law or Gay-Lussac's law. In g...	{ "page_id": 64488973, "source": null, "title": "Thermal pressure" }
thermal expansion, κ T {\displaystyle \kappa _{T}} the isothermal bulk modulus, γ {\displaystyle \gamma } the Grüneisen parameter, β T {\displaystyle \beta _{T}} the compressibility and C V {\displaystyle C_{V}} the constant-volume heat capacity. Details of the calculation: ( ∂ P ∂ T ) V = − ( ∂ V ∂ T ) p ( ∂ P ∂ V ) T...	{ "page_id": 64488973, "source": null, "title": "Thermal pressure" }
Thermal pressure at high temperature == As mentioned above, α κ T {\displaystyle \alpha \kappa _{T}} is one of the most common formulations for the thermal pressure coefficient. Both α {\displaystyle \alpha } and κ T {\displaystyle \kappa _{T}} are affected by temperature changes, but the value of α {\displaystyle \alp...	{ "page_id": 64488973, "source": null, "title": "Thermal pressure" }
even in constant volume and the QHA is no longer valid. The combined effect of a change in pressure and temperature is described by the strain tensor ε i j {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{ij}} : ε i j = α i j d T − β i j d P {\displaystyle \varepsilon _{ij}=\alpha _{ij}dT-\beta _{ij}dP} Where α i j {\displaystyle \alpha _...	{ "page_id": 64488973, "source": null, "title": "Thermal pressure" }
Astrostatistics is a discipline which spans astrophysics, statistical analysis and data mining. It is used to process the vast amount of data produced by automated scanning of the cosmos, to characterize complex datasets, and to link astronomical data to astrophysical theory. Many branches of statistics are involved in...	{ "page_id": 37815827, "source": null, "title": "Astrostatistics" }
ParaHoxozoa (or Parahoxozoa) is a clade of animals that consists of Bilateria, Placozoa, and Cnidaria. == Phylogeny == The relationship of Parahoxozoa relative to the two other animal lineages Ctenophora and Porifera is debated. Some phylogenomic studies have presented evidence supporting Ctenophora as the sister to Pa...	{ "page_id": 41813523, "source": null, "title": "ParaHoxozoa" }
developed from the corners of a single opening with lips fusing. E.g. Acoela resemble the planula larvae of some Cnidaria, which exhibit some bilaterian symmetry. They are vermiform, just as the cnidarian Buddenbrockia is. Placozoans have been noted to resemble planula. Usually, "Planulozoa" is a Cnidaria–Bilateria cla...	{ "page_id": 41813523, "source": null, "title": "ParaHoxozoa" }
The standard atomic weight of a chemical element (symbol Ar°(E) for element "E") is the weighted arithmetic mean of the relative isotopic masses of all isotopes of that element weighted by each isotope's abundance on Earth. For example, isotope 63Cu (Ar = 62.929) constitutes 69% of the copper on Earth, the rest being 6...	{ "page_id": 10356246, "source": null, "title": "Standard atomic weight" }
and 84 have this Earth-environment based value. Typically, such a value is, for example helium: Ar°(He) = 4.002602(2). The "(2)" indicates the uncertainty in the last digit shown, to read 4.002602±0.000002. IUPAC also publishes abridged values, rounded to five significant figures. For helium, Ar, abridged°(He) = 4.0026...	{ "page_id": 10356246, "source": null, "title": "Standard atomic weight" }
an attempt to cover the range of variability on Earth with standard atomic weight figures, there are known cases of mineral samples which contain elements with atomic weights that are outliers from the standard atomic weight range. For synthetic elements the isotope formed depends on the means of synthesis, so the conc...	{ "page_id": 10356246, "source": null, "title": "Standard atomic weight" }
directly, by stellar nucleosynthesis, is dominated by the alpha-process nuclide 36Ar. Correspondingly, solar argon contains 84.6% 36Ar (according to solar wind measurements), and the ratio of the three isotopes 36Ar : 38Ar : 40Ar in the atmospheres of the outer planets is 8400 : 1600 : 1. The atomic weight of argon in ...	{ "page_id": 10356246, "source": null, "title": "Standard atomic weight" }
source. For example, thallium in igneous rock has more lighter isotopes, while in sedimentary rock it has more heavy isotopes. There is no Earthly mean number. These elements show the interval notation: Ar°(Tl) = [204.38, 204.39]. For practical reasons, a simplified 'conventional' number is published too (for Tl: 204.3...	{ "page_id": 10356246, "source": null, "title": "Standard atomic weight" }
The relative standard uncertainty in this value is 1×10–5 or 10 ppm. To further reflect this natural variability, in 2010, IUPAC made the decision to list the relative atomic masses of 10 elements as an interval rather than a fixed number. == Naming controversy == The use of the name "atomic weight" has attracted a gre...	{ "page_id": 10356246, "source": null, "title": "Standard atomic weight" }
"relative atomic mass" used in this sense. == Published values == IUPAC publishes one formal value for each stable chemical element, called the standard atomic weight.: Table 1 Any updates are published biannually (in uneven years). In 2015, the atomic weight of ytterbium was updated. Per 2017, 14 atomic weights were c...	{ "page_id": 10356246, "source": null, "title": "Standard atomic weight" }
constitutions, and that the uncertainties in all of them are just covered by the two numbers. For these elements, there is not an 'Earth average' constitution, and the 'right' value is not its middle (which would be 1.007975 for hydrogen, with an uncertainty of (±0.000135) that would make it just cover the interval). H...	{ "page_id": 10356246, "source": null, "title": "Standard atomic weight" }
Graphene foam is a solid, open-cell foam made of single-layer sheets of graphene. It is a candidate substrate for the electrode of lithium-ion batteries. == Synthesis == The foam can be manufactured using vapor deposition to coat a metal foam, a three-dimensional mesh of metal filaments. The metal is then removed. == A...	{ "page_id": 39650838, "source": null, "title": "Graphene foam" }
In machine learning, the polynomial kernel is a kernel function commonly used with support vector machines (SVMs) and other kernelized models, that represents the similarity of vectors (training samples) in a feature space over polynomials of the original variables, allowing learning of non-linear models. Intuitively, ...	{ "page_id": 37619227, "source": null, "title": "Polynomial kernel" }
kernel. After using the multinomial theorem (twice—the outermost application is the binomial theorem) and regrouping, K ( x , y ) = ( ∑ i = 1 n x i y i + c ) 2 = ∑ i = 1 n ( x i 2 ) ( y i 2 ) + ∑ i = 2 n ∑ j = 1 i − 1 ( 2 x i x j ) ( 2 y i y j ) + ∑ i = 1 n ( 2 c x i ) ( 2 c y i ) + c 2 {\displaystyle K(\mathbf {x} ,\m...	{ "page_id": 37619227, "source": null, "title": "Polynomial kernel" }
1 j 1 ⋯ x n j n c j n + 1 d ! j 1 ! ⋯ j n ! j n + 1 ! y 1 j 1 ⋯ y n j n c j n + 1 = φ ( x ) T φ ( y ) {\displaystyle {\begin{alignedat}{2}\left(\mathbf {x} ^{T}\mathbf {y} +c\right)^{d}&=\sum _{j_{1}+j_{2}+\dots +j_{n+1}=d}{\frac {\sqrt {d!}}{\sqrt {j_{1}!\cdots j_{n}!j_{n+1}!}}}x_{1}^{j_{1}}\cdots x_{n}^{j_{n}}{\sqrt ...	{ "page_id": 37619227, "source": null, "title": "Polynomial kernel" }
regression; basket mining (using a variant of the apriori algorithm) for the most commonly occurring feature conjunctions in a training set to produce an approximate expansion; inverted indexing of support vectors. One problem with the polynomial kernel is that it may suffer from numerical instability: when xTy + c < 1...	{ "page_id": 37619227, "source": null, "title": "Polynomial kernel" }
The Physics Analysis Workstation (PAW) is an interactive, scriptable computer software tool for data analysis and graphical presentation in high-energy physics. The development of this software tool started at CERN in 1986, it was optimized for the processing of very large amounts of data. It was based on and intended ...	{ "page_id": 394780, "source": null, "title": "Physics Analysis Workstation" }
This page provides supplementary chemical data on lithium tantalate. == Material Safety Data Sheet == The handling of this chemical may incur notable safety precautions. It is highly recommend that you seek the Material Safety Datasheet (MSDS) for this chemical from a reliable source such as SIRI, and follow its direct...	{ "page_id": 8259104, "source": null, "title": "Lithium tantalate (data page)" }
Dilek Z. Hakkani-Tür is a Turkish-American computer scientist focusing on speech processing, speech recognition, and dialogue systems. She is a professor of computer science at the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. == Education and career == Hakkani-Tür is a 1994 graduate of Middle East Technical University in A...	{ "page_id": 77399585, "source": null, "title": "Dilek Hakkani-Tür" }
The molecular formula C5H4O3 (molar mass: 112.08 g/mol, exact mass: 112.0160 u) may refer to: 2-Furoic acid Itaconic anhydride	{ "page_id": 47777313, "source": null, "title": "C5H4O3" }
In nuclear physics and nuclear chemistry, a nuclear reaction is a process in which two nuclei, or a nucleus and an external subatomic particle, collide to produce one or more new nuclides. Thus, a nuclear reaction must cause a transformation of at least one nuclide to another. If a nucleus interacts with another nucleu...	{ "page_id": 460322, "source": null, "title": "Nuclear reaction" }
in 1932 at Cambridge University, a fully artificial nuclear reaction and nuclear transmutation was achieved by Rutherford's colleagues John Cockcroft and Ernest Walton, who used artificially accelerated protons against lithium-7, to split the nucleus into two alpha particles. The feat was popularly known as "splitting ...	{ "page_id": 460322, "source": null, "title": "Nuclear reaction" }
rest masses, as follows: according to the reference tables, the 63Li nucleus has a standard atomic weight of 6.015 atomic mass units (abbreviated u), the deuterium has 2.014 u, and the helium-4 nucleus has 4.0026 u. Thus: the sum of the rest mass of the individual nuclei = 6.015 + 2.014 = 8.029 u; the total rest mass o...	{ "page_id": 460322, "source": null, "title": "Nuclear reaction" }
can be directly converted into electrostatic energy); emission of very high energy photons, called gamma rays; some energy may remain in the nucleus, as a metastable energy level. When the product nucleus is metastable, this is indicated by placing an asterisk ("*") next to its atomic number. This energy is eventually ...	{ "page_id": 460322, "source": null, "title": "Nuclear reaction" }

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