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Autosomal recessive polycystic kidney disease Differential diagnosis Autosomal_recessive_polycystic_kidney_disease > Diagnosis > Differential diagnosis The differential diagnoses of this condition include: Glomerulocystic kidney disease Autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease Diffuse cystic dysplasia | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Analytical mechanics Motivation for analytical mechanics Analytical_mechanics > Motivation for analytical mechanics When a mechanical system contains many particles, however (such as a complex mechanism or a fluid), Newton's approach is difficult to apply. Using a Newtonian approach is possible, under proper precautions, namely isolating each single particle from the others, and determining all the forces acting on it. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
History of programming languages Summary History_of_programming_languages The history of programming languages spans from documentation of early mechanical computers to modern tools for software development. Early programming languages were highly specialized, relying on mathematical notation and similarly obscure syntax. Throughout the 20th century, research in compiler theory led to the creation of high-level programming languages, which use a more accessible syntax to communicate instructions. The first high-level programming language was Plankalkül, created by Konrad Zuse between 1942 and 1945. The first high-level language to have an associated compiler was created by Corrado Böhm in 1951, for his PhD thesis. The first commercially available language was FORTRAN (FORmula TRANslation), developed in 1956 (first manual appeared in 1956, but first developed in 1954) by a team led by John Backus at IBM. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Flocking In nature Flocking > In nature There are parallels with the shoaling behaviour of fish, the swarming behaviour of insects, and herd behaviour of land animals. During the winter months, starlings are known for aggregating into huge flocks of hundreds to thousands of individuals, murmurations, which when they take flight altogether, render large displays of intriguing swirling patterns in the skies above observers. Flocking behaviour was simulated on a computer in 1987 by Craig Reynolds with his simulation program, Boids. This program simulates simple agents (boids) that are allowed to move according to a set of basic rules. The result is akin to a flock of birds, a school of fish, or a swarm of insects. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Medical simulation Simulation, Debriefing, & Education Theory Medical_simulation > Debriefing & Education in Medical Simulation > Simulation, Debriefing, & Education Theory “Conflict, differences, and disagreement are what drive the learning process” (p. 194); the resolution of these is what leads to learning. Learning happens in interactions between the person and the environment which surrounds them. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hydrogenic atom Schrödinger solution Hydrogenic_atom > Schrödinger solution In quantum chemical calculations hydrogen-like atomic orbitals cannot serve as an expansion basis, because they are not complete. The non-square-integrable continuum (E > 0) states must be included to obtain a complete set, i.e., to span all of one-electron Hilbert space.In the simplest model, the atomic orbitals of hydrogen-like atoms/ions are solutions to the Schrödinger equation in a spherically symmetric potential. In this case, the potential term is the potential given by Coulomb's law: where ε0 is the permittivity of the vacuum, Z is the atomic number (number of protons in the nucleus), e is the elementary charge (charge of an electron), r is the distance of the electron from the nucleus.After writing the wave function as a product of functions: (in spherical coordinates), where Y ℓ m {\displaystyle Y_{\ell m}} are spherical harmonics, we arrive at the following Schrödinger equation: where μ {\displaystyle \mu } is, approximately, the mass of the electron (more accurately, it is the reduced mass of the system consisting of the electron and the nucleus), and ℏ {\displaystyle \hbar } is the reduced Planck constant. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Symmetric Boolean function Summary Symmetric_Boolean_function In mathematics, a symmetric Boolean function is a Boolean function whose value does not depend on the order of its input bits, i.e., it depends only on the number of ones (or zeros) in the input. For this reason they are also known as Boolean counting functions.There are 2n+1 symmetric n-ary Boolean functions. Instead of the truth table, traditionally used to represent Boolean functions, one may use a more compact representation for an n-variable symmetric Boolean function: the (n + 1)-vector, whose i-th entry (i = 0, ..., n) is the value of the function on an input vector with i ones. Mathematically, the symmetric Boolean functions correspond one-to-one with the functions that map n+1 elements to two elements, f: { 0 , 1 , . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Kettle hole Overview Kettle_hole > Overview The depth of most kettles is less than ten meters. In most cases, kettle holes eventually fill with water, sediment, or vegetation. If the kettle is fed by surface or underground rivers or streams, it becomes a kettle lake. If the kettle receives its water from precipitation, the groundwater table, or a combination of the two, it is termed a kettle pond or kettle wetland, if vegetated. Kettle ponds that are not affected by the groundwater table will usually become dry during the warm summer months, in which case they are deemed ephemeral. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
LINPACK benchmark HPLinpack LINPACK_benchmarks > The benchmarks > HPLinpack The accuracy must be such that the following expression is satisfied: ‖ A x − b ‖ ‖ A ‖ ‖ x ‖ n ϵ ≤ O ( 1 ) {\displaystyle {\lVert Ax-b\rVert \over \lVert A\rVert \lVert x\rVert n\epsilon }\leq O(1)} , where ϵ {\displaystyle \epsilon } is the machine's precision, and n is the size of the problem, ‖ ⋅ ‖ {\displaystyle \lVert \cdot \rVert } is the matrix norm and O ( 1 ) {\displaystyle O(1)} corresponds to the big-O notation. For each computer system, the following quantities are reported: Rmax: the performance in GFLOPS for the largest problem run on a machine. Nmax: the size of the largest problem run on a machine. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Graphical method Simple displays Graphical_method > Simple displays Area chart Box plot Dispersion fan diagram Graph of a function Logarithmic graph paper Heatmap Histogram Bar chart Line chart Pie chart Plotting Scatterplot Sparkline Stemplot Radar chart | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Move semantics Multithreading memory model C++11 > Extensions to the C++ core language > Core language functionality improvements > Multithreading memory model C++11 standardizes support for multithreaded programming. There are two parts involved: a memory model which allows multiple threads to co-exist in a program and library support for interaction between threads. (See this article's section on threading facilities.) The memory model defines when multiple threads may access the same memory location, and specifies when updates by one thread become visible to other threads. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Micro-alloy diffused transistor Post-alloy diffused transistor Micro-alloy_diffused_transistor > Post-alloy diffused transistor The post-alloy diffused transistor (PADT), or post-alloy diffused-base transistor, was developed by Philips (but GE and RCA filed for patent and Jacques Pankove of RCA received patent for it) as an improvement to the germanium alloy-junction transistor, it offered even higher speed. It is a type of diffused-base transistor. The Philco micro-alloy diffused transistor had a mechanical weakness that ultimately limited their speed; the thin diffused base layer would break if made too thin, but to get high speed it needed to be as thin as possible. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Weak n-category History Weak_n-category > History In a terminology due to John Baez and James Dolan, a (n, k)-category is a weak n-category, such that all h-cells for h > k are invertible. Some of the formalism for (n, k)-categories are much simpler than those for general n-categories. In particular, several technically accessible formalisms of (infinity, 1)-categories are now known. Now the most popular such formalism centers on a notion of quasi-category, other approaches include a properly understood theory of simplicially enriched categories and the approach via Segal categories; a class of examples of stable (infinity, 1)-categories can be modeled (in the case of characteristics zero) also via pretriangulated A-infinity categories of Maxim Kontsevich. Quillen model categories are viewed as a presentation of an (infinity, 1)-category; however not all (infinity, 1)-categories can be presented via model categories. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Finite volume method for one-dimensional steady state diffusion Summary Finite_volume_method_for_one-dimensional_steady_state_diffusion The Finite volume method in computational fluid dynamics is a discretization technique for partial differential equations that arise from physical conservation laws. These equations can be different in nature, e.g. elliptic, parabolic, or hyperbolic. The first well-documented use of this method was by Evans and Harlow (1957) at Los Alamos. The general equation for steady diffusion can be easily be derived from the general transport equation for property Φ by deleting transient and convective terms.General Transport equation can be defined as ∂ ρ ϕ ∂ t + div ( ρ ϕ υ ) = div ( Γ grad ϕ ) + S ϕ {\displaystyle {\frac {\partial \rho \phi }{\partial t}}+\operatorname {div} (\rho \phi \upsilon )=\operatorname {div} (\Gamma \operatorname {grad} \phi )+S_{\phi }} , where ρ {\displaystyle \rho } is density and ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } is the conserved quantity, Γ {\displaystyle \Gamma } is the Diffusion coefficient and S {\displaystyle S} is the Source term. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Foreach loop R Foreach_loop > Language support > R As for ... in is the only kind of for loop in R, the equivalent to the "counter" loop found in other languages is... | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Proof of authority Proof-of-authority Proof_of_authority > Proof-of-authority In PoA-based networks, transactions and blocks are validated by approved accounts, known as validators. Validators run software allowing them to put transactions in blocks. The process is automated and does not require validators to be constantly monitoring their computers. It, however, does require maintaining the computer (the authority node) uncompromised. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Elastic properties of the elements (data page) Summary Elastic_properties_of_the_elements_(data_page) Elastic properties describe the reversible deformation (elastic response) of a material to an applied stress. They are a subset of the material properties that provide a quantitative description of the characteristics of a material, like its strength. Material properties are most often characterized by a set of numerical parameters called moduli. The elastic properties can be well-characterized by the Young's modulus, Poisson's ratio, Bulk modulus, and Shear modulus or they may be described by the Lamé parameters. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
PH-responsive tumor-targeted drug delivery Tumor Environment PH-responsive_tumor-targeted_drug_delivery > Tumor Environment Rapidly reproducing tumor cells become more extensive in size and do not have a sufficient blood supply. Some studies show that this leads tumor environments to become hypoxic, which then leads to metabolic changes.The Warburg Effect refers to cancer cells using aerobic glycolysis for cell metabolism, which results in an increased rate of glucose uptake and a preference for lactate production, despite the presence of oxygen. It is still unknown why cancer cells switch their metabolism method as it is energy inefficient. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Digital forensics Digital evidence Digital_forensics > Legal considerations > Digital evidence Integrity is ensuring that the act of seizing and acquiring digital media does not modify the evidence (either the original or the copy). Authenticity refers to the ability to confirm the integrity of information; for example that the imaged media matches the original evidence. The ease with which digital media can be modified means that documenting the chain of custody from the crime scene, through analysis and, ultimately, to the court, (a form of audit trail) is important to establish the authenticity of evidence.Attorneys have argued that because digital evidence can theoretically be altered it undermines the reliability of the evidence. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency Pathophysiology Alpha-1_antitrypsin_deficiency > Pathophysiology The accumulation of these inclusions or globules is the main cause of liver injury in A1AT deficiency. However, not all individuals with PiZZ genotype develop liver disease (incomplete penetrance), despite the presence of accumulated mutated protein in the liver. Therefore, additional factors (environmental, genetic, etc.) likely influence whether liver disease develops. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Fourier optics Optical systems: general overview and analogy with electrical signal processing systems Fourier_optics > Optical systems: general overview and analogy with electrical signal processing systems The first is ordinary focused optical imaging systems (e.g., cameras), wherein the input plane is called the object plane and the output plane is called the image plane. An optical field in the image plane (the output plane of the imaging system) is desired to be a high-quality reproduction of an optical field in the object plane (the input plane of the imaging system). The impulse response function of an optical imaging system is desired to approximate a 2D delta function, at the location (or a linearly scaled location) in the output plane corresponding to the location of the impulse (an ideal point source) in the input plane. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Disease ecology In relation to anthropogenic factors Disease_ecology > In relation to anthropogenic factors Humans are strongly impacting how diseases spread by creating what is known as "novel species associations". Globalization, mainly through world travel and trade, has created a system in which pathogens, and other species, are more in contact with one another than before. Ecological disruption, including habitat fragmentation and road construction, degrade natural landscapes and have been studied as drivers of recent emergence and re-emergence of infectious diseases worldwide. Scientists have speculated that habitat destruction and biodiversity loss are some of the main reasons influencing the rapid spread of non-human, disease carrying vectors. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Protein Structure Initiative Criticism Protein_Structure_Initiative > Criticism Some of Petsko’s criticisms are constructive, and should be noted by policy-makers. But one should not throw the baby out with the bathwater, rather tune the scope and objectives of the PSI to the needs of the life-science community as a whole, much in the spirit of SPINE, the SGC and other European structural genomics/ proteomics projects. If such a constructive approach is adopted, we feel confident that the structural data provided by the PSI and its cousins will serve as no less valuable a resource than genome sequences. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
T-SPOT.TB Test overview T-SPOT.TB > Test overview T-SPOT.TB counts the number of antimycobacterial effector T cells, white blood cells that produce interferon-gamma, in a sample of blood. This gives an overall measurement of the host immune response against mycobacteria, which can reveal the presence of infection with Mycobacterium tuberculosis, the causative agent of tuberculosis (TB). Because this does not rely on production of a reliable antibody response or recoverable pathogen, the technique can be used to detect latent tuberculosis. This technique has the advantage that it is comparatively fast (results within 24 hours), and less influenced by previous BCG vaccination compared with the traditional testing method for latent tuberculosis, the tuberculin skin test. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Stack trace Summary Stack_trace A stack trace allows tracking the sequence of nested functions called - up to the point where the stack trace is generated. In a post-mortem scenario this extends up to the function where the failure occurred (but was not necessarily caused). Sibling calls do not appear in a stack trace. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Vacuum Rabi oscillation Generalization to N atoms Vacuum_Rabi_frequency > Generalization to N atoms The situation in which N {\displaystyle N} two level systems are present in a single-mode cavity is described by the Tavis–Cummings model , which has Hamiltonian H ^ JC = ℏ ω a ^ † a ^ + ∑ j = 1 N ℏ ω 0 σ ^ j z 2 + ℏ g j ( a ^ σ ^ j + + a ^ † σ ^ j − ) . {\displaystyle {\hat {H}}_{\text{JC}}=\hbar \omega {\hat {a}}^{\dagger }{\hat {a}}+\sum _{j=1}^{N}{\hbar \omega _{0}{\frac {{\hat {\sigma }}_{j}^{z}}{2}}+\hbar g_{j}\left({\hat {a}}{\hat {\sigma }}_{j}^{+}+{\hat {a}}^{\dagger }{\hat {\sigma }}_{j}^{-}\right)}.} Under the assumption that all two level systems have equal individual coupling strength g {\displaystyle g} to the field, the ensemble as a whole will have enhanced coupling strength g N = g N {\displaystyle g_{N}=g{\sqrt {N}}} . As a result, the vacuum Rabi splitting is correspondingly enhanced by a factor of N {\displaystyle {\sqrt {N}}} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Strong acid Summary Strong_acid Acid strength is the tendency of an acid, symbolised by the chemical formula HA {\displaystyle {\ce {HA}}} , to dissociate into a proton, H + {\displaystyle {\ce {H+}}} , and an anion, A − {\displaystyle {\ce {A-}}} . The dissociation of a strong acid in solution is effectively complete, except in its most concentrated solutions. HA ⟶ H + + A − {\displaystyle {\ce {HA -> H+ + A-}}} Examples of strong acids are hydrochloric acid ( HCl ) {\displaystyle {\ce {(HCl)}}} , perchloric acid ( HClO 4 ) {\displaystyle {\ce {(HClO4)}}} , nitric acid ( HNO 3 ) {\displaystyle {\ce {(HNO3)}}} and sulfuric acid ( H 2 SO 4 ) {\displaystyle {\ce {(H2SO4)}}} . A weak acid is only partially dissociated, with both the undissociated acid and its dissociation products being present, in solution, in equilibrium with each other. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Optic neuritis Cause Retrobulbar_neuritis > Cause The optic nerve comprises axons that emerge from the retina of the eye and carry visual information to the primary visual nuclei, most of which is relayed to the occipital cortex of the brain to be processed into vision. Inflammation of the optic nerve causes loss of vision, usually because of the swelling and destruction of the myelin sheath covering the optic nerve. The most common cause is multiple sclerosis (MS) or ischemic optic neuropathy due to thrombosis or embolism of the vessel that supplies the optic nerve. Up to 50% of patients with MS will develop an episode of optic neuritis, and 20-30% of the time optic neuritis is the presenting sign of MS. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Multi-armed bandit Empirical motivation Multi-armed_bandit > Empirical motivation The multi-armed bandit problem models an agent that simultaneously attempts to acquire new knowledge (called "exploration") and optimize their decisions based on existing knowledge (called "exploitation"). The agent attempts to balance these competing tasks in order to maximize their total value over the period of time considered. There are many practical applications of the bandit model, for example: clinical trials investigating the effects of different experimental treatments while minimizing patient losses, adaptive routing efforts for minimizing delays in a network, financial portfolio designIn these practical examples, the problem requires balancing reward maximization based on the knowledge already acquired with attempting new actions to further increase knowledge. This is known as the exploitation vs. exploration tradeoff in machine learning. The model has also been used to control dynamic allocation of resources to different projects, answering the question of which project to work on, given uncertainty about the difficulty and payoff of each possibility.Originally considered by Allied scientists in World War II, it proved so intractable that, according to Peter Whittle, the problem was proposed to be dropped over Germany so that German scientists could also waste their time on it.The version of the problem now commonly analyzed was formulated by Herbert Robbins in 1952. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Multivariate analyses Types of analysis Multivariable_analysis > Multivariate analysis > Types of analysis Clustering systems assign objects into groups (called clusters) so that objects (cases) from the same cluster are more similar to each other than objects from different clusters. Recursive partitioning creates a decision tree that attempts to correctly classify members of the population based on a dichotomous dependent variable. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Formal model Language-specification formalisms Formal_expression > Language-specification formalisms Formal languages are used as tools in multiple disciplines. However, formal language theory rarely concerns itself with particular languages (except as examples), but is mainly concerned with the study of various types of formalisms to describe languages. For instance, a language can be given as those strings generated by some formal grammar; those strings described or matched by a particular regular expression; those strings accepted by some automaton, such as a Turing machine or finite-state automaton; those strings for which some decision procedure (an algorithm that asks a sequence of related YES/NO questions) produces the answer YES.Typical questions asked about such formalisms include: What is their expressive power? (Can formalism X describe every language that formalism Y can describe? | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Robot ethics Killer robots Robot_ethics > Killer robots They proposed their opinions based on deontological and consequentialist reasoning. On the deontological side, certain philosophers such as Peter Asaro and Robert Sparrow, most NGOs, and the Vatican all argue that authorizing too much rights to machine violates human dignity, and that people have the “right not to be killed by a machine.” To support their standpoint, they repeatedly cite the Martens Clause. In the end of this meeting, the most important consequentialist objection was that LAWS would never be able to respect international humanitarian law (IHL), as believed by NGOs, many researchers, and several states (Pakistan, Austria, Egypt, Mexico). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Numerical solution of the convection–diffusion equation Finite element solution to convection–diffusion problem Numerical_solution_of_the_convection–diffusion_equation > Finite element solution to convection–diffusion problem The finite difference scheme has an equivalent in the finite element method (Galerkin method). Another similar method is the characteristic Galerkin method (which uses an implicit algorithm). For scalar variables, the above two methods are identical. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mitophagy In yeast Mitophagy > Pathways > In yeast This study also showed that the Uth1p protein is necessary to move mitochondria to the vacuole. This suggested there is a specialized system for mitophagy. Other studies looked at AUP1, a mitochondrial phosphatase, and found Aup1 marks mitochondria for elimination.Another yeast protein associated with mitophagy is a mitochondrial inner membrane protein, Mdm38p/Mkh1p. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
O4F2 Preparation O4F2 > Preparation Tetraoxygen difluoride can be prepared in two steps. In the first step, a photochemically generated fluorine atom reacts with oxygen to form the dioxygen fluoride radical. 2 O 2 + 2 F ⋅ ⟶ 2 ⋅ {\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ O_{2}+2\ F^{\cdot }\longrightarrow 2\ ^{\cdot }} } This radical subsequently undergoes dimerization, entering an equilibrium with tetraoxygen difluoride at temperatures under −175 °C: 2 ⋅ ⇌ O 4 F 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ ^{\cdot }\rightleftharpoons O_{4}F_{2}} } At the same time, the dioxygen fluoride radicals decompose into dioxygen difluoride and oxygen gas, which shifts the above equilibrium with O4F2 to the left. 2 ⋅ ⟶ O 2 + O 2 F 2 {\displaystyle \mathrm {2\ ^{\cdot }\longrightarrow O_{2}+O_{2}F_{2}} } | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pole mount transformer Secondary Distribution_transformer > Connections > Secondary The low voltage secondary windings are attached to three or four terminals on the transformer's side. In North American residences and small businesses, the secondary is most often the split-phase 120/240 volt system. The 240 V secondary winding is center-tapped and the center neutral wire is grounded, making the two end conductors "hot" with respect to the center tap. This is a single phase that is split to make 240 volts at the load. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
HomoloGene Summary HomoloGene HomoloGene, a tool of the United States National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI), is a system for automated detection of homologs (similarity attributable to descent from a common ancestor) among the annotated genes of several completely sequenced eukaryotic genomes.The HomoloGene processing consists of the protein analysis from the input organisms. Sequences are compared using blastp, then matched up and put into groups, using a taxonomic tree built from sequence similarity, where closer related organisms are matched up first, and then further organisms are added to the tree. The protein alignments are mapped back to their corresponding DNA sequences, and then distance metrics as molecular distances Jukes and Cantor (1969), Ka/Ks ratio can be calculated. The sequences are matched up by using a heuristic algorithm for maximizing the score globally, rather than locally, in a bipartite matching (see complete bipartite graph). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Skolem arithmetic Complexity Skolem_arithmetic > Complexity Ferrante & Rackoff (1979, Chapter 5) establish, using Ehrenfeucht–Fraïssé games, a method to prove upper bounds on decision problem complexity of weak direct powers of theories. They apply this method to obtain triply exponential space complexity for ( N ∗ , + ¯ ) {\displaystyle (N^{*},{\bar {+}})} , and thus of Skolem arithmetic. Grädel (1989, Section 5) proves that the satisfiability problem for the quantifier-free fragment of Skolem arithmetic belongs to the NP complexity class. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cloud Infrastructure Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) Cloud_provider > Service models > Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) Containerisation offers higher performance than virtualization because there is no hypervisor overhead. IaaS clouds often offer additional resources such as a virtual-machine disk-image library, raw block storage, file or object storage, firewalls, load balancers, IP addresses, virtual local area networks (VLANs), and software bundles.The NIST's definition of cloud computing describes IaaS as "where the consumer is able to deploy and run arbitrary software, which can include operating systems and applications. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Multiplicative partitions of factorials Summary Multiplicative_partitions_of_factorials {\textstyle n!} that have length equal to n {\textstyle n} is 1 for n = 4 {\textstyle n=4} and n = 5 {\textstyle n=5} , and thereafter increases as 2, 2, 5, 12, 31, 31, 78, 78, 191, 418, 1220, 1220, 3015, ... (sequence A085289 in the OEIS).Consider all sorted multiplicative partitions of n ! {\textstyle n!} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Hazards of synthetic biology Biosecurity Hazards_of_synthetic_biology > Hazards > Biosecurity The rise of synthetic biology has also spurred biosecurity concerns that synthetic or redesigned organisms could be engineered for bioterrorism. This is considered possible but unlikely given the resources needed to perform this kind of research. However, synthetic biology could expand the group of people with relevant capabilities, and reduce the amount of time needed to develop them. : 2–7 A 2018 National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (NASEM) report identified three capabilities as being of greatest concern. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ozone History Ozone_generator > History Schönbein himself reported that chest pains, irritation of the mucous membranes and difficulty breathing occurred as a result of inhaling ozone, and small mammals died. In 1911, Leonard Hill and Martin Flack stated in the Proceedings of the Royal Society B that ozone's healthful effects "have, by mere iteration, become part and parcel of common belief; and yet exact physiological evidence in favour of its good effects has been hitherto almost entirely wanting ... The only thoroughly well-ascertained knowledge concerning the physiological effect of ozone, so far attained, is that it causes irritation and œdema of the lungs, and death if inhaled in relatively strong concentration for any time. "During World War I, ozone was tested at Queen Alexandra Military Hospital in London as a possible disinfectant for wounds. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
QED vacuum Summary QED_vacuum The QED vacuum or quantum electrodynamic vacuum is the field-theoretic vacuum of quantum electrodynamics. It is the lowest energy state (the ground state) of the electromagnetic field when the fields are quantized. When Planck's constant is hypothetically allowed to approach zero, QED vacuum is converted to classical vacuum, which is to say, the vacuum of classical electromagnetism.Another field-theoretic vacuum is the QCD vacuum of the Standard Model. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
PL/I programming language Teaching subset compilers PL/I_programming_language > Implementations > Teaching subset compilers SL/1 (Student Language/1, Student Language/One or Subset Language/1) was a PL/I subset, initially available late 1960s, that ran interpretively on the IBM 1130; instructional use was its strong point. PLAGO, created at the Polytechnic Institute of Brooklyn, used a simplified subset of the PL/I language and focused on good diagnostic error messages and fast compilation times. The Computer Systems Research Group of the University of Toronto produced the SP/k compilers which supported a sequence of subsets of PL/I called SP/1, SP/2, SP/3, ..., SP/8 for teaching programming. Programs that ran without errors under the SP/k compilers produced the same results under other contemporary PL/I compilers such as IBM's PL/I F compiler, IBM's checkout compiler or Cornell University's PL/C compiler.Other examples are PL0 by P. Grouse at the University of New South Wales, PLUM by Marvin Victor Zelkowitz at the University of Maryland., and PLUTO from the University of Toronto. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
ATutor Accessibility features ATutor > Background > Accessibility features Two, of many, accessibility features in the system are text alternatives for all visual elements, and keyboard access to all elements of the program. With these features, a blind person can listen to the entire interface of the system with the help of a screen reader, and he or she can access the system without needing a mouse. These features also allow ATutor to adapt to a wide variety of technologies including cell phones, personal data assistants (PDAs), and text-based Web browsers, to name a few.ATutor includes a content authoring tool that prompts content developers to create accessible learning materials. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Glossary of aerospace engineering C Glossary_of_aerospace_engineering > C A perfectly collimated light beam, with no divergence, would not disperse with distance. Such a beam cannot be created, due to diffraction. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Genetically modified animal Production Transgenic_animal > Production There are four families of engineered nucleases: meganucleases, zinc finger nucleases, transcription activator-like effector nucleases (TALENs), and the Cas9-guideRNA system (adapted from CRISPR). TALEN and CRISPR are the two most commonly used and each has its own advantages. TALENs have greater target specificity, while CRISPR is easier to design and more efficient. The development of the CRISPR-Cas9 gene editing system has effectively halved the amount of time needed to develop genetically modified animals. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
GAR transformylase Cancer Target Phosphoribosylglycinamide_formyltransferase > Disease Relevance > Cancer Target Due to their increased growth rate and metabolic requirements, cancer cells rely on de novo nucleotide biosynthesis to achieve levels of AMP and GMP necessary. Being able to block any of the steps of the de novo purine pathway would present significant reduction in tumor growth. Studies have been done both on the substrate binding and folate binding site to find inhibitors. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ismail al-Jazari Segmental gear Ismail_al-Jazari > Mechanisms and methods > Segmental gear A segmental gear is "a piece for receiving or communicating reciprocating motion from or to a cogwheel, consisting of a sector of a circular gear, or ring, having cogs on the periphery, or face." Professor Lynn Townsend White, Jr. wrote: Segmental gears first clearly appear in al-Jazari, in the West they emerge in Giovanni de Dondi's astronomical clock finished in 1364, and only with the great Sienese engineer Francesco di Giorgio (1501) did they enter the general vocabulary of European machine design. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Micro RNA Cellular functions Micro_RNA > Cellular functions This is the primary mode of plant miRNAs. In animals the match-ups are imperfect. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Versus programming language Blocks that can be defined in a script Visual_IRC > Versus > Blocks that can be defined in a script Aliases are subroutines. They can be called from the command entry line of any window, or from other parts of the script. Aliases that return a value are called functions; an alias can determine whether it's expected to return a value, and then act as a function or a command appropriately. Classes are used in object-oriented scripting (OVS). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Osmotic concentration Definition Osmotic_strength > Definition The osmolarity of a solution, given in osmoles per liter (osmol/L) is calculated from the following expression: where φ is the osmotic coefficient, which accounts for the degree of non-ideality of the solution. In the simplest case it is the degree of dissociation of the solute. Then, φ is between 0 and 1 where 1 indicates 100% dissociation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Single-electron transistor Theory Single-electron_transistor > Device > Theory {\displaystyle {\tfrac {e}{C_{\rm {S}}+C_{\rm {D}}}}.} These areas correspond to failures in the field of stability. The oscillations of the tunnelling current occur in time, and the oscillations in two series-connected junctions have a periodicity in the gate control voltage. The thermal broadening of the oscillations increases to a large extent with increasing temperature. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Discrete metric Definitions Discrete_topology > Definitions Given a set X {\displaystyle X}: A metric space ( E , d ) {\displaystyle (E,d)} is said to be uniformly discrete if there exists a packing radius r > 0 {\displaystyle r>0} such that, for any x , y ∈ E , {\displaystyle x,y\in E,} one has either x = y {\displaystyle x=y} or d ( x , y ) > r . {\displaystyle d(x,y)>r.} The topology underlying a metric space can be discrete, without the metric being uniformly discrete: for example the usual metric on the set { 2 − n: n ∈ N 0 } . {\displaystyle \left\{2^{-n}:n\in \mathbb {N} _{0}\right\}.} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Set Theory Inner model theory Transfinite_set_theory > Areas of study > Inner model theory An inner model of Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory (ZF) is a transitive class that includes all the ordinals and satisfies all the axioms of ZF. The canonical example is the constructible universe L developed by Gödel. One reason that the study of inner models is of interest is that it can be used to prove consistency results. For example, it can be shown that regardless of whether a model V of ZF satisfies the continuum hypothesis or the axiom of choice, the inner model L constructed inside the original model will satisfy both the generalized continuum hypothesis and the axiom of choice. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Group learning Models Learning_community > Models Basically, it is about how we can create a commitment in a group. Fourth is about group learning and how members can develop their intelligence and ability. The last one describes system thinking. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Enterprise private network Benefits Internal_network > Benefits Some examples of communication would be chat, email, and/or blogs. A great real-world example of where an intranet helped a company communicate is when Nestle had a number of food processing plants in Scandinavia. Their central support system had to deal with a number of queries every day. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Integer-valued function Computer science Integer-valued_function > Uses > Computer science In computer programming, many functions return values of integer type due to simplicity of implementation. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The Graph Grants The_Graph > Grants In 2021, Sommelier Announced a $1M R&D Grant from The Graph Foundation. In December 2021, The Graph awarded a $48M grant to The Guild to join The Graph as a core developer. == References == | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Converged network Introduction Network_convergence > Introduction One dictionary definition of “convergence” provides a starting point for the analysis: “the act of converging and esp. moving toward union or uniformity.” The new regulatory framework that was shaped by the 1996 act eliminated the entry barrier for companies to expand their business into new markets. Local exchange carriers are allowed to start a business in the long-distance market and even video and broadband market. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Plasmonic solar cell Metal film cells Plasmonic_solar_cell > Design > Metal film cells Other methods utilizing surface plasmons for harvesting solar energy are available. One other type of structure is to have a thin film of silicon and a thin layer of metal deposited on the lower surface. The light will travel through the silicon and generate surface plasmons on the interface of the silicon and metal. This generates electric fields inside of the silicon since electric fields do not travel very far into metals. If the electric field is strong enough, electrons can be moved and collected to produce a photocurrent. The thin film of metal in this design must have nanometer sized grooves which act as waveguides for the incoming light in order to excite as many photons in the silicon thin film as possible. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Rheumatic fever Pathophysiology Acute_rheumatic_fever > Pathophysiology Helper T2 cells subsequently activate the B cells to become plasma cells and induce the production of antibodies against the cell wall of Streptococcus. However the antibodies may also react against the myocardium and joints, producing the symptoms of rheumatic fever. S. pyogenes is a species of aerobic, cocci, gram-positive bacteria that are non-motile, non-spore forming, and forms chains and large colonies.S. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Forward osmosis Summary Forward_osmosis This is well known in reverse osmosis where solutes from the feedwater diffuse to the product water, however in the case of forward osmosis the situation can be far more complicated. In FO processes we may have solute diffusion in both directions depending on the composition of the draw solution, type of membrane used and feed water characteristics. Reverse solute flux ( J s {\displaystyle J_{s}} ) does two things; the draw solution solutes may diffuse to the feed solution and the feed solution solutes may diffuse to the draw solution. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Magnetic tunnel effect Physical explanation Tunnel_magnetoresistance > Physical explanation In this case the magnetic tunnel junction becomes a switch, that switches magnetically between low resistance and infinite resistance. Materials that come into consideration for this are called ferromagnetic half-metals. Their conduction electrons are fully spin-polarized. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cyclone Waste Heat Engine Auxiliary equipment Cyclone_Waste_Heat_Engine > Engine construction and operation > Auxiliary equipment In the case of the WHE-25 engine in the previous sub-section, of the 146.5 kW of heat energy supplied in the initial steam, 10 kW was converted into electricity. That leaves 146.5 - 10 = 136.5 kW of heat energy to be removed by the condenser. As a point of comparison, a Caterpillar C13 diesel engine that is commonly used in tractor-trailer trucks has a heat rejection to coolant rating of 128 kW. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Country house conversion to apartments Techniques Country_house_conversion_to_apartments > Techniques The objective of the conversion is to maximise the retention of the house's original architectural features and decorations, while minimising structural changes. In the UK, planning permission for the conversion of listed buildings will often be granted with enabling development near the house (i.e. the construction of new housing), to help fund the project. In the UK, vertical conversions can sometimes be sold with freehold title, but horizontal conversions (or a mixture) must be sold as leasehold, with apartment lessees holding shares in a company that owns the building and land's freehold. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Google Trends Background Google_Trends > Background In 2012, Google Insights for Search was merged into Google Trends with a new interface.In 2009, Yossi Matias et al. published research on the predictability of search trends. In a series of articles in The New York Times, Seth Stephens-Davidowitz used Google Trends to measure a variety of behaviors. For example, in June 2012, he argued that search volume for the word "nigger(s)" could be used to measure racism in different parts of the United States. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Sort (C++) Complexity and implementations Sort_(C++) > Complexity and implementations The C++ standard requires that a call to sort performs O(N log N) comparisons when applied to a range of N elements. In previous versions of C++, such as C++03, only average complexity was required to be O(N log N). This was to allow the use of algorithms like (median-of-3) quicksort, which are fast in the average case, indeed significantly faster than other algorithms like heap sort with optimal worst-case complexity, and where the worst-case quadratic complexity rarely occurs. The introduction of hybrid algorithms such as introsort allowed both fast average performance and optimal worst-case performance, and thus the complexity requirements were tightened in later standards. Different implementations use different algorithms. The GNU Standard C++ library, for example, uses a 3-part hybrid sorting algorithm: introsort is performed first (introsort itself being a hybrid of quicksort and heap sort), to a maximum depth given by 2×log2 n, where n is the number of elements, followed by an insertion sort on the result. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Coagulation factor Xa Factor Xa Factor_Xa > Factor Xa These agents known as vitamin K antagonists (VKA), inhibit the vitamin K-dependent carboxylation of Factors II (prothrombin), VII, IX, X in the hepatocyte. This carboxylation after the translation is essential for the physiological activity.Heparin (unfractionated heparin) and its derivatives low molecular weight heparin (LMWH) bind to a plasma cofactor, antithrombin (AT) to inactivate several coagulation factors IIa, Xa, XIa and XIIa. The affinity of unfractionated heparin and the various LMWHs for Factor Xa varies considerably. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Newton–Leibniz axiom Summary Newton–Leibniz_axiom The fundamental theorem of calculus is a theorem that links the concept of differentiating a function (calculating its slopes, or rate of change at each time) with the concept of integrating a function (calculating the area under its graph, or the cumulative effect of small contributions). The two operations are inverses of each other apart from a constant value which depends on where one starts to compute area. The first part of the theorem, the first fundamental theorem of calculus, states that for a function f , an antiderivative or indefinite integral F may be obtained as the integral of f over an interval with a variable upper bound. This implies the existence of antiderivatives for continuous functions.Conversely, the second part of the theorem, the second fundamental theorem of calculus, states that the integral of a function f over a fixed interval is equal to the change of any antiderivative F between the ends of the interval. This greatly simplifies the calculation of a definite integral provided an antiderivative can be found by symbolic integration, thus avoiding numerical integration. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Basis sets used in computational chemistry Summary Polarization_function In theoretical and computational chemistry, a basis set is a set of functions (called basis functions) that is used to represent the electronic wave function in the Hartree–Fock method or density-functional theory in order to turn the partial differential equations of the model into algebraic equations suitable for efficient implementation on a computer. The use of basis sets is equivalent to the use of an approximate resolution of the identity: the orbitals | ψ i ⟩ {\displaystyle |\psi _{i}\rangle } are expanded within the basis set as a linear combination of the basis functions | ψ i ⟩ ≈ ∑ μ c μ i | μ ⟩ {\textstyle |\psi _{i}\rangle \approx \sum _{\mu }c_{\mu i}|\mu \rangle } , where the expansion coefficients c μ i {\displaystyle c_{\mu i}} are given by c μ i = ∑ ν ⟨ μ | ν ⟩ − 1 ⟨ ν | ψ i ⟩ {\textstyle c_{\mu i}=\sum _{\nu }\langle \mu |\nu \rangle ^{-1}\langle \nu |\psi _{i}\rangle } . The basis set can either be composed of atomic orbitals (yielding the linear combination of atomic orbitals approach), which is the usual choice within the quantum chemistry community; plane waves which are typically used within the solid state community, or real-space approaches. Several types of atomic orbitals can be used: Gaussian-type orbitals, Slater-type orbitals, or numerical atomic orbitals. Out of the three, Gaussian-type orbitals are by far the most often used, as they allow efficient implementations of post-Hartree–Fock methods. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Universal hashing Hashing strings Universal_hashing > Constructions > Hashing strings Below table shows values chosen to initialize h and a for some of the popular implementations. Consider two strings x ¯ , y ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}},{\bar {y}}} and let ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } be length of the longer one; for the analysis, the shorter string is conceptually padded with zeros up to length ℓ {\displaystyle \ell } . A collision before applying h i n t {\displaystyle h_{\mathrm {int} }} implies that a {\displaystyle a} is a root of the polynomial with coefficients x ¯ − y ¯ {\displaystyle {\bar {x}}-{\bar {y}}} . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Field experiment Practical uses Field_experiment > Practical uses Field experiments offer researchers a way to test theories and answer questions with higher external validity because they simulate real-world occurrences. Some researchers argue that field experiments are a better guard against potential bias and biased estimators. As well, field experiments can act as benchmarks for comparing observational data to experimental results. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Inductive probability Universal artificial intelligence Inductive_probability > History > Universal artificial intelligence The theory of universal artificial intelligence applies decision theory to inductive probabilities. The theory shows how the best actions to optimize a reward function may be chosen. The result is a theoretical model of intelligence.It is a fundamental theory of intelligence, which optimizes the agents behavior in, Exploring the environment; performing actions to get responses that broaden the agents knowledge. Competing or co-operating with another agent; games. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cohomology Axioms and generalized cohomology theories Cohomology > Axioms and generalized cohomology theories (That is true for singular homology or singular cohomology, but not for sheaf cohomology, for example.) Since every space admits a weak homotopy equivalence from a CW complex, this axiom reduces homology or cohomology theories on all spaces to the corresponding theory on CW complexes.Some examples of generalized cohomology theories are: Stable cohomotopy groups π S ∗ ( X ) . {\displaystyle \pi _{S}^{*}(X).} | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mechanical advantage device Pulleys Mechanical_advantage_device > Pulleys For example, if we have two pulleys attached to the rafter, two pulleys attached to the weight, one end attached to the rafter, and someone standing on the rafter pulling the rope, we have a mechanical advantage of four. Again note: if we add another pulley so that someone may stand on the ground and pull down, we still have a mechanical advantage of four. Here are examples where the fixed point is not obvious: A velcro strap on a shoe passes through a slot and folds over on itself. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Specific angular momentum Definition Specific_angular_momentum > Definition The specific relative angular momentum is defined as the cross product of the relative position vector r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } and the relative velocity vector v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } . where L {\displaystyle \mathbf {L} } is the angular momentum vector, defined as r × m v {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \times m\mathbf {v} } . The h {\displaystyle \mathbf {h} } vector is always perpendicular to the instantaneous osculating orbital plane, which coincides with the instantaneous perturbed orbit. It is not necessarily be perpendicular to the average orbital plane over time. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Atom laser Applications Atom_laser > Applications Another application, which might also benefit from atom lasers, is atom interferometry. In an atom interferometer an atomic wave packet is coherently split into two wave packets that follow different paths before recombining. Atom interferometers, which can be more sensitive than optical interferometers, could be used to test quantum theory, and have such high precision that they may even be able to detect changes in space-time. This is because the de Broglie wavelength of the atoms is much smaller than the wavelength of light, the atoms have mass, and because the internal structure of the atom can also be exploited. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Physical stress Methods Internal_stresses > Analysis > Methods For small enough stresses, even non-linear systems can usually be assumed to be linear. Stress analysis is simplified when the physical dimensions and the distribution of loads allow the structure to be treated as one- or two-dimensional. In the analysis of trusses, for example, the stress field may be assumed to be uniform and uniaxial over each member. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Ionization Quasi-static tunnel ionization Ionization > Quantum mechanical description of ionization > Tunnel ionization > Quasi-static tunnel ionization The quasi-static tunnelling (QST) is the ionization whose rate can be satisfactorily predicted by the ADK model, i.e. the limit of the PPT model when γ {\displaystyle \gamma } approaches zero. The rate of QST is given by W A D K = | C n ∗ l ∗ | 2 6 π f l m E i ( 2 F ( 2 E i ) 3 2 ) 2 n ∗ − | m | − 3 2 e − 2 3 F ( 2 E i ) 3 2 {\displaystyle W_{ADK}=\left|C_{n^{*}l^{*}}\right|^{2}{\sqrt {\frac {6}{\pi }}}f_{lm}E_{i}\left({\frac {2}{F}}\left(2E_{i}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}\right)^{2n^{*}-|m|-{\frac {3}{2}}}e^{-{\frac {2}{3F}}\left(2E_{i}\right)^{\frac {3}{2}}}} As compared to W P P T {\displaystyle W_{PPT}} the absence of summation over n, which represent different above threshold ionization (ATI) peaks, is remarkable. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Inflammatory demyelinating diseases of the central nervous system CIS and conversion to MS Idiopathic_inflammatory_demyelinating_diseases > Controversy for the definition > CIS and conversion to MS The 2010 revision of the McDonald criteria allows the diagnosis of MS with only one proved lesion (CIS). Consistently, the later revision for the MS phenotypes in 2013 was forced to consider CIS as one of the MS phenotypes.Therefore, the former concept of "Conversion from CIS to MS", that was declared when a patient had a second MS attack, does not apply anymore. More accurate is now to speak about conversions from the CIS phenotype to other MS phenotype. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Photoelectron spectroscopy Physical principle Photoelectron_spectrum > Physical principle This is achieved by applying Einstein's relation E k = h ν − E B {\displaystyle E_{k}=h\nu -E_{B}} . The h ν {\displaystyle h\nu } term of this equation is the energy of the UV light quanta that are used for photoexcitation. Photoemission spectra are also measured using tunable synchrotron radiation sources. The binding energies of the measured electrons are characteristic of the chemical structure and molecular bonding of the material. By adding a source monochromator and increasing the energy resolution of the electron analyzer, peaks appear with full width at half maximum (FWHM) less than 5–8 meV. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Data abstraction Abstraction in object oriented programming Data_abstraction > Abstraction in object oriented programming Common Lisp Object System or Self, for example, feature less of a class-instance distinction and more use of delegation for polymorphism. Individual objects and functions are abstracted more flexibly to better fit with a shared functional heritage from Lisp. C++ exemplifies another extreme: it relies heavily on templates and overloading and other static bindings at compile-time, which in turn has certain flexibility problems. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
User experience evaluation Dimensions User_experience_evaluation > Dimensions There are many different dimensions to consider when choosing the best assessment approach: Goal: Summative (on the final product) or formative (during the process) Approach: Objective or subjective Data: Quantitative or qualitative Granularity: Momentary, episodic, or overall UX Setup: Lab or fieldLaboratory experiments may work well for studying a specific aspect of user experience, but holistic user experience is optimally studied over a longer period of time with real users in a natural environment. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Memory leak Consequences Memory_leak > Consequences A memory leak reduces the performance of the computer by reducing the amount of available memory. Eventually, in the worst case, too much of the available memory may become allocated and all or part of the system or device stops working correctly, the application fails, or the system slows down vastly due to thrashing. Memory leaks may not be serious or even detectable by normal means. In modern operating systems, normal memory used by an application is released when the application terminates. This means that a memory leak in a program that only runs for a short time may not be noticed and is rarely serious. Much more serious leaks include those: where a program runs for a long time and consumes added memory over time, such as background tasks on servers, and especially in embedded systems which may be left running for many years where new memory is allocated frequently for one-time tasks, such as when rendering the frames of a computer game or animated video where a program can request memory, such as shared memory, that is not released, even when the program terminates where memory is very limited, such as in an embedded system or portable device, or where the program requires a very large amount of memory to begin with, leaving little margin for leaks where a leak occurs within the operating system or memory manager when a system device driver causes a leak running on an operating system that does not automatically release memory on program termination. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Resonant transformer Audio transformer Resonant_transformer > Audio transformer Audio transformers were originally designed to connect different telephone systems to one another while keeping their respective power supplies isolated, and are still commonly used to interconnect professional audio systems or system components, to eliminate buzz and hum. Such transformers typically have a 1:1 ratio between the primary and the secondary. These can also be used for splitting signals, balancing unbalanced signals, or feeding a balanced signal to unbalanced equipment. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Binomial coefficients Multiplicative formula Binomial_coefficient > Computing the value of binomial coefficients > Multiplicative formula A more efficient method to compute individual binomial coefficients is given by the formula where the numerator of the first fraction n k _ {\displaystyle n^{\underline {k}}} is expressed as a falling factorial power. This formula is easiest to understand for the combinatorial interpretation of binomial coefficients. The numerator gives the number of ways to select a sequence of k distinct objects, retaining the order of selection, from a set of n objects. The denominator counts the number of distinct sequences that define the same k-combination when order is disregarded. Due to the symmetry of the binomial coefficient with regard to k and n − k, calculation may be optimised by setting the upper limit of the product above to the smaller of k and n − k. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Cognitive style Multi-dimensional models and measures Cognitive_style > Multi-dimensional models and measures The V–I dimension describes individuals' mode of information representation in memory during thinking – Verbalisers represent information in words or verbal associations, and Imagers represent information in mental pictures. The CSA test is broken down into three sub-tests, all of which are based on a comparison between response times to different types of stimulus items. Some scholars argue that this instrument, being at least in part reliant on the ability of the respondent to answer at speed, really measures a mix of cognitive style and cognitive ability (Kirton, 2003). This is said to contribute to the unreliability of this instrument. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Simulation hypothesis Summary Simulated_reality Simulated reality, by contrast, would be hard or impossible to separate from "true" reality. There has been much debate over this topic, ranging from philosophical discourse to practical applications in computing. The simulation hypothesis, which was popularized in its current form by Nick Bostrom, bears a close resemblance to various other skeptical scenarios from throughout the history of philosophy. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Alcoholic fatty liver disease Cirrhosis Alcoholic_fatty_liver_disease > Pathophysiology > Cirrhosis Without total abstinence from alcohol use, cirrhosis will eventually lead to liver failure. Late complications of cirrhosis or liver failure include portal hypertension (high blood pressure in the portal vein due to the increased flow resistance through the damaged liver), coagulation disorders (due to impaired production of coagulation factors), ascites (heavy abdominal swelling due to buildup of fluids in the tissues) and other complications, including hepatic encephalopathy and the hepatorenal syndrome. Cirrhosis can also result from other causes than hazardous alcohol use, such as viral hepatitis and heavy exposure to toxins other than alcohol. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Lab animal Applied research Animal_testing > Research classification > Applied research Examples include restricting blood flow to the brain to induce stroke, or giving neurotoxins that cause damage similar to that seen in Parkinson's disease. Much animal research into potential treatments for humans is wasted because it is poorly conducted and not evaluated through systematic reviews. For example, although such models are now widely used to study Parkinson's disease, the British anti-vivisection interest group BUAV argues that these models only superficially resemble the disease symptoms, without the same time course or cellular pathology. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Privacy by design Criticism and recommendations Privacy_by_design > Criticism and recommendations The final lesson learned is that “regulators must do more than merely recommend the adoption and implementation of privacy by design.”The advent of GDPR with its maximum fine of 4% of global turnover now provides a balance between business benefit and turnover and addresses the voluntary compliance criticism and requirement from Rubinstein and Good that “regulators must do more than merely recommend the adoption and implementation of privacy by design”. Rubinstein and Good also highlighted that privacy by design could result in applications that exemplified Privacy by Design and their work was well received.The May 2018 European Data Protection Supervisor Giovanni Buttarelli's paper Preliminary Opinion on Privacy by Design states, "While privacy by design has made significant progress in legal, technological and conceptual development, it is still far from unfolding its full potential for the protection of the fundamental rights of individuals. The following sections of this opinion provide an overview of relevant developments and recommend further efforts".The executive summary makes the following recommendations to EU institutions: To ensure strong privacy protection, including privacy by design, in the ePrivacy Regulation, To support privacy in all legal frameworks which influence the design of technology, increasing incentives and substantiating obligations, including appropriate liability rules, To foster the roll-out and adoption of privacy by design approaches and PETs in the EU and at the member states’ level through appropriate implementing measures and policy initiatives, To ensure competence and resources for research and analysis on privacy engineering and privacy-enhancing technologies at EU level, by ENISA or other entities, To support the development of new practices and business models through the research and technology development instruments of the EU, To support EU and national public administrations to integrate appropriate privacy by design requirements in public procurement, To support an inventory and observatory of the “state of the art” of privacy engineering and PETs and their advancement.The EDPS will: Continue to promote privacy by design, where appropriate in cooperation with other data protection authorities in the European Data Protection Board (EDPB), Support coordinated and effective enforcement of Article 25 of the GDPR and related provisions, Provide guidance to controllers on the appropriate implementation of the principle laid down in the legal base, and Together with data protection authorities of Austria, Ireland and Schleswig-Holstein, award privacy friendly apps in the mobile health domain. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Normal stress Definition Longitudinal_stress > Definition Stress is defined as the force across a small boundary per unit area of that boundary, for all orientations of the boundary. Derived from a fundamental physical quantity (force) and a purely geometrical quantity (area), stress is also a fundamental quantity, like velocity, torque or energy, that can be quantified and analyzed without explicit consideration of the nature of the material or of its physical causes. Following the basic premises of continuum mechanics, stress is a macroscopic concept. Namely, the particles considered in its definition and analysis should be just small enough to be treated as homogeneous in composition and state, but still large enough to ignore quantum effects and the detailed motions of molecules. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Precursor messenger RNA Regulation Precursor_RNA > Production > Regulation These DNA sequences bind to factors that contribute to the destabilization of the initiation complex required to activate RNA polymerase, and therefore inhibit transcription.Histone modification by transcription factors is another key regulatory factor for transcription by RNA polymerase. In general, factors that lead to histone acetylation activate transcription while factors that lead to histone deacetylation inhibit transcription. Acetylation of histones induces repulsion between negative components within nucleosomes, allowing for RNA polymerase access. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
The Ancestor's Tale Prokaryotes The_Ancestor's_Tale > Chapters > Prokaryotes Prokaryotes can move genetic material between unicellular and multicellular organisms other than by the ("vertical") transmission of DNA from parent to offspring by way of Horizontal gene transfer. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Pythagoras's theorem Euclidean distance Pythagorean_Theorem > Consequences and uses of the theorem > Euclidean distance The distance formula in Cartesian coordinates is derived from the Pythagorean theorem. If (x1, y1) and (x2, y2) are points in the plane, then the distance between them, also called the Euclidean distance, is given by ( x 1 − x 2 ) 2 + ( y 1 − y 2 ) 2 . {\displaystyle {\sqrt {(x_{1}-x_{2})^{2}+(y_{1}-y_{2})^{2}}}.} More generally, in Euclidean n-space, the Euclidean distance between two points, A = ( a 1 , a 2 , … , a n ) {\displaystyle A\,=\,(a_{1},a_{2},\dots ,a_{n})} and B = ( b 1 , b 2 , … , b n ) {\displaystyle B\,=\,(b_{1},b_{2},\dots ,b_{n})} , is defined, by generalization of the Pythagorean theorem, as: ( a 1 − b 1 ) 2 + ( a 2 − b 2 ) 2 + ⋯ + ( a n − b n ) 2 = ∑ i = 1 n ( a i − b i ) 2 . | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Peer group Summary Peer_group In sociology, a peer group is both a social group and a primary group of people who have similar interests (homophily), age, background, or social status. The members of this group are likely to influence the person's beliefs and behaviour.During adolescence, peer groups tend to face dramatic changes. Adolescents tend to spend more time with their peers and have less adult supervision. Adolescents' communication shifts during this time as well. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Molecular models of DNA DNA structure Molecular_models_of_DNA > Fundamental concepts > DNA structure The properties of DNA are closely related to its molecular structure and sequence, particularly the weakness of the hydrogen bonds and electronic interactions that hold strands of DNA together compared to the strength of the bonds within each strand. Experimental methods which can directly measure the mechanical properties of DNA are relatively new, and high-resolution visualization in solution is often difficult. Nevertheless, scientists have uncovered large amount of data on the mechanical properties of this polymer, and the implications of DNA's mechanical properties on cellular processes is a topic of active current research. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
Mathematical operator Summary Mathematical_operator For example, differentiation and indefinite integration are linear operators; operators that are built from them are called differential operators, integral operators or integro-differential operators. Operator is also used for denoting the symbol of a mathematical operation. This is related with the meaning of "operator" in computer programming; see Operator (computer programming). | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
DPLL algorithm The algorithm DPLL_algorithm > The algorithm As a result, this is not exactly an algorithm, but rather a family of algorithms, one for each possible way of choosing the branching literal. Efficiency is strongly affected by the choice of the branching literal: there exist instances for which the running time is constant or exponential depending on the choice of the branching literals. Such choice functions are also called heuristic functions or branching heuristics. | https://www.kaggle.com/datasets/conjuring92/wiki-stem-corpus |
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