text stringlengths 2 132k | source dict |
|---|---|
The molecular formula C5H12O3 (molar mass: 120.15 g/mol, exact mass: 120.0786 u) may refer to: 2-(2-Methoxyethoxy)ethanol Trimethylolethane (TME) | {
"page_id": 23986489,
"source": null,
"title": "C5H12O3"
} |
The Paal–Knorr synthesis is a reaction used to synthesize substituted furans, pyrroles, or thiophenes from 1,4-diketones. It is a synthetically valuable method for obtaining substituted furans and pyrroles, which are common structural components of many natural products. It was initially reported independently by Germa... | {
"page_id": 6291768,
"source": null,
"title": "Paal–Knorr synthesis"
} |
that the protonated carbonyl is attacked by the amine to form the hemiaminal. The amine attacks the other carbonyl to form a 2,5-dihydroxytetrahydropyrrole derivative which undergoes dehydration to give the corresponding substituted pyrrole. The reaction is typically run under protic or Lewis acidic conditions, with a ... | {
"page_id": 6291768,
"source": null,
"title": "Paal–Knorr synthesis"
} |
anhydrides, or zinc chloride. The pyrrole synthesis requires a primary amine under similar conditions, or ammonia (or ammonia precursors) can be used. Synthesis of a thiophene requires a sulfurizing agent which is typically a sufficient dehydrator, such as phosphorus pentasulfide, Lawesson's reagent, or hydrogen sulfid... | {
"page_id": 6291768,
"source": null,
"title": "Paal–Knorr synthesis"
} |
be converted under exactly the same conditions as a 1,4-diketone to the corresponding heterocycle. === Microwave-assisted Paal–Knorr === Another variation has been the introduction of microwave radiation to enhance the Paal–Knorr. Traditional Paal–Knorr conditions involved prolonged heating of strong acids to drive deh... | {
"page_id": 6291768,
"source": null,
"title": "Paal–Knorr synthesis"
} |
Hantzsch pyridine synthesis == References == | {
"page_id": 6291768,
"source": null,
"title": "Paal–Knorr synthesis"
} |
A sulfonyl nitrene is a chemical compound with generic formula RSO2N. Known sulfonyl nitrenes include methyl sulfonyl nitrene, trifluoromethyl sulfonyl nitrene, and tolyl sulfonyl nitrene. Also fluorosulfonyl nitrene FSO2N exists, but rearranges to FNSO2. Preparation of sulfonyl nitrenes can be accomplished by heating ... | {
"page_id": 56426809,
"source": null,
"title": "Sulfonyl nitrene"
} |
Many cutaneous neoplasms occur in the setting of systemic syndromes. == See also == == References == Bolognia, Jean L.; et al. (2007). Dermatology. St. Louis: Mosby. ISBN 1-4160-2999-0. James, William D.; et al. (2006). Andrews' Diseases of the Skin: Clinical Dermatology. Saunders Elsevier. ISBN 0-7216-2921-0. J Am Aca... | {
"page_id": 36962623,
"source": null,
"title": "List of cutaneous neoplasms associated with systemic syndromes"
} |
In chemistry, a hypercycle is an abstract model of organization of self-replicating molecules connected in a cyclic, autocatalytic manner. It was introduced in an ordinary differential equation (ODE) form by the Nobel Prize in Chemistry winner Manfred Eigen in 1967 and subsequently further extended in collaboration wit... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
can undergo a selection process. As a result, not only does the system gain information, but its information content can be improved. From an evolutionary point of view, the hypercycle is an intermediate state of self-organization, but not the final solution. Over the years, the hypercycle theory has experienced many r... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
quasispecies. In a system that is deprived of high-fidelity replicases and error-correction mechanisms, mutations occur with a high probability. As a consequence, the information stored in a sequence can be lost due to the rapid accumulation of errors, a so-called error catastrophe. Moreover, it was shown that the geno... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
hypercycle. Such a concept, apart from an increased information capacity, has another advantage. Linking self-replication with mutual catalysis can produce nonlinear growth of the system. This, first, makes the system resistant to so-called parasitic branches. Parasitic branches are species coupled to a cycle that do n... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
translation and polymerization functions encoded in I chains. In his principal work, Manfred Eigen stated that the E coded by the I chain can be a specific polymerase or an enhancer (or a silencer) of a more general polymerase acting in favour of formation of the successor of nucleotide chain I. Later, he indicated tha... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
is the lack of mutual control of constituent abundances. == Mathematical model == === Elementary hypercycle === The dynamics of the elementary hypercycle can be modelled using the following differential equation: x i ˙ = x i ( k i + ∑ j k i , j x j − 1 x ϕ ) {\displaystyle {\dot {x_{i}}}=x_{i}\left(k_{i}+\sum _{j}k_{i,... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
scheme in which the concentration of complexes cannot be neglected. During replication, molecules form complexes IiEi-1 (occurring with concentration zi). Thus, the total concentration of molecules (xi0 and yi0) will be the sum of free molecules and molecules involved in a complex: x i 0 = x i + z i , y i 0 = y i + z i... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
assumed to be more reliable. Nowadays, it is assumed that the hypercycle model could be realized by utilization of ribozymes without the need for a hypercycle with translation, and there are many more theories about the origin of the genetic code. == Evolution == === Formation of the first hypercycles === Eigen made se... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
quasispecies properties—is that the one chain I improves the synthesis of the similar chain I’. In this way, the existence of similar sequences I originating from the same quasispecies population promotes the creation of the linkage between molecules I and I’. === Evolutionary dynamics === After formation, a hypercycle... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
maintain a sufficient diversity of RNA modules used later to build molecules with catalytic functions. From the mathematical point of view, it is possible to find conditions required for cooperation of several hypercycles. However, in reality, the cooperation of hypercycles would be extremely difficult, because it requ... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
the differential equation: C l ˙ = q l C l 2 − C l ϕ C {\displaystyle {\dot {C_{l}}}=q_{l}C_{l}^{2}-C_{l}{\frac {\phi }{C}}} where C = ∑ l C l . {\displaystyle C=\sum _{l}C_{l}.} Here, Cl is the total concentration of all polynucleotide chains belonging to a hypercycle Hl, C is the total concentration of polynucleotide... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
favours preservation of beneficial mutations, because it prevents them from spreading away. At the same time, harmful mutations cannot pollute the entire system if they are enclosed by the membrane. Instead, only the contaminated compartment is destroyed, without affecting other compartments. In that way, compartmental... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
that when stochastic effects are taken into account, compartmentalization is sufficient to integrate information dispersed in competitive replicators without the need for hypercycle organization. Moreover, it was shown that compartmentalized hypercycles are more sensitive to the input of deleterious mutations than a si... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
polymerase properties, ribozymes could have developed other kinds of evolutionarily useful catalytic activity such as synthase, ligase, or aminoacylase activities. Ribozymal aminoacylators and ribozymes with the ability to form peptide bonds might have been crucial to inventing translation. An RNA ligase, in turn, coul... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
hypercycles, Nilesh Vaidya and colleagues showed experimentally that ribozymes can form catalytic cycles and networks capable of expanding their sizes by incorporating new members. However, this is not a demonstration of a hypercycle in accordance with its definition, but an example of a collectively autocatalytic set.... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
be sufficient at the pre-life stage to spark off life. This could happen because coupling the synthesis of short RNA fragments by the first ribozymal polymerases to a system capable of self-assembly not only enables building longer sequences but also allows exploiting the fitness space more efficiently with the use of ... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
into the initial model either explicitly or in the form of a spatial segregation within compartments. Bresch et al. proposed a package model as a solution for the parasite problem. Later on, Szathmáry and Demeter proposed a stochastic corrector machine model. Both compartmentalized systems proved to be robust against p... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
based on cellular automata, taking into account a simpler replicating network of continuously mutating parasites and their interactions with one replicase species, was proposed by Takeuchi and Hogeweg and exhibited an emergent travelling wave pattern. Surprisingly, travelling waves not only proved to be stable against ... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
ancestor, not to the first ancestor, which is much older: a large amount of evolution occurred before the appearance of LUCA. Gill and Forterre expressed the essential point as follows: LUCA should not be confused with the first cell, but was the product of a long period of evolution. Being the "last" means that LUCA w... | {
"page_id": 29491519,
"source": null,
"title": "Hypercycle (chemistry)"
} |
The molecular formula C6H4N4 (molar mass: 132.12 g/mol, exact mass: 132.0436 u) may refer to: Pteridine Tricyanoaminopropene (TRIAP) | {
"page_id": 23920960,
"source": null,
"title": "C6H4N4"
} |
In molecular biology mir-23 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. == See also == MicroRNA == References == == Further reading == == External links == Page for mir-23 microRNA precursor family at Rfam | {
"page_id": 36372803,
"source": null,
"title": "Mir-23 microRNA precursor family"
} |
The molecular formula C3H7ClO2 (molar mass: 108.52 g/mol) may refer to: 2-MCPD 3-MCPD | {
"page_id": 23986501,
"source": null,
"title": "C3H7ClO2"
} |
A lateral flow test (LFT), is an assay also known as a lateral flow immunochromatographic test (ICT), or rapid test. It is a simple device intended to detect the presence of a target substance in a liquid sample without the need for specialized and costly equipment. LFTs are widely used in medical diagnostics in the ho... | {
"page_id": 14352711,
"source": null,
"title": "Lateral flow test"
} |
The test line shows a signal, often a color as in pregnancy tests. The control line contains affinity ligands which show whether the sample has flowed through and the bio-molecules in the conjugate pad are active. After passing these reaction zones, the fluid enters the final porous material, the wick, that simply acts... | {
"page_id": 14352711,
"source": null,
"title": "Lateral flow test"
} |
confirming the presence of the target molecules. The majority of sandwich assays also have a control line which will appear whether or not the target analyte is present to ensure proper function of the lateral flow pad. The rapid, low-cost sandwich-based assay is commonly used for home pregnancy tests which detect huma... | {
"page_id": 14352711,
"source": null,
"title": "Lateral flow test"
} |
non-optical techniques are also able to report quantitative assays results. One such example is a magnetic immunoassay (MIA) in the LFT form also allows for getting a quantified result. Reducing variations in the capillary pumping of the sample fluid is another approach to move from qualitative to quantitative results.... | {
"page_id": 14352711,
"source": null,
"title": "Lateral flow test"
} |
Patents == This is a highly competitive area and a number of people claim patents in the field, most notably Alere (formerly Inverness Medical Innovations, now owned by Abbott) who own patents originally filed by Unipath. The US 6,485,982 patent, that has been litigated, expired in 2019. A number of other companies als... | {
"page_id": 14352711,
"source": null,
"title": "Lateral flow test"
} |
of lateral flow assays during the COVID-19 pandemic was initiated at Oxford University as part of a UK collaboration with Public Health England. A study that started in June 2020 in the United Kingdom, FALCON-C19, confirmed the sensitivity of some lateral flow devices (LFDs) in this setting. Four out of 64 LFDs tested ... | {
"page_id": 14352711,
"source": null,
"title": "Lateral flow test"
} |
University of Anbar. Didactic presentation (lab notes for students). Retrieved 12 January 2022. Porex Clinical Sciences (manufacturer) "Sample Collection & Transport | Sample Preparation | Sample Analysis". | {
"page_id": 14352711,
"source": null,
"title": "Lateral flow test"
} |
Tryptic soy-serum-bacitracin-vancomycin (TSBV) is a type of agar plate medium used in microbiological testing to select for Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans (A. a.). It was described by Jørgen Slots in 1982, who also discovered the role of A.a. in periodontitis. Per litre, TSBV contains: 40 g tryptic soy agar 1 g ... | {
"page_id": 26214730,
"source": null,
"title": "Tryptic soy-serum-bacitracin-vancomycin"
} |
The Zoology Building is a facility owned by the University of Aberdeen. It is situated in Tillydrone. == History == During construction, the building collapsed on 1 November 1966. It had been expected to be completed by summer 1967. Eight people were trapped, of which five died. Clearing of the site started in February... | {
"page_id": 30671185,
"source": null,
"title": "Zoology Building"
} |
A Markov logic network (MLN) is a probabilistic logic which applies the ideas of a Markov network to first-order logic, defining probability distributions on possible worlds on any given domain. == History == In 2002, Ben Taskar, Pieter Abbeel and Daphne Koller introduced relational Markov networks as templates to spec... | {
"page_id": 3670357,
"source": null,
"title": "Markov logic network"
} |
R {\displaystyle R} that occurs in the Markov logic network and every n {\displaystyle n} -tuple a 1 , … , a n {\displaystyle a_{1},\dots ,a_{n}} of domain elements, R ( a 1 , … , a n ) {\displaystyle R(a_{1},\dots ,a_{n})} is a grounding of R {\displaystyle R} . An interpretation is given by allocating a Boolean truth... | {
"page_id": 3670357,
"source": null,
"title": "Markov logic network"
} |
answering the query. Exact inference is known to be #P-complete in the size of the domain. In practice, the exact probability is often approximated. Techniques for approximate inference include Gibbs sampling, belief propagation, or approximation via pseudolikelihood. The class of Markov logic networks which use only t... | {
"page_id": 3670357,
"source": null,
"title": "Markov logic network"
} |
Lophelia reef (also known by its Wakashan name q̓áuc̓íwísuxv) is a coral reef that lies some 200 m underwater in Finlayson Channel in British Columbia, Canada. It is Canada's only known living coral reef, and the Pacific Ocean's northernmost known coral reef. It was discovered in the early 2020s after two local First N... | {
"page_id": 76349782,
"source": null,
"title": "Lophelia reef"
} |
Four Core Genotypes (FCG) mice are laboratory mice produced by genetic engineering that allow biomedical researchers to determine if a sex difference in phenotype is caused by effects of gonadal hormones or sex chromosome genes. The four genotypes include XX and XY mice with ovaries, and XX and XY mice with testes. The... | {
"page_id": 74056025,
"source": null,
"title": "Four Core Genotypes mouse model"
} |
Louis Sokoloff (October 14, 1921 – July 30, 2015) was an American neuroscientist. He is considered to be a pioneer in functional imaging of the brain. Louis Sokoloff was born in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania. He was a member of the National Academy of Sciences from 1980. In 1981, he received the Lasker-DeBakey Clinical Me... | {
"page_id": 42991961,
"source": null,
"title": "Louis Sokoloff"
} |
In molecular biology mir-25 microRNA is a short RNA molecule. MicroRNAs function to regulate the expression levels of other genes by several mechanisms. mir-25 levels increase in human heart failure, and treatment with an anti-sense RNA molecule (antagomiR) was recently reported to halt disease progression and improves... | {
"page_id": 36372830,
"source": null,
"title": "Mir-25 microRNA precursor family"
} |
The psychrometric constant γ {\displaystyle \gamma } relates the partial pressure of water in air to the air temperature. This lets one interpolate actual vapor pressure from paired dry and wet thermometer bulb temperature readings. γ = ( c p ) a i r ∗ P λ v ∗ M W r a t i o {\displaystyle \gamma ={\frac {\left(c_{p}\ri... | {
"page_id": 13893984,
"source": null,
"title": "Psychrometric constant"
} |
to air. Tdry = the temperature of a dry thermometer bulb in air. == References == | {
"page_id": 13893984,
"source": null,
"title": "Psychrometric constant"
} |
Electromagnetic or magnetic induction is the production of an electromotive force (emf) across an electrical conductor in a changing magnetic field. Michael Faraday is generally credited with the discovery of induction in 1831, and James Clerk Maxwell mathematically described it as Faraday's law of induction. Lenz's la... | {
"page_id": 65888,
"source": null,
"title": "Electromagnetic induction"
} |
lead ("Faraday's disk"). Faraday explained electromagnetic induction using a concept he called lines of force. However, scientists at the time widely rejected his theoretical ideas, mainly because they were not formulated mathematically. An exception was James Clerk Maxwell, who used Faraday's ideas as the basis of his... | {
"page_id": 65888,
"source": null,
"title": "Electromagnetic induction"
} |
is equal to the rate of change of the magnetic flux enclosed by the circuit: E = − d Φ B d t , {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}=-{\frac {d\Phi _{\mathrm {B} }}{dt}}\,,} where E {\displaystyle {\mathcal {E}}} is the emf and ΦB is the magnetic flux. The direction of the electromotive force is given by Lenz's law which state... | {
"page_id": 65888,
"source": null,
"title": "Electromagnetic induction"
} |
flux Φ B = ∫ Σ B ⋅ d A , {\displaystyle \Phi _{\mathrm {B} }=\int _{\Sigma }\mathbf {B} \cdot d\mathbf {A} \,,} we can write the integral form of the Maxwell–Faraday equation ∮ ∂ Σ E ⋅ d ℓ = − d d t ∫ Σ B ⋅ d A {\displaystyle \oint _{\partial \Sigma }\mathbf {E} \cdot d{\boldsymbol {\ell }}=-{\frac {d}{dt}}{\int _{\Sig... | {
"page_id": 65888,
"source": null,
"title": "Electromagnetic induction"
} |
is generated, converting the mechanical energy of motion to electrical energy. For example, the drum generator is based upon the figure to the bottom-right. A different implementation of this idea is the Faraday's disc, shown in simplified form on the right. In the Faraday's disc example, the disc is rotated in a unifo... | {
"page_id": 65888,
"source": null,
"title": "Electromagnetic induction"
} |
of this magnetic field will experience this change in magnetic field as a change in its coupled magnetic flux, d Φ B d t {\displaystyle {\frac {d\Phi _{B}}{dt}}} . Therefore, an electromotive force is set up in the second loop called the induced emf or transformer emf. If the two ends of this loop are connected through... | {
"page_id": 65888,
"source": null,
"title": "Electromagnetic induction"
} |
to reduce eddy currents: Cores of low frequency alternating current electromagnets and transformers, instead of being solid metal, are often made of stacks of metal sheets, called laminations, separated by nonconductive coatings. These thin plates reduce the undesirable parasitic eddy currents, as described below. Indu... | {
"page_id": 65888,
"source": null,
"title": "Electromagnetic induction"
} |
force across the copper bar. The magnetic field is more concentrated and thus stronger on the left edge of the copper bar (a,b) while the field is weaker on the right edge (c,d). Since the two edges of the bar move with the same velocity, this difference in field strength across the bar creates whorls or current eddies... | {
"page_id": 65888,
"source": null,
"title": "Electromagnetic induction"
} |
A subvariety (Latin: subvarietas) in botanical nomenclature is a taxonomic rank. They are rarely used to classify organisms. == Plant taxonomy == Subvariety is ranked: below that of variety (varietas) above that of form (forma). Subvariety is an infraspecific taxon. === Name === Its name consists of three parts: a genu... | {
"page_id": 393574,
"source": null,
"title": "Subvariety (botany)"
} |
Kangina (Dari: کنگینه, lit. 'treasure', Dari pronunciation: [kʌn'ɡiːnɜ]) is the traditional Afghan technique of preserving fresh fruit, particularly grapes, in airtight discs (also called kangina) formed from mud and straw. The centuries-old technique is indigenous to Afghanistan's rural center and north, where remote ... | {
"page_id": 75497831,
"source": null,
"title": "Kangina"
} |
fruit. A 2023 study found kangina and polystyrene foam boxes to be the most effective vessels for preserving grapes. The containers are, however, heavy, unwieldy, and prone to absorbing moisture. == Notes == == References == | {
"page_id": 75497831,
"source": null,
"title": "Kangina"
} |
The L-ring of the bacterial flagellum is the ring in the lipid outer cell membrane through which the axial filament (rod, hook, and flagellum) passes. that l ring stands for lipopolysaccharide. == References == | {
"page_id": 983400,
"source": null,
"title": "L ring"
} |
Om Prakash Bhasin Award for Science and Technology is an Indian award, instituted in 1985 to recognize excellence in the areas of science and technology. The award, given individually or collectively to a group, is annual in cycle and carries a plaque, a citation and a cash prize of ₹ 100,000. The winners are invited t... | {
"page_id": 45023593,
"source": null,
"title": "Om Prakash Bhasin Award"
} |
Om Prakash Bhasin Foundation == See also == List of general science and technology awards List of biology awards List of engineering awards List of medicine awards List of physics awards == References == | {
"page_id": 45023593,
"source": null,
"title": "Om Prakash Bhasin Award"
} |
Ecological classification or ecological typology is the classification of land or water into geographical units that represent variation in one or more ecological features. Traditional approaches focus on geology, topography, biogeography, soils, vegetation, climate conditions, living species, habitats, water resources... | {
"page_id": 196971,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological classification"
} |
classifications are used in terrestrial disciplines due to the major influence of climate on biological life in a region. The most popular classification scheme is probably the Köppen climate classification scheme. Similarly geological and soil properties can affect terrestrial vegetation. In marine disciplines, the st... | {
"page_id": 196971,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological classification"
} |
enough to conform to the various scales at which ecosystem management operates. The International Union for The Conservation of Nature (IUCN) developed a global ecosystem typology that conforms to the definition of ecosystems as ecological units that comprise a biotic component, an abiotic complex, the interactions bet... | {
"page_id": 196971,
"source": null,
"title": "Ecological classification"
} |
Comparative genomics is a branch of biological research that examines genome sequences across a spectrum of species, spanning from humans and mice to a diverse array of organisms from bacteria to chimpanzees. This large-scale holistic approach compares two or more genomes to discover the similarities and differences be... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
to genome size. In comparative genomics, synteny is the preserved order of genes on chromosomes of related species indicating their descent from a common ancestor. Synteny provides a framework in which the conservation of homologous genes and gene order is identified between genomes of different species. Synteny blocks... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has also showed the extreme diversity of the gene composition in different evolutionary lineages. == History == See also: History of genomics Comparative genomics has a root in the comparison of virus genomes in the early 1980s. For example, small RNA viruses infecting animals (pi... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
in 1998 and together with the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster genome in 2000, Gerald M. Rubin and his team published a paper titled "Comparative Genomics of the Eukaryotes", in which they compared the genomes of the eukaryotes D. melanogaster, C. elegans, and S. cerevisiae, as well as the prokaryote H. influenzae. At... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
related genomes is the basis of comparative genomics. If two creatures have a recent common ancestor, the differences between the two species genomes are evolved from the ancestors' genome. The closer the relationship between two organisms, the higher the similarities between their genomes. If there is close relationsh... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
It is however often complicated by the multiplicity of events that have taken place throughout the history of individual lineages, leaving only distorted and superimposed traces in the genome of each living organism. For this reason comparative genomics studies of small model organisms (for example the model Caenorhabd... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
significance. When investigators examined the raw sequence data of the human and chimpanzee. == Significance of comparative genomics == Comparative genomics holds profound significance across various fields, including medical research, basic biology, and biodiversity conservation. For instance, in medical research, pre... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
conjunction. Comparative genomics starts with basic comparisons of genome size and gene density. For instance, genome size is important for coding capacity and possibly for regulatory reasons. High gene density facilitates genome annotation, analysis of environmental selection. By contrast, low gene density hampers the... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
data is widely utilized in comparative gene prediction. Many studies in comparative functional genomics lean on pairwise comparisons, wherein traits of each gene are compared with traits of other genes across species. his method yields many more comparisons than unique observations, making each comparison dependent on ... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
of the population. This is also known as the most recent common ancestor. Analysis based on coalescence theory tries predicting the amount of time between the introduction of a mutation and a particular allele or gene distribution in a population. This time period is equal to how long ago the most recent common ancesto... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
relevant biological data, they can be very easy to use and less time-consuming. UCSC Browser: This site contains the reference sequence and working draft assemblies for a large collection of genomes. Ensembl: The Ensembl project produces genome databases for vertebrates and other eukaryotic species, and makes this info... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
changes across different organisms. PIPMaker: PIPMaker facilitates the alignment and comparison of two genomic sequences, enabling the identification of conserved regions, duplications, and evolutionary breakpoints, aiding in comparative genomics analyses. GLASS (Genome-wide Location and Sequence Searcher): GLASS is a ... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
vaccine development by analyzing the genome of a pathogen or a family of pathogens. Applying a comparative genomics approach by analyzing the genomes of several related pathogens can lead to the development of vaccines that are multi-protective. A team of researchers employed such an approach to create a universal vacc... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
variants, gene expression, and DNA methylation profiles in large-scale studies across different cancer types. By analyzing the genomes of cancer cells and comparing them with healthy cells, researchers can uncover key genetic alterations driving tumorigenesis, tumor progression, and metastasis. This deep understanding ... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
majority of V, D, J, and C exons could be identified in this method. The variable regions are encoded by multiple unique DNA elements that are rearranged and connected during T cell (TCR) differentiation: variable (V), diversity (D), and joining (J) elements for the and polypeptides; and V and J elements for the and po... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
genomic methods to investigate genetic variation with reference to the six great ape species, finding healthy levels of variation in their gene pool despite shrinking population size. Another study showed that patterns of DNA methylation, which are a known regulation mechanism for gene expression, differ in the prefron... | {
"page_id": 917868,
"source": null,
"title": "Comparative genomics"
} |
Volume combustion synthesis (VCS) is method of chemical synthesis in which the reactants are heated uniformly in a controlled manner until a reaction ignites throughout the volume of the reaction chamber. The VCS mode is typically used for weakly exothermic reactions that require preheating prior to ignition. == Refere... | {
"page_id": 46268782,
"source": null,
"title": "Volume combustion synthesis"
} |
Tonk is a small carbonaceous chondrite meteorite that fell near Tonk, India in 1911. Despite its small size, it is often included in studies due to its compositional similarity to the early solar system. == Composition and classification == The meteorite consists of fragments that together weigh 7.7 g (0.27 oz) and fel... | {
"page_id": 63570288,
"source": null,
"title": "Tonk meteorite"
} |
The Food Processing Technology Building is a Georgia Institute of Technology and Georgia Tech Research Institute facility. It houses the Food Processing Technology Division of GTRI, which includes the Agricultural Technology Research Program (ATRP) and Georgia’s Traditional Industries Program for Food Processing. It op... | {
"page_id": 44302704,
"source": null,
"title": "Food Processing Technology Building"
} |
In physics, an elastic collision occurs between two physical objects in which the total kinetic energy of the two bodies remains the same. In an ideal, perfectly elastic collision, there is no net loss of kinetic energy into other forms such as heat, noise, or potential energy. During the collision of small objects, ki... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
== === One-dimensional Newtonian === In any collision without an external force, momentum is conserved; but in an elastic collision, kinetic energy is also conserved. Consider particles A and B with masses mA, mB, and velocities vA1, vB1 before collision, vA2, vB2 after collision. The conservation of momentum before an... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
v B 1 m A + m B {\displaystyle v_{CoM}={\dfrac {m_{A}v_{A1}+m_{B}v_{B1}}{m_{A}+m_{B}}}} v1 (vA1 or vB1) is the initial velocity of the particle. If both masses are the same, we have a trivial solution: v A 2 = v B 1 v B 2 = v A 1 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}v_{A2}&=v_{B1}\\v_{B2}&=v_{A1}.\end{aligned}}} This simpl... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
high speed. This is why a neutron moderator (a medium which slows down fast neutrons, thereby turning them into thermal neutrons capable of sustaining a chain reaction) is a material full of atoms with light nuclei which do not easily absorb neutrons: the lightest nuclei have about the same mass as a neutron. ==== Deri... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
B 2 . {\displaystyle \left\{{\begin{array}{rcrcc}v_{A2}&-&v_{B2}&=&v_{B1}-v_{A1}\\m_{A}v_{A1}&+&m_{B}v_{B1}&=&m_{A}v_{A2}+m_{B}v_{B2}.\end{array}}\right.} Once v A 2 {\displaystyle v_{A2}} is determined, v B 2 {\displaystyle v_{B2}} can be found by symmetry. ==== Center of mass frame ==== With respect to the center of ... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
2 {\displaystyle p={\frac {mv}{\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}}} where p denotes momentum of any particle with mass, v denotes velocity, and c is the speed of light. In the center of momentum frame where the total momentum equals zero, p 1 = − p 2 p 1 2 = p 2 2 E = m 1 2 c 4 + p 1 2 c 2 + m 2 2 c 4 + p 2 2 c 2 = E p ... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
moving much slower than the speed of light, total momentum of the two colliding bodies is frame-dependent. In the center of momentum frame, according to classical mechanics, m 1 u 1 + m 2 u 2 = m 1 v 1 + m 2 v 2 = 0 m 1 u 1 2 + m 2 u 2 2 = m 1 v 1 2 + m 2 v 2 2 ( m 2 u 2 ) 2 2 m 1 + ( m 2 u 2 ) 2 2 m 2 = ( m 2 v 2 ) 2 ... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
− u 1 2 / c 2 + m 2 u 2 1 − u 2 2 / c 2 = m 1 v 1 1 − v 1 2 / c 2 + m 2 v 2 1 − v 2 2 / c 2 = p T m 1 c 2 1 − u 1 2 / c 2 + m 2 c 2 1 − u 2 2 / c 2 = m 1 c 2 1 − v 1 2 / c 2 + m 2 c 2 1 − v 2 2 / c 2 = E {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}{\frac {m_{1}\;u_{1}}{\sqrt {1-u_{1}^{2}/c^{2}}}}+{\frac {m_{2}\;u_{2}}{\sqrt {1-u_{2... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
1 + v 2 ′ v c c 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}u_{1}'&={\frac {u_{1}-v_{c}}{1-{\frac {u_{1}v_{c}}{c^{2}}}}}\\u_{2}'&={\frac {u_{2}-v_{c}}{1-{\frac {u_{2}v_{c}}{c^{2}}}}}\\v_{1}'&=-u_{1}'\\v_{2}'&=-u_{2}'\\v_{1}&={\frac {v_{1}'+v_{c}}{1+{\frac {v_{1}'v_{c}}{c^{2}}}}}\\v_{2}&={\frac {v_{2}'+v_{c}}{1+{\frac {v_{2}'v_{c}... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
the so-called parameter of velocity s {\displaystyle s} (usually called the rapidity), v c = tanh ( s ) , {\displaystyle {\frac {v}{c}}=\tanh(s),} we get 1 − v 2 c 2 = sech ( s ) . {\displaystyle {\sqrt {1-{\frac {v^{2}}{c^{2}}}}}=\operatorname {sech} (s).} Relativistic energy and momentum are expressed as follows:... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
we get: 2 m 1 m 2 ( cosh ( s 1 ) cosh ( s 2 ) − sinh ( s 2 ) sinh ( s 1 ) ) = 2 m 1 m 2 ( cosh ( s 3 ) cosh ( s 4 ) − sinh ( s 4 ) sinh ( s 3 ) ) {\displaystyle 2m_{1}m_{2}(\cosh(s_{1})\cosh(s_{2})-\sinh(s_{2})\sinh(s_{1}))=2m_{1}m_{2}(\cosh(s_{3})\cosh(s_{4})-\sinh(s_{4})\sinh(s_{3}))} for non-zero mas... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
tanh ( s 1 ) = e s 1 − e − s 1 e s 1 + e − s 1 v 2 / c = tanh ( s 2 ) = e s 2 − e − s 2 e s 2 + e − s 2 {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}v_{1}/c&=\tanh(s_{1})={\frac {e^{s_{1}}-e^{-s_{1}}}{e^{s_{1}}+e^{-s_{1}}}}\\v_{2}/c&=\tanh(s_{2})={\frac {e^{s_{2}}-e^{-s_{2}}}{e^{s_{2}}+e^{-s_{2}}}}\end{aligned}}} Substitute the ... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
2 + ( m 1 2 + m 2 2 ) c 2 . {\displaystyle {\begin{aligned}v_{1}&={\frac {2m_{1}m_{2}c^{2}u_{2}Z+2m_{2}^{2}c^{2}u_{2}-(m_{1}^{2}+m_{2}^{2})u_{1}u_{2}^{2}+(m_{1}^{2}-m_{2}^{2})c^{2}u_{1}}{2m_{1}m_{2}c^{2}Z-2m_{2}^{2}u_{1}u_{2}-(m_{1}^{2}-m_{2}^{2})u_{2}^{2}+(m_{1}^{2}+m_{2}^{2})c^{2}}}\\v_{2}&={\frac {2m_{1}m_{2}c^{2}u_... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
θ 1 {\displaystyle \theta _{1}} and θ 2 {\displaystyle \theta _{2}} , are related to the angle of deflection θ {\displaystyle \theta } in the system of the center of mass by tan θ 1 = m 2 sin θ m 1 + m 2 cos θ , θ 2 = π − θ 2 . {\displaystyle \tan \theta _{1}={\frac {m_{2}\sin \theta }{m_{1}+m_{2}\cos \theta }},\... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
_{2}-\varphi )}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}\cos(\varphi )+v_{1}\sin(\theta _{1}-\varphi )\cos(\varphi +{\tfrac {\pi }{2}})\\[0.8em]v'_{1y}&={\frac {v_{1}\cos(\theta _{1}-\varphi )(m_{1}-m_{2})+2m_{2}v_{2}\cos(\theta _{2}-\varphi )}{m_{1}+m_{2}}}\sin(\varphi )+v_{1}\sin(\theta _{1}-\varphi )\sin(\varphi +{\tfrac {\pi }{2}}),\end{alig... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
.} Although this product is not an additive invariant in the same way that momentum and kinetic energy are for elastic collisions, it seems that preservation of this quantity can nonetheless be used to derive higher-order conservation laws. === Derivation of two dimensional solution === The impulse J {\displaystyle \ma... | {
"page_id": 65907,
"source": null,
"title": "Elastic collision"
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.