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the "requirement niche". The requirement niche is bounded by both the availability of resources as well as the effects of coexisting consumers (e.g. competitors and predators). === Coexistence under contemporary niche theory === Contemporary niche theory provides three requirements that must be met in order for two spe... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
} |
new environments outside of their requirement (i.e. realized) niche, yet many examples of this are well-documented. Additionally, contemporary niche theory predicts that species will be unable to establish in environments where other species already consume resources in the same ways as the incoming species, however ex... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
} |
due to a decrease in between-species competition, the Lotka-Volterra model predicts that niche differentiation of any degree will result in coexistence. In reality, this still leaves the question of how much differentiation is needed for coexistence. A vague answer to this question is that the more similar two species ... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
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slope of a hillside, but its realized niche is only the top portion of the slope because species Y, which is a better competitor but cannot survive on the top portion of the slope, has excluded it from the lower portion of the slope. With this scenario, competition will continue indefinitely in the middle of the slope ... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
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species can partition their niche. This list is not exhaustive, but illustrates several classic examples. ==== Resource partitioning ==== Resource partitioning is the phenomenon where two or more species divides out resources like food, space, resting sites etc. to coexist. For example, some lizard species appear to co... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
} |
kin is entering this area the plant will take up exudates. The exudate, being several different compounds, will enter the plants root cell and attach to a receptor for that chemical halting growth of the root meristem in that direction, if the interaction is kin. Simonsen discusses how plants accomplish root communicat... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
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successful during dry years. As a result, each species will have an advantage in some years, but not others. When environmental conditions are most favorable, individuals will tend to compete most strongly with member of the same species. For example, in a dry year, dry-adapted plants will tend to be most limited by ot... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
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especially of Kauffman 1993. Causes of vacant niches may be evolutionary contingencies or brief or long-lasting environmental disturbances. Both paradigms agree that species are never "universal" in the sense that they occupy all possible niches; they are always specialized, although the degree of specialization varies... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
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interspecific competition are better explained by this mechanism, i.e., "reinforcement of reproductive barriers") (e.g., Rohde 2005b). === Relative significance of the mechanisms === Both paradigms acknowledge a role for all mechanisms (except possibly for that of random selection of niches in the first paradigm), but ... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
} |
niche segregation as the result of reinforcement of reproductive barriers is especially convincing in those cases in which such differences are not found in allopatric but only in sympatric locations. For example, Kawano (2002) has shown this for giant rhinoceros beetles in Southeast Asia. Two closely related species o... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
} |
observable evidence of niche differentiation and in "violation" of the competitive exclusion principle. One instance is in a group of hispine beetle species. These beetle species, which eat the same food and occupy the same habitat, coexist without any evidence of segregation or exclusion. The beetles show no aggressio... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
} |
conditions are favorable, without restriction from barriers to disperse or colonize. A species will be confined to its realized geographic range when confronting biotic interactions or abiotic barriers that limit dispersal, a more narrow subset of its larger fundamental geographic range. An early study on ecological ni... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
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survive in a range of conditions, for example the dandelion. == See also == Ontogenetic niche shift Marginal distribution (biology) Fitness landscape Niche differentiation Overpopulation Phylogenetic niche conservatism Unified neutral theory of biodiversity Character displacement == References == == Further reading == ... | {
"page_id": 67244,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological niche"
} |
In astrophysics and statistical mechanics, Jeans's theorem, named after James Jeans, states that any steady-state solution of the collisionless Boltzmann equation depends on the phase space coordinates only through integrals of motion in the given potential, and conversely any function of the integrals is a steady-stat... | {
"page_id": 35784363,
"source": null,
"title": "Jeans's theorem"
} |
… , α 6 , t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {x} =\mathbf {x} (\alpha _{1},\dots ,\alpha _{6},t)} v = v ( α 1 , … , α 6 , t ) {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} =\mathbf {v} (\alpha _{1},\dots ,\alpha _{6},t)} where α i {\displaystyle \alpha _{i}} s are the integration constants. Let us assume that from the above set, we are able to s... | {
"page_id": 35784363,
"source": null,
"title": "Jeans's theorem"
} |
{x} ,\mathbf {v} ,t),\mathbf {v} _{0}(\mathbf {x} ,\mathbf {v} ,t))} is a solution of the collisionless Boltzmann equation. == See also == Jeans equations == References == | {
"page_id": 35784363,
"source": null,
"title": "Jeans's theorem"
} |
In physics, Hamiltonian mechanics is a reformulation of Lagrangian mechanics that emerged in 1833. Introduced by Sir William Rowan Hamilton, Hamiltonian mechanics replaces (generalized) velocities q ˙ i {\displaystyle {\dot {q}}^{i}} used in Lagrangian mechanics with (generalized) momenta. Both theories provide interpr... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
{q}}},t)\,{\stackrel {\text{def}}{=}}\,\sum _{i=1}^{n}{\dot {q}}^{i}{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial {\dot {q}}^{i}}}-{\mathcal {L}}.} The Legendre transform of L {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}} turns E L {\displaystyle E_{\mathcal {L}}} into a function H ( p , q , t ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}({\boldsymbol... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
a , b , x a , x b ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {P}}(a,b,{\boldsymbol {x}}_{a},{\boldsymbol {x}}_{b})} be the set of smooth paths q : [ a , b ] → M {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {q}}:[a,b]\to M} for which q ( a ) = x a {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {q}}(a)={\boldsymbol {x}}_{a}} and q ( b ) = x b . {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
the total energy of the system, in this case the sum of kinetic and potential energy, traditionally denoted T and V, respectively. Here p is the momentum mv and q is the space coordinate. Then H = T + V , T = p 2 2 m , V = V ( q ) {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}=T+V,\qquad T={\frac {p^{2}}{2m}},\qquad V=V(q)} T is a func... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
}}} and P φ = ∂ L ∂ φ ˙ = m ℓ 2 sin 2 θ φ ˙ . {\displaystyle P_{\varphi }={\frac {\partial L}{\partial {\dot {\varphi }}}}=m\ell ^{2}\sin ^{2}\!\theta \,{\dot {\varphi }}.} In terms of coordinates and momenta, the Hamiltonian reads H = [ 1 2 m ℓ 2 θ ˙ 2 + 1 2 m ℓ 2 sin 2 θ φ ˙ 2 ] ⏟ T + [ − m g ℓ cos θ ] ⏟ V = P θ 2 ... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
axis. Being absent from the Hamiltonian, azimuth φ {\displaystyle \varphi } is a cyclic coordinate, which implies conservation of its conjugate momentum. == Deriving Hamilton's equations == Hamilton's equations can be derived by a calculation with the Lagrangian L {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}} , generalized positio... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
{\dot {q}}^{i}\right)+{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial t}}\mathrm {d} t\\=&\sum _{i}\left({\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial q^{i}}}\,\mathrm {d} q^{i}+\mathrm {d} (p_{i}{\dot {q}}^{i})-{\dot {q}}^{i}\,\mathrm {d} p_{i}\right)+{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial t}}\,\mathrm {d} t\,.\end{aligned}}... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
expressions for d H {\displaystyle d{\mathcal {H}}} , one in terms of L {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}} , the other in terms of H {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}} : ∑ i ( − ∂ L ∂ q i d q i + q ˙ i d p i ) − ∂ L ∂ t d t = ∑ i ( ∂ H ∂ q i d q i + ∂ H ∂ p i d p i ) + ∂ H ∂ t d t . {\displaystyle \sum _{i}\left(-{\fr... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
{d} t}}{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial {\dot {q}}^{i}}}-{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial q^{i}}}=0\ .} Rearranging and writing in terms of the on-shell p i = p i ( t ) {\displaystyle p_{i}=p_{i}(t)} gives: ∂ L ∂ q i = p ˙ i . {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial q^{i}}}={\dot {p}}... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
velocities q ˙ i {\displaystyle {\dot {q}}_{i}} still occur in the Lagrangian, and a system of equations in n coordinates still has to be solved. The Lagrangian and Hamiltonian approaches provide the groundwork for deeper results in classical mechanics, and suggest analogous formulations in quantum mechanics: the path ... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
{\displaystyle -{\frac {\partial {\mathcal {H}}}{\partial q^{i}}}={\dot {p}}_{i}={\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial q^{i}}}} . (Compare Hamilton's and Euler-Lagrange equations or see § Deriving Hamilton's equations). ∂ H ∂ q i = 0 {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial {\mathcal {H}}}{\partial q^{i}}}=0} if and only i... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
the number of degrees of freedom of the system, and each c i j ( q ) {\displaystyle c_{ij}({\boldsymbol {q}})} is an arbitrary scalar function of q {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {q}}} . In words, this means that the relation H = T + V {\displaystyle {\mathcal {H}}=T+V} holds true if T {\displaystyle T} does not contain t... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
of point masses, the requirement for T {\displaystyle T} to be quadratic in generalised velocity is always satisfied for the case where T ( q , q ˙ , t ) = T ( q , q ˙ ) {\displaystyle T({\boldsymbol {q}},{\boldsymbol {\dot {q}}},t)=T({\boldsymbol {q}},{\boldsymbol {\dot {q}}})} , which is a requirement for H = T + V {... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
in an electromagnetic field. In Cartesian coordinates the Lagrangian of a non-relativistic classical particle in an electromagnetic field is (in SI Units): L = ∑ i 1 2 m x ˙ i 2 + ∑ i q x ˙ i A i − q φ , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {L}}=\sum _{i}{\tfrac {1}{2}}m{\dot {x}}_{i}^{2}+\sum _{i}q{\dot {x}}_{i}A_{i}-q\varphi ,} ... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
+ q ∇ f , H → H ′ = H − q ∂ f ∂ t , {\displaystyle L\rightarrow L'=L+q{\frac {df}{dt}}\,,\quad \mathbf {p} \rightarrow \mathbf {p'} =\mathbf {p} +q\nabla f\,,\quad H\rightarrow H'=H-q{\frac {\partial f}{\partial t}}\,,} which still produces the same Hamilton's equation: ∂ H ′ ∂ x i | p i ′ = ∂ ∂ x i | p i ′ ( x ˙ i p i... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
the particle's canonical momentum is p ( t ) = ∂ L ∂ x ˙ = m x ˙ 1 − x ˙ 2 c 2 + q A {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} (t)={\frac {\partial {\mathcal {L}}}{\partial {\dot {\mathbf {x} }}}}={\frac {m{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}+q\mathbf {A} } that is, the sum of the kinetic mome... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
t − q ( x ˙ ⋅ ∇ ) A = q E + q x ˙ × B {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}\left({\frac {m{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {{\dot {\mathbf {x} }}^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}\right)&={\frac {\mathrm {d} }{\mathrm {d} t}}(\mathbf {p} -q\mathbf {A} )={\dot {\mathbf {p} }}-q{\frac {\partial \mathbf... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
momentum p {\displaystyle \mathbf {p} } cannot. Notice that the Hamiltonian (total energy) can be viewed as the sum of the relativistic energy (kinetic+rest), E = γ m c 2 {\displaystyle E=\gamma mc^{2}} , plus the potential energy, V = q φ {\displaystyle V=q\varphi } . == From symplectic geometry to Hamilton's eq... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
\xi \to \omega _{\xi }} is indeed a linear isomorphism. This isomorphism is natural in that it does not change with change of coordinates on M . {\displaystyle M.} Repeating over all x ∈ M {\displaystyle x\in M} , we end up with an isomorphism J − 1 : Vect ( M ) → Ω 1 ( M ) {\displaystyle J^{-1}:{\text{Vect}}(M)\to ... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
x=x(t)} and J ( d H ) ( x ) ∈ T x M {\displaystyle J(dH)(x)\in T_{x}M} is the (time-dependent) value of the vector field J ( d H ) {\displaystyle J(dH)} at x ∈ M {\displaystyle x\in M} . A Hamiltonian system may be understood as a fiber bundle E over time R, with the fiber Et being the position space at time t ∈ R. ... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
function ω(J(dF), J(dG)) is properly defined; it is called a Poisson bracket of functions F and G and is denoted {F, G}. The Poisson bracket has the following properties: bilinearity antisymmetry Leibniz rule: { F 1 ⋅ F 2 , G } = F 1 { F 2 , G } + F 2 { F 1 , G } {\displaystyle \{F_{1}\cdot F_{2},G\}=F_{1}\{F_{2},G\}+F... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
Liouville integrable. The Liouville–Arnold theorem says that, locally, any Liouville integrable Hamiltonian can be transformed via a symplectomorphism into a new Hamiltonian with the conserved quantities Gi as coordinates; the new coordinates are called action–angle coordinates. The transformed Hamiltonian depends only... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
set of solutions, are discussed in detail in the article on geodesics. See also Geodesics as Hamiltonian flows. === Sub-Riemannian manifolds === When the cometric is degenerate, then it is not invertible. In this case, one does not have a Riemannian manifold, as one does not have a metric. However, the Hamiltonian stil... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
bracket === Hamilton's equations above work well for classical mechanics, but not for quantum mechanics, since the differential equations discussed assume that one can specify the exact position and momentum of the particle simultaneously at any point in time. However, the equations can be further generalized to then b... | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
introduction to Lagrangian and Hamiltonian mechanics (lecture notes) (PDF) Morin, David (2008), Introduction to Classical Mechanics (Additional material: The Hamiltonian method) (PDF) | {
"page_id": 198319,
"source": null,
"title": "Hamiltonian mechanics"
} |
The Ferrier rearrangement is an organic reaction that involves a nucleophilic substitution reaction combined with an allylic shift in a glycal (a 2,3-unsaturated glycoside). It was discovered by the carbohydrate chemist Robert J. Ferrier. == Mechanism == In the first step, a delocalized allyloxocarbenium ion (2) is for... | {
"page_id": 1836722,
"source": null,
"title": "Ferrier rearrangement"
} |
An alchemist is a person versed in the art of alchemy. Western alchemy flourished in Greco-Roman Egypt, the Islamic world during the Middle Ages, and then in Europe from the 13th to the 18th centuries. Indian alchemists and Chinese alchemists made contributions to Eastern varieties of the art. Alchemy is still practice... | {
"page_id": 657083,
"source": null,
"title": "List of alchemists"
} |
== Khalid ibn Yazid, known in Latin as Calid (died 704) Jabir ibn Hayyan, known in Latin as Geber (died c. 806–816) Dhu al-Nun al-Misri (born 796) Abu Bakr al-Razi (c. 865–925 or 935) Ibn Umayl, known in Latin as Senior Zadith (c. 900–960) al-Tughrai (1061–1121) Artephius (c. 1150) al-Jildaki, also written al-Jaldaki (... | {
"page_id": 657083,
"source": null,
"title": "List of alchemists"
} |
Albert of Saxony (Latin: Albertus de Saxonia; c. 1320 – 8 July 1390) was a German philosopher and mathematician known for his contributions to logic and physics. He was bishop of Halberstadt from 1366 until his death. == Life == Albert was born at Rickensdorf near Helmstedt, the son of a farmer in a small village. Due ... | {
"page_id": 853697,
"source": null,
"title": "Albert of Saxony (philosopher)"
} |
not naturally possible but imaginable given God's absolute power. He was later regarded as one of the principal adherents of nominalism, along with his near contemporaries at Paris, namely Buridan and Marsilius of Inghen. The subsequent wide circulation of Albert's work made him a better-known figure in some areas than... | {
"page_id": 853697,
"source": null,
"title": "Albert of Saxony (philosopher)"
} |
term to the concept on which it depends when it signifies an extra-mental thing. Albert followed Ockham in his theory of categories and contrary to Buridan, refused to treat quantity as a feature of reality in its own right, but rather reduced it to a disposition of substance and quality. Albert established significati... | {
"page_id": 853697,
"source": null,
"title": "Albert of Saxony (philosopher)"
} |
both that it is true and that it is false. Albert also authored commentaries on Ars Vetus, a set of twenty-five Quaestiones logicales (c. 1356) that involved semantical problems and the status of logic, and Quaestiones on the Posterior Analytics. Albert explored in a series of disputed questions the status of logic and... | {
"page_id": 853697,
"source": null,
"title": "Albert of Saxony (philosopher)"
} |
of English innovations. At the same time, Albert was not merely a compiler of the work of others. Rather, he constructed proofs of undeniable originality on many topics in logic and physics. == Works == Perutilis Logica Magistri Alberti de Saxonia (Very Useful Logic), Venice 1522 and Hildesheim 1974 (reproduction) Albe... | {
"page_id": 853697,
"source": null,
"title": "Albert of Saxony (philosopher)"
} |
Patar, Expositio et Quaestiones in Aristotelis Physicam ad Albertum de Saxonia attributae, Louvain, Peeters, 1999 (3 volumes). Quaestiones circa Logicam: Twenty-Five Disputed Questions on Logic, trans. Michael J. Fitzgerald, Dallas Medieval Texts and Translations 9, Louvain and Paris: Peeters, 2010. == See also == John... | {
"page_id": 853697,
"source": null,
"title": "Albert of Saxony (philosopher)"
} |
Corals of the World Online, or simply Corals of the World, is an open access website aiming to become a fully comprehensive and up-to-date reference on the subjects of coral taxonomy, biogeography and identification. It is focused only on the group of zooxanthellate Scleractinia, also called stony corals, the order of ... | {
"page_id": 79496899,
"source": null,
"title": "Corals of the World (website)"
} |
Sodium sesquicarbonate (systematic name: trisodium hydrogendicarbonate) Na3H(CO3)2 is a double salt of sodium bicarbonate and sodium carbonate (NaHCO3 · Na2CO3), and has a needle-like crystal structure. However, the term is also applied to an equimolar mixture of those two salts, with whatever water of hydration the so... | {
"page_id": 12912325,
"source": null,
"title": "Sodium sesquicarbonate"
} |
to “horse tooth alkaline” and traditionally used as an ingredient in the marinade for century eggs, a dish generally made from duck eggs preserved whole in an highly alkaline mixture. == References == | {
"page_id": 12912325,
"source": null,
"title": "Sodium sesquicarbonate"
} |
Le Vaillant (French: The Valiant) (died 4 June 1916) was a pigeon used by the French Army in the First World War. The bird was the last held at Fort Vaux before it was overrun in the Battle of Verdun. Le Vaillant carried a message from the fort's commander Sylvain Reynal to his senior officers requesting reinforcements... | {
"page_id": 72156872,
"source": null,
"title": "Le Vaillant"
} |
the message to the dovecot at the citadel. The bird was grievously wounded and died in the hands of the citadel's pigeon master. Because of the message, five relief parties were sent to reinforce Raynal, arriving on 5 June. The garrison lacked water and ammunition and Raynal was forced to surrender his position and 600... | {
"page_id": 72156872,
"source": null,
"title": "Le Vaillant"
} |
Venom optimization hypothesis, also known as venom metering, is a biological hypothesis which postulates that venomous animals have physiological control over their production and use of venoms. It explains the economic use of venom because venom is a metabolically expensive product, and that there is a biological mech... | {
"page_id": 40502985,
"source": null,
"title": "Venom optimization hypothesis"
} |
just sufficient (at the lethal dose) to paralyze the target organism depending on the size or strength, and is not more than what is necessary. == Concept == Animal venoms are complex biomolecules and hence, their biological synthesis require high metabolic activity. A particular venom itself is a complex chemical mixt... | {
"page_id": 40502985,
"source": null,
"title": "Venom optimization hypothesis"
} |
Joseph Michael Forshaw is an Australian ornithologist, and expert on parrots. He was the former head of wildlife conservation for the Australian National Parks and Wildlife Service. == Bibliography == Forshaw, Joseph M. (2006). Parrots of the World; an Identification Guide. Illustrated by Frank Knight. Princeton Univer... | {
"page_id": 6948556,
"source": null,
"title": "Joseph Forshaw"
} |
The following is a list of notable proteins that are produced from recombinant DNA, using biomolecular engineering. In many cases, recombinant human proteins have replaced the original animal-derived version used in medicine. The prefix "rh" for "recombinant human" appears less and less in the literature. A much larger... | {
"page_id": 3016399,
"source": null,
"title": "List of recombinant proteins"
} |
cells. Plant cell culture was used to produce FDA-approved glycosylated lysosomal protein-drug, and additional drug candidates. Recent studies have shown that it may be possible to produce recombinant lysosomal proteins with microorganisms such as Escherichia coli and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Recombinant lysosomal pro... | {
"page_id": 3016399,
"source": null,
"title": "List of recombinant proteins"
} |
applications === Laccases have found a wide range of application, from food additive and beverage processing to biomedical diagnosis, and as cross‐linking agents for furniture construction or in the production of biofuels. The tyrosinase‐induced polymerization of peptides offers facile access to artificial mussel foot ... | {
"page_id": 3016399,
"source": null,
"title": "List of recombinant proteins"
} |
In chromatography, endcapping refers to the replacement of accessible silanol groups in a bonded stationary phase by trimethylsilyl groups. End-capped columns have much lower residual silanol group activity compared to non-endcapped columns. Endcapped columns show decreased retention for hydrogen bond acceptors, such a... | {
"page_id": 20514516,
"source": null,
"title": "Endcapping"
} |
Francesca Ferlaino (born 1977) is an Italian-Austrian experimental physicist known for her research on quantum matter. She is a professor of physics at the University of Innsbruck. == Biography == Francesca Ferlaino was born in Naples, Italy. She studied physics at the University of Naples Federico II (1995–2000) and w... | {
"page_id": 67503829,
"source": null,
"title": "Francesca Ferlaino"
} |
"Cécile-DeWitt Morette/École de Physique des Houches" from the French Academy of Sciences (2019), the Junior BEC Award (2019), the Feltrinelli Prize (2017) and the Erwin Schrödinger Prize (2017), the highest award of the Austrian Academy of Sciences. In addition, she is the recipient of an Alexander von Humboldt Profes... | {
"page_id": 67503829,
"source": null,
"title": "Francesca Ferlaino"
} |
Molecular gastronomy is the scientific approach of cuisine from primarily the perspective of chemistry. The composition (molecular structure), properties (mass, viscosity, etc) and transformations (chemical reactions, reactant products) of an ingredient are addressed and utilized in the preparation and appreciation of ... | {
"page_id": 2623191,
"source": null,
"title": "Molecular gastronomy"
} |
what the other disciplines within food science either do not cover, or cover in a manner intended for scientists rather than cooks. The term "molecular and physical gastronomy" was coined in 1988 by Hungarian physicist Nicholas Kurti and French physical chemist Hervé This. In 1992, it became the title for a set of work... | {
"page_id": 2623191,
"source": null,
"title": "Molecular gastronomy"
} |
one of the most famous French chefs, who said in the early 19th century that when making a food stock "the broth must come to a boil very slowly, otherwise the albumin coagulates, hardens; the water, not having time to penetrate the meat, prevents the gelatinous part of the osmazome from detaching itself." ==== Raymond... | {
"page_id": 2623191,
"source": null,
"title": "Molecular gastronomy"
} |
Belle Lowe, then the professor of Food and Nutrition at Iowa State College, published a book titled Experimental Cookery: From The Chemical And Physical Standpoint which became a standard textbook for home economics courses across the United States. The book is an exhaustively researched look into the science of everyd... | {
"page_id": 2623191,
"source": null,
"title": "Molecular gastronomy"
} |
applying scientific knowledge to culinary problems. He was one of the first television cooks in the UK, hosting a black-and-white television show in 1969 entitled The Physicist in the Kitchen, where he demonstrated techniques such as using a syringe to inject hot mince pies with brandy in order to avoid disturbing the ... | {
"page_id": 2623191,
"source": null,
"title": "Molecular gastronomy"
} |
an adviser to the French minister of education, lectured internationally, and was invited to join the lab of Nobel-winning molecular chemist Jean-Marie Lehn. This has published several books in French, four of which have been translated into English, including Molecular Gastronomy: Exploring the Science of Flavor, Kitc... | {
"page_id": 2623191,
"source": null,
"title": "Molecular gastronomy"
} |
in our appreciation of food The mechanisms of aroma release and the perception of taste and flavor How and why we evolved our particular taste and flavor sense organs and our general food likes and dislikes How cooking methods affect the eventual flavor and texture of food ingredients How new cooking methods might prod... | {
"page_id": 2623191,
"source": null,
"title": "Molecular gastronomy"
} |
signed up to this and together released a joint statement in 2006 clarifying their approach to cooking, stating that the term "molecular gastronomy" was coined in 1992 for a single workshop that did not influence them, and that the term does not describe any style of cooking. In February 2011, Nathan Myhrvold published... | {
"page_id": 2623191,
"source": null,
"title": "Molecular gastronomy"
} |
investigation of cooking, though it has been adopted by a number of people and applied to cooking itself or to describe a style of cuisine. Other names for the style of cuisine practiced by these chefs include: Avant-garde cuisine Culinary constructivism Cocina de vanguardia – term used by Ferran Adrià Emotional cuisin... | {
"page_id": 2623191,
"source": null,
"title": "Molecular gastronomy"
} |
the Kitchen. Scribner, New York, 2004. ISBN 0-684-80001-2. This, Hervé, Building a Meal: From Molecular Gastronomy to Culinary Constructivism, Columbia University Press 2009 ISBN 978-0-231-14466-7 This, Hervé, Pierre Gagnaire: Cooking: The Quintessential Art, University of California Press 2008 ISBN 978-0-520-25295-0 T... | {
"page_id": 2623191,
"source": null,
"title": "Molecular gastronomy"
} |
In organic chemistry, the Arndt–Eistert reaction is the conversion of a carboxylic acid to its homologue. It is named for the German chemists Fritz Arndt (1885–1969) and Bernd Eistert (1902–1978). The method entails treating an acid chloride with diazomethane. It is a popular method of producing β-amino acids from α-am... | {
"page_id": 2950875,
"source": null,
"title": "Arndt–Eistert reaction"
} |
of diazoalkane and triethylamine at low temperature. In addition, primary diazoalkanes are very reactive, incompatible with acidic functionalities, and will react with activated alkenes including α,β-unsaturated carbonyl compounds to give 1,3-dipolar cycloaddition products. An alternative to the Arndt–Eistert reaction ... | {
"page_id": 2950875,
"source": null,
"title": "Arndt–Eistert reaction"
} |
Radiosensitivity is the relative susceptibility of cells, tissues, organs or organisms to the harmful effect of ionizing radiation. == Cells types affected == Cells are least sensitive when in the S phase, then the G1 phase, then the G2 phase, and most sensitive in the M phase of the cell cycle. This is described by th... | {
"page_id": 1967838,
"source": null,
"title": "Radiosensitivity"
} |
appear and above which they typically appear. Fractionation of dose, dose rate, the application of antioxidants and other factors may affect the precise threshold at which a tissue reaction occurs. Tissue reactions include skin reactions (epilation, erythema, moist desquamation), cataracts, circulatory disease, and oth... | {
"page_id": 1967838,
"source": null,
"title": "Radiosensitivity"
} |
necessary to kill the microorganisms, thus opening a possibility for a quick whole-organism vaccine production. The intracellular manganese content and the nature of complexes it forms (both measurable by electron paramagnetic resonance) were shown to correlate with radiosensitivity in bacteria, archaea, fungi and huma... | {
"page_id": 1967838,
"source": null,
"title": "Radiosensitivity"
} |
Juan Mari Arzak Arratibel (born 31 July 1942) is a Spanish chef, the owner and chef of Arzak restaurant. He is considered to be one of the great masters of New Basque cuisine. He describes his cooking as "signature cuisine, Basque cuisine that's evolutionary, investigatory, and avant-garde." == Personal life == Arzak w... | {
"page_id": 24708831,
"source": null,
"title": "Juan Mari Arzak"
} |
Sim4 is a nucleotide sequence alignment program akin to BLAST but specifically tailored to DNA to cDNA/EST (Expressed Sequence Tag) alignment (as opposed to DNA–DNA or protein–protein alignment). It was written by Florea et al. == External links == A Computer Program for Aligning a cDNA Sequence with a Genomic DNA Sequ... | {
"page_id": 2688736,
"source": null,
"title": "Sim4"
} |
In electromagnetics, an evanescent field, or evanescent wave, is an oscillating electric and/or magnetic field that does not propagate as an electromagnetic wave but whose energy is spatially concentrated in the vicinity of the source (oscillating charges and currents). Even when there is a propagating electromagnetic ... | {
"page_id": 263902,
"source": null,
"title": "Evanescent field"
} |
a surface wave. However, despite energy flowing horizontally, along the vertical there is no net propagation of energy away from (or toward) the surface, so that one could properly describe the field as being "evanescent in the vertical direction". This is one example of the context dependence of the term. Everyday ele... | {
"page_id": 263902,
"source": null,
"title": "Evanescent field"
} |
of a hollow metal waveguide is a strong function of frequency (a dispersion relation). Below a certain frequency (the cut-off frequency) the propagation constant becomes an imaginary number. A solution to the wave equation having an imaginary wavenumber does not propagate as a wave but falls off exponentially, so the f... | {
"page_id": 263902,
"source": null,
"title": "Evanescent field"
} |
(or pressure gradients, in the case of acoustical waves) cannot be discontinuous at a boundary, as would be the case if there was no evanescent wave field. In quantum mechanics, the physical explanation is exactly analogous—the Schrödinger wave-function representing particle motion normal to the boundary cannot be disc... | {
"page_id": 263902,
"source": null,
"title": "Evanescent field"
} |
however these systems are then limited by the system's ability to accurately capture the evanescent waves. The limitation on their resolution is given by k ∝ 1 d ln 1 δ , {\displaystyle k\propto {\frac {1}{d}}\ln {\frac {1}{\delta }},} where k {\displaystyle k} is the maximal wave vector that can be resolved, d {\dis... | {
"page_id": 263902,
"source": null,
"title": "Evanescent field"
} |
this example, the conditions on E|| and By are satisfied if the reflected wave has the same amplitude as the incident one, because these components of the incident and reflected waves superimpose destructively. Their Hx components, however, superimpose constructively, so there can be no solution without a non-vanishing... | {
"page_id": 263902,
"source": null,
"title": "Evanescent field"
} |
and y ^ {\displaystyle {\hat {\mathbf {y} }}} are the unit vectors along the x {\displaystyle x} axis direction and the y {\displaystyle y} axis direction respectively. By using the Snell's law n i sin θ i = n t sin θ t {\displaystyle n_{i}\sin \theta _{i}=n_{t}\sin \theta _{t}} where n i {\displaystyle n_{i}} , n ... | {
"page_id": 263902,
"source": null,
"title": "Evanescent field"
} |
the unit vector in the z {\displaystyle z} axis direction. By assuming plane waves as E ( r ) = E 0 e − i k ⋅ r {\displaystyle E(\mathbf {r} )=E_{0}e^{-i\mathbf {k} \cdot \mathbf {r} }} , and substituting the transmitted wave vector k t {\displaystyle \mathbf {k_{t}} } into k {\displaystyle \mathbf {k} } , we find for ... | {
"page_id": 263902,
"source": null,
"title": "Evanescent field"
} |
tapping. At radio (and even optical) frequencies, such a device is called a directional coupler. The device is usually called a power divider in the case of microwave transmission and modulation. Evanescent-wave coupling is synonymous with near field interaction in electromagnetic field theory. Depending on the nature ... | {
"page_id": 263902,
"source": null,
"title": "Evanescent field"
} |
The molecular formula C12H15N3O2 (molar mass: 233.266 g/mol) may refer to: 5-Nitro-DMT Pardoprunox Phenylpiracetam hydrazide | {
"page_id": 61540071,
"source": null,
"title": "C12H15N3O2"
} |
Frank Roberts (22 January 1882–26 June 1963) was a New Zealand pioneer in building model railways. His models were extremely accurate and reflected the history of the New Zealand railways. == Early career == Roberts spent his early career working for New Zealand Railways Department (NZR) as a cleaner, fireman and drive... | {
"page_id": 17696487,
"source": null,
"title": "Frank Roberts (model maker)"
} |
=== Citations === === Bibliography === Roberts, Joyce (1976). Steam in Miniature - Frank Roberts and his garden railway. A H Reed. ISBN 0589009486. Vintage Steam - Stories by Frank Roberts, Edited by Frank Roberts and Gordon Troup, 1967 Film Letting off Steam Working models of railway locomotives at a model engineering... | {
"page_id": 17696487,
"source": null,
"title": "Frank Roberts (model maker)"
} |
The Hartle–Thorne metric is an approximate solution of the vacuum Einstein field equations of general relativity that describes the exterior of a slowly and rigidly rotating, stationary and axially symmetric body. The metric was found by James Hartle and Kip Thorne in the 1960s to study the spacetime outside neutron st... | {
"page_id": 60360425,
"source": null,
"title": "Hartle–Thorne metric"
} |
44 P 2 2 + 8 P 2 − 43 ) r 6 + J 2 P 2 r 4 ) , g ϕ ϕ = r 2 sin 2 θ ( 1 − 2 q P 2 r 3 − 5 M q P 2 r 4 + 1 36 q 2 ( 44 P 2 2 + 8 P 2 − 43 ) r 6 + J 2 P 2 r 4 ) , {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}g_{tt}&=-\left(1-{\frac {2M}{r}}+{\frac {2q}{r^{3}}}P_{2}+{\frac {2Mq}{r^{4}}}P_{2}+{\frac {2q^{2}}{r^{6}}}P_{2}^{2}-{\frac {2}{... | {
"page_id": 60360425,
"source": null,
"title": "Hartle–Thorne metric"
} |
Royana (2006–2010) was Iran's and the Middle East's first successfully cloned sheep. Royana was a brown male domestic sheep and was cloned in the Royan Research Institute in Isfahan, Iran (The word Royan means embryo in Persian). He was the second cloned sheep in Royan Research Institute, but whereas the first sheep di... | {
"page_id": 47122154,
"source": null,
"title": "Royana"
} |
Activity recognition aims to recognize the actions and goals of one or more agents from a series of observations on the agents' actions and the environmental conditions. Since the 1980s, this research field has captured the attention of several computer science communities due to its strength in providing personalized ... | {
"page_id": 15795950,
"source": null,
"title": "Activity recognition"
} |
several intermediate levels is conducted and connected. At the lowest level where the sensor data are collected, statistical learning concerns how to find the detailed locations of agents from the received signal data. At an intermediate level, statistical inference may be concerned about how to recognize individuals' ... | {
"page_id": 15795950,
"source": null,
"title": "Activity recognition"
} |
behavior of the group in parallel. Challenges which must still be addressed include quantification of the behavior and roles of individuals who join the group, integration of explicit models for role description into inference algorithms, and scalability evaluations for very large groups and crowds. Group activity reco... | {
"page_id": 15795950,
"source": null,
"title": "Activity recognition"
} |
belief and intention description. A serious problem of logic-based approaches is their inability or inherent infeasibility to represent uncertainty. They offer no mechanism for preferring one consistent approach to another and are incapable of deciding whether one particular plan is more likely than another, as long as... | {
"page_id": 15795950,
"source": null,
"title": "Activity recognition"
} |
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