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chemotherapeutic regiment such as the combination of chemotherapy and radiotherapy (chemoradiation) where despite allowing a more effective treatment or reducing the risk of the cancer returning (adjuvant chemotherapy). It has extensive associations with fertility damage than receiving either treatment individually. So...	{ "page_id": 12977707, "source": null, "title": "Fertility preservation" }
changes can be attributed to the reduction in testosterone males experience when ageing. === PCOS === Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome is the most prevalent endocrine disorder females experience during prime reproductive age. PCOS has a direct relationship with many health risks such as the development of Type 2 Diabetes, i...	{ "page_id": 12977707, "source": null, "title": "Fertility preservation" }
looking at methods for cryopreserving testicular tissue samples so that they can be re-implanted into the body after treatment. === Cryopreservation of ovarian tissue or oocytes === ==== Oocyte cryopreservation ==== Oocyte cryopreservation involves the extraction and freezing of a female's eggs, to preserve their viabi...	{ "page_id": 12977707, "source": null, "title": "Fertility preservation" }
hormonal stimulation using letrozole or tamoxifen may be used for females with hormone-sensitive cancers. ==== Ovarian tissue cryopreservation ==== Cryopreservation of human ovarian tissue has been successfully carried out around the world to preserve fertility in female cancer patients and in other pathologies where t...	{ "page_id": 12977707, "source": null, "title": "Fertility preservation" }
remote from maximal radiation exposure. The use of GnRH agonists for ovarian protection during chemotherapy is suggested to benefit the ability to ovulate, but benefits in terms of e.g. pregnancy rate are lacking. Table 1: Main Options of Fertility Preservation == Adverse effects == Compared with the general population...	{ "page_id": 12977707, "source": null, "title": "Fertility preservation" }
to have children. Suppressing puberty in paediatric patients does pause the development of fertility, however this is reversible. Some fertility options in adults trans men present problems as they may require stopping hormone treatment for around 3 months to carry out the procedure, as well as multiple transvaginal ul...	{ "page_id": 12977707, "source": null, "title": "Fertility preservation" }
The Arrhenius Plaque (Swedish: Arrhenius-plaketten) is awarded annually by the Swedish Chemical Society in memory of Svante Arrhenius, a Swedish physicist, chemist, and long-time member of the society, "to a person or persons who have distinguished themselves through outstanding research in the field of chemistry or wh...	{ "page_id": 78251560, "source": null, "title": "Arrhenius Plaque" }
In classical mechanics, Newton's theorem of revolving orbits identifies the type of central force needed to multiply the angular speed of a particle by a factor k without affecting its radial motion (Figures 1 and 2). Newton applied his theorem to understanding the overall rotation of orbits (apsidal precession, Figure...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
move in the same direction along a path across the sky (the ecliptic), individual planets sometimes reverse their direction briefly, exhibiting retrograde motion. To describe this forward-and-backward motion, Apollonius of Perga (c. 262 – c. 190 BC) developed the concept of deferents and epicycles, according to which t...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
the perihelion (closest) and aphelion (furthest). With the publication of his Principia roughly eighty years later (1687), Isaac Newton provided a physical theory that accounted for all three of Kepler's laws, a theory based on Newton's laws of motion and his law of universal gravitation. In particular, Newton proposed...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
is multiplied by a factor k, whereas the radial motion is left unchanged. However, this theorem is restricted to a specific type of force that may not be relevant; several perturbing inverse-square interactions (such as those of other planets) seem unlikely to sum exactly to an inverse-cube force. To make his theorem a...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
ω 1 . {\displaystyle \omega _{2}={\frac {d\theta _{2}}{dt}}=k{\frac {d\theta _{1}}{dt}}=k\omega _{1}.} == Mathematical statement == Consider a particle moving under an arbitrary central force F1(r) whose magnitude depends only on the distance r between the particle and a fixed center. Since the motion of a particle und...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
=== The addition of such an inverse-cube force also changes the path followed by the particle. The path of the particle ignores the time dependencies of the radial and angular motions, such as r(t) and θ1(t); rather, it relates the radius and angle variables to one another. For this purpose, the angle variable is unres...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
is less than one, the orbit precesses in the opposite direction. Although the orbit in Figure 3 may seem to rotate uniformly, i.e., at a constant angular speed, this is true only for circular orbits. If the orbit rotates at an angular speed Ω, the angular speed of the second particle is faster or slower than that of th...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
angle at which the distance is minimized (Figure 6). The distance r begins at infinity (when θ1 – θ0 = −90°), and decreases gradually until θ1 – θ0 = 0°, when the distance reaches a minimum, then gradually increases again to infinity at θ1 – θ0 = 90°. The minimum distance b is the impact parameter, which is defined as ...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
the parameter k may range from zero to infinity, which corresponds to values of μ ranging from negative infinity up to the positive upper limit, L12/m. Thus, for all attractive inverse-cube forces (negative μ) there is a corresponding epispiral orbit, as for some repulsive ones (μ < L12/m), as illustrated in Figure 7. ...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
a very unusual property. A particle moving under either type of force always returns to its starting place with its initial velocity, provided that it lacks sufficient energy to move out to infinity. In other words, the path of a bound particle is always closed and its motion repeats indefinitely, no matter what its in...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
5, green orbit in Figure 10), the resulting orbit is called the third subharmonic of the original orbit. Although such orbits are unlikely to occur in nature, they are helpful for illustrating Newton's theorem. == Limit of nearly circular orbits == In Proposition 45 of his Principia, Newton applies his theorem of revol...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
justification for this extrapolation of his method has been suggested by Valluri, Wilson and Harper. According to their argument, Newton considered the apsidal precession angle α (the angle between the vectors of successive minimum and maximum distance from the center) to be a smooth, continuous function of the orbital...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
from one end of the long axis to the other (the two apses). Thus, the corresponding apsidal angle α for a general central force equals k×180°, using the general law θ2 = k θ1. === Examples === Newton illustrates his formula with three examples. In the first two, the central force is a power law, F(r) = rn−3, so C(r) is...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
orbit == The motion of the Moon can be measured accurately, and is noticeably more complex than that of the planets. The ancient Greek astronomers, Hipparchus and Ptolemy, had noted several periodic variations in the Moon's orbit, such as small oscillations in its orbital eccentricity and the inclination of its orbit t...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
this approach of modifying the exponent in the inverse-square law slightly to explain an anomalous orbital precession of the planet Mercury, which had been observed in 1859 by Urbain Le Verrier. Ironically, Hall's theory was ruled out by careful astronomical observations of the Moon. The currently accepted explanation ...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
and Vawda in 2000. As Newton did, they assumed that the angular motion of the second particle was k times faster than that of the first particle, θ2 = k θ1. In contrast to Newton, however, Mahomed and Vawda did not require that the radial motion of the two particles be the same, r1 = r2. Rather, they required that the ...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
is not. Also, the path of the second particle is r2 = g(θ2/k), consistent with the formula given above. == Derivations == === Newton's derivation === Newton's derivation is found in Section IX of his Principia, specifically Propositions 43–45. His derivations of these Propositions are based largely on geometry. Proposi...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
periapsis, the positions of closest and furthest distance from the attracting center, the velocity and radius vectors are perpendicular; therefore, the angular momentum L1 per mass m of the particle (written as h1) can be related to the rate of sweeping out areas h 1 = L 1 m = r v 1 = r 2 d θ 1 d t = 2 d A 1 d t {\disp...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
radius, specifically by the formula given above, which Newtons writes in terms of the two constant areal velocities, h1 and h2 F 2 ( r ) − F 1 ( r ) = m h 1 2 − h 2 2 r 3 {\displaystyle F_{2}(r)-F_{1}(r)=m{\frac {h_{1}^{2}-h_{2}^{2}}{r^{3}}}} Proposition 45; Problem 31 To find the motion of the apsides in orbits approa...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
2 r d t 2 = F 1 ( r ) + L 1 2 m r 3 = F 2 ( r ) + L 2 2 m r 3 = F 2 ( r ) + k 2 L 1 2 m r 3 {\displaystyle m{\frac {d^{2}r}{dt^{2}}}=F_{1}(r)+{\frac {L_{1}^{2}}{mr^{3}}}=F_{2}(r)+{\frac {L_{2}^{2}}{mr^{3}}}=F_{2}(r)+{\frac {k^{2}L_{1}^{2}}{mr^{3}}}} which can be re-arranged to the form F 2 ( r ) = F 1 ( r ) + L 1 2 m r...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
Bernard Cohen; Anne Whitman; Julia Budenz (3rd ed.). Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 147–148, 246–264, 534–545. ISBN 978-0-520-08816-0. Chandrasekhar S (1995), Newton's Principia for the Common Reader, Oxford University Press, pp. 183–200, ISBN 978-0-19-852675-9 Pars, L.A. (1965). A Treatise on Analyt...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
of Natural Philosophy. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press. pp. 147–148, 246–252. ISBN 978-0-520-08816-0. Cook A (1988). The Motion of the Moon. Bristol: Adam Hilger. ISBN 0-85274-348-3. D’Eliseo, MM (2007). "The first-order orbital equation". American Journal of Physics. 75 (4): 352–355. Bibcode:2007AmJPh..75...	{ "page_id": 12191272, "source": null, "title": "Newton's theorem of revolving orbits" }
Hox genes play a massive role in some amphibians and reptiles in their ability to regenerate lost limbs, especially HoxA and HoxD genes. If the processes involved in forming new tissue can be reverse-engineered into humans, it may be possible to heal injuries of the spinal cord or brain, repair damaged organs and reduc...	{ "page_id": 46335535, "source": null, "title": "Hox genes in amphibians and reptiles" }
chromosome similar to the order in which they are expressed along the anterior–posterior axis. Variants of the Hox genes are found almost in every phylum with the exception of the sponge which use a different type of developmental genes. The homology of these genes is of important interest to scientists as they may hol...	{ "page_id": 46335535, "source": null, "title": "Hox genes in amphibians and reptiles" }
array of developmental disorders. Changes in certain homeobox genes often result in eye disorders, cause abnormal head, face, and tooth development. Additionally, increased or decreased activity of certain homeobox genes has been associated with several forms of cancer later in life. == Limb development == Essentially,...	{ "page_id": 46335535, "source": null, "title": "Hox genes in amphibians and reptiles" }
genes expected to occur in all tetrapods, based on the posterior Hox complement of mammals, fishes and coelacanth, were not recovered. HoxD-12 is absent in frogs and possibly other amphibians. By definition, the autopodium is distal segment of a limb, comprising the hand or foot. Considering Hox-12’s function in autopo...	{ "page_id": 46335535, "source": null, "title": "Hox genes in amphibians and reptiles" }
but cells that originated in the skin later develop into new skin, muscle cells into new muscle and cartilage cells into new cartilage. It is only the cells from just beneath the surface of the skin that are pluripotent and able to develop into any type of cell. Salamander Hox genomic regions show elements of conservat...	{ "page_id": 46335535, "source": null, "title": "Hox genes in amphibians and reptiles" }
ability to form the appropriate tissues that they are designed to form when cells from other parts of the embryo are introduced or transplanted into specific fields. The first reporting of this was in 1934. Originally, the specific mechanism behind this rather bizarre phenomenon was not known, however Hox genes have be...	{ "page_id": 46335535, "source": null, "title": "Hox genes in amphibians and reptiles" }
AICD (activation-induced cell death) is programmed cell death caused by the interaction of Fas receptors (Fas, CD95) and Fas ligands (FasL, CD95 ligand). AICD is a negative regulator of activated T lymphocytes that results from repeated stimulation of their T-cell receptors (TCR) and helps to maintain peripheral immune...	{ "page_id": 40568371, "source": null, "title": "Activation-induced cell death" }
is known about the regulation of Fas and other death receptors. However, overexpression of the protein CFLAR (caspase and FADD-like apoptosis regulator) inhibits Fas-mediated apoptosis. == See also == Immune system Autoimmunity == References ==	{ "page_id": 40568371, "source": null, "title": "Activation-induced cell death" }
In biochemical protein targeting, a peroxisomal targeting signal (PTS) is a region of the peroxisomal protein that receptors recognize and bind to. It is responsible for specifying that proteins containing this motif are localised to the peroxisome. == Overview == All peroxisomal proteins are synthesized in the cytopla...	{ "page_id": 3081780, "source": null, "title": "Peroxisomal targeting signal" }
is a cluster of basic amino acids (arginines and lysines) within a loop of protein (i.e., between membrane spans) that will face the matrix. The mPTS receptor is the product of PEX19. == References == == External links == Eukaryotic Linear Motif resource motif class TRG_PTS1	{ "page_id": 3081780, "source": null, "title": "Peroxisomal targeting signal" }
Valentin Fyodorovich Turchin (Russian: Валенти́н Фёдорович Турчи́н, 14 February 1931 – 7 April 2010) was a Soviet and American physicist, cybernetician, and computer scientist. He developed the Refal programming language, the theory of metasystem transitions and the notion of supercompilation. He was a pioneer in artif...	{ "page_id": 2360885, "source": null, "title": "Valentin Turchin" }
York in 1979. In 1990, together with Cliff Joslyn and Francis Heylighen, he founded the Principia Cybernetica Project, a worldwide organization devoted to the collaborative development of an evolutionary-cybernetic philosophy. In 1998, he co-founded the software start-up SuperCompilers, LLC. He retired from his post as...	{ "page_id": 2360885, "source": null, "title": "Valentin Turchin" }
11. Bibcode:1980PhT....33a..11T. doi:10.1063/1.2913894. Turchin, Valentin (4 January 1980). "From Helsinki to Hamburg". Science. 207 (4426): 8. Bibcode:1980Sci...207....8T. doi:10.1126/science.6444253. JSTOR 1683174. Valentin F. Turchin (1981). The Inertia of Fear and the Scientific Worldview. New York: Columbia Univer...	{ "page_id": 2360885, "source": null, "title": "Valentin Turchin" }
BioModels is a free and open-source repository for storing, exchanging and retrieving quantitative models of biological interest created in 2006. All the models in the curated section of BioModels Database have been described in peer-reviewed scientific literature. The models stored in BioModels' curated branch are com...	{ "page_id": 6948407, "source": null, "title": "BioModels" }
models automatically generated from pathway resources. Deposition of models in BioModels is advocated by many scientific journals, included Molecular Systems Biology, all the journals of the Public Library of Science, all the journals of BioMed Central and all the journals published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. =...	{ "page_id": 6948407, "source": null, "title": "BioModels" }
A BioBlitz, also written without capitals as bioblitz, is an intense period of biological surveying in an attempt to record all the living species within a designated area. Groups of scientists, naturalists, and volunteers conduct an intensive field study over a continuous time period (e.g., usually 24 hours). There is...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
list which makes a basis for a more complete inventory and will often show what area or what taxon would benefit from a further study. Increases interest in science – BioBlitzes helps to build interest from the general public in science and environmental studies by enabling direct communication and inclusive activities...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
and provide a general snapshot of diversity. From 2007 through 2016 National Geographic Society and the US National Park Service partnered to put on a Bioblitz in a different National Park each year culminating in a Bioblitz across the National Park Service in 2016 as part of the National Park Service Centennial Celebr...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
have faced substantial conservation concerns due to overharvesting and disease. Their presence in the Cabrillo Rocky Intertidal Zone can be described as ephemeral at best. Knife River National Park conducted an ArcheoBlitz. A centuries-old bison tooth was found at Big Hidatsa Village, which was occupied from about 1740...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
Park, NPS initiated a corps of Biodiversity Youth Ambassadors. Each year through 2016, a student ambassador is selected by the host park to participate in the BioBlitz and assist in raising biodiversity awareness to their peers and in their home communities. In addition to the new NCR Biodiversity Youth Ambassador, Ms....	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
rivers and coastline in the remote Tarkine region in support of the Bob Brown Foundation's campaign for a Tarkine National Park to protect the natural values of the region. Melbourne City Council conducted a BioBlitz in 2014 and 2016, engaging citizens in nature conservation in cities [2]. === Canada === Active Bioblit...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
to catch seasonally available biodiversity. The bioblitz was held in Jacquet River Gorge PNA 2009–2010, Caldonia Gorge PNA in 2011–2012, Grand Lake PNA in 2013–2014, Nepisiguit PNA in 2015–2016, and Spednic Lake PNA in 2017–2018. More information is here. The 2013-2014 bioblitzes were the subject of a documentary Inact...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
of Hong Kong's Biodiversity Strategy and Action Plan (BSAP). Highlights included 2 species of moth that are extremely rare and native to Hong Kong, the first official record of coral in Tai Tam Bay and the first official record of juvenile horseshoe crabs on Hong Kong island. Data are made available through an online p...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
participation in 2018, bioblitzes have increasingly been combined with this and other iNaturalist based challenges such as the Hong Kong Inter-School City Nature Challenge. === Hungary === BioBlitz Events in Hungary are organized by the Hungarian Biodiversity Research Society http://www.biodiverzitasnap.hu/ since 2006,...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
Wildlife Sanctuary, Bhubaneswar. More than 400 species of various taxa have been documented during the 24 hours of rigorous survey. A total of 50 participants of 30 institutions/organizations have participated in the event. === Ireland === An Ireland's BioBlitz Event has been held annually since 2010 – established by t...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
park. The event was supported by Ben Gurion University of the Negev. 531 different species were found. A second Bioblitz is scheduled to take place on March 26, 2015. === Malaysia === Since 2011 the Malaysian Nature Society has held an annual birdwatching bioblitz named "MY Garden Birdwatch". === México === Since 2019 ...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
Draga (in central Slovenia). The event was conducted during the project "Invazivke nikoli ne počivajo: Ozaveščanje o in preprečevanje negativnega vpliva invazivnih vrst na evropsko ogrožene vrste" and supported by the Slovene Ministry of the Environment and Spatial Planning. The event was held in cooperation with Socie...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
BioBlitzBcn was held in June 2010 at Laberint d'Horta and Parc de la Ciutadella. Second in October 2011 at Jardí Botànic de Barcelona. Third in May 2012 at Jardí Botànic Històric. The university of Almeria organizes the AmBioBlitz in April yearly since 2018, with the collaboration of CECOUAL (Centre of Scientific Colle...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
species. Charlotteville Bioblitz 2015 was the first event to take place in Tobago. Based at the Environmental Research Institute Charlotteville (ERIC) there was a large marine component and all together 1,044 species were recorded. Port of Spain Bioblitz 2016 took the event to the nation's capital and included a Nature...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
London – Organised by OPAL Derby – Organised by Derby City Council Brighton – Organised by Sussex Wildlife Trust Bath – Organised by Bristol Natural History Consortium Mothecombe, Devon, – Marine and coastal BioBlitz – Organised by OPAL and the Marine Biological Association Jersey – Organised by the Durrell Wildlife Co...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
discovered more than 1,700 species during the 24 hour inventory period. California: The San Diego Zoo Institute for Conservation Research hosted a BioBlitz in the San Dieguito River Park on the North Shore of Lake Hodges in Escondido April 25–26. California: The San Diego Natural History Museum began hosting a yearly B...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
Conservation and Biodiversity and Connecticut State Museum of Natural History have held nine BioBlitz events since 1999. The current record for a single Connecticut BioBlitz was set June 3–4, 2016 in a 5-mile radius around the Two Rivers Magnet School in East Hartford, where 2,765 species were recorded in the 24-hour p...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
butterfly. Also, 11 species of lichen and 22 species of ants were found that had not previously been documented in the park. Hawaii: At Punahou School, a biannual BioBlitz is organized by the students. The event examines certain parts of the campus, and has been held there since the summer of 2008. The BioBlitz there h...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
National Historical Park and Preserve (May 17–18, 2013), brought together leading scientists and naturalists from around the country and local citizens of all ages. Inventories included herpetofaunal counts, aquatic and terrestrial invertebrate inventories, avifauna observations, and native and non-native plant surveys...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
Falmouth's land trust. Surveys for 15 taxa were planned. About 120 volunteers participated. Preliminary estimate of 930 species found but this number is likely to increase as data are finalized. Full results to be published later in 2010 on the T3C website. On September 29, 2010, the TDWG Techno/BioBlitz was held along...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
Experimental Forest, UNH Cooperative Extension, Plymouth State University, NH Fish and Game Department, and Ecosystem Management Consultants. New Jersey State Highlands, NJ Gateway National Recreation Area, Sandy Hook Unit, 2011. On Sept. 16–17, science students, along with park staff and over 150 volunteers, located n...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
September 25–26 with more than 50 scientists from a wide variety of fields. A concurrent conference on the health of the river was held at Pace University in Pleasantville that was open to the public and had activities geared for children. Funded by a grant from Westchester Community Foundation with additional support ...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
NatureTracker software on PDAs for conservation planning./ Wisconsin: The Milwaukee Public Museum (MPM) hosts an annual BioBlitz program that began in 2015. MPM events have occurred at Schlitz Audubon Nature Center in Milwaukee (2015), Grant Park in South Milwaukee (2016), Fox River Park in Waukesha (2017), Lake Farm C...	{ "page_id": 1574457, "source": null, "title": "BioBlitz" }
The global brain is a neuroscience-inspired and futurological vision of the planetary information and communications technology network that interconnects all humans and their technological artifacts. As this network stores ever more information, takes over ever more functions of coordination and communication from tra...	{ "page_id": 13305402, "source": null, "title": "Global brain" }
in 1982 by Peter Russell in his book The Global Brain. How the Internet might be developed to achieve this was set out in 1986. The first peer-reviewed article on the subject was published by Gottfried Mayer-Kress in 1995, while the first algorithms that could turn the world-wide web into a collectively intelligent net...	{ "page_id": 13305402, "source": null, "title": "Global brain" }
resource reserve, and a decision-making system. This theory has inspired several thinkers, including Peter Russell and Francis Heylighen to define the global brain as the network of information processing subsystems for the planetary social system. === Encyclopedism === In the perspective of encyclopedism, the emphasis...	{ "page_id": 13305402, "source": null, "title": "Global brain" }
a global memory. The Semantic web, also first proposed by Berners-Lee, is a system of protocols to make the pieces of knowledge and their links readable by machines, so that they could be used to make automatic inferences, thus providing this brain-like network with some capacity for autonomous "thinking" or reflection...	{ "page_id": 13305402, "source": null, "title": "Global brain" }
promote this transition. In this scenario, the Internet fulfils the role of the network of "nerves" that interconnect the subsystems and thus coordinates their activity. The cybernetic approach makes it possible to develop mathematical models and simulations of the processes of self-organization through which such coor...	{ "page_id": 13305402, "source": null, "title": "Global brain" }
with significantly greater information bandwidth than traditional human interface devices. Musk predicts that artificial intelligence systems will rapidly outpace human abilities in most domains and views them as an existential threat. He believes an advanced BCI would enable human cognition to remain relevant for long...	{ "page_id": 13305402, "source": null, "title": "Global brain" }
successor via humankind's rational activities, described by Vladimir Vernadsky and Pierre Teilhard de Chardin Singleton (global governance) – Concept in futurology Smart city – City using integrated information and communication technology Social organism – Model of social interactions Superorganism – Group of synergis...	{ "page_id": 13305402, "source": null, "title": "Global brain" }
development of global brain and global mind). Heylighen, Francis (2007). "Accelerating socio-technological evolution: from ephemeralization and stigmergy to the Global Brain" (PDF). In Modelski, George; Devezas, Tessaleno; Thompson, William (eds.). Globalization as evolutionary process: Modeling global change. Rethinki...	{ "page_id": 13305402, "source": null, "title": "Global brain" }
Qui-Lim Choo is a Singapore-born scientist, who along with Michael Houghton, George Kuo and Daniel W. Bradley, co-discovered and cloned Hepatitis C in 1989. He also co-discovered the Hepatitis D genome in 1986. The discovery of Hepatitis C led to the rapid development of diagnostic reagents to detect Hepatitis C virus ...	{ "page_id": 41616956, "source": null, "title": "Qui-Lim Choo" }
An introduced species, alien species, exotic species, adventive species, immigrant species, foreign species, non-indigenous species, or non-native species is a species living outside its native distributional range, but which has arrived there by human activity, directly or indirectly, and either deliberately or accide...	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
an introduced species is synonymous with "non-native" and therefore applies as well to most garden and farm organisms; these adequately fit the basic definition given above. However, some sources add to that basic definition "and are now reproducing in the wild", which means that species growing in a garden, farm, or h...	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
might be termed naturalized, "established", or "wild non-native species". If they further spread beyond the place of introduction and cause damage to nearby species, they are called "invasive species". The transition from introduction, to establishment and to invasion has been described in the context of plants. Introd...	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
strategy for regulating a pest species and reducing economic and environmental impacts of an introduction. Management of invasion pathways are on the forefront of eliminating unwanted invasive species this would include preliminary steps; educating the public, cooperation from industries and government resources. In Gr...	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
establish independent breeding populations. Escaped organisms are included in this category because their initial transport to a new region is human motivated. The widespread phenomena of intentional introduction has also been described as biological globalization. Positive Introductions Although most introduced specie...	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
the intent that it be used as a protein source, and subsequently to places like Hawaii to establish a food industry. In Alaska, foxes were introduced to many islands to create new populations for the fur trade. About twenty species of African and European dung beetles have established themselves in Australia after deli...	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
introduced with the intent of aesthetically improving public recreation areas or private properties. The introduced Norway maple for example occupies a prominent status in many of Canada's parks. The transport of ornamental plants for landscaping use has and continues to be a source of many introductions. Some of these...	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
reducing its numbers or controlling its spread. A special case of introduction is the reintroduction of a species that has become locally endangered or extinct, done in the interests of conservation. Examples of successful reintroductions include wolves to Yellowstone National Park in the U.S., and the red kite to part...	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
The insect commonly known as the brown marmorated stink bug (Halyomorpha halys) was introduced accidentally in Pennsylvania. Another form of unintentional introductions is when an intentionally introduced plant carries a parasite or herbivore with it. Some become invasive, for example, the oleander aphid, accidentally ...	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
alga in the Mediterranean was thought to be either as a migration through the Suez Canal from the Red Sea, or as an accidental introduction from an aquarium. This species has become invasive in Australia, where it threatens native rare plants and causes erosion and soil slumping around river banks. It has also become i...	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
The exotic pet trade has also been a large source of introduced species. The species favored as pets have more general habitat requirements and larger distributions. Therefore, as these pets escape or are released, unintentionally or intentionally, they are more likely to survive and establish non-native populations in...	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
non-native iguanas are causing devastating effects on native Iguana populations in the Caribbean Lesser Antilles, as hybrids appear to have higher fitness than native iguanas, leading to competitive outcompetition and replacement. Numerous populations have already become extinct and hybridization continues to reduce th...	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
as natives and others as invaders.	{ "page_id": 394815, "source": null, "title": "Introduced species" }
In condensed matter physics, the density of states (DOS) of a system describes the number of allowed modes or states per unit energy range. The density of states is defined as D ( E ) = N ( E ) / V {\displaystyle D(E)=N(E)/V} , where N ( E ) δ E {\displaystyle N(E)\delta E} is the number of states in the system of volu...	{ "page_id": 525887, "source": null, "title": "Density of states" }
states are available at other energy levels. Looking at the density of states of electrons at the band edge between the valence and conduction bands in a semiconductor, for an electron in the conduction band, an increase of the electron energy makes more states available for occupation. Alternatively, the density of st...	{ "page_id": 525887, "source": null, "title": "Density of states" }
the system such as the band structure, have a major impact on the properties of the density of states. The most well-known systems, like neutron matter in neutron stars and free electron gases in metals (examples of degenerate matter and a Fermi gas), have a 3-dimensional Euclidean topology. Less familiar systems, like...	{ "page_id": 525887, "source": null, "title": "Density of states" }
D 1 D ( E ) = 1 2 π ℏ ( 2 m E ) 1 / 2 {\textstyle D_{1D}(E)={\tfrac {1}{2\pi \hbar }}({\tfrac {2m}{E}})^{1/2}} . In two dimensions the density of states is a constant D 2 D = m 2 π ℏ 2 {\displaystyle D_{2D}={\tfrac {m}{2\pi \hbar ^{2}}}} , while in three dimensions it becomes D 3 D ( E ) = m 2 π 2 ℏ 3 ( 2 m E ) 1 / 2 {...	{ "page_id": 525887, "source": null, "title": "Density of states" }
on the radial parameter of the dispersion relation. Fluids, glasses and amorphous solids are examples of a symmetric system whose dispersion relations have a rotational symmetry. Measurements on powders or polycrystalline samples require evaluation and calculation functions and integrals over the whole domain, most oft...	{ "page_id": 525887, "source": null, "title": "Density of states" }
is lower. The DOS of dispersion relations with rotational symmetry can often be calculated analytically. This result is fortunate, since many materials of practical interest, such as steel and silicon, have high symmetry. In anisotropic condensed matter systems such as a single crystal of a compound, the density of sta...	{ "page_id": 525887, "source": null, "title": "Density of states" }
c n k n {\displaystyle \Omega _{n}(k)=c_{n}k^{n}} for a n-dimensional k-space with the topologically determined constants c 1 = 2 , c 2 = π , c 3 = 4 π 3 {\displaystyle c_{1}=2,\ c_{2}=\pi ,\ c_{3}={\frac {4\pi }{3}}} for linear, disk and spherical symmetrical shaped functions in 1, 2 and 3-dimensional Euclidean k-spac...	{ "page_id": 525887, "source": null, "title": "Density of states" }
the calculation for DOS find the number of states per unit sample volume at an energy E {\displaystyle E} inside an interval [ E , E + d E ] {\displaystyle [E,E+\mathrm {d} E]} . The general form of DOS of a system is given as D n ( E ) = d Ω n ( E ) d E {\displaystyle D_{n}\left(E\right)={\frac {\mathrm {d} \Omega _{n...	{ "page_id": 525887, "source": null, "title": "Density of states" }
rising so the DOS can be calculated easily. For longitudinal phonons in a string of atoms the dispersion relation of the kinetic energy in a 1-dimensional k-space, as shown in Figure 2, is given by E = 2 ℏ ω 0 \| sin ⁡ ( k a 2 ) \| {\displaystyle E=2\hbar \omega _{0}\left\|\sin \left({\frac {ka}{2}}\right)\right\|} where ω...	{ "page_id": 525887, "source": null, "title": "Density of states" }
containing wave vectors smaller than k is: Ω n ( k ) = c n k n {\displaystyle \Omega _{n}(k)=c_{n}k^{n}} Substitution of the isotropic energy relation gives the volume of occupied states Ω n ( E ) = c n c k n p ( E − E 0 ) n / p , {\displaystyle \Omega _{n}(E)={\frac {c_{n}}{{c_{k}}^{\frac {n}{p}}}}\left(E-E_{0}\right)...	{ "page_id": 525887, "source": null, "title": "Density of states" }
{\displaystyle s/V_{k}} , the expression for the 3D DOS is N ( E ) = V 2 π 2 ( 2 m ℏ 2 ) 3 2 E − E 0 , {\displaystyle N(E)={\frac {V}{2\pi ^{2}}}\left({\frac {2m}{\hbar ^{2}}}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}{\sqrt {E-E_{0}}},} where V {\displaystyle V} is the total volume, and N ( E − E 0 ) {\displaystyle N(E-E_{0})} includes th...	{ "page_id": 525887, "source": null, "title": "Density of states" }

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