text stringlengths 10 3.01k | source stringclasses 3 values |
|---|---|
Fine-grained locking Database locks Fine-grained_locking > Database locks Pessimistic concurrency requires a persistent connection to the database and is not a scalable option when users are interacting with data, because records might be locked for relatively large periods of time. It is not appropriate for use in Web application development.Optimistic locking: this allows multiple concurrent users access to the database whilst the system keeps a copy of the initial-read made by each user. When a user wants to update a record, the application determines whether another user has changed the record since it was last read. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ising lattice Phase transition Spin_lattice > Three dimensions > Phase transition Although it is an open problem to establish rigorously the renormalization group picture or the conformal field theory picture, theoretical physicists have used these two methods to compute the critical exponents of the phase transition, which agree with the experiments and with the Monte Carlo simulations. This conformal field theory describing the three-dimensional Ising critical point is under active investigation using the method of the conformal bootstrap. This method currently yields the most precise information about the structure of the critical theory (see Ising critical exponents). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Category of relations Properties Category_of_relations > Properties It is also a monoidal category if one defines the monoidal product by the disjoint union of sets.The category Rel was the prototype for the algebraic structure called an allegory by Peter J. Freyd and Andre Scedrov in 1990. Starting with a regular category and a functor F: A → B, they note properties of the induced functor Rel(A,B) → Rel(FA, FB). For instance, it preserves composition, conversion, and intersection. Such properties are then used to provide axioms for an allegory. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Simian Immunodeficiency Virus Quasispecies Simian_Immunodeficiency_Virus > Virology > Quasispecies The speed and transcription inaccuracies of RNA viruses give rise to antigenically distinct varieties in a single host animal. These quasispecies do not necessarily give rise to population-wide new organisms. The rate of proliferation of quasispecies has significant implication for host immune control, and therefore virulence of the organism. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bellman–Ford algorithm Original sources Bellman–Ford_algorithm > References > Original sources New York, New York: Polytechnic Press of the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn. pp. 199–203. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of aerospace engineering F Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering > F When not in use, the stick is secured within the tube. Fluid – In physics, a fluid is a liquid, gas, or other material that continuously deforms (flows) under an applied shear stress, or external force. They have zero shear modulus, or, in simpler terms, are substances which cannot resist any shear force applied to them. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
String duality T-duality String_duality > T-duality Suppose we are in ten spacetime dimensions, which means we have nine space dimensions and one time. Take one of those nine space dimensions and make it a circle of radius R, so that traveling in that direction for a distance L = 2πR takes you around the circle and brings you back to where you started. A particle traveling around this circle will have a quantized momentum around the circle, because its momentum is linked to its wavelength (see Wave-particle duality), and 2πR must be a multiple of that. In fact, the particle momentum around the circle - and the contribution to its energy - is of the form n/R (in standard units, for an integer n), so that at large R there will be many more states compared to small R (for a given maximum energy). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ekman transport Ekman pumping Ekman_suction > Ekman pumping Due to the Coriolis effect the surface water gets pulled 90° to the left of the wind current, therefore causing the water to converge along the coast boundary, leading to Ekman pumping. In the open ocean Ekman pumping occurs with gyres. Specifically, in the subtropics, between 20°N and 50°N, there is Ekman pumping as the tradewinds shift to westerlies causing a pile up of surface water. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Bridgette Barry Awards and honors Bridgette_Barry > Awards and honors Barry held the Graduate Opportunity Fellowship at the University of California (1982-1983), McKnight Postdoctoral Fellowship at Michigan State University (1985), Public Health Service Award at the National Institutes of Health (1985-1988), Faculty Summer Research Fellowship at the University of Minnesota (1989), fellowship at the American Association for the Advancement of Science (2009), and fellowship at the American Chemical Society (2010). She participated in the Bush Foundation Faculty Development Program (1992-1993) and received the Bush Sabbatical Award from the University of Minnesota in 1997. During that same year, Barry also received the Career Advancement Award from the National Science Foundation. She is a national honorary member of Iota Sigma Pi. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
WebUSB Application to Internet of Things (IoT) architecture WebUSB > Application to Internet of Things (IoT) architecture Once the information is inside WebUSB's JavaScript environment it can be transposed and communicated through a variety of software protocols. In this particular architecture model WebUSB bridges the gap between embedded software, and the web browser. The web browser then communicates to the cloud environment using uniform WebUSB constructed data. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Folding@home Background Folding@home > Background Proteins are an essential component to many biological functions and participate in virtually all processes within biological cells. They often act as enzymes, performing biochemical reactions including cell signaling, molecular transportation, and cellular regulation. As structural elements, some proteins act as a type of skeleton for cells, and as antibodies, while other proteins participate in the immune system. Before a protein can take on these roles, it must fold into a functional three-dimensional structure, a process that often occurs spontaneously and is dependent on interactions within its amino acid sequence and interactions of the amino acids with their surroundings. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Duffy antigen HIV infection Duffy_antigen > Clinical significance > HIV infection A connection has been found between HIV susceptibility and the expression of the Duffy antigen. The absence of the DARC receptor appears to increase the susceptibility to infection by HIV. However once established, the absence of the DARC receptor appears to slow down the progression of the disease.HIV-1 appears to be able to attach to erythrocytes via DARC.The association between the Duffy antigen and HIV infection appears to be complex. Leukopenia (a low total white cell count) is associated with relatively poor survival in HIV infection and this association is more marked in whites than in people of Black African descent, despite the (on average) lower white cell counts found in black Africans. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Continuous passive motion Summary Continuous_passive_motion Continuous passive motion (CPM) devices are used during the first phase of rehabilitation following a soft tissue surgical procedure or trauma. The goals of phase 1 rehabilitation are: control post-operative pain, reduce inflammation, provide passive motion in a specific plane of movement, and protect the healing repair or tissue. CPM is carried out by a CPM device, which constantly moves the joint through a controlled range of motion; the exact range is dependent upon the joint, but in most cases the range of motion is increased over time. CPM is used following various types of reconstructive joint surgery such as knee replacement and ACL reconstruction. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tail recursive parser Example Tail_recursive_parser > Example Given an EBNF Grammar such as the following: A simple tail recursive parser can be written much like a recursive descent parser. The typical algorithm for parsing a grammar like this using an abstract syntax tree is: Parse the next level of the grammar and get its output tree, designate it the first tree, F While there is terminating token, T, that can be put as the parent of this node: Allocate a new node, N Set N's current operator as the current input token Advance the input one token Set N's left subtree as F Parse another level down again and store this as the next tree, X Set N's right subtree as X Set F to N Return NA basic example of this kind of parser in C is shown here. Implementation details have been omitted for simplicity. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tensor space As multidimensional arrays Tensor_equation > Definition > As multidimensional arrays Just as the components of a vector change when we change the basis of the vector space, the components of a tensor also change under such a transformation. Each type of tensor comes equipped with a transformation law that details how the components of the tensor respond to a change of basis. The components of a vector can respond in two distinct ways to a change of basis (see Covariance and contravariance of vectors), where the new basis vectors e ^ i {\displaystyle \mathbf {\hat {e}} _{i}} are expressed in terms of the old basis vectors e j {\displaystyle \mathbf {e} _{j}} as, e ^ i = ∑ j = 1 n e j R i j = e j R i j . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Read-copy-update Detailed description Read-copy-update > Detailed description Using list_del_rcu to remove element B from this list transitions to the second state. Note that the link from element B to C is left intact in order to allow readers currently referencing element B to traverse the remainder of the list. Readers accessing the link from element A will either obtain a reference to element B or element C, but either way, each reader will see a valid and correctly formatted linked list. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Random mutation Summary Evolutionary_process In biology, evolution is the change in heritable characteristics of biological populations over successive generations. Evolution occurs when evolutionary processes such as natural selection (including sexual selection) and genetic drift act on genetic variation, resulting in certain characteristics becoming more or less common within a population over successive generations. The process of evolution has given rise to biodiversity at every level of biological organisation.The theory of evolution by natural selection was conceived independently by Charles Darwin and Alfred Russel Wallace in the mid-19th century as an explanation for why organisms are adapted to their physical and biological environments. The theory was first set out in detail in Darwin's book On the Origin of Species. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Smoker's Paradox Pulmonary Tobacco_abuse > Health effects of smoking > Pulmonary In smoking, long term exposure to compounds found in the smoke (e.g., carbon monoxide and cyanide) are believed to be responsible for pulmonary damage and for loss of elasticity in the alveoli, leading to emphysema and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). COPD caused by smoking is a permanent, incurable (often terminal) reduction of pulmonary capacity characterised by shortness of breath, wheezing, persistent cough with sputum, and damage to the lungs, including emphysema and chronic bronchitis. The carcinogen acrolein and its derivatives also contribute to the chronic inflammation present in COPD. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Equation-free modeling Coarse bifurcation analysis Equation-free_modeling > Coarse bifurcation analysis The recursive projection method enables the computation of bifurcation diagrams using legacy simulation code. It also empowers the coarse time-stepper to perform equation-free bifurcation computations. Consider the coarse time stepper in its effective form U → n + 1 = S → ( U → n , λ ; δ t ) , {\displaystyle {\vec {U}}^{n+1}={\vec {S}}({\vec {U}}^{n},\lambda ;\delta t),} which includes explicit dependence upon one or more parameters λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . Bifurcation analysis computes equilibria or periodic orbits, their stability and dependence upon parameter λ {\displaystyle \lambda } . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Parametric continuity Differentiability classes Differentiability_classes > Differentiability classes The function f {\displaystyle f} is said to be infinitely differentiable, smooth, or of class C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} , if it has derivatives of all orders on U {\displaystyle U} . (So all these derivatives are continuous functions over U {\displaystyle U} .) The function f {\displaystyle f} is said to be of class C ω {\displaystyle C^{\omega }} , or analytic, if f {\displaystyle f} is smooth (i.e., f {\displaystyle f} is in the class C ∞ {\displaystyle C^{\infty }} ) and its Taylor series expansion around any point in its domain converges to the function in some neighborhood of the point. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Protective autoimmunity Regulation Protective_autoimmunity > Regulation The outcome of autoimmune activity is determined by several factors, namely: the intensity, the location, and the duration of the autoimmune response. For an autoimmune response to be beneficial, its intensity, duration and site of activity must be tightly regulated. Although autoimmune T cells exist in all healthy individuals, a relatively small portion of the population develops autoimmune diseases. This is due to various mechanisms that constantly regulate the activity of autoimmune cells. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Urologic disease Summary Urologic_disease Diseases of other bodily systems also have a direct effect on urogenital function. For instance, it has been shown that protein released by the kidneys in diabetes mellitus sensitizes the kidney to the damaging effects of hypertension. Diabetes also can have a direct effect on urination due to peripheral neuropathies, which occur in some individuals with poorly controlled diabetics. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Brain tissue Disease Brain_tissue > Clinical significance > Disease Neurodegenerative diseases result in progressive damage to different parts of the brain's function, and worsen with age. Common examples include dementia such as Alzheimer's disease, alcoholic dementia or vascular dementia; Parkinson's disease; and other rarer infectious, genetic, or metabolic causes such as Huntington's disease, motor neuron diseases, HIV dementia, syphilis-related dementia and Wilson's disease. Neurodegenerative diseases can affect different parts of the brain, and can affect movement, memory, and cognition.Cerebral atherosclerosis is atherosclerosis that affects the brain. It results from the build-up of plaques formed of cholesterol, in the large arteries of the brain, and can be mild to significant. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Gastrointestinal symptom Hepatic Gastrointestinal_disorder > Accessory digestive gland disease > Hepatic : 959–963, 971 Acute liver disease rarely results in pain, but may result in jaundice. Infectious liver disease may cause a fever. Chronic liver disease may result in a buildup of fluid in the abdomen, yellowing of the skin or eyes, easy bruising, immunosuppression, and feminization. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cycle efficiency Enhancements Cycle_efficiency > Enhancements One of the most famous is the so-called Kalina cycle, which uses a 70/30 mix of ammonia and water as its working fluid. This mixture allows the cycle to generate useful power at considerably lower temperatures than most other processes. Exploit the physical properties of the working fluid. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quantum annealing D-Wave implementations Quantum_annealing > D-Wave implementations The researchers, led by Matthias Troyer at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, found "no quantum speedup" across the entire range of their tests, and only inconclusive results when looking at subsets of the tests. Their work illustrated "the subtle nature of the quantum speedup question". Further work has advanced understanding of these test metrics and their reliance on equilibrated systems, thereby missing any signatures of advantage due to quantum dynamics. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Unit weight Civil and mechanical engineering Specific_weight > Applications > Civil and mechanical engineering Specific weight can be used in civil engineering and mechanical engineering to determine the weight of a structure designed to carry certain loads while remaining intact and remaining within limits regarding deformation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Power electronic AC/AC converters Industrial_electronics > AC/AC converters The input section consists of bi-directional bipolar switches. The commutation strategy can be applied by changing the switching state of the input section while the output section is in a freewheeling mode. This commutation algorithm is significantly less complex, and has higher reliability as compared to a conventional direct matrix converter.DC link converters: DC Link Converters, also referred to as AC/DC/AC converters, convert an AC input to an AC output with the use of a DC link in the middle. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Discrete uniform space Properties Discrete_topology > Properties Additionally: The topological dimension of a discrete space is equal to 0. A topological space is discrete if and only if its singletons are open, which is the case if and only if it doesn't contain any accumulation points. The singletons form a basis for the discrete topology. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lie group homomorphism History Lie_group_theory > History Lie and other mathematicians showed that the most important equations for special functions and orthogonal polynomials tend to arise from group theoretical symmetries. In Lie's early work, the idea was to construct a theory of continuous groups, to complement the theory of discrete groups that had developed in the theory of modular forms, in the hands of Felix Klein and Henri Poincaré. The initial application that Lie had in mind was to the theory of differential equations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Antisymmetry Existence of true head-final languages Antisymmetry > Theoretical arguments > Existence of true head-final languages Takita argues against the conclusion of Kayne's Antisymmetry Theory which states that all languages are head-initial at an underlying level. He claims that a language such as Japanese is truly head-final since the mass movement which would be required to take an underlying head-initial structure to the head-final ones actually found in such languages would violate other constraints. It is implied that such languages are likely following a head-final parameter value, as originally conceived. (For a head-initial/Antisymmetry analysis of Japanese, see Kayne. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
3-Fluorobenzoic acid Summary 3-Fluorobenzoic_acid Its acidity (pKa) is lower than that of the ortho form (2-fluorobenzoic acid) but higher than that of the para form (4-fluorobenzoic acid). It has been used in a variety of scientific applications. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Implicit equation Inverse functions Implicit_equation > Examples > Inverse functions Defining g−1 as the inverse of g is an implicit definition. For some functions g, g−1(y) can be written out explicitly as a closed-form expression — for instance, if g(x) = 2x − 1, then g−1(y) = 1/2(y + 1). However, this is often not possible, or only by introducing a new notation (as in the product log example below). Intuitively, an inverse function is obtained from g by interchanging the roles of the dependent and independent variables. Example: The product log is an implicit function giving the solution for x of the equation y − xex = 0. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Protein domain Example domains Structural_domain > Domain definition from structural co-ordinates > Example domains They possess a characteristic fold in which two beta sheets form a "sandwich" that is stabilized by interactions between conserved cysteines and other charged amino acids. They are important for protein–protein interactions in processes of cell adhesion, cell activation, and molecular recognition. These domains are commonly found in molecules with roles in the immune system. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Digital camera modes Automatic modes Program_mode > Automatic modes In automatic modes the camera determines all aspects of exposure, choosing exposure parameters according to the application within the constraints of correct exposure, including exposure, aperture, focusing, light metering, white balance, and equivalent sensitivity. For example, in portrait mode, the camera would use a wider aperture to render the background out of focus and would seek out and focus on a human face rather than other image content. In the same light conditions, a smaller aperture would be used for a landscape, and recognition of faces would not be enabled for focusing. Some cameras have tens of modes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Commissural fiber Function Commissural_fiber > Function Evidence suggests that the genu of the corpus callosum does not contribute significantly to any one cognitive domain in the elderly. As fiber tract connectivity in the corpus callosum declines due to aging, compensatory mechanisms are found in other areas of the corpus callosum and frontal lobe. These compensatory mechanisms, increasing connectivity in other parts of the brain, may explain why elderly individuals still display executive function as a decline of connectivity is seen in regions of the corpus callosum.Older adults compared to younger adults show poorer performance in balance exercises and tests. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Tumor antigens recognized by T lymphocytes Gene mutations Tumor_antigens_recognized_by_T_lymphocytes > Processes leading to the presence of tumor-specific antigens on cancer cells > Gene mutations Hence, a new antigen is present only on the tumor cells. In other instances, the normal peptide is presented at the cell surface and consequently the T lymphocytes that recognize the antigen have been eliminated by the central tolerance process that occurs in the thymus. The mutated peptide is recognized by other T cells which have not been eliminated by central tolerance because it is not presented by normal cells. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Turing-computable function Alan Turing's a-machine Universal_computer > History > Alan Turing's a-machine Turing had a lifelong interest in machines: "Alan had dreamt of inventing typewriters as a boy; Mrs. Turing had a typewriter; and he could well have begun by asking himself what was meant by calling a typewriter 'mechanical'" (Hodges p. 96). While at Princeton pursuing his PhD, Turing built a Boolean-logic multiplier (see below). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Type II pneumocyte Inflammation Type_II_cells > Clinical significance > Diseases > Inflammation : 187 In asthma, the bronchioles become narrowed, causing the amount of air flow into the lung tissue to be greatly reduced. It can be triggered by irritants in the air, photochemical smog for example, as well as substances that a person is allergic to. Chronic bronchitis occurs when an abundance of mucus is produced by the lungs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Church numeral Rational and real numbers Church_numeral > Church numerals > Rational and real numbers Once real numbers are defined, complex numbers are naturally encoded as a pair of real numbers. The data types and functions described above demonstrate that any data type or calculation may be encoded in lambda calculus. This is the Church-Turing thesis. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Deterministic context-free languages Importance Deterministic_context_free_language > Importance The languages of this class have great practical importance in computer science as they can be parsed much more efficiently than nondeterministic context-free languages. The complexity of the program and execution time of a deterministic pushdown automaton is vastly less than that of a nondeterministic one. In the naive implementation, the latter must make copies of the stack every time a nondeterministic step occurs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Register allocation Comparison between the different techniques Register_allocation > Comparison between the different techniques Several metrics have been used to assess the performance of one register allocation technique against the other. Register allocation has typically to deal with a trade-off between code quality, i.e. code that executes quickly, and analysis overhead, i.e. the time spent determining analyzing the source code to generate code with optimized register allocation. From this perspective, execution time of the generated code and time spent in liveness analysis are relevant metrics to compare the different techniques.Once relevant metrics have been chosen, the code on which the metrics will be applied should be available and relevant to the problem, either by reflecting the behavior of real-world application, or by being relevant to the particular problem the algorithm wants to address. The more recent articles about register allocation uses especially the Dacapo benchmark suite. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Position four-vector Four-vectors in a real-valued basis Four-vector > Four-vector algebra > Four-vectors in a real-valued basis In special relativity, the spacelike basis E1, E2, E3 and components A1, A2, A3 are often Cartesian basis and components: although, of course, any other basis and components may be used, such as spherical polar coordinates or cylindrical polar coordinates, or any other orthogonal coordinates, or even general curvilinear coordinates. Note the coordinate labels are always subscripted as labels and are not indices taking numerical values. In general relativity, local curvilinear coordinates in a local basis must be used. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pumping lemma for regular languages Formal statement Pumping_lemma_for_regular_languages > Formal statement In simple words, for any regular language L {\displaystyle L} , any sufficiently long string w {\displaystyle w} (in L {\displaystyle L} ) can be split into 3 parts. i.e. w = x y z {\displaystyle w=xyz} , such that all the strings x y n z {\displaystyle xy^{n}z} for n ≥ 0 {\displaystyle n\geq 0} are also in L {\displaystyle L} . Below is a formal expression of the Pumping Lemma. ( ∀ L ⊆ Σ ∗ ) ( regular ( L ) ⇒ ( ( ∃ p ≥ 1 ) ( ( ∀ w ∈ L ) ( ( | w | ≥ p ) ⇒ ( ( ∃ x , y , z ∈ Σ ∗ ) ( w = x y z ∧ ( | y | ≥ 1 ∧ | x y | ≤ p ∧ ( ∀ n ≥ 0 ) ( x y n z ∈ L ) ) ) ) ) ) ) ) {\displaystyle {\begin{array}{l}(\forall L\subseteq \Sigma ^{*})\\\quad ({\mbox{regular}}(L)\Rightarrow \\\quad ((\exists p\geq 1)((\forall w\in L)((|w|\geq p)\Rightarrow \\\quad ((\exists x,y,z\in \Sigma ^{*})(w=xyz\land (|y|\geq 1\land |xy|\leq p\land (\forall n\geq 0)(xy^{n}z\in L))))))))\end{array}}} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Systems immunology Boolean model Systems_immunology > Techniques of modelling in Immune cells > Boolean model The platform is available as a public web application and finds usage in undergraduate immunology courses at various universities (Princeton, Genoa, etc.).For modelling with statecharts, only Rhapsody has been used so far in systems immunology. It can translate the statechart into executable Java and C++ codes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sample standard deviation Rules for normally distributed data Standard_deviation > Interpretation and application > Rules for normally distributed data The central limit theorem states that the distribution of an average of many independent, identically distributed random variables tends toward the famous bell-shaped normal distribution with a probability density function of where μ is the expected value of the random variables, σ equals their distribution's standard deviation divided by n1⁄2, and n is the number of random variables. The standard deviation therefore is simply a scaling variable that adjusts how broad the curve will be, though it also appears in the normalizing constant. If a data distribution is approximately normal, then the proportion of data values within z standard deviations of the mean is defined by: where erf {\displaystyle \textstyle \operatorname {erf} } is the error function. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Space-based solar power Non-typical configurations and architectural considerations Satellite_solar_power > Non-typical configurations and architectural considerations The typical reference system-of-systems involves a significant number (several thousand multi-gigawatt systems to service all or a significant portion of Earth's energy requirements) of individual satellites in GEO. The typical reference design for the individual satellite is in the 1-10 GW range and usually involves planar or concentrated solar photovoltaics (PV) as the energy collector / conversion. The most typical transmission designs are in the 1–10 GHz (2.45 or 5.8 GHz) RF band where there are minimum losses in the atmosphere. Materials for the satellites are sourced from, and manufactured on Earth and expected to be transported to LEO via re-usable rocket launch, and transported between LEO and GEO via chemical or electrical propulsion. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Trace function Relationship to eigenvalues Trace_function > Relationship to eigenvalues If A is a linear operator represented by a square matrix with real or complex entries and if λ1, ..., λn are the eigenvalues of A (listed according to their algebraic multiplicities), then This follows from the fact that A is always similar to its Jordan form, an upper triangular matrix having λ1, ..., λn on the main diagonal. In contrast, the determinant of A is the product of its eigenvalues; that is, | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Theory of natural selection Classification Exploitation_competition > Classification Natural selection can act on any heritable phenotypic trait, and selective pressure can be produced by any aspect of the environment, including sexual selection and competition with members of the same or other species. However, this does not imply that natural selection is always directional and results in adaptive evolution; natural selection often results in the maintenance of the status quo by eliminating less fit variants.Selection can be classified in several different ways, such as by its effect on a trait, on genetic diversity, by the life cycle stage where it acts, by the unit of selection, or by the resource being competed for. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Quantum Liouville equation Definition and motivation Density_Matrix > Definition and motivation Conversely, it follows from the spectral theorem that every operator with these properties can be written as ∑ j p j | ψ j ⟩ ⟨ ψ j | {\textstyle \sum _{j}p_{j}\left|\psi _{j}\right\rangle \left\langle \psi _{j}\right|} for some states | ψ j ⟩ {\displaystyle \left|\psi _{j}\right\rangle } and coefficients p j {\displaystyle p_{j}} that are non-negative and add up to one. : 102 However, this representation will not be unique, as shown by the Schrödinger–HJW theorem. Another motivation for the definition of density operators comes from considering local measurements on entangled states. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nasal infection By location Chronic_sinusitis > Signs and symptoms > By location The four paired paranasal sinuses are the frontal, ethmoidal, maxillary, and sphenoidal sinuses. The ethmoidal sinuses are further subdivided into anterior and posterior ethmoid sinuses, the division of which is defined as the basal lamella of the middle nasal concha. In addition to the severity of disease, discussed below, sinusitis can be classified by the sinus cavity it affects: Maxillary – can cause pain or pressure in the maxillary (cheek) area (e.g., toothache, or headache) (J01.0/J32.0) Frontal – can cause pain or pressure in the frontal sinus cavity (located above the eyes), headache, particularly in the forehead (J01.1/J32.1) Ethmoidal – can cause pain or pressure pain between/behind the eyes, the sides of the upper part of the nose (the medial canthi), and headaches (J01.2/J32.2) Sphenoidal – can cause pain or pressure behind the eyes, but is often felt in the top of the head, over the mastoid processes, or the back of the head. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stem cell controversy Background Stem_cell_controversy > Background For many decades, stem cells have played an important role in medical research, beginning in 1868 when Ernst Haeckel first used the phrase to describe the fertilized egg which eventually gestates into an organism. The term was later used in 1886 by William Sedgwick to describe the parts of a plant that grow and regenerate. Further work by Alexander Maximow and Leroy Stevens introduced the concept that stem cells are pluripotent. This significant discovery led to the first human bone marrow transplant by E. Donnall Thomas in 1956, which although successful in saving lives, has generated much controversy since. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Circular notation Summary Two-line_notation As properties of permutations do not depend on the nature of the set elements, it is often the permutations of the set { 1 , 2 , … , n } {\displaystyle \{1,2,\ldots ,n\}} that are considered for studying permutations. In elementary combinatorics, the k-permutations, or partial permutations, are the ordered arrangements of k distinct elements selected from a set. When k is equal to the size of the set, these are the permutations of the set. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Euclidean tensor Vectors in three dimensions Cartesian_tensor > Cartesian basis and related terminology > Vectors in three dimensions It is common and helpful to display the basis vectors as column vectors when we have a coordinate vector in a column vector representation: A row vector representation is also legitimate, although in the context of general curvilinear coordinate systems the row and column vector representations are used separately for specific reasons – see Einstein notation and covariance and contravariance of vectors for why. The term "component" of a vector is ambiguous: it could refer to: a specific coordinate of the vector such as az (a scalar), and similarly for x and y, or the coordinate scalar-multiplying the corresponding basis vector, in which case the "y-component" of a is ayey (a vector), and similarly for x and z.A more general notation is tensor index notation, which has the flexibility of numerical values rather than fixed coordinate labels. The Cartesian labels are replaced by tensor indices in the basis vectors ex ↦ e1, ey ↦ e2, ez ↦ e3 and coordinates ax ↦ a1, ay ↦ a2, az ↦ a3. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Commonsense knowledge (artificial intelligence) Summary Commonsense_knowledge_(artificial_intelligence) For example, if we know the fact "Tweety is a bird", because we know the commonly held belief about birds, "typically birds fly," without knowing anything else about Tweety, we may reasonably assume the fact that "Tweety can fly." As more knowledge of the world is discovered or learned over time, the AI system can revise its assumptions about Tweety using a truth maintenance process. If we later learn that "Tweety is a penguin" then truth maintenance revises this assumption because we also know "penguins do not fly". | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Conversion as a service Summary Conversion_as_a_service In the e-commerce industry, conversion as a service is a method of online conversion optimization that is a customized intersection of art and technology that combines analytics, behavioral targeting, software, style, and business rules to exact success. This approach advocates a holistic approach to achieve an improvement in online conversion. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
E-mail client Port numbers Mail_user_agent > Protocols > Port numbers Email servers and clients by convention use the TCP port numbers in the following table. For MSA, IMAP and POP3, the table reports also the labels that a client can use to query the SRV records and discover both the host name and the port number of the corresponding service. While webmail obeys the earlier HTTP disposition of having separate ports for encrypt and plain text sessions, mail protocols use the STARTTLS technique, thereby allowing encryption to start on an already established TCP connection. While RFC 2595 used to discourage the use of the previously established ports 995 and 993, RFC 8314 promotes the use of implicit TLS when available. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Differential calculus Optimization Differential_calculus > Applications of derivatives > Optimization If f is a differentiable function on ℝ (or an open interval) and x is a local maximum or a local minimum of f, then the derivative of f at x is zero. Points where f'(x) = 0 are called critical points or stationary points (and the value of f at x is called a critical value). If f is not assumed to be everywhere differentiable, then points at which it fails to be differentiable are also designated critical points. If f is twice differentiable, then conversely, a critical point x of f can be analysed by considering the second derivative of f at x: if it is positive, x is a local minimum; if it is negative, x is a local maximum; if it is zero, then x could be a local minimum, a local maximum, or neither. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Molecular Neuroscience Huntington's disease Molecular_Neuroscience > Molecular mechanisms of neurodegenerative diseases > Huntington's disease Huntington's disease is a hyperkinetic movement basal ganglia disease caused by lack of normal inhibitory inputs from medium spiny neurons of the basal ganglia. This poses the opposite effects of those associated with Parkinson's disease, including inappropriate activation of upper motor neurons. As with the GABAergic mechanisms observed in relation to Parkinson's disease, a GABA agonist injected into the substantia nigra pars reticulata decreases inhibition of upper motor neurons, resulting in ballistic involuntary motor movements, similar to symptoms of Huntington's disease. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Primary progressive multiple sclerosis Lesions Primary_progressive_multiple_sclerosis > Pathophysiology > Lesions This results in a thinning or complete loss of myelin, and as the disease advances, the breakdown of the axons of neurons. When the myelin is lost, a neuron can no longer effectively conduct electrical signals. A repair process, called remyelination, takes place in early phases of the disease, but the oligodendrocytes are unable to completely rebuild the cell's myelin sheath. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Dember effect Summary Dember_effect In physics, the Dember effect is when the electron current from a cathode ( I 3 ) {\displaystyle (I_{3})} subjected to both illumination and a simultaneous electron bombardment is greater than the sum of the photoelectric current ( I 1 ) {\displaystyle (I_{1})} and the secondary emission current ( I 2 ) {\displaystyle (I_{2})} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Per-Olov Löwdin Summary Per-Olov_Löwdin Per-Olov Löwdin (October 28, 1916 – October 6, 2000) was a Swedish physicist, professor at the University of Uppsala from 1960 to 1983, and in parallel at the University of Florida until 1993. A former graduate student under Ivar Waller, Löwdin formulated in 1950 the symmetric orthogonalization scheme for atomic and molecular orbital calculations, greatly simplifying the tight-binding method. This scheme is the basis of the zero-differential overlap (ZDO) approximation used in semiempirical theories. In 1956 he introduced the canonical orthogonalization scheme, which is optimal for eliminating approximate linear dependencies of a basis set. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Functional integral The Lévy integral Functional_integration > Approaches to path integrals > The Lévy integral Fractional quantum mechanics Fractional Schrödinger equation Lévy process Fractional statistical mechanics | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Work-up Summary Work-up In chemistry, work-up refers to the series of manipulations required to isolate and purify the product(s) of a chemical reaction. The term is used colloquially to refer to these manipulations, which may include: deactivating any unreacted reagents by quenching a reaction. cooling the reaction mixture or adding an antisolvent to induce precipitation, and collecting or removing the solids by filtration, decantation, or centrifugation. changing the protonation state of the products or impurities by adding an acid or base. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Resonance frequency Antiresonance Resonance_frequency > Linear systems > RLC series circuits > Antiresonance Equation (4) showed that the sum of the voltages across the three circuit elements sums to the input voltage, so measuring the output voltage as the sum of the inductor and capacitor voltages combined is the same as vin minus the voltage drop across the resistor. The previous example showed that at the natural frequency of the system, the amplitude of the voltage drop across the resistor equals the amplitude of vin, and therefore the voltage across the inductor and capacitor combined has zero amplitude. We can show this with the transfer function. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Infinite graph E Peripheral_vertex > E An Eulerian graph is a graph that has an Eulerian circuit. For an undirected graph, this means that the graph is connected and every vertex has even degree. For a directed graph, this means that the graph is strongly connected and every vertex has in-degree equal to the out-degree. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Enzymatic reaction Summary Induced_fit Enzymes often also incorporate non-protein components, such as metal ions or specialized organic molecules known as cofactor (e.g. adenosine triphosphate). Many cofactors are vitamins, and their role as vitamins is directly linked to their use in the catalysis of biological process within metabolism. Catalysis of biochemical reactions in the cell is vital since many but not all metabolically essential reactions have very low rates when uncatalysed. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lebesgue constant Definition Lebesgue_constant > Definition , x n {\displaystyle x_{0},...,x_{n}} and an interval {\displaystyle } containing all the interpolation nodes. The process of interpolation maps the function f {\displaystyle f} to a polynomial p {\displaystyle p} . This defines a mapping X {\displaystyle X} from the space C() of all continuous functions on to itself. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
ElGamal encryption Efficiency El_Gamal_discrete_log_cryptosystem > Efficiency ElGamal encryption is probabilistic, meaning that a single plaintext can be encrypted to many possible ciphertexts, with the consequence that a general ElGamal encryption produces a 1:2 expansion in size from plaintext to ciphertext. Encryption under ElGamal requires two exponentiations; however, these exponentiations are independent of the message and can be computed ahead of time if needed. Decryption requires one exponentiation and one computation of a group inverse, which can, however, be easily combined into just one exponentiation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Customer engagement Metric User_engagement > Metric Internal metrics could, perhaps, be developed in addition to a comparative, industry-wide one. Relative weighting: The relative weighting associated with each CE-component in an algorithm. For instance, is subscribing to RSS more important than contributing a comment? | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Intractability (complexity) Measuring the size of an instance Intractability_(complexity) > Computational problems > Measuring the size of an instance Thus the time required to solve a problem (or the space required, or any measure of complexity) is calculated as a function of the size of the instance. This is usually taken to be the size of the input in bits. Complexity theory is interested in how algorithms scale with an increase in the input size. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Helmut Ritsch Dipole-Dipole interactions Helmut_Ritsch > Research > Dipole-Dipole interactions A significant part of his research also involves the investigation of collective effects of atoms with light-induced interactions, including the emergence of superadiance and subradiance in long-range interacting quantum emitters with dipole-dipole interactions. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Foreclosure Acceleration Foreclosure > Acceleration When the 10 or 30 days have passed that means that the acceleration has expired and the Lender can move forward with foreclosing on the property. The lender will also include any unpaid property taxes and delinquent payments in this amount, so if the borrower does not have significant equity they will owe more than the original amount of the mortgage. Lenders may also accelerate a loan if there is a transfer clause, obligating the mortgagor to notify the lender of any transfer, whether; a lease-option, lease-hold of 3 years or more, land contracts, agreement for deed, transfer of title or interest in the property. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Androgen replacement therapy Heart disease Androgen_replacement_therapy > Adverse effects > Heart disease As a result of the "potential for adverse cardiovascular outcomes", the FDA announced, in September 2014, a review of the appropriateness and safety of testosterone replacement therapy. However, when given to men with hypogonadism in the short- and medium-term, testosterone replacement therapy does not increase the risk of cardiovascular events (including strokes and heart attacks and other heart diseases). The long-term safety of the therapy is not known yet. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Charles Sanders Peirce Scientific method Logic_of_relatives > Philosophy > Pragmatism > Theory of inquiry > Scientific method Demonstration: Deductive Argumentation, Euclidean in procedure. Explicit deduction of consequences of the hypothesis as predictions about evidence to be found. Corollarial or, if needed, Theorematic.3. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nuclear potential energy Work and potential energy Magnetic_potential_energy > Work and potential energy Potential energy is closely linked with forces. If the work done by a force on a body that moves from A to B does not depend on the path between these points (if the work is done by a conservative force), then the work of this force measured from A assigns a scalar value to every other point in space and defines a scalar potential field. In this case, the force can be defined as the negative of the vector gradient of the potential field. If the work for an applied force is independent of the path, then the work done by the force is evaluated from the start to the end of the trajectory of the point of application. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Jacobian of a curve Cryptography Jacobian_variety > References > Cryptography Curves, Jacobians, and Cryptography | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hybrid cryptosystem Example Hybrid_cryptosystem > Example To encrypt a message addressed to Alice in a hybrid cryptosystem, Bob does the following: Obtains Alice's public key. Generates a fresh symmetric key for the data encapsulation scheme. Encrypts the message under the data encapsulation scheme, using the symmetric key just generated. Encrypts the symmetric key under the key encapsulation scheme, using Alice's public key. Sends both of these ciphertexts to Alice.To decrypt this hybrid ciphertext, Alice does the following: Uses her private key to decrypt the symmetric key contained in the key encapsulation segment. Uses this symmetric key to decrypt the message contained in the data encapsulation segment. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Axiom of Extensionality Interpretation Axiom_of_Extensionality > Interpretation To understand this axiom, note that the clause in parentheses in the symbolic statement above simply states that A and B have precisely the same members. Thus, what the axiom is really saying is that two sets are equal if and only if they have precisely the same members. The essence of this is: A set is determined uniquely by its members.The axiom of extensionality can be used with any statement of the form ∃ A ∀ X ( X ∈ A ⟺ P ( X ) ) {\displaystyle \exists A\,\forall X\,(X\in A\iff P(X)\,)} , where P is any unary predicate that does not mention A, to define a unique set A {\displaystyle A} whose members are precisely the sets satisfying the predicate P {\displaystyle P} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Evolutionary approaches to schizophrenia Sexual Selection & Sex Differences in Schizophrenia Evolutionary_approaches_to_schizophrenia > Sexual Selection & Sex Differences in Schizophrenia Findings within morphological studies on schizophrenia thus far has indicated that there is ventricular enlargement within a psychotic population, but that this finding was reported without evidence that this affects the bimodal distribution of the brain within experimental group, thereby the enlargement is not a characteristic of a particular subgroup (Crow, 1993). Theories explaining this tendency hypothesize that perhaps, similar to ventricular expansion in Alzheimer's-Dementia, that this expansion may be due to the tissue loss. Another thought revolves around the developmental aspects to the brain, in that, in childhood, the ventricles initially fill, and that a mutation or delay to this process may explain why the ventricles never reach normal size. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cytoreductive surgery Colorectal cancer Cytoreductive_surgery > Colorectal cancer Among colorectal cancer patients with peritoneal carcinomatosis cytoreductive surgery, with the addition of HIPEC can be used to prolong overall survival in patients. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
War of the currents AC transformer development in Europe War_of_the_currents > Background > AC transformer development in Europe team (composed of Károly Zipernowsky, Ottó Bláthy and Miksa Déri) at Ganz Works in 1884. The new Z.B.D. transformers were 3.4 times more efficient than the open core bipolar devices of Gaulard and Gibbs. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
List of textbooks on classical mechanics and quantum mechanics Quantum mechanics List_of_textbooks_on_classical_mechanics_and_quantum_mechanics > Undergraduate > Quantum mechanics Three volumes. Eisberg, Robert; Resnick, Robert (1985). Quantum Physics of Atoms, Molecules, Solids, Nuclei, and Particles (2nd ed.). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Friction force microscopy Summary Friction_force_microscopy In materials science, chemical force microscopy (CFM) is a variation of atomic force microscopy (AFM) which has become a versatile tool for characterization of materials surfaces. With AFM, structural morphology is probed using simple tapping or contact modes that utilize van der Waals interactions between tip and sample to maintain a constant probe deflection amplitude (constant force mode) or maintain height while measuring tip deflection (constant height mode). CFM, on the other hand, uses chemical interactions between functionalized probe tip and sample. Choice chemistry is typically gold-coated tip and surface with R−SH thiols attached, R being the functional groups of interest. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio Heat pumps Energy_Efficiency_Ratio > Heat pumps In heating mode, the coefficient of performance is the ratio of heat provided to the energy used by the unit. An ideal resistance heater converting 100% of its input electricity to output heat would have COP = 1, equivalent to a 3.4 EER. The heat pump becomes less efficient as the outside temperature decreases, and its performance may become comparable to a resistance heater. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Differential ring Differential equations Differential_field > Applications > Differential equations Using differential Gröbner bases, researchers have investigated non-classical symmetry properties of non-linear differential equations. Other applications include control theory, model theory, and algebraic geometry. Differential algebra also applies to differential-difference equations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Genetic Algorithm Optimization problems Speciation_(genetic_algorithm) > Methodology > Optimization problems In a genetic algorithm, a population of candidate solutions (called individuals, creatures, organisms, or phenotypes) to an optimization problem is evolved toward better solutions. Each candidate solution has a set of properties (its chromosomes or genotype) which can be mutated and altered; traditionally, solutions are represented in binary as strings of 0s and 1s, but other encodings are also possible.The evolution usually starts from a population of randomly generated individuals, and is an iterative process, with the population in each iteration called a generation. In each generation, the fitness of every individual in the population is evaluated; the fitness is usually the value of the objective function in the optimization problem being solved. The more fit individuals are stochastically selected from the current population, and each individual's genome is modified (recombined and possibly randomly mutated) to form a new generation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Estrous cycle Metestrus or diestrus Estrous_cycle > Four phases > Metestrus or diestrus In the absence of pregnancy the diestrus phase (also termed pseudo-pregnancy) terminates with the regression of the corpus luteum. The lining in the uterus is not shed, but is reorganized for the next cycle. Other spellings include metoestrus, metestrum, metoestrum, dioestrus, diestrum, and dioestrum. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Dream Chemistry Award 2018 Dream_Chemistry_Award > Recipients > 2018 Winner: Eric D. Głowacki (Linköping University, Sweden), Project: Abundant organic catalysts for a peroxide clean energy cycleFinalists: Lorenzo Albertazzi (Eindhoven University of Technology, Netherlands) Jeremy Luterbacher (Ecole Polytechnique Federale de Lausanne, Switzerland) Michael Saliba (Université de Fribourg, Switzerland) Alex K. Shalek (Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA) | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stack machines Hybrid machines Stack_machines > History and implementations > Hybrid machines It is faster to change the top-of-stack pointer only occasionally (once per call or return) rather than constantly stepping it up and down throughout each program statement, and it is even faster to avoid memory references entirely. More recently, so-called second-generation stack machines have adopted a dedicated collection of registers to serve as address registers, off-loading the task of memory addressing from the data stack. For example, MuP21 relies on a register called "A", while the more recent GreenArrays processors relies on two registers: A and B.The Intel x86 family of microprocessors have a register-style (accumulator) instruction set for most operations, but use stack instructions for its x87, Intel 8087 floating point arithmetic, dating back to the iAPX87 (8087) coprocessor for the 8086 and 8088. That is, there are no programmer-accessible floating point registers, but only an 80-bit wide, 8-level deep stack. The x87 relies heavily on the x86 CPU for assistance in performing its operations. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Parkinson disease History Parkinsonian_tremor > History In 1997, alpha-synuclein was found to be the main component of Lewy bodies by Spillantini, Trojanowski, Goedert and others.Anticholinergics and surgery (lesioning of the corticospinal pathway or some of the basal ganglia structures) were the only treatments until the arrival of levodopa, which reduced their use dramatically. Levodopa was first synthesized in 1911 by Casimir Funk, but it received little attention until the mid 20th century. It entered clinical practice in 1967 and brought about a revolution in the management of PD. By the late 1980s deep brain stimulation introduced by Alim Louis Benabid and colleagues at Grenoble, France, emerged as a possible treatment. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Clinical Data Interchange Standards Consortium Operational Data Model (ODM) Clinical_Data_Interchange_Standards_Consortium > Individual standards > Operational Data Model (ODM) ODM is often combined with the Study Data Model standard to more fully model trial arms or trial activities. ODM is also used in sending forms data from a clinical trial system to an electronic health record (EHR) system. The ODM schema is generally divided into three categories of data: Metadata, Admin data, and Clinical data. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Nucleofuge Summary Nucleofuge In chemistry, a nucleofuge (from nucleo- 'atomic nucleus', and fuge 'to run away/escape') is a leaving group which retains the lone pair of electrons from its previous bond with another species. For example, in the SN2 mechanism, a nucleophile attacks an organic compound containing the nucleofuge (the bromo group) which simultaneously breaks the bond with the nucleofuge. After a reaction nucleofuges may contain either a negative or a neutral charge; this is governed by the nature of the specific reaction. The word 'nucleofuge' is commonly found in older literature, but its use is less common in current literature in which the term leaving group dominates. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mutation (genetic algorithm) Summary Mutation_(genetic_algorithm) This random variable tells whether or not a particular bit will be flipped. This mutation procedure, based on the biological point mutation, is called single point mutation. Other types of mutation operators are commonly used for representations other than binary, such as floating-point encodings or representations for combinatorial problems. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Periodic tables Early history Periodic_tables > History > Early history In 1817, German physicist Johann Wolfgang Döbereiner began to formulate one of the earliest attempts to classify the elements. In 1829, he found that he could form some of the elements into groups of three, with the members of each group having related properties. He termed these groups triads. Chlorine, bromine, and iodine formed a triad; as did calcium, strontium, and barium; lithium, sodium, and potassium; and sulfur, selenium, and tellurium. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Temperature Second law of thermodynamics Kinetic_temperature > Theoretical foundation > Second law of thermodynamics An analysis of the Carnot heat engine provides the necessary relationships. According to energy conservation and energy being a state function that does not change over a full cycle, the work from a heat engine over a full cycle is equal to the net heat, i.e. the sum of the heat put into the system at high temperature, qH > 0, and the waste heat given off at the low temperature, qC < 0.The efficiency is the work divided by the heat input: where wcy is the work done per cycle. The efficiency depends only on |qC|/qH. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Empirical formulas Summary Empirical_formula In chemistry, the empirical formula of a chemical compound is the simplest whole number ratio of atoms present in a compound. A simple example of this concept is that the empirical formula of sulfur monoxide, or SO, would simply be SO, as is the empirical formula of disulfur dioxide, S2O2. Thus, sulfur monoxide and disulfur dioxide, both compounds of sulfur and oxygen, have the same empirical formula. However, their molecular formulas, which express the number of atoms in each molecule of a chemical compound, are not the same. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Database replication Database replication Data_replication > Database replication For instance, if the same record is changed on two nodes simultaneously, an eager replication system would detect the conflict before confirming the commit and abort one of the transactions. A lazy replication system would allow both transactions to commit and run a conflict resolution during re-synchronization. The resolution of such a conflict may be based on a timestamp of the transaction, on the hierarchy of the origin nodes or on much more complex logic, which decides consistently across all nodes. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Democritus Atomic hypothesis Democritus > Philosophy and science > Atomic hypothesis We have various quotes from Democritus on atoms, one of them being: δοκεῖ δὲ αὐτῶι τάδε· ἀρχὰς εἶναι τῶν ὅλων ἀτόμους καὶ κενόν, τὰ δ'ἀλλα πάντα νενομίσθαι . (Diogenes Laërtius, Democritus, Vol. IX, 44) Now his principal doctrines were these. That atoms and the vacuum were the beginning of the universe; and that everything else existed only in opinion. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hallmarks of aging Altered intercellular communication Hallmarks_of_aging > The hallmarks > Altered intercellular communication The normal role of inflammation is to recruit the body's immune system and repair mechanisms to a specific damaged area for as long as the damage and threat are present. The constant presence of inflammation markers throughout the body wears out the immune system and damages healthy tissue.It's also been found that senescent cells excrete a specific set of molecules called the SASP (Senescence-Associated Secretory Phenotype) which induce senescence in neighboring cells. Conversely, lifespan-extending manipulations targeting one tissue can slow the aging process in other tissues as well. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.