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(the species is unnamed, dubbed C) produce fertile and viable hybrids, but are unable to fertilize eggs of the parent species due to divergence of the alleles that code for bindin proteins: an example of post-zygotic isolation.: 343–344 Populations in sympatry manifest this difference in bindin protein versus those in ... | {
"page_id": 56754417,
"source": null,
"title": "Evidence for speciation by reinforcement"
} |
against hybrids is occurring, in the presence of reproductive character displacement. Female mate discrimination is increased with intermediate migration rates between allopatric populations of Timema cristinae (genus Timema) compared to high rates of migration (where gene flow impedes selection) or low rates (where se... | {
"page_id": 56754417,
"source": null,
"title": "Evidence for speciation by reinforcement"
} |
allopatry, or the enhanced isolation found in sympatric populations of D. mojavensis and D. arizonae in southwest America. Rare, sterile hybrids form between D. pseudoobscura and D. persimilis, with sympatric D. pseudoobscura females discriminating against D. persimilis males; more so than allopatric populations. Other... | {
"page_id": 56754417,
"source": null,
"title": "Evidence for speciation by reinforcement"
} |
zone it hybridizes with both P. aurantia and P. olympia. The reversal in chirality to sinistrality must have evolved as an isolating mechanism, with patterns of reproductive character displacement suggesting speciation by reinforcement. Satsuma largillierti lives on the western half of Okinawa Island while Satsuma euco... | {
"page_id": 56754417,
"source": null,
"title": "Evidence for speciation by reinforcement"
} |
in the sympatric population is being driven by strong selection. Similarly, in P. pilosa and P. glaberrima, character displacement of petal color has been driven by selection, aided by pollen discrimination. Displacement in flower size has also been observed in the nightshade species Solanum grayi and S. lymholtzianum ... | {
"page_id": 56754417,
"source": null,
"title": "Evidence for speciation by reinforcement"
} |
between sympatric and allopatric pairs. This finding lends support the predictions of speciation by reinforcement and correlates well with another later study by Daniel J. Howard.: 363 In his study, 48 studies with observed reproductive character displacement (including plants, insects, crustaceans, molluscs, fish, amp... | {
"page_id": 56754417,
"source": null,
"title": "Evidence for speciation by reinforcement"
} |
as testing reinforcement in some form. == References == | {
"page_id": 56754417,
"source": null,
"title": "Evidence for speciation by reinforcement"
} |
In mycology, the term trama is used in two ways. In the broad sense, it is the inner, fleshy portion of a mushroom's basidiocarp, or fruit body. It is distinct from the outer layer of tissue, known as the pileipellis or cuticle, and from the spore-bearing tissue layer known as the hymenium. In essence, the trama is the... | {
"page_id": 25428209,
"source": null,
"title": "Trama (mycology)"
} |
The molecular formula C8H6N2O2 may refer to: Fenadiazole, a hypnotic drug with a unique oxadiazole-based structure Quinoxalinedione, an organic compound; colorless solid that is soluble in polar organic solvents | {
"page_id": 23920881,
"source": null,
"title": "C8H6N2O2"
} |
NCED8 (gene) may refer to: Carlactone synthase, an enzyme All-trans-10'-apo-beta-carotenal 13,14-cleaving dioxygenase, an enzyme | {
"page_id": 38338804,
"source": null,
"title": "NCED8"
} |
This is a non-exhaustive list of alternative treatments that have been promoted to treat or prevent cancer in humans but which lack scientific and medical evidence of effectiveness. In many cases, there is scientific evidence that the alleged treatments are not effective, and in some cases, may even be harmful. Unlike ... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
nor the treatment [...] [is] effective in the treatment of cancer." In addition they state "Nor is there any evidence that.. the intravenous injections are safe." Herbalism – a whole-body approach to promoting health, in which substances are derived from entire plants so as not to disturb what herbalists believe is the... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
or any other disease". == Diet-based == Alkaline diet – a restrictive diet of non-acid foods, such as that proposed by Edgar Cayce (1877–1945), based on the claim this will affect the pH of the body generally, so reducing the risk of heart disease and cancer. According to the Canadian Cancer Society, "there is no evide... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
– a severe carbohydrate-restricted diet that induces ketosis and is used for the treatment of drug-resistant epilepsy. Advocates assume the diet avoids "fuelling" cancer tumours and say the diet can be used as a substitute for convention treatment, but their claims are not supported by medical evidence. Kousmine diet –... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
certain electromagnetic oscillations. The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center says that such claims are not supported by any evidence and note that the U.S. Food and Drug Administration has prosecuted many sellers of such devices. Electrohomeopathy (or Mattei cancer cure) – a treatment devised by Count Cesare Mattei... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
based on the idea that the positive or negative charge of a person's electromagnetic field affects their health. Although it is promoted as effective for curing a number of human ailments, including cancer, the American Cancer Society says "available scientific evidence does not support claims that polarity therapy is ... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
Hospital in Tijuana, Mexico which includes a number of ineffective treatments including the use of amygdalin and metabolic therapy. The Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center lists "Contreras Therapy" alongside others which "show no evidence of efficacy". Gerson therapy – a predominantly diet regime, generally based on... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
of examining blood samples under a high-powered microscope, claiming this can detect and predict cancer and other illnesses, so leading to a prescription of dietary supplements that are supposed to function as treatment. The practice has been dismissed as quackery by the medical profession. Livingston-Wheeler Therapy –... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
deadly product called T-UP is made of concentrated aloe, and promoted as a cancer cure. They say "there is currently no evidence that aloe products can help to prevent or treat cancer in humans". Andrographis paniculata – a herb used in Ayurvedic medicine, and promoted as a dietary supplement for cancer prevention and ... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
the treatment of any cancer-related symptom or side effect of cancer therapy." Cansema (also called black salve) – a type of paste or poultice often promoted as a cancer cure, especially for skin cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, there is no evidence that this escharotic is effective in treating cancer,... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
state that: "We don't recommend that you take chaparral to treat or prevent any type of cancer." Chlorella – a type of algae promoted for its health-giving properties, including a claimed ability to treat cancer. However, according to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific studies do not support its effecti... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
ability to help fight cancer. However, according to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not support claims that ginseng is effective in preventing or treating cancer in humans". Glyconutrients – types of sugar extracted from plants; they are mostly marketed in a product with the brand name ... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
efficacy for disease prevention or for the treatment of cancer, cardiovascular disease, or diabetes". They caution that the mushroom extract can interact with other drugs. Juice Plus – a branded line of dietary supplements containing concentrated fruit and vegetable juice extract. In October 2009, Barrie R. Cassileth, ... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
American Cancer Society, "there is no reliable evidence that mangosteen juice, puree, or bark is effective as a treatment for cancer in humans". Milk thistle (Silybum marianum) – a biennial plant that grows in many locations over the world. Cancer Research UK say that milk thistle is promoted on the internet for its cl... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
of oleander can cause death", and "the effectiveness of oleander has not been proven". Noni juice – juice derived from the fruit of the Morinda citrifolia tree indigenous to Southeast Asia, Australasia, and the Caribbean. Noni juice has been promoted as a cure for cancer. However, The American Cancer Society say "there... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
– a type of palm tree found growing in the southeastern United States. Its extract has been promoted as a prostate cancer medicine; however, according to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific studies do not support claims that saw palmetto can prevent or treat prostate cancer in humans". Seasilver – an exp... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
linked to some serious side effects, although the extent of those effects is not known". Venus flytrap – a carnivorous plant, the extract of which has been promoted as a treatment for a variety of human ailments including skin cancer. According to the American Cancer Society, "available scientific evidence does not sup... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
also effective in treating cancerous tumors. No trials conducted according to modern scientific standards have ever shown that this solution is successful in curing cancer. == Physical procedures == Acupuncture – a mainstay of traditional Chinese medicine, acupuncture attempts to regulate the flow of a supposed energy ... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
not support claims that colon therapy is effective in treating cancer or any other disease". Cupping – a procedure in which cups are used to create areas of suction on the body. Although claimed by proponents as an alternative cancer treatment, the American Cancer Society say "available scientific evidence does not sup... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
Research UK say that "there is no scientific evidence to prove that Reiki can prevent, treat or cure cancer or any other disease". Shiatsu – a type of alternative medicine consisting of finger and palm pressure, stretches and other massage techniques. According to Cancer Research UK, "there is no scientific evidence to... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
claiming that a "cancer personality" caused cancer, which could be cured through talk therapy (e.g. that of the Simonton Cancer Center, Bernie Siegel's "Exceptional Cancer Patients" (ECaP) or Deepak Chopra). Evidence is lacking that cancer cures sold or promoted by Deepak Chopra have any value. Qigong – the practice of... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
treating any disease, and its proposed method of action is not consistent with modern science. Cell therapy – the practice of injecting cellular material from animals in an attempt to prevent or treat cancer. Although the use of human-to-human cell therapy has some established medical uses, the injection of animal mate... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
other ailments. Quackwatch states that colloidal silver dietary supplements have not been found safe or effective for the treatment of any condition. Ingestion of ionic silver can cause a rare condition called argyria in which silver is reduced to elemental form inside tissues, causing an irreversible blue/gray complex... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
a prime example of a "rip-off". Gc-MAF (Gc protein-derived macrophage activating factor) – a type of protein that affects the immune system, and which has been promoted as a "miracle cure" for cancer and HIV. According to Cancer Research UK, "there is no solid scientific evidence to show that the treatment is safe or e... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
or any other disease. According to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), creatine has been linked to several dangerous side effects." Lipoic acid – an antioxidant available as a dietary supplement and claimed by proponents to be capable of slowing cancer progression. According to the American Cancer Society, "th... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
opposition from scientific and medical bodies led to a reversal in the law. Subsequent testing has found phosphorylethanolamine to be of no therapeutic benefit. Poly-MVA – a dietary supplement created by Merrill Garnett (1931–), a former dentist turned biochemist. Poly-MVA is promoted as a treatment for a number of dis... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
government about the dubious science used to promote it. Its promotion has been described as likely being an instance of cancer quackery. Shark cartilage – a dietary supplement made from ground shark skeleton, and promoted as a cancer treatment perhaps because of the mistaken notion that sharks do not get cancer. The M... | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
of topics characterized as pseudoscience == References == | {
"page_id": 40370421,
"source": null,
"title": "List of unproven and disproven cancer treatments"
} |
The molecular formula C45H38O18 (molar mass: 866.77 g/mol, exact mass: 866.205814 u) may refer to: Arecatannin B1, a condensed tannin found in the betel nut Procyanidin C1, a condensed tannin found in grape Procyanidin C2, a condensed tannin found in grape and barley | {
"page_id": 27328755,
"source": null,
"title": "C45H38O18"
} |
The molecular formula C15H14O may refer to: Diphenylacetone 1,1-Diphenylacetone Dibenzyl ketone Dihydrochalcone Flavan, a backbone of certain flavonoids Isoflavan, a backbone found in isoflavanes Neoflavan | {
"page_id": 23986423,
"source": null,
"title": "C15H14O"
} |
Erica W. Carlson is an American physicist specializing in superconductors, liquid crystals, and strongly correlated materials. She is 150th Anniversary Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Purdue University. As well as for her research, she is known for her work in physics education for quantum physics, and for her in... | {
"page_id": 70254841,
"source": null,
"title": "Erica Carlson"
} |
The HERA-B detector was a particle physics experiment at the HERA accelerator at the German national laboratory DESY that collected data from 1993 to 2003. It measured 8 m × 20 m × 9 m and weighed 1000 tons. The HERA-B collaboration consisted of some 250 scientists from 32 institutes in 13 countries. Its primary aim wa... | {
"page_id": 2883833,
"source": null,
"title": "HERA-B"
} |
The molecular formula C13H18O (molar mass: 190.28 g/mol, exact mass: 190.1358 u) may refer to: Bourgeonal Cyclamen aldehyde Damascenone | {
"page_id": 23986430,
"source": null,
"title": "C13H18O"
} |
Dedifferentiation (pronounced dē-ˌdi-fə-ˌren-chē-ˈā-shən) is a transient process by which cells become less specialized and return to an earlier cell state within the same lineage. This suggests an increase in cell potency, meaning that, following dedifferentiation, a cell may possess the ability to re-differentiate in... | {
"page_id": 65667328,
"source": null,
"title": "Dedifferentiation"
} |
our modern-day understanding of dedifferentiation, some controversies remain when defining the boundaries of its definition. Some claim that dedifferentiation is strictly limited to the same cell lineage from which it is derived. However, others say that it can be used to describe a general increase in cell potency. ==... | {
"page_id": 65667328,
"source": null,
"title": "Dedifferentiation"
} |
bone, embryogenesis [6], and homeostasis [7]. The BMP pathway is necessary for dedifferentiation and regeneration in tadpoles. Downregulation of the BMP pathway led to a downregulation of MSx1, resulting in no regeneration in the tadpole. Once BMP expression was restored, Msx1 expression was also restored, and regenera... | {
"page_id": 65667328,
"source": null,
"title": "Dedifferentiation"
} |
various vertebrate models that have been used to study cell behavior during wound healing, dedifferentiation is consistently reflected by changes in gene expression, morphology, and proliferative activity that distinguish it from its previously terminally differentiated state. === Zebrafish (Danio rerio) === Upon injur... | {
"page_id": 65667328,
"source": null,
"title": "Dedifferentiation"
} |
after limb amputation and is characterized by cell cycle re-entry and down-regulation of differentiation markers. cell differentiation is determined by what genes the cell expresses, and down-regulation of this expression would make for a less, or “un”, differentiated cell. Re-entry into the cell cycle allows the cell ... | {
"page_id": 65667328,
"source": null,
"title": "Dedifferentiation"
} |
reversion to a different cell type for regenerative purposes. In anaplastic cells, there is often an increase in proliferation and abnormal cellular organization, characteristics that are also present in dedifferentiated cells. === Undifferentiation === Undifferentiated cells have not completed differentiation or speci... | {
"page_id": 65667328,
"source": null,
"title": "Dedifferentiation"
} |
are being done to test for dedifferentiation-like abilities in mammalian cells, with hopes that this information can provide more insight into possible regenerative abilities in mammals. Dedifferentiation could spark innovation in regenerative medicine because it suggests that one's own cells can change cell fates, whi... | {
"page_id": 65667328,
"source": null,
"title": "Dedifferentiation"
} |
In biology, translation is the process in living cells in which proteins are produced using RNA molecules as templates. The generated protein is a sequence of amino acids. This sequence is determined by the sequence of nucleotides in the RNA. The nucleotides are considered three at a time. Each such triple results in t... | {
"page_id": 262401,
"source": null,
"title": "Translation (biology)"
} |
the large and small subunits of the ribosome bind to the mRNA. In eukaryotes, translation occurs in the cytoplasm or across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum through a process called co-translational translocation. In co-translational translocation, the entire ribosome–mRNA complex binds to the outer membrane o... | {
"page_id": 262401,
"source": null,
"title": "Translation (biology)"
} |
amino acid chain. The addition of an amino acid occurs at the C-terminus of the peptide; thus, translation is said to be amine-to-carboxyl directed. The mRNA carries genetic information encoded as a ribonucleotide sequence from the chromosomes to the ribosomes. The ribonucleotides are "read" by translational machinery ... | {
"page_id": 262401,
"source": null,
"title": "Translation (biology)"
} |
in most organisms, but certain cellular environments cause an increase in permissive mRNA decoding, sometimes to the benefit of the cell. The ribosome has two binding sites for tRNA. They are the aminoacyl site (abbreviated A), and the peptidyl site/ exit site (abbreviated P/E). Concerning the mRNA, the three sites are... | {
"page_id": 262401,
"source": null,
"title": "Translation (biology)"
} |
second) than in eukaryotic cells (up to 6–9 amino acid residues per second). === Initiation and termination of translation === Initiation involves the small subunit of the ribosome binding to the 5' end of mRNA with the help of initiation factors (IF). In bacteria and a minority of archaea, initiation of protein synthe... | {
"page_id": 262401,
"source": null,
"title": "Translation (biology)"
} |
are usually considered accurate and processive machines, the translation process is subject to errors that can lead either to the synthesis of erroneous proteins or to the premature abandonment of translation, either because a tRNA couples to a wrong codon or because a tRNA is coupled to the wrong amino acid. The rate ... | {
"page_id": 262401,
"source": null,
"title": "Translation (biology)"
} |
between gene sequence, mRNA structure, and translation regulation. For example, research utilizing this method has revealed that genetic differences and their subsequent expression as mRNAs can also impact translation rate in an RNA-specific manner. Expanding on this concept, a more recent development is single-cell ri... | {
"page_id": 262401,
"source": null,
"title": "Translation (biology)"
} |
of mRNA molecules (including splicing), initiation of these molecules with help of initiation factors (e.g., the initiation can include the circularization step though it is not universally required), initiation of translation, recruiting the small ribosomal subunit, assembly of full ribosomes, elongation, (i.e. moveme... | {
"page_id": 262401,
"source": null,
"title": "Translation (biology)"
} |
to its RNA complement (note that the complement of A is now U), as shown below. Note that the template strand of the DNA is the one the RNA is polymerized against; the other DNA strand would be the same as the RNA, but with thymine instead of uracil. DNA -> RNA A -> U T -> A C -> G G -> C A=T-> A=U Then split the RNA i... | {
"page_id": 262401,
"source": null,
"title": "Translation (biology)"
} |
CTG codes for Methionine when used as a start codon, and for Leucine in all other positions. Example: Condensed translation table for the Standard Genetic Code (from the NCBI Taxonomy webpage). AAs = FFLLSSSSYY**CC*WLLLLPPPPHHQQRRRRIIIMTTTTNNKKSSRRVVVVAAAADDEEGGGG Starts = ---M---------------M---------------M----------... | {
"page_id": 262401,
"source": null,
"title": "Translation (biology)"
} |
Negligible senescence is a term coined by biogerontologist Caleb Finch to denote organisms that do not exhibit evidence of biological aging (senescence), such as measurable reductions in their reproductive capability, measurable functional decline, or rising death rates with age. There are many species where scientists... | {
"page_id": 23003393,
"source": null,
"title": "Negligible senescence"
} |
is for thousands of years, sending up new trunks as the older trunks die off above ground. One such colony in Utah, given the nickname of "Pando", is estimated to be 80,000 years old, making it possibly the oldest living colony of aspens. The world's oldest known living non-clonal organism was the Methuselah tree of th... | {
"page_id": 23003393,
"source": null,
"title": "Negligible senescence"
} |
slowed growth, less offspring biomass production and an increased probability of death. Thus although bacteria divide symmetrically, they do not appear to be immune to the effects of aging. == Maximum life span == Some examples of maximum observed life span of animals thought to be negligibly senescent are: == Cryptobi... | {
"page_id": 23003393,
"source": null,
"title": "Negligible senescence"
} |
Furan-2-ylmethanethiol (2-furanmethanethiol) is an organosulfur compound. It is classified as a furan substituted with a methylthiol group. It is a colourless liquid, but samples can appears yellow upon standing in air. It possesses a strong odour of roasted coffee and a bitter taste. It is a key component of the aroma... | {
"page_id": 32964867,
"source": null,
"title": "Furan-2-ylmethanethiol"
} |
Paleoethnobotany (also spelled palaeoethnobotany), or archaeobotany, is the study of past human-plant interactions through the recovery and analysis of ancient plant remains. Both terms are synonymous, though paleoethnobotany (from the Greek words palaios [παλαιός] meaning ancient, ethnos [έθνος] meaning race or ethnic... | {
"page_id": 327940,
"source": null,
"title": "Paleoethnobotany"
} |
Macrobotanical remains are vegetative parts of plants, such as seeds, leaves, stems and chaff, as well as wood and charcoal that can either be observed with the naked eye or the with the use of a low-powered microscope. Microbotanical remains consist of microscopic parts or components of plants, such as pollen grains, ... | {
"page_id": 327940,
"source": null,
"title": "Paleoethnobotany"
} |
American Southwest. All these early studies, in both Europe and North America, largely focused on the simple identification of the plant remains in order to produce a list of the recovered taxa. === Establishment of the field === During the 1950s and 1960s, Paleoethnobotany gained significant recognition as a field of ... | {
"page_id": 327940,
"source": null,
"title": "Paleoethnobotany"
} |
the discipline operates. And finally, the popularization of Post-Processual archaeology in the 1990s, helped broaden the range of research topics addressed by paleoethnobotanists, for example 'food-related gender roles'. === Current state of the field === Paleoethnobotany is a discipline that is ever evolving, even up ... | {
"page_id": 327940,
"source": null,
"title": "Paleoethnobotany"
} |
conditions. Charred organic material is more resistant to deterioration, since it is only susceptible to chemical breakdown, which takes a long time (Weiner 2010). Due to the essential use of fire for many anthropogenic activities, carbonized remains constitute the most common type of plant macrofossil recovered from a... | {
"page_id": 327940,
"source": null,
"title": "Paleoethnobotany"
} |
in calcified or silicified specimens. The second, 'replacement mineralization,' occurs when plant remains absorb precipitating minerals present in the sediment or organic matter in which they are buried. This mode of preservation by mineralization only occurs under specific depositional conditions, usually involving a ... | {
"page_id": 327940,
"source": null,
"title": "Paleoethnobotany"
} |
involve different sampling and processing techniques depending on the kind of research questions they are addressing, the type of plant macrofossils they are expecting to recover and the location from which they are taking samples. === Sampling === In general, there are four different types of sampling methods that can... | {
"page_id": 327940,
"source": null,
"title": "Paleoethnobotany"
} |
with a specific context, and Column samples can show change or variation or time. The sampling methods and types of samples used for the recovery of microbotanical remains (namely, pollen, phytoliths, and starches) follows virtually the same practices as outline above, with only some minor differences. First, the requi... | {
"page_id": 327940,
"source": null,
"title": "Paleoethnobotany"
} |
then emptied and the organic matter carefully rinsed from the mesh back into the bucket. More water is added before the contents are again poured out through a nest of sieves. Flotation is the most common processing technique employed for the recovery of carbonized plant remains. It uses water as a mechanism for separa... | {
"page_id": 327940,
"source": null,
"title": "Paleoethnobotany"
} |
paleoethnobotanical studies that makes the interpretation of ancient plant remains possible. The quality of identifications and the use of different quantification methods are essential factors that influence the depth and breadth of interpretative results. === Identification === Plant macrofossils are analyzed under a... | {
"page_id": 327940,
"source": null,
"title": "Paleoethnobotany"
} |
range in preservation from detailed copies to rough casts depending on depositional conditions and the kind of replacing mineral. This type of macrofossil can easily be mistaken for stones by the untrained eye. Microbotanical remains follow the same identification principles, but require a high-powered (greater magnifi... | {
"page_id": 327940,
"source": null,
"title": "Paleoethnobotany"
} |
microbotanical remains instead of absolute taxa counts. == Research results == The work done in Paleoethnobotany is constantly furthering over understanding of ancient plant exploitation practices. The results are disseminated in digital archives, archaeological excavation reports and at academic conferences, as well a... | {
"page_id": 327940,
"source": null,
"title": "Paleoethnobotany"
} |
The Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen or GEH is a German national association for the conservation of historic and endangered domestic animal breeds. == History == The GEH was founded on 5 December 1981 in the Rottal, in Lower Bavaria in southern Germany. It has about 2100 members. Since i... | {
"page_id": 43581700,
"source": null,
"title": "Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen"
} |
1987 (1987): Schwäbisch Hällisches (pig) 1988 (1988): Schleswig Coldblood (horse) 1989 (1989): Waldschaf (sheep) 1990 (1990): Angeln Saddleback (pig) 1991 (1991): Rhönschaf (sheep) 1992 (1992): Hinterwälder (cattle) 1993 (1993): Thüringer Wald Ziege (goat) 1994 (1994): Westphalian (chicken) 1994 (1994): Diepholzer Gans... | {
"page_id": 43581700,
"source": null,
"title": "Gesellschaft zur Erhaltung alter und gefährdeter Haustierrassen"
} |
Ceruminous glands are specialized sweat glands located subcutaneously in the external auditory canal, in the outer third. Ceruminous glands are simple, coiled, tubular glands made up of an inner secretory layer of cells and an outer myoepithelial layer of cells. They are classed as apocrine glands. The glands drain int... | {
"page_id": 11403524,
"source": null,
"title": "Ceruminous gland"
} |
The quinhydrone electrode may be used to measure the hydrogen ion concentration (pH) of a solution containing an acidic substance. == Principles and operation == Quinones form a quinhydrone cocrystal by formation of hydrogen bonding between ρ-quinone and ρ-hydroquinone. An equimolar mixture of ρ-quinones and ρ-hydroqui... | {
"page_id": 9765126,
"source": null,
"title": "Quinhydrone electrode"
} |
In theoretical physics, the problem of time is a conceptual conflict between quantum mechanics and general relativity. Quantum mechanics regards the flow of time as universal and absolute, whereas general relativity regards the flow of time as malleable and relative. This problem raises the question of what time really... | {
"page_id": 42598658,
"source": null,
"title": "Problem of time"
} |
is related to quantum probability, whether time is fundamental or a consequence of processes, and whether time is approximate, among other issues. Different theories try different answers to the questions but no clear solution has emerged. == The frozen formalism problem == The most commonly discussed aspect of the pro... | {
"page_id": 42598658,
"source": null,
"title": "Problem of time"
} |
into the same history. In 2013, at the Istituto Nazionale di Ricerca Metrologica (INRIM) in Turin, Italy, Ekaterina Moreva, together with Giorgio Brida, Marco Gramegna, Vittorio Giovannetti, Lorenzo Maccone, and Marco Genovese performed the first experimental test of Page and Wootters' ideas. They confirmed for photons... | {
"page_id": 42598658,
"source": null,
"title": "Problem of time"
} |
mechanics by invoking fundamental limitations, due to the quantum mechanical nature of clocks, in the process of measurement. These limitations are very natural in the context of generally covariant theories as quantum gravity where the clock must be taken as one of the degrees of freedom of the system itself. They hav... | {
"page_id": 42598658,
"source": null,
"title": "Problem of time"
} |
objective passage of time. == Weyl time in scale-invariant quantum gravity == Motivated by the Immirzi ambiguity in loop quantum gravity and the near-conformal invariance of the standard model of elementary particles, Charles Wang and co-workers have argued that the problem of time may be related to an underlying scale... | {
"page_id": 42598658,
"source": null,
"title": "Problem of time"
} |
The molecular formula C28H48O2 (molar mass: 416.68 g/mol, exact mass: 416.3654 u) may refer to: β-Tocopherol γ-Tocopherol | {
"page_id": 37749002,
"source": null,
"title": "C28H48O2"
} |
The Stuart–Landau equation describes the behavior of a nonlinear oscillating system near the Hopf bifurcation, named after John Trevor Stuart and Lev Landau. In 1944, Landau proposed an equation for the evolution of the magnitude of the disturbance, which is now called as the Landau equation, to explain the transition ... | {
"page_id": 57409796,
"source": null,
"title": "Stuart–Landau equation"
} |
_{r}>0} . The Landau constant is also taken to be positive, l r > 0 {\displaystyle l_{r}>0} because otherwise the amplitude will grow indefinitely (see below equations and the general solution in the next section). The Landau equation is the equation for the magnitude of the disturbance, d | A | 2 d t = 2 σ r | A | 2 −... | {
"page_id": 57409796,
"source": null,
"title": "Stuart–Landau equation"
} |
| A | {\displaystyle |A|} approaches a constant value that is independent of its initial value, i.e., | A | m a x → ( 2 σ r / l r ) 1 / 2 {\displaystyle |A|_{\mathrm {max} }\rightarrow (2\sigma _{r}/l_{r})^{1/2}} when t ≫ 1 / σ r {\displaystyle t\gg 1/\sigma _{r}} . The above solution implies that | A | {\displaystyle ... | {
"page_id": 57409796,
"source": null,
"title": "Stuart–Landau equation"
} |
the problem of flow past a cylinder. The growth rate σ r {\displaystyle \sigma _{r}} is negative when R e < R e c r {\displaystyle Re<Re_{\mathrm {cr} }} and is positive when R e > R e c r {\displaystyle Re>Re_{\mathrm {cr} }} and therefore in the neighbourhood R e → R e c r {\displaystyle Re\rightarrow Re_{\mathrm {cr... | {
"page_id": 57409796,
"source": null,
"title": "Stuart–Landau equation"
} |
{cr} }'} where the above two roots are equal ( σ r = − | l r | / 8 β r {\displaystyle \sigma _{r}=-|l_{r}|/8\beta _{r}} ) such that R e c r ′ < R e c r {\displaystyle Re_{\mathrm {cr} }'<Re_{\mathrm {cr} }} , indicating that the flow in the region R e c r ′ < R e < R e c r {\displaystyle Re_{\mathrm {cr} }'<Re<Re_{\mat... | {
"page_id": 57409796,
"source": null,
"title": "Stuart–Landau equation"
} |
The Hosoya index, also known as the Z index, of a graph is the total number of matchings in it. The Hosoya index is always at least one, because the empty set of edges is counted as a matching for this purpose. Equivalently, the Hosoya index is the number of non-empty matchings plus one. The index is named after Haruo ... | {
"page_id": 14221581,
"source": null,
"title": "Hosoya index"
} |
− 1 {\displaystyle k-1} edges, or it forms a matching in the first k − 2 {\displaystyle k-2} edges together with the final edge of the path. This case analysis shows that the Hosoya indices of linear alkanes obey the recurrence governing the Fibonacci numbers, and because they also have the same base case they must equ... | {
"page_id": 14221581,
"source": null,
"title": "Hosoya index"
} |
An ecosystem, short for ecological system, is defined as a collection of interacting organisms within a biophysical environment.: 458 Ecosystems are never static, and are continually subject to both stabilizing and destabilizing processes. Stabilizing processes allow ecosystems to adequately respond to destabilizing ch... | {
"page_id": 58458383,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecosystem collapse"
} |
course, since estimates show that 87% of oceans and 77% of the land surface have been altered by humanity, with 30% of global land area is degraded and a global decline in ecosystem resilience. Deforestation of the Amazon rainforest is the most dramatic example of a massive, continuous ecosystem and a biodiversity hots... | {
"page_id": 58458383,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecosystem collapse"
} |
increased environmental degradation, decreases in, or loss of, key species, disruption of biotic processes, and ultimately loss of ecosystem services and functions". Ecosystem collapse has also been described as "an analogue of species extinction", and in many cases, it is irreversible, with a new ecosystem appearing i... | {
"page_id": 58458383,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecosystem collapse"
} |
decreases below a minimal sustainable size, or when key biotic processes and features disappear due to environmental degradation or disruption of biotic interactions. These different pathways to collapse can be used as criteria for estimating the risk of ecosystem collapse. Although states of ecosystem collapse are oft... | {
"page_id": 58458383,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecosystem collapse"
} |
and introduced exotic rats. The Aral Sea was an endorheic lake between Kazakhstan and Uzbekistan. It was once considered one of the largest lakes in the world but has been shrinking since the 1960s after the rivers that fed it were diverted for large scale irrigation. By 1997, it had declined to 10% of its original siz... | {
"page_id": 58458383,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecosystem collapse"
} |
of the coral has been lost, as of 2023. As the coral bleaches, it is not only dying, but the organisms that rely on it for survival are being impacted as well. It is assumed the Great Barrier Reef supports over 9,000 organisms. The continued decline of the Great Barrier Reef is due to many factors, the largest being Cl... | {
"page_id": 58458383,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecosystem collapse"
} |
a global standard that was developed to assess threats to various ecosystems on local, regional, national, and global scales, as well as to prompt conservation efforts in the face of the unparalleled decline of natural systems in the last decade. And though this effort is still in the earlier stages of implementation, ... | {
"page_id": 58458383,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecosystem collapse"
} |
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