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the Amazon rainforest could shift to a savannah-type mixture of trees and grass within 50 years and the Caribbean coral reefs could collapse within 15 years once a state of collapse has been reached. Another indicated that large ecosystem disruptions will occur earlier under more intense climate change: under the high-... | {
"page_id": 58458383,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecosystem collapse"
} |
and animal species extinction is known to correlate with habitat fragmentation. In the year 2022, research found that more than three-quarters of the Amazon rainforest has been losing resilience due to deforestation and climate change since the early 2000s as measured by recovery-time from short-term perturbations (the... | {
"page_id": 58458383,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecosystem collapse"
} |
Crenobacter cavernea Cave-375 is a gram-negative bacterium that is closely related to a previously discovered Crenobacter cavernae strain K1W11S-77ͭ. C. cavernea Cave-375 has not directly been described morphologically, however the related strain K1W11S-77ͭ is a "rod-shaped, motile, and strictly aerobic novel bacteria"... | {
"page_id": 60621073,
"source": null,
"title": "Crenobacter cavernea"
} |
A hook is a hand tool used for securing and moving loads. It consists of a round wooden handle with a strong metal hook about 20 cm (8 inches) long projecting at a right angle from the center of the handle. The appliance is held in a closed fist with the hook projecting between two fingers. This type of hook is used in... | {
"page_id": 10027284,
"source": null,
"title": "Hook (hand tool)"
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the hook was to protect the hands of the longshoreman from being injured while handling the cargo. Hooks also improved the reach of the worker and allowed greater strength and handling of the cargo. Some cargo items are liable to be damaged if pulled at with a longshoreman's hook: hence the "Use No Hooks" warning sign.... | {
"page_id": 10027284,
"source": null,
"title": "Hook (hand tool)"
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Forestry == Called a "Packhaken", "Hebehaken", or "Forsthaken" in German, this type is used in forestry mainly to lift or move firewood. In Sweden, this tool, though slightly different, is called a "timmerkrok", which translates as "timberhook". It is used mainly by two people to move logs by hooking them in each end. ... | {
"page_id": 10027284,
"source": null,
"title": "Hook (hand tool)"
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Lorentz invariance follows from two independent postulates: the principle of relativity and the principle of constancy of the speed of light. Dropping the latter while keeping the former leads to a new invariance, known as Fock–Lorentz symmetry or the projective Lorentz transformation. The general study of such theorie... | {
"page_id": 21496085,
"source": null,
"title": "Fock–Lorentz symmetry"
} |
Kepler-283 c is an exoplanet orbiting the K-type star Kepler-283 every 93 days in the circumstellar habitable zone, discovered by the Kepler space telescope in 2014. == Characteristics == === Mass, radius and temperature === It has a surface equilibrium temperature of 238.5 K (−34.6 °C; −30.4 °F). Its radius is 1.82 R�... | {
"page_id": 47644950,
"source": null,
"title": "Kepler-283 c"
} |
This is a list of common affixes used when scientifically naming species, particularly extinct species for whom only their scientific names are used, along with their derivations. a-, an-: Pronunciation: /ə/, /a/, /ən/, /an/. Origin: Ancient Greek: ἀ-, ἀν- (a, an-). Meaning: a prefix used to make words with a sense opp... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
} |
("ruler of Andrews") archaeo-: Pronunciation: /arkiːɒ/, /arkiːoʊ/ . Origin: Ancient Greek: ἀρχαῖος (arkhaîos). Meaning: ancient. Used for early versions of animals and plants. Examples: Archaeopteryx ("ancient wing"); Archaeoindris ("ancient Indri"); Archaeopteris ("ancient fern"); Archaeanthus ("ancient flower") -arct... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
} |
Examples: Sclerocephalus ("hard head"); Euoplocephalus ("well-armored head"), Pachycephalosaurus ("thick headed lizard"), Amtocephale ("head from Amtgai"); Therocephalian ("beast-headed"); Cephalocarida ("head shrimp") -ceras, cerat-, -ceratus: Pronunciation: /sɛrəs/, /sɛrət/, /sɛrətəs/. Origin: Ancient Greek: κέρας (k... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
} |
Arctocyon ("bear dog"); Procyonidae ("before the dog"); Cynocephalus ("dog head") -dactyl, -dactylus: Pronunciation: /dæktəl/, /dæktələs/. Origin: Ancient Greek: δάκτυλος (dáktulos). Meaning: finger, toe. Examples: artiodactyl ("even toe"); Pterodactylus ("wing finger"); perissodactyl ("uneven toe"); Ctenodactylus ("co... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
} |
Thalassodromeus ("sea runner"); Eodromaeus ("dawn runner") elasmo-: Pronunciation: /əl:æzːmoʊ/. Origin: Ancient Greek: ἐλασμός (elasmos). Meaning: plate. Examples: elasmobranch ("plated gill"); Elasmosaurus ("plated lizard"); Elasmotherium ("plated beast") eo-: Pronunciation: /iːoʊ̯/. Origin: Ancient Greek: ἠώς (ēṓs). ... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
} |
Gnathosaurus ("jaw lizard"); Gnathostomata ("jaw mouth"); Entognatha ("inner jaw") haplo-: Pronunciation: /hæplə/. Origin: Ancient Greek: ἁπλός (haplós). Meaning: simple. Examples: Haplorhini ("simple-nosed"); Haplocheirus ("simple hand") hemi-: Pronunciation: /hɛmi/. Origin: Ancient Greek: ἡμι- (hēmi-). Meaning: half.... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
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("many part scale"); Lepidosauria ("scaled lizards"); Lepidoptera ("scaled wing"); Lepidodendron ("scaled tree") -lestes: Pronunciation: /lɛstiːz/. Origin: Ancient Greek: λῃστής (lēistḗs). Meaning: robber. Examples: Carpolestes ("fruit robber"); Ornitholestes ("bird robber"); Sarcolestes ("flesh robber"); Necrolestes (... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
} |
mimus. Meaning: actor. Used for creatures that resemble others. Examples: Struthiomimus; ("ostrich mimic"); Ornithomimus ("bird mimic"); Gallimimus ("chicken mimic"); Ornithomimosauria ("bird mimic lizard") -monas, -monad: Pronunciation: /moʊnas/, /monas/, /moʊnad/, /monad/. Origin: Ancient Greek: μονάς (monás). Meanin... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
} |
Spinops ("spine face"); Triops ("three eyes"); -ornis, ornith-, ornitho-: Pronunciation: /oʊ̯rnɪs/, /oʊ̯rnɪθ/, /oʊ̯rnɪθoʊ̯/. Origin: Ancient Greek: ὄρνις, ὄρνιθος (órnis, órnithos). Meaning: bird, of a bird respectively. "ornith-" and "ornitho-" are generally used for animals with birdlike characteristics; the suffix "... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
} |
(platús). Meaning: flat. Used for creatures that are flat or have flat parts. Examples: Platyhelminthes ("flat worm"); Platybelodon ("flat spear-tusk"); Platycodon ("flat bell"); Platypus ("flat foot") plesio-, plesi-: Pronunciation: /pliːziːoʊ/, /pliːz/ (or pliːʒ/). Origin: Ancient Greek πλησίον (plēsíon). Meaning: ne... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
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or fin); Pterygotus ("winged" or finned); Coleoptera ("sheathed wing"); Archaeopteryx ("ancient wing"); Stenopterygius ("narrow finned"); Lepidoptera ("scaled wing"); Chiroptera ("hand wing"); Dermoptera ("skin wing") -pus: see -pod, -podo-, -pus. -raptor, raptor-: Pronunciation: /ræptər/. Origin: Latin raptor. Meaning... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
} |
("Chinese lizard wing"); Sinoceratops ("Chinese horned face"); Sinraptor ("Chinese thief") smilo-, -smilus: Pronunciation: /smaɪloʊ/, /smaɪləs/. Origin: Ancient Greek σμίλη (smílē). Meaning: a carving knife or chisel. Used for animals with sabre teeth. Examples: Smilodon ("knife tooth"); Smilosuchus ("knife crocodile")... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
} |
Pronunciation: /θəlatoʊ/. Origin: Ancient Greek θᾰ́λᾰττᾰ (thalatta). Meaning: sea. Examples: Thalattosaurus ("sea lizard"); Thalattoarchon ("sea ruler"); Thalattosuchus ("sea crocodile"). thero-, -therium. Pronunciation: /θɛroʊ/, /θiːrɪəm/. Origin: Ancient Greek θηρίον (theríon). Meaning: beast. Used for supposedly mon... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
} |
dog"); Xenokeryx ("strange horn"); Xenostega ("strange roof"); Xenohyla ("strange hynadae"); Xenozancla ("strange animal"); Xenodermus ("strange skin") -zoon, -zoa: Pronunciation: /zoʊɑːn/, /zoʊə/. Origin: Ancient Greek ζῷον (zōion). Meaning: animal. Used for broad categories of animals, or in certain names of animals.... | {
"page_id": 48955671,
"source": null,
"title": "List of commonly used taxonomic affixes"
} |
The molecular formula C4H5N3O (molar mass: 111.10 g/mol, exact mass: 111.0433 u) may refer to: Cytosine (Cyt) Imexon Isocytosine, or 2-aminouracil | {
"page_id": 23527703,
"source": null,
"title": "C4H5N3O"
} |
A Fresnel rhomb is an optical prism that introduces a 90° phase difference between two perpendicular components of polarization, by means of two total internal reflections. If the incident beam is linearly polarized at 45° to the plane of incidence and reflection, the emerging beam is circularly polarized, and vice ver... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
} |
in stages between 1817 and 1823. During that time he deployed it in crucial experiments involving polarization, birefringence, and optical rotation, all of which contributed to the eventual acceptance of his transverse-wave theory of light. == Operation == Incident electromagnetic waves (such as light) consist of trans... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
} |
the s and p directions, the emerging light is linearly polarized. In the special case in which the incoming s and p components not only are in phase but also have equal magnitudes, the initial linear polarization is at 45° to the plane of incidence and reflection, and the final elliptical polarization is circular. If t... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
} |
that a positive reflection coefficient, corresponding to zero phase shift, is one for which the incident and reflected fields have the same direction (no reversal; no "inversion"). In the case of the p components, this article adopts the convention that a positive reflection coefficient is one for which the incident an... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
} |
at two angles of incidence: about 50.2° and 53.3°. For θi greater than the critical angle, the phase shifts on total reflection are deduced from complex values of the reflection coefficients. For completeness, Fig. 2 also shows the phase shifts on partial reflection, for θi less than the critical angle. In the latter c... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
} |
the left of the critical angle is the region of partial reflection; here both reflection coefficients are real (phase 0° or 180°) with magnitudes less than 1. To the right of the critical angle is the region of total reflection; there both reflection coefficients are complex with magnitudes equal to 1. In Fig. 2, the p... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
} |
polarized at an acute angle to the plane of incidence. By including total internal reflection in a chromatic-polarization experiment, he found that the apparently depolarized light was a mixture of components polarized parallel and perpendicular to the plane of incidence, and that the total reflection introduced a phas... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
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properties were not further modified by a subsequent passage through an optically rotating medium, whether that medium was a crystal or a liquid or even his own emulator; for example, the light retained its ability to be repolarized by a second rhomb. === Interlude (1818–1822) === As an engineer of bridges and roads, a... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
} |
was given by Hendrik Lorentz in 1875.) Meanwhile, by April 1822, Fresnel accounted for the directions and polarizations of the refracted rays in birefringent crystals of the biaxial class – a feat that won the admiration of Pierre-Simon Laplace. === Use in experiments (1822–1823) === In a memoir on stress-induced biref... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
} |
quartz half-prisms whose direction of optical rotation was opposite to that of the 14°–152°–14° prism. Thus, although we now think of the Fresnel rhomb primarily as a device for converting between linear and circular polarization, it was not until the memoir of December 1822 that Fresnel himself could describe it in th... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
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might be caused by the difference between the phase shifts. But one could verify that the polarization was circular, because the brightness of the light was then insensitive to the orientation of the analyzer. For glass with a refractive index of 1.51, Fresnel calculated that a 45° phase difference between the two refl... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
} |
total internal reflection marked not only the completion of his theory of the rhomb, but also the essential completion of his reconstruction of physical optics on the transverse-wave hypothesis (see Augustin-Jean Fresnel). The calculation of the phase shift was also a landmark in the application of complex numbers. Leo... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
} |
1866 (ed. H. de Senarmont, E. Verdet, and L. Fresnel), Oeuvres complètes d'Augustin Fresnel, Paris: Imprimerie Impériale (3 vols., 1866–1870), vol. 1 (1866) (in French). E. Hecht, 2002, Optics, 4th ed., Addison Wesley, ISBN 0-321-18878-0. F. A. Jenkins and H. E. White, 1976, Fundamentals of Optics, 4th ed., New York: M... | {
"page_id": 8323351,
"source": null,
"title": "Fresnel rhomb"
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David G. Blair (born 1946) is an Australian physicist and professor at the University of Western Australia and Director of the Australian International Gravitational Research Centre. Blair works on methods for the detection of gravitational waves. He developed the niobium bar gravitational wave detector NIOBE, which ac... | {
"page_id": 5767448,
"source": null,
"title": "David Blair (physicist)"
} |
the Australian Institute of Physics. In 2018 Blair was elected Fellow of the Australian Academy of Science. == Publications == Professor Blair is the co-author of Ripples on a Cosmic Sea: The Search for Gravitational Waves, and the editor of the book The Detection of Gravitational Waves. == References == | {
"page_id": 5767448,
"source": null,
"title": "David Blair (physicist)"
} |
Neutron capture therapy (NCT) is a type of radiotherapy for treating locally invasive malignant tumors such as primary brain tumors, recurrent cancers of the head and neck region, and cutaneous and extracutaneous melanomas. It is a two-step process: first, the patient is injected with a tumor-localizing drug containing... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
and lithium-7 ions. In 1936, G.L. Locher, a scientist at the Franklin Institute in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, recognized the therapeutic potential of this discovery and suggested that this specific type of neutron capture reaction could be used to treat cancer. William Sweet, a neurosurgeon at the Massachusetts Genera... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
appropriate energy to yield excited boron-11 (11B*). This undergoes radioactive decay to produce high-energy alpha particles (4He nuclei) and high-energy lithium-7 (7Li) nuclei. The nuclear reaction is: 10B + nth → [11B] *→ α + 7Li + 2.31 MeV Both the alpha particles and the lithium nuclei produce closely spaced ioniza... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
depth of penetration, were used in clinical trials in the United States, Europe, Japan, Argentina, Taiwan, and China until recently when accelerators replaced the reactors. In theory BNCT is a highly selective type of radiation therapy that can target tumor cells without causing radiation damage to the adjacent normal ... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
the basis for the therapeutic gain in BNCT. The total radiation dose in Gy delivered to any tissue can be expressed in photon-equivalent units as the sum of each of the high-LET dose components multiplied by weighting factors (Gyw), which depend on the increased radiobiological effectiveness of each of these components... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
for potential use in BNCT. The most important requirements for a successful boron delivery agent are: low systemic toxicity and normal tissue uptake with high tumor uptake and concomitantly high tumor: to brain (T:Br) and tumor: to blood (T:Bl) concentration ratios (> 3–4:1); tumor concentrations in the range of ~20-50... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
at the site of the tumor with minimal radiation delivered to normal tissues. The selective destruction of infliltrative tumor (glioma) cells in the presence of normal brain cells represents an even greater challenge compared to malignancies at other sites in the body. Malignant gliomas are highly infiltrative of normal... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
animals (in vivo). Although in vitro activity has been demonstrated using the Gd-containing MRI contrast agent Magnevist as the Gd delivery agent, there are very few studies demonstrating the efficacy of Gd NCT in experimental animal tumor models, and, as evidenced by a lack of citations in the literature, Gd NCT has n... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
utilize an accelerator neutron source designed and fabricated in the United States by Neutron Therapeutics, Danvers, Massachusetts. == Clinical studies of BNCT for brain tumors == === Early studies in the US and Japan === It was not until the 1950s that the first clinical trials were initiated by Farr at the Brookhaven... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
ability of the patients to carry out normal daily activities (Karnofsky performance status), it was not possible to come up with definitive conclusions about therapeutic efficacy. However, the survival data were no worse than those obtained by standard therapy at the time, and there were several patients who were long-... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
capture agent. The clinical outcome of the cases treated at Harvard-MIT has been summarized by Busse. Although the treatment was well tolerated, there were no significant differences in the mean survival times (MSTs)of patients that had received BNCT compared to those who received conventional external beam X-irradiati... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
2-year survival rates were 87.5 and 62.5%, respectively. Based on the reports of Miyatake, Kawabata, and Yamamoto, combining BNCT with an X-ray boost can produce a significant therapeutic gain. However, further studies are needed to optimize this combined therapy alone or in combination with other approaches including ... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
with recurrent malignant gliomas (glioblastomas) and head and neck cancer who had undergone standard therapy, recurred, and subsequently received BNCT at the time of their recurrence using BPA as the boron delivery agent. The median time to progression in patients with gliomas was 3 months, and the overall MeST was 7 m... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
of the BPA was well tolerated by the 30 patients who were enrolled in this study. All were treated with 2 fields, and the average whole brain dose was 3.2–6.1 Gy (weighted), and the minimum dose to the tumor ranged from 15.4 to 54.3 Gy (w). There has been some disagreement among the Swedish investigators regarding the ... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
with BSH. A very heterogeneous group of patients with a variety of histopathologic types of tumors have been treated, the largest number of which had recurrent squamous cell carcinomas. Kato et al. have reported on a series of 26 patients with far-advanced cancer for whom there were no further treatment options. Either... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
Helsinki University Hospital should be fully functional by 2022. Finally, a group in Taiwan, led by Ling-Wei Wang and his co-workers at the Taipei Veterans General Hospital, have treated 17 patients with locally recurrent head and neck cancers at the Tsing Hua Open-pool Reactor (THOR) of the National Tsing Hua Universi... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
cutaneous melanomas with a complete response of the primary lesion and no evidence of late radiation injury during a 24+-month follow-up period. ==== Colorectal cancer ==== Two patients with colon cancer, which had spread to the liver, have been treated by Zonta and his co-workers at the University of Pavia in Italy. T... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
nuclear reactions also have been considered. The lithium-7 reaction requires a proton accelerator with energies between 1.9 and 3.0 MeV, while the beryllium-9 reaction typically uses accelerators with energies between 5 and 30 MeV. Aside from the lower proton energy that the lithium-7 reaction requires, its main benefi... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
A well-designed BSA should maximize neutron yield per proton while minimizing fast neutron, thermal neutron and gamma contamination. It should also produce a sharply delimited and generally forward directed beam enabling flexible positioning of the patient relative to the aperture. One key challenge for an ABNS is the ... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
an intravenous infusion of a proprietary formulation of 10B-enriched boronophenylalanine ("Borofalan," StellaPharma Corporation, Osaka, Japan) prior to neutron irradiation. The primary endpoint of this study was the 1-year survival rate after BNCT, which was 79.2%, and the median overall survival rate was 18.9 months. ... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
boronophenylalanine (Borofalan), which was administered intravenously. Although the manufacturer of the accelerator was not identified, it presumably was the one manufactured by Sumitomo Heavy Industries, Ltd., which was indicated in the Acknowledgements of their report. Based on this Phase II clinical trial, the autho... | {
"page_id": 32637211,
"source": null,
"title": "Neutron capture therapy of cancer"
} |
RNA velocity is based on bridging measurements to an underlying mechanism, mRNA splicing, with two modes indicating the current and future state. It is a method used to predict the future gene expression of a cell based on the measurement of both spliced and unspliced transcripts of mRNA. RNA velocity could be used to ... | {
"page_id": 73793820,
"source": null,
"title": "RNA velocity"
} |
the dynamical model on various cell lineages in hippocampal dentate gyrus neurogenesis and pancreatic endocrinogenesis. === cellDancer === cellDancer is a scalable deep neural network that locally infers velocity for each cell from its neighbors and then relays a series of local velocities to provide single-cell resolu... | {
"page_id": 73793820,
"source": null,
"title": "RNA velocity"
} |
A selenonic acid is an organoselenium compound containing the −SeO3H functional group. The formula of selenonic acids is R−Se(=O)2−OH, where R is organyl group. Selenonic acids are the selenium analogs of sulfonic acids. Examples of the acid are rare. Benzeneselenonic acid PhSeO3H (where Ph stands for phenyl) is a whit... | {
"page_id": 11665692,
"source": null,
"title": "Selenonic acid"
} |
The molecular formula C9H15NO2 (molar mass: 169.22 g/mol) may refer to: Aceclidine, a parasympathomimetic miotic agent used in the treatment of narrow angle glaucoma Piperidione, a sedative drug | {
"page_id": 23920927,
"source": null,
"title": "C9H15NO2"
} |
The molecular formula C5H7NO2 may refer to: Ethyl cyanoacetate Piperidinediones 2,3-Piperidinedione 2,4-Piperidinedione 2,5-Piperidinedione 2,6-Piperidinedione 3,4-Piperidinedione 3,5-Piperidinedione 1-Pyrroline-5-carboxylic acid | {
"page_id": 23920929,
"source": null,
"title": "C5H7NO2"
} |
The molecular formula C34H22O22 (molar mass: 782.52 g/mol, exact mass: 782.060272 u) may refer to: Punicalin, an ellagitannin found in pomegranates 4,6-isoterchébuloyl-D-glucose, an ellagitannin found in Terminalia macroptera | {
"page_id": 35324195,
"source": null,
"title": "C34H22O22"
} |
The molecular formula C4H10O2S2 (molar mass: 154.25 g/mol, exact mass: 154.0122 u) may refer to: Dithioerythritol (DTE) Dithiothreitol (DTT) | {
"page_id": 23986469,
"source": null,
"title": "C4H10O2S2"
} |
Gates of Heaven is a 1978 American independent documentary film produced, directed, and edited by Errol Morris about the pet cemetery business. It was made when Morris was unknown and did much to launch his career. == Production == After a trip to Florida where he tried and failed to make a film about the residents of ... | {
"page_id": 1311015,
"source": null,
"title": "Gates of Heaven"
} |
a graceful burial. McClure's business associates and his competitor, a manager of a rendering plant, are interviewed. Morris reveals that McClure's business has failed. Dividing the two sections is an interview with Florence Rasmussen, an elderly woman whose home overlooked the cemetery. After this, Morris follows the ... | {
"page_id": 1311015,
"source": null,
"title": "Gates of Heaven"
} |
the film's tone: is it sincere or satirical? Morris says he "loves the absurd" and that "to love the absurdity of people is not to ridicule them, it's to embrace, on some level, how desperate life is for each and every one of us, including me." Gates of Heaven launched Morris's career and is now considered a classic. I... | {
"page_id": 1311015,
"source": null,
"title": "Gates of Heaven"
} |
Permutationally invariant quantum state tomography (PI quantum state tomography) is a method for the partial determination of the state of a quantum system consisting of many subsystems. In general, the number of parameters needed to describe the quantum mechanical state of a system consisting of N {\displaystyle N} su... | {
"page_id": 72614183,
"source": null,
"title": "Permutationally invariant quantum state tomography"
} |
computing relevant operator expectations values. Thus, the procedure does not assume the permutationally invariance of the quantum state. The number of independent real parameters of ϱ P I {\displaystyle \varrho _{\rm {PI}}} for N {\displaystyle N} qubits scales as ∼ N 3 . {\displaystyle \sim N^{3}.} The number of loca... | {
"page_id": 72614183,
"source": null,
"title": "Permutationally invariant quantum state tomography"
} |
of this smaller group is of course permutationally invariant. The number of degrees of freedom of ϱ P I {\displaystyle \varrho _{\rm {PI}}} scales polynomially with the number of particles. For a system of N {\displaystyle N} qubits (spin- 1 / 2 {\displaystyle 1/2} particles) the number of real degrees of freedom is ( ... | {
"page_id": 72614183,
"source": null,
"title": "Permutationally invariant quantum state tomography"
} |
matrix obtained from the measured state by linear inversion is not positive semidefinite and it has some negative eigenvalues. An important step in a typical tomography is fitting a physical, i. e., positive semidefinite density matrix on the tomographic data. This step often represents a bottleneck in the overall proc... | {
"page_id": 72614183,
"source": null,
"title": "Permutationally invariant quantum state tomography"
} |
⟨ P s ⟩ ϱ 2 , {\displaystyle F(\varrho ,\varrho _{\rm {PI}})\geq \langle P_{s}\rangle _{\varrho }^{2},} where P s {\displaystyle P_{s}} is the projector to the symmetric subspace. For symmetric states, ⟨ P s ⟩ = 1 {\displaystyle {\langle }P_{s}\rangle =1} holds. This way, we can lower bound the difference knowing only ... | {
"page_id": 72614183,
"source": null,
"title": "Permutationally invariant quantum state tomography"
} |
In machine learning, feature selection is the process of selecting a subset of relevant features (variables, predictors) for use in model construction. Feature selection techniques are used for several reasons: simplification of models to make them easier to interpret, shorter training times, to avoid the curse of dime... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
that hold-out set (the error rate of the model) gives the score for that subset. As wrapper methods train a new model for each subset, they are very computationally intensive, but usually provide the best performing feature set for that particular type of model or typical problem. Filter methods use a proxy measure ins... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
with an L1 penalty, shrinking many of them to zero. Any features which have non-zero regression coefficients are 'selected' by the LASSO algorithm. Improvements to the LASSO include Bolasso which bootstraps samples; Elastic net regularization, which combines the L1 penalty of LASSO with the L2 penalty of ridge regressi... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
over the old. Evaluation of the subsets requires a scoring metric that grades a subset of features. Exhaustive search is generally impractical, so at some implementor (or operator) defined stopping point, the subset of features with the highest score discovered up to that point is selected as the satisfactory feature s... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
effectively derived via the maximum entropy principle. Other criteria are Bayesian information criterion (BIC), which uses a penalty of log n {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\log {n}}}} for each added feature, minimum description length (MDL) which asymptotically uses log n {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\log {n}}}} , Bonferroni / ... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
it to the set of selected features (S) Calculate the score which might be derived from the mutual information Select the feature with the largest score and add it to the set of select features (e.g. argmax f i ∈ F ( I d e r i v e d ( f i , c ) ) {\displaystyle {\underset {f_{i}\in F}{\operatorname {argmax} }}(I_{derive... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
S | ∑ f i ∈ S I ( f i ; c ) − 1 | S | 2 ∑ f i , f j ∈ S I ( f i ; f j ) ] . {\displaystyle \mathrm {mRMR} =\max _{S}\left[{\frac {1}{|S|}}\sum _{f_{i}\in S}I(f_{i};c)-{\frac {1}{|S|^{2}}}\sum _{f_{i},f_{j}\in S}I(f_{i};f_{j})\right].} Suppose that there are n full-set features. Let xi be the set membership indicator fu... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
pathological case is found when the class is a parity function of the features). Overall the algorithm is more efficient (in terms of the amount of data required) than the theoretically optimal max-dependency selection, yet produces a feature set with little pairwise redundancy. mRMR is an instance of a large class of ... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
) {\displaystyle I(f_{i};f_{i})} on the diagonal of H. === Conditional mutual information === Another score derived for the mutual information is based on the conditional relevancy: S P E C C M I : max x { x T Q x } s.t. ‖ x ‖ = 1 , x i ≥ 0 {\displaystyle \mathrm {SPEC_{CMI}} :\max _{\mathbf {x} }\left\{\mathbf {x} ^{T... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
the mutual information to estimate the redundancy between the already selected features ( f j ∈ S {\displaystyle f_{j}\in S} ) and the feature under investigation ( f i {\displaystyle f_{i}} ). == Hilbert-Schmidt Independence Criterion Lasso based feature selection == For high-dimensional and small sample data (e.g., d... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
j ) {\displaystyle L_{i,j}=L(c_{i},c_{j})} are Gram matrices, K ( u , u ′ ) {\displaystyle K(u,u')} and L ( c , c ′ ) {\displaystyle L(c,c')} are kernel functions, Γ = I m − 1 m 1 m 1 m T {\displaystyle \mathbf {\Gamma } =\mathbf {I} _{m}-{\frac {1}{m}}\mathbf {1} _{m}\mathbf {1} _{m}^{T}} is the centering matrix, I m ... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
of k features: M e r i t S k = k r c f ¯ k + k ( k − 1 ) r f f ¯ . {\displaystyle \mathrm {Merit} _{S_{k}}={\frac {k{\overline {r_{cf}}}}{\sqrt {k+k(k-1){\overline {r_{ff}}}}}}.} Here, r c f ¯ {\displaystyle {\overline {r_{cf}}}} is the average value of all feature-classification correlations, and r f f ¯ {\displaystyl... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
decision tree or a tree ensemble are shown to be redundant. A recent method called regularized tree can be used for feature subset selection. Regularized trees penalize using a variable similar to the variables selected at previous tree nodes for splitting the current node. Regularized trees only need build one tree mo... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
by removing variables highly correlated to each other, such as the Fast Correlation Based Filter (FCBF) algorithm. ==== Wrapper method ==== Wrapper methods evaluate subsets of variables which allows, unlike filter approaches, to detect the possible interactions amongst variables. The two main disadvantages of these met... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
Model selection Relief (feature selection) == References == == Further reading == Guyon, Isabelle; Elisseeff, Andre (2003). "An Introduction to Variable and Feature Selection". Journal of Machine Learning Research. 3: 1157–1182. Harrell, F. (2001). Regression Modeling Strategies. Springer. ISBN 0-387-95232-2. Liu, Huan... | {
"page_id": 1179950,
"source": null,
"title": "Feature selection"
} |
The NONCODE database is a collection of expression and functional lncRNA data obtained from re-annotated microarray studies. == See also == lncRNA == References == == External links == http://www.noncode.org | {
"page_id": 34275630,
"source": null,
"title": "NONCODE"
} |
An octadecatrienoic acid is a chemical compound with formula C18H30O2, a polyunsaturated fatty acid whose molecule has an 18-carbon unbranched backbone with three double bonds. The name refers to many different structural and configurational isomers, that differ in the position of the double bonds along the backbone an... | {
"page_id": 30212398,
"source": null,
"title": "Octadecatrienoic acid"
} |
In the fields of chemical graph theory, molecular topology, and mathematical chemistry, a topological index, also known as a connectivity index, is a type of a molecular descriptor that is calculated based on the molecular graph of a chemical compound. Topological indices are numerical parameters of a graph which chara... | {
"page_id": 14221614,
"source": null,
"title": "Topological index"
} |
refinement of TAU descriptors. === Global and local indices === Hosoya index and Wiener index are global (integral) indices to describe entire molecule, Bonchev and Polansky introduced local (differential) index for every atom in a molecule. Another examples of local indices are modifications of Hosoya index. === Discr... | {
"page_id": 14221614,
"source": null,
"title": "Topological index"
} |
LiMETER stands for light-inducible membrane-tethered peripheral endoplasmic reticulum (ER). LiMETER is an optogenetics tool designed to reversibly label cortical ER or the apposition between plasma membrane (PM) and endoplasmic reticulum (ER) membranes (termed as ER-PM junctions). == Design == The ER luminal domain of ... | {
"page_id": 47907122,
"source": null,
"title": "LiMETER"
} |
During pregnancy changes in the placenta involve the disappearance of the greater portion of the stratum compactum, but the deeper part of this layer persists and is condensed to form what is known as the basal plate. Between this plate and the uterine muscular fibres are the stratum spongiosum and the boundary layer; ... | {
"page_id": 5046579,
"source": null,
"title": "Basal plate (placenta)"
} |
The Dukhin number (Du) is a dimensionless quantity that characterizes the contribution of the surface conductivity to various electrokinetic and electroacoustic effects, as well as to electrical conductivity and permittivity of fluid heterogeneous systems. The number was named after Stanislav and Andrei Dukhin. == Over... | {
"page_id": 13566263,
"source": null,
"title": "Dukhin number"
} |
diffusion coefficient == References == | {
"page_id": 13566263,
"source": null,
"title": "Dukhin number"
} |
There are several methods currently used by astronomers to detect distant exoplanets from Earth. Theoretically, some of these methods can be used to detect Earth as an exoplanet from distant star systems. == History == In June 2021, astronomers identified 1,715 stars (with likely related exoplanetary systems) within 32... | {
"page_id": 65667384,
"source": null,
"title": "Detecting Earth from distant star-based systems"
} |
by use of (artificial) technology like air pollution containing nitrogen dioxide from e.g. transportation technologies. The easiest or most likely artificial signals from Earth to be detectable are brief pulses transmitted by anti-ballistic missile (ABM) early-warning and space-surveillance radars during the Cold War a... | {
"page_id": 65667384,
"source": null,
"title": "Detecting Earth from distant star-based systems"
} |
and detected radio transmissions. == See also == == References == == External links == Extrasolar Planets Encyclopaedia by the Paris Observatory | {
"page_id": 65667384,
"source": null,
"title": "Detecting Earth from distant star-based systems"
} |
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