word stringlengths 1 43 | display_word stringlengths 1 43 | parts_of_speech listlengths 1 9 | etymology_texts listlengths 0 9 | pairs listlengths 1 29 | source_languages listlengths 1 13 | mechanisms listlengths 1 4 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
meeting | meeting | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English meeting, meting, from Old English mēting, ġemēting (“meeting, assembly, association, society”), equivalent to meet + -ing. Cognate with West Frisian moeting (“meeting, encounter”), Dutch ontmoeting (“meeting, encounter”), Middle Low German mö̂tinge (“meeting”). Compare also German Low German Mö... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "meeting",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English meeting"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "mēting",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
world | world | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *weyh₁-?\nProto-Indo-European *wiHrós\nProto-Germanic *weraz\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂életi\nProto-Germanic *alaną\nProto-Indo-European *-tis\nProto-Germanic *-þiz\nProto-Germanic *aldiz\nProto-Germanic *weraldiz\nProto-West Germanic *weraldi\nOld Engl... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "world",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English world"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "weorold",
"te... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
take | take | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English taken (“to take, lay hold of, grasp, strike”), from Old English tacan (“to grasp, touch”), probably of North Germanic origin, from Old Norse taka (“to touch, take”), from Proto-Germanic *tēkaną (“to touch”), from pre-Germanic *deh₁g- (“to touch”), possibly a phonetically altered form of Proto-I... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "taken",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English taken (“to take, lay hold of, grasp, strike”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang... | [
"English",
"Old Norse",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
quisling | quisling | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Named after Norwegian military officer Vidkun Quisling (1887–1945), who ruled the Nazi collaborationist government of Norway during World War Two. From Quislinus, Latinization of Quislin, based on the Danish place name Kvislemark. This term first appeared in 1940.\nThe surname is seemingly supposed to mean \"one w... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Old Norse",
"source_code": "non",
"source_term": "kvísl",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Old Norse kvísl (“fork [as in a 'fork in the road']”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Proto-Germanic",
"source_code": "gem-p... | [
"Old Norse",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived"
] |
take part | take part | [
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English taken part, a calque of Latin participō. Compare partake, German teilnehmen, Finnish ottaa osaa."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "taken part",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English taken part"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "participō",
... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
but | but | [
"prep",
"adv",
"conj",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English but, buten, boute, bouten, from Old English būtan (“without, outside of, except, only”), from Proto-West Germanic *biūtan, *biūtini, equivalent to be- + out. Cognate with Scots but, bot (“outside, without, but”), Saterland Frisian buute (“without”), West Frisian bûten (“outside of, apart from, ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "but",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English but"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "būtan",
"template... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
say | say | [
"verb",
"noun",
"adv",
"intj"
] | [
"From Middle English seyen, seien, seggen, from Old English seċġan (“to say, speak”), from Proto-West Germanic *saggjan, from Proto-Germanic *sagjaną (“to say”), from Proto-Indo-European *sokʷ-h₁-yé-, a suffixed o-grade form of *sekʷ- (“to say”).\nCognates\nCognate with North Frisian sai, seede, sii, sjide, sooi, s... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "seyen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English seyen"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "secgan",
"tem... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
last | last | [
"adj",
"det",
"adv",
"verb",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English laste, latst, syncopated variant of latest, both ultimately from Old English latost. Doublet of latest.",
"From Middle English lasten, from Old English lǣstan, from Proto-West Germanic *laistijan, from Proto-Germanic *laistijaną. Cognate with German leisten (“yield”).",
"The noun is derived... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "laste",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English laste"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "latost",
"tem... | [
"Dutch",
"English",
"German",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
increase | increase | [
"verb",
"noun",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English encresen, borrowed from Anglo-Norman encreistre, from Latin increscere (“to increase”), from in (“in, on”) + crescō (“grow”).\nThe noun is from Middle English encres, from the verb.",
"Calque of Hebrew יוֹסֵף. From increase."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "encresen",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English encresen"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "encreistre",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Hebrew",
"Latin"
] | [
"calqued",
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
yesterday | yesterday | [
"noun",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English yesterday, yisterday, ȝesterdai, ȝisterdai, from Old English ġiestrandæġ, ġister dæġ, ġestor dæġ, ġeostran dæġ (“yesterday”), by surface analysis, yester- + day. Cognate with Scots yisterday, yesterday (“yesterday”), Saterland Frisian jässendeeg, järsendeges (“yesterday”, adverb), West Frisian ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "yesterday",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English yesterday"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ġiestrand... | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
company | company | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English companye (“a team; companionship”), from Old French compaignie (“companionship”) (Modern French: compagnie), possibly from Late Latin *compania, but this word is not attested. Old French compaignie is equivalent to Old French compaignon (Modern French: compagnon) + -ie. More at companion.\nDisp... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "companye",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English companye (“a team; companionship”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"sou... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
forecast | forecast | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English forecasten, forcasten, equivalent to fore- + cast.\nThe noun is from Middle English forecast, forcast."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "forecasten",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English forecasten"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "forecas... | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
also | also | [
"adv",
"conj"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂el-der.?\nProto-Indo-European *h₂elnós\nProto-Germanic *allaz\nProto-West Germanic *all\nProto-Indo-European *swéder.?\nProto-Germanic *swa\nProto-West Germanic *swā\nProto-West Germanic *allswā\nOld English eallswā\nMiddle English also\nEnglish also\nFrom Middle English also... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "also",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English also"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "eallswā",
"temp... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
add | add | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English adden, from Latin addō (“add, give unto”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "adden",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English adden"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "addō",
"template":... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
acacia | acacia | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin acacia, from Ancient Greek ἀκακία (akakía, “shittah tree”), either from Proto-Indo-European *h₂eḱ- (“sharp”) (compare ἀκή (akḗ, “point”)) or more likely a Pre-Greek word. First attested before 1398. Doublet of cassie."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "acacia",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin acacia"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "ἀκακία",
"template": "der",
... | [
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
accommodation | accommodation | [
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éd\nProto-Italic *ad\nProto-Italic *ad-\nLatin ad-\nProto-Indo-European *ḱe\nProto-Indo-European *ḱóm\nProto-Italic *kom\nProto-Italic *kom-\nLatin com-\nProto-Indo-European *med-\nProto-Indo-European *-os\nProto-Italic *medos\nLatin modus\nLatin commodusnom.\nLatin commodum\... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "accommodation",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French accommodation"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "accommodātiō",
... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
bollocks | bollocks | [
"noun",
"verb",
"intj"
] | [
"From Middle English ballokes (plural of ballok), from Old English beallucas (nominative plural of bealluc). By surface analysis, bollock + -s. Compare cullion."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "ballokes",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English ballokes (plural of ballok)"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_... | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
frequency | frequency | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin frequentia, from frequens. By surface analysis, frequent + -cy."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "frequentia",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin frequentia"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
mobile | mobile | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English, from Old French, from Latin mōbilis (“easy to be moved, moveable”), from moveō (“move”). The video-gaming sense was coined by Richard Bartle to describe NPCs or creatures capable of moving \"under their own power\" in the 1978 video game Multi-User Dungeon. Bartle retracted an earlier claim of... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
sms | SMS | [
"noun"
] | [
"From German SMS."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "de",
"source_term": "SMS",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "German SMS"
}
] | [
"German"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
work | work | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *werǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *-om\nProto-Indo-European *wérǵom\nProto-Germanic *werką\nProto-West Germanic *werk\nOld English weorc\nMiddle English werk\nEnglish work\nFrom Middle English work, werk, from Old English weorc, from Proto-West Germanic *werk, from Proto-Germanic *wer... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "work",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English work"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "weorc",
"templa... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
first | first | [
"adj",
"adv",
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English first, furst, ferst, fyrst, from Old English fyrest, from Proto-West Germanic *furist, from Proto-Germanic *furistaz (“first, foremost”), superlative of Proto-Germanic *furai, *furi (“before”), from Proto-Indo-European *preh₂- (“before”), from *per- (“before; first”), equivalent to fore + -est.... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "first",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English first"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "fyrest",
"tem... | [
"English",
"German",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
digital | digital | [
"adj",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Latin digitālis, from digitus (“finger, toe”) + -alis (“-al”), equivalent to digit + -al. Doublet of digitalis."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "digitālis",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Latin digitālis"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
asian | Asian | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"From Latin āsiānus. By surface analysis, Asia + -an.\nThe modern North American and Australasian usage, referring to East and Southeast Asians collectively, seems to be a shortened form of \"Asian American\", a term whose origins activists and academics trace back to 1968 and University of California, Berkeley (UC... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "āsiānus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin āsiānus"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
ci | ci | [
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Mandarin 詞／词 (cí)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Chinese",
"source_code": "cmn",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Mandarin"
}
] | [
"Chinese"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
consent | consent | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"Recorded in Middle English since circa 1225, borrowed from Old French consentir, from Latin cōnsentīre (“to agree; to assent, consent”), itself from com- (“with”) + sentiō (“to feel”)"
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "consentir",
"template": "d... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
careful | careful | [
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle English careful, from Old English carful; equivalent to care + -ful."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "careful",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English careful"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "carful",
... | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
time | time | [
"noun",
"verb",
"intj"
] | [
"From Middle English tyme, time, from Old English tīma (“time, period, space of time, season, lifetime, fixed time, favorable time, opportunity”), from Proto-West Germanic *tīmō, from Proto-Germanic *tīmô (“time”), from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂imō, from Proto-Indo-European *deh₂y- (“to divide”). Related to tide. N... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "tyme",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English tyme"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "tīma",
"templat... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
deceptive | deceptive | [
"adj"
] | [
"From Middle French déceptif, from Latin dēceptīvus, from dēcipiō (“to deceive”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "déceptif",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle French déceptif"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "dēceptīvus",
"te... | [
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
shrink | shrink | [
"verb",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English schrynken, from Old English sċrincan, from Proto-Germanic *skrinkwaną. Cognate with Dutch schrinken (“to shrink”).\nThe sense “psychologist, psychotherapist” is a clipping of head-shrinker."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "schrynken",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English schrynken"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "sċrincan"... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
thou | thou | [
"pron",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English thou, tho, thogh, thoue, thouȝ, thow, thowe, tou, towe, thu, thue, thugh, tu, you (Northern England), ðhu, þeou, þeu, þou (the latter three early Southwest England), from Old English þū, from Proto-West Germanic *þū, from Proto-Germanic *þū (“you (singular), thou”), from Proto-Indo-European *tú... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "thou",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English thou"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "þū",
"template"... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
andorra | Andorra | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nCatalan Andorrabor.\nEnglish Andorra\nBorrowed from Catalan Andorra, probably of Paleo-Hispanic or Vasconic origin. Compare Ancient Greek Ἀνδοσῖνοι (Andosînoi), the name of a tribe in Hispania Tarraconensis near the Pyrenees mentioned by Polybius."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Andorra",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Catalan Andorra"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": null,
... | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
afghanistan | Afghanistan | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nBactrian αβαγανο (abagano)der.\nClassical Persian افغان (afġān /afġân)\nProto-Indo-European *steh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *os\nProto-Indo-Iranian *stáHnam\nMiddle Persian -stʾn'\nClassical Persian ـستان (-istān /-estân)\nClassical Persian اَفْغَانِسْتَان (afġānistān)bor.\nEnglish Afghanistan\nFrom C... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "اَفْغَانِسْتَان",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Classical Persian اَفْغَانِسْتَان (afġānistān)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
albania | Albania | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *albʰós\nProto-Italic *alβos\nLatin albus\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Italic *-nos\nLatin -nus\nLatin -ānus\nLatin Albānusbor.\nByzantine Greek Ἀλβᾰνός (Albănós)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂\nProto-Hellenic *-íā\nByzanti... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "Albānia",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Medieval Latin Albānia"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "gkm",
"source_term": "Ἄλ... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
armenia | Armenia | [
"name"
] | [
"From Latin Armenia, from Ancient Greek Ἀρμενία (Armenía) (early 5th century BC), from Old Persian 𐎠𐎼𐎷𐎡𐎴 (a-r-mi-i-n /Armina/) (late 6th century BC); see it for more. The Old Persian name is an exonym: see հայ (hay) for the native name. Attested in English since late 14th century."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Armenia",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin Armenia"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "Ἀρμενία",
"template": "der"... | [
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
angola | Angola | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nKimbundu ngolader.\nPortuguese Angolabor.\nEnglish Angola\nFrom Portuguese (Reino de) Angola (“(kingdom of) Angola”), from Kimbundu ngola, title held by native kings at the time of the Portuguese colonization in the 15th century AD. Compare Kituba ngolo (“strength”).\nFirst attested in c. 1595.\nTh... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Angola",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Portuguese (Reino de) Angola (“(kingdom of) Angola”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"so... | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
argentina | Argentina | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂erǵ-\nProto-Indo-European *h₂r̥ǵn̥tóm\nProto-Italic *argentom\nLatin argentumbor.\nEnglish Argentina\nFrom Latin argentum (“silver”) + the feminine of the adjectival suffix -īnus; in reference to the Río de la Plata (\"silver river\")."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "argentum",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin argentum (“silver”)"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
azerbaijan | Azerbaijan | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish آذربایجان (azerbaycan), from Classical Persian آذَرْبَایْجَان (āzarbāyjān), from Early New Persian آذَرْبَایْگَان (āḏarbāygān) / آذَرْبَادْگَان (āḏarbādgān), from Middle Persian [script needed] (ʾtwrpʾtkʾn) / [script needed] (ʾtwrpʾtkn /āturpātakān, ādurbādagān/), from [script neede... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "آذربایجان",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Ottoman Turkish آذربایجان (azerbaycan)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
... | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
bangladesh | Bangladesh | [
"name"
] | [
"From Bengali বাংলাদেশ (baṅladeś), from বাংলা (baṅla, “Bengali”) + দেশ (deś, “country”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "বাংলাদেশ",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Bengali বাংলাদেশ (baṅladeś)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
bulgaria | Bulgaria | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Turkic *bulga-der.\nProto-Turkic *bulgar\nOld Turkic 𐰉𐰆𐰞𐰍𐰀 (b¹ul¹ǧa)\nProto-Indo-European *-nós\nProto-Indo-European *-iHnos\nProto-Slavic *-inъ\nOld Church Slavonic -инъ (-inŭ)\nOld Church Slavonic блъгаринъ (blŭgarinŭ)bor.\nMedieval Latin Bulgarusbor.\nEnglish Bulgarder.\nProto-Indo-Eu... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "Bulgaria",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Medieval Latin Bulgaria"
}
] | [
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
bahrain | Bahrain | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Arabic الْبَحْرَيْن (al-baḥrayn, literally “the two seas”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "الْبَحْرَيْن",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Arabic الْبَحْرَيْن (al-baḥrayn, literally “the two seas”)"
}
] | [
"Arabic"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
bolivia | Bolivia | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nBasque boluder.\nProto-Basque *ibar\nBasque ibarder.\nBasque Bolibarbor.\nSpanish Bolívar\nProto-Indo-European *-yós\nProto-Italic *-ios\nOld Latin -ios\nNew Latin -ius\nNew Latin -ia\nNew Latin Boliviabor.\nEnglish Bolivia\nBorrowed from Spanish and New Latin Bolivia (“land of Bolivar”), from the ... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-new",
"source_term": "Bolivia",
"templa... | [
"Latin",
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
brazil | Brazil | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nVulgar Latin *brasa\nOld Galician-Portuguese brasa\nPortuguese brasa\nProto-Indo-European *-elis\nProto-Italic *-elis\nLatin -īlislbor.\nPortuguese -il\nPortuguese brasil\nPortuguese Brasilder.\nPortuguese Brazilbor.\nEnglish Brazil\nFrom Portuguese Brazil, older spelling of Brasil, from brasil (“b... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Brazil",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Portuguese Brazil"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Proto-Germanic",
"source_code": "gem-pro",
"source_term": "*brasō",
... | [
"Irish",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived"
] |
bahamas | Bahamas | [
"name"
] | [
"Disputed; probably from Spanish baja mar (“shallow sea”) or Taíno ba ha ma (“big upper middle land”), via Spanish."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "baja mar",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Spanish baja mar (“shallow sea”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "ba ha m... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"derived"
] |
bhutan | Bhutan | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nTibetan བོད (bod)bor.\nPrakrit *𑀪𑁄𑀝𑁆𑀝 (*bhŏṭṭa)\nProto-Indo-European *h₁én\nProto-Indo-European *-tḗr\nProto-Indo-European *-trom\nProto-Indo-European *h₁éntrom\nProto-Indo-Iranian *Hántram\nProto-Indo-Aryan *Hántram\nSanskrit अन्त्र (antra)\nProto-Indo-European *h₁én\nProto-Indo-European *h₁o... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Bhoutan",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French Bhoutan"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "भुटान",
... | [
"French",
"Other",
"Sanskrit"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
botswana | Botswana | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Bantu *bʊ̀-\nTswana bo-\nTswana Tswana\nTswana Botswanabor.\nEnglish Botswana\nBorrowed from Tswana Botswana, from bo- + Tswana,\nof uncertain origin."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Botswana",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Tswana Botswana"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
canada | Canada | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from French Canada, from the Laurentian kanata (“village, settlement”) (compare Onondaga gana꞉dá꞉yęʼ), ultimately from Proto-North Iroquoian *-nat-. See also \"Name of Canada\" on English Wikipedia.",
"From Portuguese canada, from Latin cannatus.",
"From Spanish cañada, from Latin canna (“cane”) + -ad... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Canada",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French Canada"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "kanata",
... | [
"French",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
switzerland | Switzerland | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Compound of Switzer + -land, adopted in the 16th century from Early Modern German Schwytzerland (“land of the Swiss”). Noun sense refers to the state’s political neutrality in both World Wars."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "de",
"source_term": "Schwytzerland",
"template": "der",
"detail": "German Schwytzerland (“land of the Swiss”)"
}
] | [
"German"
] | [
"derived"
] |
chile | Chile | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish Chile, probably from Quechua chiri (“cold”).",
"From Spanish chile. A variant of chili, chilli; see that entry for more information."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Chile",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish Chile"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "chiri",
"... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
cameroon | Cameroon | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from French Cameroun, from Portuguese Rio dos Camarões (“river of prawns”), a name given to the Wouri river estuary, in 1472 by the sailors of the Portuguese explorer Fernão do Pó (a.k.a. Fernando Pó), raving about the abundance of shrimps of the species Lepidophthalmus turneranus (the Cameroon ghost shri... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Cameroun",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French Cameroun"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"... | [
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
china | China | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"From Portuguese China, from possibly Venetan Cina probably under influence from Old French Chin, from Classical Persian چین (čīn) under influence from Medieval Latin Sīna (“China”), from Middle Persian 𐭰𐭩𐭭 (Čīn, “China”), from Sanskrit चीन (cīna, “the Chinese; China”) of uncertain etymology. It is usually thoug... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "China",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Portuguese China"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Cina",
"template": "... | [
"Chinese",
"French",
"Japanese",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Sanskrit"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
colombia | Colombia | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish Colombia, from Italian Colombo (“Cristoforo Colombo”); named after Genoese explorer Christopher Columbus (1451–1506). Equivalent to Colombo + -ia; piecewise doublet of Columbia."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Colombia",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish Colombia"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "Colombo"... | [
"Italian",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
cuba | Cuba | [
"name"
] | [
"From Portuguese Cuba, possibly of Arabic origin.",
"Likely derived from Ibaloi."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Portuguese"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"deta... | [
"Arabic",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
cyprus | Cyprus | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"From Latin Cyprus, from Ancient Greek Κύπρος (Kúpros)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Cyprus",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Latin Cyprus"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "Κύπρος",
"template": "der",
... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
djibouti | Djibouti | [
"name"
] | [
"Unknown; the country of Djibouti was named after its capital city. Multiple theories exist as to the origin of the lemma, including derivation from Afar gabouti (“plate”) or gabood (“plateau”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "gabouti",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Afar gabouti (“plate”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
denmark | Denmark | [
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English Denmark, from Danish Danmark, from dansk (“Danish”) + Old Norse merki (“boundary”) or mǫrk (“borderland”). Cognate with (and perhaps influenced by) Old English Denemearc."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Denmark",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Denmark"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Danmark",
"... | [
"English",
"Old Norse",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
dominican republic | Dominican Republic | [
"name"
] | [
"Calque of Spanish República Dominicana, in honor of santo (“holy; saint”) Domingo, which could refer to a Sunday, Jesus, or St Dominic."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "calqued",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "República Dominicana",
"template": "clq",
"detail": "Calque of Spanish República Dominicana"
}
] | [
"Spanish"
] | [
"calqued"
] |
sect | sect | [
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English secte, from Old French secte (“a sect in philosophy or religion”), from Late Latin secta (“a sect in philosophy or religion, a school, party, faction, class, guild, band, particularly a heretical doctrine or sect, etc.”), possibly, from Latin sequi (“to follow”). Alternatively linked to sectus ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "secte",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English secte"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fro",
"source_term": "secte",
"templat... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
pseudonym | pseudonym | [
"noun"
] | [
"Back-formation from pseudonymous, from French pseudonyme (“pseudonymous”, adjective), from Ancient Greek ψευδώνυμος (pseudṓnumos), from ψευδής (pseudḗs, “false”) and ὄνυμα (ónuma), a dialectal form of ὄνομα (ónoma, “name”). By surface analysis, pseudo- + -onym."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "pseudonyme",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French pseudonyme (“pseudonymous”, adjective)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_ter... | [
"French",
"Greek"
] | [
"derived"
] |
false | false | [
"adj",
"verb",
"adv",
"noun"
] | [
"From Middle English false, fals, from Old English fals (“false; counterfeit; fraudulent; wrong; mistaken”), from Latin falsus (“counterfeit, false; falsehood”), perfect passive participle of fallō (“deceive”). Reinforced in Middle English by Anglo-Norman and Old French fals, faus. Compare Scots fals, false, Saterl... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "false",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English false"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "fals",
"templ... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
ecuador | Ecuador | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish Ecuador, itself from ecuador (“equator”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Ecuador",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish Ecuador"
}
] | [
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
spain | Spain | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nLatin Hispānia\nOld French Espaignebor.\nMiddle English Spayne\nEnglish Spain\nFrom Middle English Spayne, from Anglo-Norman Espayne, from Late Latin Spania, from earlier Latin Hispānia. Displaced Old English Ispania, which was borrowed directly from Latin. Doublet of Hispania."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Spayne",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Spayne"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "Espayne",
"tem... | [
"English",
"French",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
ethiopia | Ethiopia | [
"name"
] | [
"From Latin Aethiopia, from Ancient Greek Αἰθιοπία (Aithiopía), from Αἰθίοψ (Aithíops), of Proto-Hellenic origin. Displaced native Old English Siġelhearwena land (literally “land of the sun worshippers”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Aethiopia",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin Aethiopia"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "Αἰθιοπία",
"template":... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
blood | blood | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-West Germanic inh\nProto-West Germanic gem-pro>*blōþą>blood\nProto-West Germanic *blōd\nOld English blōd\nMiddle English blood\nEnglish blood\nFrom Middle English blood, from Old English blōd, from Proto-West Germanic *blōd, from Proto-Germanic *blōþą, possibly from Proto-Indo-European *bʰel-... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "blood",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English blood"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "blōd",
"templ... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
disease | disease | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English disese, from Anglo-Norman desese, disaise, from Old French desaise, from des- + aise. Displaced native Middle English adle, audle (“disease”) (from Old English ādl (“disease, sickness”), see adle), Middle English cothe, coathe (“disease”) (from Old English coþu (“disease”), see coath). By surfa... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "disese",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle English disese"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "xno",
"source_term": "desese",
"templa... | [
"English",
"French"
] | [
"derived"
] |
gabon | Gabon | [
"name"
] | [
"From Portuguese gabão (“cloak”), referring to the Komo estuary."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "gabão",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Portuguese gabão (“cloak”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
ghana | Ghana | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Named after the Ghana Empire by J. B. Danquah, from Soninke gajanŋa.",
"From Maltese għana, from Arabic غِناء (ḡināʔ)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "gajanŋa",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Soninke gajanŋa"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "għana",
"template":... | [
"Arabic",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
epidemic | epidemic | [
"noun",
"adj"
] | [
"From French épidémique, from épidémie, from Medieval Latin epidēmia, reanalysis of plural Late Latin epidēmia, from Ancient Greek ἐπιδήμιος (epidḗmios), from ἐπί (epí, “upon”) + δῆμος (dêmos, “people”). By surface analysis, epi- (“on”) + demic (“of the people”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "épidémique",
"template": "der",
"detail": "French épidémique"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la-med",
"source_term": "epidēmia",
"temp... | [
"French",
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived"
] |
guatemala | Guatemala | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish Guatemala (originally the name of Iximche, the location of Guatemala's first capital), from Classical Nahuatl Cuauhtēmallān, from cuauhtēmalli (“woodpile”) + -tlān (“place”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "Guatemala",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish Guatemala"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Cuauh... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
guyana | Guyana | [
"name"
] | [
"From an indigenous native American language, probably Cariban or Lokono, said to be a word referring to the land's waters."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Cariban"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail... | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
honduras | Honduras | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from Spanish honduras (“depths”, referring to the deep waters off the northern coast).\nIt may also come from the alleged Columbus quote, \"Gracias a Dios que hemos salido de esas honduras\" (\"Thank god we have departed from those depths\"), said during his fourth and final voyage in 1502."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Spanish",
"source_code": "es",
"source_term": "honduras",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Spanish honduras (“depths”, referring to the deep waters off the northern coast)"
}
] | [
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
haiti | Haiti | [
"name"
] | [
"From Taíno hayiti (“land of lofty barrows or mountains”), which was the native name given to the whole island of Hispaniola."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "hayiti",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Taíno hayiti (“land of lofty barrows or mountains”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
hungary | Hungary | [
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English Hungary, Hungrye, Hungry, from Old English Hungerie from Medieval Latin Hungaria. Doublet of Hungaria."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Hungary",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Hungary"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "Hungerie",
... | [
"English",
"Latin"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
ireland | Ireland | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Celtic *ɸīweriyū\nProto-Celtic *Φīweriyū?\nOld Irish Ériuder.\nOld English Īras\nProto-Indo-European *lendʰ-\nProto-Indo-European *-om\nProto-Germanic *landą\nProto-West Germanic *land\nOld English land\nOld English Īrland\nMiddle English Irlond\nEnglish Ireland\nFrom Middle English Ireland, ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "Ireland, Irelond, Irlond, Irland",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English Ireland, Irelond, Irlond, Irland"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"sour... | [
"English",
"Other"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
india | India | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš\nProto-Indo-Iranian *síndʰuš\nSanskrit सिन्धु॑ (síndhu)bor.\nOld Persian 𐏃𐎡𐎯𐎢𐏁 (hiⁿdūš)bor.\nAncient Greek Ἰνδός (Indós)\nProto-Indo-European *-h₂\nProto-Indo-European *-éh₂\nProto-Indo-European *-i-eh₂\nProto-Hellenic *-íā\nAncient Greek -ῐ́ᾱ (-ĭ́ā)\nAncient Greek ... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "India",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Old English India"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "India",
"template": "... | [
"English",
"Greek",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Sanskrit"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
iran | Iran | [
"name"
] | [
"From Iranian Persian ایران (irân), from Classical Persian ایران (ērān), from Middle Persian 𐭠𐭩𐭥𐭠𐭭 (ʾērān, “of the Aryans”), which see for word formation, further etymology and cognates. The name of the political entity is a 3rd-century development that derives from the indigenous ethnolinguistic name of the I... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "ایران",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Iranian Persian ایران (irân)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "ایران",
"... | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
italy | Italy | [
"name"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nOscan 𐌅𐌝𐌕𐌄𐌋𐌉𐌞 (víteliú)bor.?\nAncient Greek Ῑ̓ταλίᾱ (Ītalíā)der.\nLatin Italiabor.\nOld English Italia\nEnglish Italy\nInherited from Old English Italia. Usually explained as a cognate of vitulus (“calf”), thus meaning \"land of young bulls\" in Oscan. In that case, ultimately from Proto-Ind... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Proto-Indo-European",
"source_code": "ine-pro",
"source_term": "*wet-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Proto-Indo-European *wet- (“year”)"
}
] | [
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived"
] |
jamaica | Jamaica | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Derived from Taíno Xaymaca (“land of wood and water”), from Taíno maca (“wood”).",
"After Kuchamakin, a Massachusett leader; from Massachusett.",
"From the Massachusett word for “beaver”, tummunk. Compare next etymology. Doublet of Tamaqua and Etymology 4.",
"From earlier Jamaco, Jemaco, Jameco, borrowed fro... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Xaymaca",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Taíno Xaymaca (“land of wood and water”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": ... | [
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
kenya | Kenya | [
"name"
] | [
"From the name of Mount Kenya, about which several theories exist, including\n* from Kikuyu kere nyaga (“white mountain”) (because it is snow-capped)\n* from Kamba kii nyaa (“ostrich mountain”)\n* from Kikuyu kĩrĩma (“mountain”)"
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "kere nyaga",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Kikuyu kere nyaga (“white mountain”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term":... | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
cambodia | Cambodia | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from French Cambodge and Portuguese Camboja. Doublet of Kampuchea and gamboge."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Cambodge",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French Cambodge"
},
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Camboja"... | [
"French",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
kiribati | Kiribati | [
"name"
] | [
"From Gilbertese Kiribati, from English Gilberts adapted to Gilbertese phonotactics, a shortening of Gilbert Islands. First entry in the Dictionnaire gilbertin-français of Ernest Sabatier (1954)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Kiribati",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Gilbertese Kiribati"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": null,
"template... | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
comoros | Comoros | [
"name"
] | [
"Likely borrowed via French Comores, from Arabic جُزُر الْقُمُر (juzur al-qumur)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Comores",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "French Comores"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "جُزُر الْقُمُر",
"templa... | [
"Arabic",
"French"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
comma | comma | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Latin comma, from Ancient Greek κόμμα (kómma), from κόπτω (kóptō, “to cut”)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "comma",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin comma"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "κόμμα",
"template": "der",
... | [
"Greek",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
early | early | [
"adj",
"noun",
"adv"
] | [
"From Middle English erly, erlich, earlich, from Old English ǣrlīċ (“early”, adjective), equivalent to ere + -ly.",
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *h₂ey-\nProto-Indo-European *-eri\nProto-Indo-European *h₂éyeri\nProto-Germanic *airi\nProto-Germanic *airiz\nOld English ǣr\nProto-Indo-European *leyg-\nProto-G... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "erly",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English erly"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "ǣrlīċ",
"templa... | [
"English"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
welcome | welcome | [
"adj",
"intj",
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"From Middle English welcome, wolcume, wulcume, wilcume, from Old English wilcuma (“a wished-for guest”; compare also wilcume (“welcome!”, interjection)), from Proto-West Germanic *willjakwemō, from Proto-Germanic *wiljakwemô (“a wished-for arrival or guest”), possibly from *wiljakwemaną (“to be welcome”), equivale... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "welcome",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English welcome"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "wilcuma",
... | [
"English",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"inherited"
] |
new | new | [
"adj",
"adv",
"noun",
"verb",
"name"
] | [
"From Middle English neowe, neue, new, newe, nywe, from Old English nēowe, nīewe, nīowe, nīwe, from Proto-West Germanic *niwi, from Proto-Germanic *niwjaz (“new”), from Proto-Indo-European *néwos, *néwyos (“new”). Compare also Old English nū (“now”). More at now. Doublet of nuevo, novuss, and neo-.\nCognates\nCogna... | [
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "enm",
"source_term": "neowe",
"template": "inh",
"detail": "Middle English neowe"
},
{
"mechanism": "inherited",
"source_language": "English",
"source_code": "ang",
"source_term": "nēowe",
"temp... | [
"Chinese",
"English",
"German",
"Proto-Germanic",
"Proto-Indo-European"
] | [
"derived",
"inherited"
] |
gas | gas | [
"noun",
"verb"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *ǵʰeh₂-der.\nAncient Greek χαῦνος (khaûnos)\nAncient Greek χάος (kháos)der.\nDutch gasbor.\nEnglish gas\nBorrowed from Dutch gas, coined by chemist Jan Baptist van Helmont in Ortus Medicinae. Derived from Ancient Greek χάος (kháos, “chasm, void, empty space”); perhaps also inspi... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "nl",
"source_term": "gas",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Dutch gas"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "χάος",
"template": ... | [
"Dutch",
"Greek"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
kuwait | Kuwait | [
"name"
] | [
"From Arabic الْكُوَيْت (al-kuwayt), diminutive of اَلْكُوت (al-kūt)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "الْكُوَيْت",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Arabic الْكُوَيْت (al-kuwayt)"
}
] | [
"Arabic"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
laos | Laos | [
"name"
] | [
"Borrowed from French Laos, plural of Lao, from Lao ລາວ (lāo, “Lao”). More at Lao."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "fr",
"source_term": "Laos",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from French Laos"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "ລາວ",
"templa... | [
"French",
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
lebanon | Lebanon | [
"name"
] | [
"The country's name comes from the name of the mountain range, which in turn comes from Biblical Hebrew לְבָנוֹן (ləḇānôn), from Proto-West Semitic *laban- (“white”) (compare Hebrew לָבָן (lāḇān, “white”), Arabic لَبَن (laban, “milk”))."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "לְבָנוֹן",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Biblical Hebrew לְבָנוֹן (ləḇānôn)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "*la... | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
liechtenstein | Liechtenstein | [
"name",
"adj"
] | [
"Etymology tree\nProto-Indo-European *lewk-der.\nProto-Germanic *leuhtaz\nProto-West Germanic *leuht\nOld High German lioht\nMiddle High German liecht\nGerman liecht\nProto-Indo-European *steh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *steyh₂-\nProto-Indo-European *stoyh₂nos\nProto-Germanic *stainaz\nProto-West Germanic *stain\nOld H... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "de",
"source_term": "Liechtenstein",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from German Liechtenstein"
}
] | [
"German"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
luxembourg | Luxembourg | [
"name"
] | [
"From Middle High German Luccelemburc, from Old High German Lucilinburhuc, ultimately from luzil (“little”) + burg (“castle”), from Proto-Germanic *lūtilaz and *burgz. Piecewise doublet of Littleborough and Littlebury."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "gmh",
"source_term": "Luccelemburc",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Middle High German Luccelemburc"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "German",
"source_code": "goh",
"source_term": "Lucil... | [
"German",
"Proto-Germanic"
] | [
"derived"
] |
monaco | Monaco | [
"name"
] | [
"Ultimately from Ancient Greek Μόνοικος (Mónoikos), which is of unknown (possibly Ligurian) origin. The name was associated at an early date with Hercules, who had a temple here, and was said to mean “he who dwells alone”; see μόνος (mónos) and οἰκέω (oikéō)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Greek",
"source_code": "grc",
"source_term": "Μόνοικος",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Ancient Greek Μόνοικος (Mónoikos)"
}
] | [
"Greek"
] | [
"derived"
] |
madagascar | Madagascar | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Middle French Madagascar, from Madageiscar, popularly reputed as a corrupted transliteration of Mogadishu by Marco Polo's misreading of Arabic. The maps of particular interest are that of al-Idrisi in the 12th century, who produced the Tabula Rogeriana, the most advanced world map at the time.\nThe a... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "French",
"source_code": "frm",
"source_term": "Madagascar",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Middle French Madagascar"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Arabic",
"source_code": "ar",
"source_term": "جَزِيرَة المَا... | [
"Arabic",
"French"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
mali | Mali | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Inherits its name from the Mali Empire, in turn from Mandinka or Dyula mali (“hippopotamus”).",
"Borrowed from Hindi माली (mālī, “gardener”), from Sanskrit माली (mālī, “wreath-maker, garland-maker; florist; gardener”), मालिन् (mālin, “florist; gardener”), from माला (mālā, “wreath, garland; chaplet, crown”).",
... | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Mandinka"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "mali",
"template": "der",
"de... | [
"Arabic",
"Hindi",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Proto-Indo-European",
"Sanskrit"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
malta | Malta | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Italian and Maltese Malta, from Arabic مَالِطَا (māliṭā), from Latin Melita, from Ancient Greek Μελίτη (Melítē), apparently from μέλι (méli, “honey”) + -η (-ē, “-a: forming feminine place names”) although its use for the island of Malta is considered uncertain. Some scholars consider it to represent ... | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Italian",
"source_code": "it",
"source_term": "-",
"template": "bor+",
"detail": "Borrowed from Italian"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Malta",
"template":... | [
"Arabic",
"German",
"Greek",
"Italian",
"Latin",
"Other",
"Spanish"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
mauritius | Mauritius | [
"name"
] | [
"From Latin Mauritius (“Morris”), a Latinized form of the name Dutch Maurits. Named after Prince of Orange Maurits van Nassau.",
"From Latin Mauricius."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Latin",
"source_code": "la",
"source_term": "Mauritius",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Latin Mauritius (“Morris”)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Dutch",
"source_code": "nl",
"source_term": "Maurits",
"t... | [
"Dutch",
"Latin"
] | [
"borrowed",
"derived"
] |
maldives | Maldives | [
"name"
] | [
"Based on Malé Islands; from Malé, the name of the main island (from Dhivehi މާލެ (māle)) + Prakrit 𑀤𑀻𑀯 (dīva, “island”), from Sanskrit द्वीप (dvīpá)."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "މާލެ",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Dhivehi މާލެ (māle)"
},
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "𑀤𑀻𑀯",
"template"... | [
"Other",
"Sanskrit"
] | [
"derived"
] |
malawi | Malawi | [
"name"
] | [
"Said to be from Chichewa malawi (“flames”), after the appearance of the sunrise over Lake Malawi; also possibly from Maravi, the name of an early Malawi tribe, or from an old name for a lake. Chosen by Hastings Banda in 1964."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "derived",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "lawi",
"template": "der",
"detail": "Chichewa malawi (“flames”)"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"derived"
] |
mozambique | Mozambique | [
"name",
"noun"
] | [
"Borrowed from Portuguese Moçambique, from the name of sultan Mussa Bin Bique."
] | [
{
"mechanism": "borrowed",
"source_language": "Other",
"source_code": "other",
"source_term": "Moçambique",
"template": "bor",
"detail": "Portuguese Moçambique"
}
] | [
"Other"
] | [
"borrowed"
] |
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