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Decision maker Combinatorial vs. positional Decision_tool > Cognitive styles > Combinatorial vs. positional The combinational style is characterized by: a very narrow, clearly defined, primarily material goal; and a program that links the initial position with the outcome.In defining the combinational style in chess, Katsenelinboigen wrote: "The combinational style features a clearly formulated limited objective, namely the capture of material (the main constituent element of a chess position). The objective is implemented via a well-defined, and in some cases, unique sequence of moves aimed at reaching the set goal. As a rule, this sequence leaves no options for the opponent. |
Histogram equalization Of color images Histogram_equalization > Of color images The above describes histogram equalization on a grayscale image. However it can also be used on color images by applying the same method separately to the Red, Green and Blue components of the RGB color values of the image. However, applying the same method on the Red, Green, and Blue components of an RGB image may yield dramatic changes in the image's color balance since the relative distributions of the color channels change as a result of applying the algorithm. However, if the image is first converted to another color space, Lab color space, or HSL/HSV color space in particular, then the algorithm can be applied to the luminance or value channel without resulting in changes to the hue and saturation of the image. |
Sensory neuropathy Polyneuropathy Mononeuritis_multiplex > Classification > Polyneuropathy "Polyneuropathy" is a pattern of nerve damage that is quite different from mononeuropathy, often more serious and affecting more areas of the body. The term "peripheral neuropathy" sometimes is used loosely to refer to polyneuropathy. In cases of polyneuropathy, many nerve cells in various parts of the body are affected, without regard to the nerve through which they pass; not all nerve cells are affected in any particular case. In distal axonopathy, one common pattern is that the cell bodies of neurons remain intact, but the axons are affected in proportion to their length; the longest axons are the most affected. |
Molecular oncology Combining CAR-T with Checkpoint Inhibitors, Cytokines Molecular_oncology > Molecular Oncolytic Therapies > Immunotherapy > Combining CAR-T with Checkpoint Inhibitors, Cytokines The signal pathways of these cytokines can be used to enhance CAR-T anti-tumor characteristics. For example, Interleukin 2 (IL2) is a cytokine that acts as a growth factor for various immune system cells, including T cells. In regards to gene therapy, IL2 can be used to increase replication and dispersing of CAR-T cells throughout the body. |
Offset strategy Summary Offset_strategy An offset is some means of asymmetrically compensating for a disadvantage, particularly in a military competition. Rather than match an opponent in an unfavorable competition, changing the competition to more favorable footing enables the application of strengths to a problem that is otherwise either unwinnable or winnable only at unacceptable cost. An offset strategy consequently seeks to deliberately change an unattractive competition to one more advantageous for the implementer. In this way, an offset strategy is a type of competitive strategy that seeks to maintain advantage over potential adversaries over long periods of time while preserving peace where possible. |
Meconium aspiration syndrome Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Meconium_aspiration_syndrome > Pathophysiology > Persistent Pulmonary Hypertension Persistent pulmonary hypertension (PPHN) is the failure of the foetal circulation to adapt to extra-uterine conditions after birth. PPHN is associated with various respiratory diseases, including MAS (as 15-20% of infants with MAS develop PPHN), but also pneumonia and sepsis. A combination of hypoxia, pulmonary vasoconstriction and ventilation/perfusion mismatch can trigger PPHN, depending on the concentration of meconium within the respiratory tract. PPHN in newborns is the leading cause of death in MAS. |
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease Bronchodilators Chronic_obstructive_lung_disease > Management > Bronchodilators They are also associated with increased risk of heart disease and stroke. Aclidinium, another long-acting agent, reduces hospitalizations associated with COPD and improves quality of life. The LAMA umeclidinium bromide is another anticholinergic alternative. When compared to tiotropium, the LAMAs aclidinium, glycopyrronium and umeclidinium appear to have a similar level of efficacy; with all four being more effective than placebo. Further research is needed comparing aclidinium to tiotropium. |
Algebraic RPL FOR/NEXT System_RPL > Control blocks > Looping statements > FOR/NEXT RPL provides a FOR/NEXT statement for looping from one index to another. The index for the loop is stored in a temporary local variable that can be accessed in the loop. The syntax of the FOR/NEXT block is: index_from index_to FOR variable_name loop_statement NEXT The following example uses the FOR loop to sum the numbers from 1 to 10. The index variable of the FOR loop is "I": « 0 @ Start with zero on the stack 1 10 @ Loop from 1 to 10 FOR I @ "I" is the local variable I + @ Add "I" to the running total NEXT @ Repeat... » |
Port address translation Examples of NAT software Network_address_translator > Examples of NAT software Internet Connection Sharing (ICS): NAT & DHCP implementation included with Windows desktop operating systems IPFilter: included with (Open)Solaris, FreeBSD and NetBSD, available for many other Unix-like operating systems ipfirewall (ipfw): FreeBSD-native packet filter Netfilter with iptables/nftables: the Linux packet filter NPF: NetBSD-native packet filter PF: OpenBSD-native packet filter Routing and Remote Access Service (RRAS): routing implementation included with Windows Server operating systems VPP: user space packet forwarding implementation for Linux WinGate: third-party routing implementation for Windows |
Therapeutic protein Produced by recombinant DNA Live_biotherapeutic_product > Major classes > Produced by recombinant DNA Monoclonal antibodies. These are similar to the antibodies that the human immune system uses to fight off bacteria and viruses, but they are "custom-designed" (using hybridoma technology or other methods) and can therefore be made specifically to counteract or block any given substance in the body, or to target any specific cell type; examples of such monoclonal antibodies for use in various diseases are given in the table below. Receptor constructs (fusion proteins), usually based on a naturally occurring receptor linked to the immunoglobulin frame. |
Chronic heart failure Signs and symptoms Right_heart_failure > Signs and symptoms Congestive heart failure is a pathophysiological condition in which the heart's output is insufficient to meet the needs of the body and lungs. The term "congestive heart failure" is often used because one of the most common symptoms is congestion or fluid accumulation in the tissues and veins of the lungs or other parts of a person's body. Congestion manifests itself particularly in the form of fluid accumulation and swelling (edema), in the form of peripheral edema (causing swollen limbs and feet) and pulmonary edema (causing difficulty breathing) and ascites (swollen abdomen). Pulse pressure, which is the difference between the systolic ("top number") and diastolic ("bottom number") blood pressures, is often low/narrow (ie. |
Glossary of set theory !$@ Glossary_of_set_theory > !$@ ∈, =, ⊆, ⊇, ⊃, ⊂, ∪, ∩, ∅ Standard set theory symbols with their usual meanings (is a member of, equals, is a subset of, is a superset of, is a proper superset of, is a proper subset of, union, intersection, empty set) ∧ ∨ → ↔ ¬ ∀ ∃ Standard logical symbols with their usual meanings (and, or, implies, is equivalent to, not, for all, there exists) ≡ An equivalence relation ⨡ f ⨡ X is now the restriction of a function or relation f to some set X, though its original meaning was the corestriction ↿ f↿X is the restriction of a function or relation f to some set X ∆ (A triangle, not to be confused with the Greek letter Δ) 1. The symmetric difference of two sets 2. A diagonal intersection ◊ The diamond principle ♣ A clubsuit principle □ The square principle ∘ The composition of functions ⁀ s⁀x is the extension of a sequence s by x + 1. Addition of ordinals 2. |
Grown-junction transistor Summary Grown-junction_transistor Each bar is made into a transistor by soldering its N-type ends to supporting and conducting leads, then welding a very fine gold lead to the central P-type layer, and finally encasing in a hermetically sealed can. A similar process, using the opposite dopants, makes a PNP grown-junction transistor. The most difficult part of this process is welding the gold wire to the base layer, as the wire may have a larger diameter than the thickness of the base. |
Logic of graphs Seese's theorem Logic_of_graphs > Second order > Seese's theorem As a partial converse, Seese (1991) proved that, whenever a family of graphs has a decidable MSO2 satisfiability problem, the family must have bounded treewidth. The proof is based on a theorem of Robertson and Seymour that the families of graphs with unbounded treewidth have arbitrarily large grid minors. Seese also conjectured that every family of graphs with a decidable MSO1 satisfiability problem must have bounded clique-width. This has not been proven, but a weakening of the conjecture that extends MSO1 with modular counting predicates is true. |
Arrhenius acid Acid–alkali reaction Acid-base_reaction > Acid–alkali reaction In general, acid–alkali reactions can be simplified to OH−(aq) + H+(aq) → H2Oby omitting spectator ions. Acids are in general pure substances that contain hydrogen cations (H+) or cause them to be produced in solutions. Hydrochloric acid (HCl) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4) are common examples. In water, these break apart into ions: HCl → H+(aq) + Cl−(aq) H2SO4 → H+(aq) + HSO−4(aq)The alkali breaks apart in water, yielding dissolved hydroxide ions: NaOH → Na+(aq) + OH−(aq) |
Specific relative angular momentum Proof Specific_angular_momentum > Proof of constancy in the two body case > Proof The proof starts with the two body equation of motion, derived from Newton's law of universal gravitation: where: r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } is the position vector from m 1 {\displaystyle m_{1}} to m 2 {\displaystyle m_{2}} with scalar magnitude r {\displaystyle r} . r ¨ {\displaystyle {\ddot {\mathbf {r} }}} is the second time derivative of r {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} } . (the acceleration) G {\displaystyle G} is the Gravitational constant.The cross product of the position vector with the equation of motion is: Because r × r = 0 {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {r} =0} the second term vanishes: It can also be derived that: Combining these two equations gives: Since the time derivative is equal to zero, the quantity r × r ˙ {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \times {\dot {\mathbf {r} }}} is constant. Using the velocity vector v {\displaystyle \mathbf {v} } in place of the rate of change of position, and h {\displaystyle \mathbf {h} } for the specific angular momentum: is constant. This is different from the normal construction of momentum, r × p {\displaystyle \mathbf {r} \times \mathbf {p} } , because it does not include the mass of the object in question. |
Pure tensor Algebraic notation Glossary_of_tensor_theory > Algebraic notation This avoids the initial use of components, and is distinguished by the explicit use of the tensor product symbol. Tensor product If v and w are vectors in vector spaces V and W respectively, then v ⊗ w {\displaystyle v\otimes w} is a tensor in V ⊗ W . {\displaystyle V\otimes W.} That is, the ⊗ operation is a binary operation, but it takes values into a fresh space (it is in a strong sense external). |
Ursula Franklin Holistic and prescriptive technologies Ursula_Franklin > Technological society > Holistic and prescriptive technologies "Now workers can be timed," Franklin writes, "assignments can be broken up, and the interaction between the operators can be monitored." Franklin extends the distinction between work and control-related technologies to the larger concept of holistic and prescriptive ones. This enables her to consider the social implications of how work is performed. |
Top level domain Summary Top_level_domain A top-level domain (TLD) is one of the domains at the highest level in the hierarchical Domain Name System of the Internet after the root domain. The top-level domain names are installed in the root zone of the name space. For all domains in lower levels, it is the last part of the domain name, that is, the last non empty label of a fully qualified domain name. For example, in the domain name www.example.com, the top-level domain is .com. Responsibility for management of most top-level domains is delegated to specific organizations by the ICANN, an Internet multi-stakeholder community, which operates the Internet Assigned Numbers Authority (IANA), and is in charge of maintaining the DNS root zone. |
Axiom of non-choice Category theory Axiom_of_non-choice > Discussion > Category theory Arrow-theoretic variants of unique choice can fail, for example, in locally Cartesian closed categories with good finite limit and limit properties but with only a weakened notion of a subobject classifier. |
Spread of diseases Horizontal transmission Community_transmission > Beneficial microorganisms > Horizontal transmission Some beneficial symbionts are acquired horizontally, from the environment or unrelated individuals. This requires that host and symbiont have some method of recognizing each other or each other's products or services. Often, horizontally acquired symbionts are relevant to secondary rather than primary metabolism, for example for use in defense against pathogens, but some primary nutritional symbionts are also horizontally (environmentally) acquired. Additional examples of horizontally transmitted beneficial symbionts include bioluminescent bacteria associated with bobtail squid and nitrogen-fixing bacteria in plants. |
List of uncertainty propagation software Software List_of_uncertainty_propagation_software > Software QMSys GUM is a potent commercial tool for measurement uncertainty analysis including Monte Carlo simulation for Windows (free restricted educational version available). Risk Calc supports probability bounds analysis, standard fuzzy arithmetic, and classical interval analysis for conducting distribution-free or nonparametric risk analyses. Also handles uncertainty about correlations. |
Data Stream Management System Optimization of queries Data_Stream_Management_System > Query processing > Optimization of queries The logical query plan can be optimized, which strongly depends on the streaming model. The basic concepts for optimizing continuous queries are equal to those from database systems. If there are relational data streams and the logical query plan is based on relational operators from the Relational algebra, a query optimizer can use the algebraic equivalences to optimize the plan. These may be, for example, to push selection operators down to the sources, because they are not so computationally intensive like join operators. |
Pulmonary thromboendarterectomy Description of the surgery Pulmonary_thromboendarterectomy > Description of the surgery Actual removal of the embolus is carried out in a standstill operation (deep hypothermia and periods of cessation of circulation).There are a number of reasons why these high-risk elements of the procedure are necessary. CPB is needed to divert blood from the heart and lungs and supply the body with oxygen and blood while the pulmonary vasculature is operated on. Cardioplegia is initiated as the approach to the pulmonary arteries is performed through the pericardium, a fibrous sac surrounding the heart. |
Anomalous diffusion Hyper-ballistic diffusion Anomalous_diffusion > Hyper-ballistic diffusion One important class of anomalous diffusion refers to the case when the scaling exponent of the MSD increases with value greater than 2. Such case is called hyper-ballistic diffusion and it has been observed in optical systems. |
Frenkel–Kontorova model History Frenkel–Kontorova_model > History Dislocations, also called solitons, are distributed non-local defects and mathematically are a type of topological defect. The defining characteristic of solitons/dislocations is that they behave much like stable particles, they can move while maintaining their overall shape. Two solitons of equal and opposite orientation may cancel upon collision, but a single soliton can not annihilate spontaneously. |
Materials informatics Analogy from Biology Materials_informatics > Analogy from Biology The overarching goals of bioinformatics and systems biology may provide a useful analogy. Andrew Murray of Harvard University expresses the hope that such an approach "will save us from the era of "one graduate student, one gene, one PhD". Similarly, the goal of materials informatics is to save us from one graduate student, one alloy, one PhD. Such goals will require more sophisticated strategies and research paradigms than applying computational methods to the same tasks set currently undertaken by students. |
Le Chatelier's principle Effect of change in pressure Le_Chatelier's_principle > Chemistry > Effect of change in pressure The equilibrium concentrations of the products and reactants do not directly depend on the total pressure of the system. They may depend on the partial pressure of the products and reactants, but if the number of moles of gaseous reactants is equal to the number of moles of gaseous products, pressure has no effect on equilibrium. Changing total pressure by adding an inert gas at constant volume does not affect the equilibrium concentrations (see Effect of adding an inert gas below). Changing total pressure by changing the volume of the system changes the partial pressures of the products and reactants and can affect the equilibrium concentrations (see §Effect of change in volume below). |
Copper in biology Homeostasis Copper_in_biology > Essentiality > Homeostasis Both of these conditions, deficiency and excess, can lead to tissue injury and disease. However, due to homeostatic regulation, the human body is capable of balancing a wide range of copper intakes for the needs of healthy individuals.Many aspects of copper homeostasis are known at the molecular level. Copper's essentiality is due to its ability to act as an electron donor or acceptor as its oxidation state fluxes between Cu1+(cuprous) and Cu2+ (cupric). |
Random walker algorithm Circuit theory interpretations Random_walker_algorithm > Algorithm interpretations > Circuit theory interpretations There are well-known connections between electrical circuit theory and random walks on graphs. Consequently, the random walker algorithm has two different interpretations in terms of an electric circuit. In both cases, the graph is viewed as an electric circuit in which each edge is replaced by a passive linear resistor. The resistance, r i j {\displaystyle r_{ij}} , associated with edge e i j {\displaystyle e_{ij}} is set equal to r i j = 1 w i j {\displaystyle r_{ij}={\frac {1}{w_{ij}}}} (i.e., the edge weight equals electrical conductance). |
Inclusive classroom Prior to inclusion Inclusive_classroom > History of inclusion > Prior to inclusion As a result, special education was expanded into public schools. After a successful court case in Pennsylvania, the state law was changed to acknowledge that it had the obligation to provide a free, appropriate education regardless of the disability. This case eventually led the United States to the 1975 creation of the Education for All Handicapped Children Act (EAHCA), which paved the way for all special education programs. |
Noise-equivalent bandwidth Processing gain and losses Spectral_leakage > Spectral analysis > Choice of window function > Processing gain and losses In signal processing, operations are chosen to improve some aspect of quality of a signal by exploiting the differences between the signal and the corrupting influences. When the signal is a sinusoid corrupted by additive random noise, spectral analysis distributes the signal and noise components differently, often making it easier to detect the signal's presence or measure certain characteristics, such as amplitude and frequency. Effectively, the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) is improved by distributing the noise uniformly, while concentrating most of the sinusoid's energy around one frequency. Processing gain is a term often used to describe an SNR improvement. |
Zeta function regularization Relation to other regularizations Zeta_regularization > Relation to other regularizations Zeta function regularization is equivalent to dimensional regularization, see. However, the main advantage of the zeta regularization is that it can be used whenever the dimensional regularization fails, for example if there are matrices or tensors inside the calculations ϵ i , j , k {\displaystyle \epsilon _{i,j,k}} |
Applied Chemistry Chemical laws Chemical_Science > Modern principles > Chemical laws Chemical reactions are governed by certain laws, which have become fundamental concepts in chemistry. Some of them are: |
COVID-19 pandemic Cause COVID-19_pandemic > Disease > Cause SARS‑CoV‑2 belongs to the broad family of viruses known as coronaviruses. It is a positive-sense single-stranded RNA (+ssRNA) virus, with a single linear RNA segment. Coronaviruses infect humans, other mammals, including livestock and companion animals, and avian species.Human coronaviruses are capable of causing illnesses ranging from the common cold to more severe diseases such as Middle East respiratory syndrome (MERS, fatality rate ≈34%). SARS-CoV-2 is the seventh known coronavirus to infect people, after 229E, NL63, OC43, HKU1, MERS-CoV, and the original SARS-CoV. |
Primitive Pythagorean triple Generating a triple Pythagorean_triples > Generating a triple Since every Pythagorean triple can be divided through by some integer k to obtain a primitive triple, every triple can be generated uniquely by using the formula with m and n to generate its primitive counterpart and then multiplying through by k as in the last equation. Choosing m and n from certain integer sequences gives interesting results. For example, if m and n are consecutive Pell numbers, a and b will differ by 1.Many formulas for generating triples with particular properties have been developed since the time of Euclid. |
Power system harmonics Current harmonics Power_system_harmonics > Current harmonics Semiconductor devices like transistors, IGBTs, MOSFETS, diodes etc are all non-linear loads. Further examples of non-linear loads include common office equipment such as computers and printers, fluorescent lighting, battery chargers and also variable-speed drives. |
Quantum complexity theory BQP Quantum_complexity_theory > BQP The class of problems that can be efficiently solved by a quantum computer with bounded error is called BQP ("bounded error, quantum, polynomial time"). More formally, BQP is the class of problems that can be solved by a polynomial-time quantum Turing machine with error probability of at most 1/3. As a class of probabilistic problems, BQP is the quantum counterpart to BPP ("bounded error, probabilistic, polynomial time"), the class of problems that can be efficiently solved by probabilistic Turing machines with bounded error. |
Sound effect Techniques Sound_effect > Techniques filtering – Equalization is a form of filtering. In the general sense, frequency ranges can be emphasized or attenuated using low-pass, high-pass, band-pass or band-stop filters. Band-pass filtering of voice can simulate the effect of a telephone because telephones use band-pass filters. |
Spin angular momenta Rotations Spin_operator > Mathematical formulation > Rotations Note that for γ = 2π and α = β = 0; i.e., a full rotation about the z axis, the Wigner D-matrix elements become Recalling that a generic spin state can be written as a superposition of states with definite m, we see that if s is an integer, the values of m are all integers, and this matrix corresponds to the identity operator. However, if s is a half-integer, the values of m are also all half-integers, giving (−1)2m = −1 for all m, and hence upon rotation by 2π the state picks up a minus sign. This fact is a crucial element of the proof of the spin–statistics theorem. |
Radiation safety Particle radiation Radiation_shielding > Radiation protection > Particle radiation This is to reduce generation of Bremsstrahlung X-rays. In the case of beta+ radiation (positrons), the gamma radiation from the electron–positron annihilation reaction poses additional concern. Neutron radiation is not as readily absorbed as charged particle radiation, which makes this type highly penetrating. |
Stair lift AC and DC power Stair_lift > AC and DC power Early stair lifts mostly had alternating current (AC) drive motors which ran at full mains voltage (around 115 volts in North America, 230 volts in Europe). An "energy chain" ran alongside or through the rail to carry the power cable from the supply point to the carriage. More recently, domestic stair lifts have been powered from rechargeable batteries and use direct current (DC). One of the selling points is that a DC stair lift will continue to function during a power outage, provided the batteries are sufficiently charged. |
Decibel Representation of multiplication operations 20_log_rule > Properties > Representation of multiplication operations Level values in decibels can be added instead of multiplying the underlying power values, which means that the overall gain of a multi-component system, such as a series of amplifier stages, can be calculated by summing the gains in decibels of the individual components, rather than multiply the amplification factors; that is, log(A × B × C) = log(A) + log(B) + log(C). Practically, this means that, armed only with the knowledge that 1 dB is a power gain of approximately 26%, 3 dB is approximately 2× power gain, and 10 dB is 10× power gain, it is possible to determine the power ratio of a system from the gain in dB with only simple addition and multiplication. For example: A system consists of 3 amplifiers in series, with gains (ratio of power out to in) of 10 dB, 8 dB, and 7 dB respectively, for a total gain of 25 dB. Broken into combinations of 10, 3, and 1 dB, this is: With an input of 1 watt, the output is approximately Calculated precisely, the output is 1 W × 1025⁄10 ≈ 316.2 W. The approximate value has an error of only +0.4% with respect to the actual value, which is negligible given the precision of the values supplied and the accuracy of most measurement instrumentation.However, according to its critics, the decibel creates confusion, obscures reasoning, is more related to the era of slide rules than to modern digital processing, and is cumbersome and difficult to interpret. |
Covariance and contravariance (computer science) Interfaces Covariance_and_contravariance_(computer_science) > Generic types > Declaration-site variance annotations > Interfaces That is, a parameter that was declared covariant must not occur in any contravariant positions (where a position is contravariant if it occurs under an odd number of contravariant type constructors). The precise rule is that the return types of all methods in the interface must be valid covariantly and all the method parameter types must be valid contravariantly, where valid S-ly is defined as follows: Non-generic types (classes, structs, enums, etc.) are valid both co- and contravariantly. A type parameter T is valid covariantly if it was not marked in, and valid contravariantly if it was not marked out. |
Transparent ceramics Night vision Transparent_alumina > Night vision Thermal imaging cameras detect radiation in the infrared range of the electromagnetic spectrum (roughly 900–14,000 nanometers or 0.9–14 μm) and produce images of that radiation, called thermograms. Since infrared radiation is emitted by all objects near room temperature, according to the black body radiation law, thermography makes it possible to see one's environment with or without visible illumination. The amount of radiation emitted by an object increases with temperature. |
TLS False Start Description TLS_1.2 > Description It serves encryption to higher layers, which is normally the function of the presentation layer. However, applications generally use TLS as if it were a transport layer, even though applications using TLS must actively control initiating TLS handshakes and handling of exchanged authentication certificates. : §1 When secured by TLS, connections between a client (e.g., a web browser) and a server (e.g., wikipedia.org) will have all of the following properties:: §1 The connection is private (or has confidentiality) because a symmetric-key algorithm is used to encrypt the data transmitted. |
Youth ministry Catholicism Youth_ministry > Christianity > Catholicism Catholic youth work covers a worldwide range of activities carried out with young people, usually in the name of the Catholic Church and with the intention of imparting the Catholic faith to them and inviting them to practice and live out the faith in their lives. Activities in the field range from small scale youth groups attached to parishes or Catholic schools, to large international gatherings, such as World Youth Day. It is a field which has evolved much over recent decades, especially in comparison to more formal methods of education or catechesis within the church. Nearly all dioceses and a great deal of parishes have some form of youth provision running, although a great deal of areas particularly in the developed world are finding youth work both more difficult and rare as the numbers of young people regularly practicing the Catholic faith continue to decline. In contrast, though, the new and exciting developments of recent decades and particularly the influence of the new movements within the church are ensuring that youth work continues to be an active and fruitful field. |
Critical band Auditory filters Critical_band > Auditory filters Filters are used in many aspects of audiology and psychoacoustics including the peripheral auditory system. A filter is a device that boosts certain frequencies and attenuates others. In particular, a band-pass filter allows a range of frequencies within the bandwidth to pass through while stopping those outside the cut-off frequencies. |
Applications of quantum mechanics Electronics Applications_of_quantum_mechanics > Electronics Some negative differential resistance devices also utilize the quantum tunneling effect, such as resonant tunneling diodes. Unlike classical diodes, its current is carried by resonant tunneling through two or more potential barriers (see figure at right). Its negative resistance behavior can only be understood with quantum mechanics: As the confined state moves close to Fermi level, tunnel current increases. As it moves away, the current decreases. Quantum mechanics is necessary to understand and design such electronic devices. |
Telomerase reverse transcriptase Aging Telomerase_reverse_transcriptase > Medical implications > Aging As organisms age and cells proliferate, telomeres shorten with each round of replication. Cells restricted to a specific lineage are capable of division only a set number of times, set by the length of telomeres, before they senesce. Depletion and uncapping of telomeres has been linked to organ degeneration, failure, and fibrosis due to progenitors' becoming quiescent and unable to differentiate. Using an in vivo TERT deficient mouse model, reactivation of the TERT gene in quiescent populations in multiple organs reactivated telomerase and restored the cells’ abilities to differentiate. Reactivation of TERT down-regulates DNA damage signals associated with cellular mitotic checkpoints allowing for proliferation and elimination of a degenerative phenotype. In another study, introducing the TERT gene into healthy one-year-old mice using an engineered adeno-associated virus led to a 24% increase in lifespan, without any increase in cancer. |
Pitzer strain Bicyclic systems Strain_(chemistry) > Kinds of strain > Ring strain > Bicyclic systems The amount of strain energy in bicyclic systems is commonly the sum of the strain energy in each individual ring. This isn't always the case, as sometimes the fusion of rings induces some extra strain. |
IBM MQ Transmitting data to a queue on another queue manager IBM_MQ > Communication > Transmitting data to a queue on another queue manager On receiving a message, the receiving queue manager examines the message to determine whether the message is for itself or if must go to another queue manager. If the receiving queue manager, the required queue will be checked, and if it exists, the message is placed on this queue. |
Mirror-symmetry breaking Deterministic theories Mirror-symmetry_breaking > Origins > Symmetry breaking > Deterministic theories Deterministic mechanisms for the production of non-racemic mixtures from racemic starting materials include: asymmetric physical laws, such as the electroweak interaction (via cosmic rays) or asymmetric environments, such as those caused by circularly polarized light, quartz crystals, or the Earth's rotation, β-Radiolysis or the magnetochiral effect. The most accepted universal deterministic theory is the electroweak interaction. |
Built environment Environmental Built_environment > Impact > Environmental The built environment has a multitude of impacts on the planet, some of the most prominent effects are greenhouse gas emissions and Urban Heat Island Effect. The built environment expands along with factors like population and consumption which directly impact the output of greenhouse gases. As cities and urban areas grow, the need for transportation and structures grows as well. In 2006, transportation accounted for 28% of total greenhouse gas emissions in the U.S. |
Serotonin-norepinephrine-dopamine reuptake inhibitor Summary Triple_reuptake_inhibitor A serotonin–norepinephrine–dopamine reuptake inhibitor (SNDRI), also known as a triple reuptake inhibitor (TRI), is a type of drug that acts as a combined reuptake inhibitor of the monoamine neurotransmitters serotonin, norepinephrine, and dopamine. It does this by concomitantly inhibiting the serotonin transporter (SERT), norepinephrine transporter (NET), and dopamine transporter (DAT), respectively. Inhibition of the reuptake of these neurotransmitters increases their extracellular concentrations and, therefore, results in an increase in serotonergic, adrenergic, and dopaminergic neurotransmission. |
Physical force Units Force_vector > Units The kilogram-force leads to an alternate, but rarely used unit of mass: the metric slug (sometimes mug or hyl) is that mass that accelerates at 1 m·s−2 when subjected to a force of 1 kgf. The kilogram-force is not a part of the modern SI system, and is generally deprecated, sometimes used for expressing aircraft weight, jet thrust, bicycle spoke tension, torque wrench settings and engine output torque. See also Ton-force. |
Period 2 element Carbon Period_2_elements > Periodic trends > Carbon There is also amorphous carbon, which is carbon without any crystalline structure. In mineralogy, the term is used to refer to soot and coal, although these are not truly amorphous as they contain small amounts of graphite or diamond. Carbon's most common isotope at 98.9% is 12C, with six protons and six neutrons. |
Beta Pictoris Falling evaporating bodies Beta_Pictoris > Circumstellar environment > Falling evaporating bodies These objects may have been perturbed onto their star-grazing orbits by the gravitational influence of a planet in a mildly eccentric orbit around Beta Pictoris at a distance of roughly 10 AU from the star. Falling evaporating bodies may also be responsible for the presence of gas located high above the plane of the main debris disk. A study from 2019 reported transiting exocomets with TESS. The dips are asymmetric in nature and are consistent with models of evaporating comets crossing the disc of the star. The comets are in a highly eccentric orbit and are non-periodic. |
Synchronizing word Length Synchronizing_word > Length For n-state DFAs over a k-letter input alphabet, an algorithm by David Eppstein finds a synchronizing word of length at most 11n3/48 + O(n2), and runs in time complexity O(n3+kn2). This algorithm does not always find the shortest possible synchronizing word for a given automaton; as Eppstein also shows, the problem of finding the shortest synchronizing word is NP-complete. However, for a special class of automata in which all state transitions preserve the cyclic order of the states, he describes a different algorithm with time O(kn2) that always finds the shortest synchronizing word, proves that these automata always have a synchronizing word of length at most (n − 1)2 (the bound given in Černý's conjecture), and exhibits examples of automata with this special form whose shortest synchronizing word has length exactly (n − 1)2. |
Vibratory fluidized bed Baghouse Vibratory_fluidized_bed > Production of waste stream > Baghouse A baghouse is an air pollution control device designed to filtrate out particles from air or another gas by using engineered fabric filter tubes. Different baghouse cleaning methods can applied to different applications. The general principle is to use heat or pressure to pulse air through top of the fabric filter material to detach the collected particles from the bags. "Fines" particles such as ash and dust will be filtrated out and collected into a fines discharge box. Alternatively, the fines can be reintroduced into the original product stream with a "blow-through" type rotary valve. The cleaned gas will be deposited into atmosphere by industrial exhaust fan and stack. |
Mass index Summary Mass_index According to Dorsey, a so-called "reversal bulge" is a probable signal of trend reversal (regardless of the trend's direction). Such a bulge takes place when a 25-day mass index reaches 27.0 and then falls to below 26 (or 26.5). A 9-day prime moving average is usually used to determine whether the bulge is a buy or sell signal. |
Profiling (computer programming) Instrumentation Software_performance_analysis > Data granularity in profiler types > Instrumentation Runtime instrumentation: Directly before execution the code is instrumented. The program run is fully supervised and controlled by the tool. Runtime injection: More lightweight than runtime instrumentation. Code is modified at runtime to have jumps to helper functions. |
Kolmogorov–Zurbenko filter Extensions Kolmogorov–Zurbenko_filter > Extensions Because of this, KZFT provides a unique opportunity for various applications. A computer algorithm to implement the KZFT has been provided in the R software. The KZFT is essentially a band pass filter that belongs to the category of short-time Fourier transform (STFT) with a unique time window. |
Adjuvant radiation therapy Controversy Adjuvant_chemotherapy > Adjuvant cancer therapy > Controversy A motif found throughout the history of cancer therapy is the tendency for overtreatment. From the time of its inception, the use of adjuvant therapy has received scrutiny for its adverse effects on the quality of life of cancer patients. For example, because side effects of adjuvant chemotherapy can range from nausea to loss of fertility, physicians regularly practice caution when prescribing chemotherapy.In the context of melanoma, certain treatments, such as Ipilimumab, result in high grade adverse events, or immune-related adverse events, in 10-15% of patients that parallel the effects of metastatic melanoma itself. Similarly, several common adjuvant therapies are noted for having the potential of causing cardiovascular disease. |
Pulse-Doppler signal processing Filtering Pulse-Doppler_signal_processing > Filtering The outcome is that each ambiguous range will produce a separate spectrum corresponding with all of the Doppler frequencies at that range. The digital filter produces as many frequency outputs as the number of transmit pulses used for sampling. Production of one FFT with 1024 frequency outputs requires 1024 transmit pulses for input. |
Phosphodiester backbone Summary DNA_strand Both strands of double-stranded DNA store the same biological information. This information is replicated when the two strands separate. |
Caenorhabditis elegans Size and gene content Caenorhabditis_elegans > Genetics > Genome > Size and gene content C. elegans and other nematodes are among the few eukaryotes currently known to have operons; these include trypanosomes, flatworms (notably the trematode Schistosoma mansoni), and a primitive chordate tunicate Oikopleura dioica. Many more organisms are likely to be shown to have these operons.The genome contains an estimated 20,470 protein-coding genes. About 35% of C. elegans genes have human homologs. |
Eddy diffusion Summary Eddy_diffusion In most macroscopic flows in nature, eddy diffusion is several orders of magnitude stronger than molecular diffusion. This sometimes leads to the latter being neglected when studying turbulent flows. |
Mean absolute deviation Estimation Maximum_absolute_deviation > Estimation The mean absolute deviation of a sample is a biased estimator of the mean absolute deviation of the population. In order for the absolute deviation to be an unbiased estimator, the expected value (average) of all the sample absolute deviations must equal the population absolute deviation. However, it does not. For the population 1,2,3 both the population absolute deviation about the median and the population absolute deviation about the mean are 2/3. |
Structural engineering theory Newton's laws of motion Structural_engineering_theory > Newton's laws of motion With these laws it is possible to understand the forces on a structure and how that structure will resist them. The Third Law requires that for a structure to be stable all the internal and external forces must be in equilibrium. This means that the sum of all internal and external forces on a free-body diagram must be zero: ∑ F → = 0 {\displaystyle \sum {\vec {F}}=0}: the vectorial sum of the forces acting on the body equals zero. This translates toΣ H = 0: the sum of the horizontal components of the forces equals zero; Σ V = 0: the sum of the vertical components of forces equals zero; ∑ M → = 0 {\displaystyle \sum {\vec {M}}=0}: the sum of the moments (about an arbitrary point) of all forces equals zero. |
Heat source Macroscopic view Heat_energy > Heat transfer > Macroscopic view According to Born, the transfer of internal energy between open systems that accompanies transfer of matter "cannot be reduced to mechanics". It follows that there is no well-founded definition of quantities of energy transferred as heat or as work associated with transfer of matter. Nevertheless, for the thermodynamical description of non-equilibrium processes, it is desired to consider the effect of a temperature gradient established by the surroundings across the system of interest when there is no physical barrier or wall between system and surroundings, that is to say, when they are open with respect to one another. |
Introsort Implementations Introsort > Implementations Kutenin (2022) provides an overview for some changes made by LLVM, with a focus on the 2022 fix for quadraticness.The Microsoft .NET Framework Class Library, starting from version 4.5 (2012), uses introsort instead of simple quicksort.Go uses a modification of introsort: for slices of 12 or less elements it uses insertion sort, and for larger slices it uses pattern-defeating quicksort and more advanced median of three medians for pivot selection. Prior to version 1.19 it used shell sort for small slices. Java, starting from version 14 (2020), uses a hybrid sorting algorithm that uses merge sort for highly structured arrays (arrays that are composed of a small number of sorted subarrays) and introsort otherwise to sort arrays of ints, longs, floats and doubles. |
Critical exponent Theoretical predictions Critical_exponents > Theoretical predictions Critical exponents can be evaluated via Monte Carlo simulations of lattice models. The accuracy of this first principle method depends on the available computational resources, which determine the ability to go to the infinite volume limit and to reduce statistical errors. Other techniques rely on theoretical understanding of critical fluctuations. The most widely applicable technique is the renormalization group. The conformal bootstrap is a more recently developed technique, which has achieved unsurpassed accuracy for the Ising critical exponents. |
History of aerodynamics Faster than sound – later 20th century History_of_aerodynamics > Faster than sound – later 20th century With some exceptions, the knowledge of hypersonic aerodynamics has matured between the 1960s and the present decade. Therefore, the goals of an aerodynamicist have shifted from understanding the behavior of fluid flow to understanding how to engineer a vehicle to interact appropriately with the fluid flow. For example, while the behavior of hypersonic flow is understood, building a scramjet aircraft to fly at hypersonic speeds has seen very limited success. Along with building a successful scramjet aircraft, the desire to improve the aerodynamic efficiency of current aircraft and propulsion systems will continue to fuel new research in aerodynamics. Nevertheless, there are still important problems in basic aerodynamic theory, such as in predicting transition to turbulence, and the existence and uniqueness of solutions to the Navier-Stokes equations. |
List of model organisms Summary List_of_model_organisms This is a list of model organisms used in scientific research. |
Abnormal Psychology DSM-5 Abnormal_Psychology > Classification > DSM-5 These elements include: Symptoms that involve disturbances in behavior, thoughts, or emotions. Symptoms associated with personal distress or impairment. Symptoms that stem from internal dysfunctions (i.e. specifically having biological and/or psychological roots).The DSM-5 uses three main sections to organize its contents. |
IP access controller Summary IP_access_controller An IP access controller is an electronic security device designed to identify users and control entry to or exit from protected areas using Internet Protocol-based technology. A typical IP access controller supports 2 or 4 basic access control readers. IP access controllers may have an internal web server that is configurable using a browser or using software installed on a host PC. The main features that distinguish IP controllers from older generations of serial controllers are: IP controllers connect directly to LAN or WAN IP controllers have all the inputs and outputs necessary for controlling readers, monitoring door inputs, and controlling locks IP controllers have an on-board network interface and do not require the use of a terminal server |
Electric heating Circulation heaters Electric_radiator > Liquid heating > Circulation heaters Circulation heaters or "direct electric heat exchangers" (DEHE) use heating elements inserted into a "shell side" medium directly to provide the heating effect. All of the heat generated by the electric circulation heater is transferred into the medium, thus an electric heater is 100 percent efficient. Direct electric heat exchangers or "circulation heaters" are used to heat liquids and gases in industrial processes. |
Slope Stability Probability Classification Rockfall simulators Slope_stability_analysis > Rockfall simulators Rock slope stability analysis may design protective measures near or around structures endangered by the falling blocks. Rockfall simulators determine travel paths and trajectories of unstable blocks separated from a rock slope face. Analytical solution method described by Hungr & Evans assumes rock block as a point with mass and velocity moving on a ballistic trajectory with regard to potential contact with slope surface. Calculation requires two restitution coefficients that depend on fragment shape, slope surface roughness, momentum and deformational properties and on the chance of certain conditions in a given impact. |
Telophase Summary Telophase Telophase accounts for approximately 2% of the cell cycle's duration. Cytokinesis typically begins before late telophase and, when complete, segregates the two daughter nuclei between a pair of separate daughter cells. Telophase is primarily driven by the dephosphorylation of mitotic cyclin-dependent kinase (Cdk) substrates. |
Photosynthesis Calvin cycle Oxygenic_photosynthesis > Light-independent reactions > Calvin cycle The fixation or reduction of carbon dioxide is a process in which carbon dioxide combines with a five-carbon sugar, ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate, to yield two molecules of a three-carbon compound, glycerate 3-phosphate, also known as 3-phosphoglycerate. Glycerate 3-phosphate, in the presence of ATP and NADPH produced during the light-dependent stages, is reduced to glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate. This product is also referred to as 3-phosphoglyceraldehyde (PGAL) or, more generically, as triose phosphate. |
Laplace's equation Green's function Laplace's_equation > In three dimensions > Green's function A Green's function is a fundamental solution that also satisfies a suitable condition on the boundary S of a volume V. For instance, may satisfy Now if u is any solution of the Poisson equation in V: and u assumes the boundary values g on S, then we may apply Green's identity, (a consequence of the divergence theorem) which states that The notations un and Gn denote normal derivatives on S. In view of the conditions satisfied by u and G, this result simplifies to Thus the Green's function describes the influence at (x′, y′, z′) of the data f and g. For the case of the interior of a sphere of radius a, the Green's function may be obtained by means of a reflection (Sommerfeld 1949): the source point P at distance ρ from the center of the sphere is reflected along its radial line to a point P' that is at a distance Note that if P is inside the sphere, then P′ will be outside the sphere. The Green's function is then given by where R denotes the distance to the source point P and R′ denotes the distance to the reflected point P′. A consequence of this expression for the Green's function is the Poisson integral formula. Let ρ, θ, and φ be spherical coordinates for the source point P. Here θ denotes the angle with the vertical axis, which is contrary to the usual American mathematical notation, but agrees with standard European and physical practice. |
C++ syntax Templates ANSI_C++ > Language > Templates Templates are aware of the semantics and type system of their companion language, as well as all compile-time type definitions, and can perform high-level operations including programmatic flow control based on evaluation of strictly type-checked parameters. Macros are capable of conditional control over compilation based on predetermined criteria, but cannot instantiate new types, recurse, or perform type evaluation and in effect are limited to pre-compilation text-substitution and text-inclusion/exclusion. In other words, macros can control compilation flow based on pre-defined symbols but cannot, unlike templates, independently instantiate new symbols. |
Magnetoencephalography The basis of the MEG signal Magnetoencephalography > The basis of the MEG signal In accordance with Maxwell's equations, any electrical current will produce a magnetic field, and it is this field that is measured. The net currents can be thought of as current dipoles, i.e. currents with a position, orientation, and magnitude, but no spatial extent. According to the right-hand rule, a current dipole gives rise to a magnetic field that points around the axis of its vector component. |
AppleScript Loops AppleScript > Language essentials > Language structures > Loops Repeat a given number of times. Conditional loops. The block inside repeat while loop executes as long as the condition evaluates to true. |
Quantum superpositions Quantum mechanics in imaginary time Quantum_linear_superposition > Theory > Quantum mechanics in imaginary time ρ n R n → m = ρ m R m → n {\displaystyle \rho _{n}R_{n\rightarrow m}=\rho _{m}R_{m\rightarrow n}\,} When the R matrix obeys detailed balance, the scale of the probabilities can be redefined using the stationary distribution so that they no longer sum to 1: p n ′ = ρ n p n {\displaystyle p'_{n}={\sqrt {\rho _{n}}}\;p_{n}\,} In the new coordinates, the R matrix is rescaled as follows: ρ n R n → m 1 ρ m = H n m {\displaystyle {\sqrt {\rho _{n}}}R_{n\rightarrow m}{1 \over {\sqrt {\rho _{m}}}}=H_{nm}\,} and H is symmetric H n m = H m n {\displaystyle H_{nm}=H_{mn}\,} This matrix H defines a quantum mechanical system: i d d t ψ n = ∑ H n m ψ m {\displaystyle i{d \over dt}\psi _{n}=\sum H_{nm}\psi _{m}\,} whose Hamiltonian has the same eigenvalues as those of the R matrix of the statistical system. The eigenvectors are the same too, except expressed in the rescaled basis. The stationary distribution of the statistical system is the ground state of the Hamiltonian and it has energy exactly zero, while all the other energies are positive. |
Silicate glass Polymers Silicate_glass > Types > Non-silicate > Polymers Important polymer glasses include amorphous and glassy pharmaceutical compounds. These are useful because the solubility of the compound is greatly increased when it is amorphous compared to the same crystalline composition. Many emerging pharmaceuticals are practically insoluble in their crystalline forms. Many polymer thermoplastics familiar from everyday use are glasses. For many applications, like glass bottles or eyewear, polymer glasses (acrylic glass, polycarbonate or polyethylene terephthalate) are a lighter alternative to traditional glass. |
Voltage-controlled filter Summary Voltage-controlled_filter Some musical VCFs offer a variable slope which determines the rate of attenuation outside the bandpass, often at 6 dB/octave, 12 dB/octave, 18 dB/octave or 24 dB/octave (one-, two-, three- and four-pole filters, respectively). In modular analog synthesizers, VCFs receive signal input from signal sources, including oscillators and noise, or the output of other processors. By varying the cutoff frequency, the filter passes or attenuates partials of the input signal. |
Wide column store Notable examples Wide-column_store > Notable examples Notable wide-column stores include: Apache Accumulo Apache Cassandra Apache HBase Bigtable DataStax Enterprise (uses Apache Cassandra) DataStax Astra DB (uses Apache Cassandra) Hypertable Azure Tables Scylla (database) == References == |
Practical Color Coordinate System Summary Practical_Color_Coordinate_System The Practical Color Coordinate System (PCCS) is a discrete color space indexed by hue and tone. It was developed by the Japan Color Research Institute. |
Stream Sockets Socket addresses Network_socket > Socket addresses An application can communicate with a remote process by exchanging data with TCP/IP by knowing the combination of protocol type, IP address, and port number. This combination is often known as a socket address. It is the network-facing access handle to the network socket. The remote process establishes a network socket in its own instance of the protocol stack and uses the networking API to connect to the application, presenting its own socket address for use by the application. |
Majorana fermion Summary Majorana_fermion With the exception of neutrinos, all of the Standard Model fermions are known to behave as Dirac fermions at low energy (lower than the electroweak symmetry breaking temperature), and none are Majorana fermions. The nature of neutrinos is not settled – they may turn out to be either Dirac or Majorana fermions. In condensed matter physics, quasiparticle excitations can appear like bound Majorana fermions. However, instead of a single fundamental particle, they are the collective movement of several individual particles (themselves composite) which are governed by non-Abelian statistics. |
Photosynthesis C3 : C4 photosynthesis research Oxygenic_photosynthesis > Experimental history > C3 : C4 photosynthesis research This type of anatomy was termed Kranz anatomy in the 19th century by the botanist Gottlieb Haberlandt while studying leaf anatomy of sugarcane. Plant species with the greatest photosynthetic rates and Kranz anatomy showed no apparent photorespiration, very low CO2 compensation point, high optimum temperature, high stomatal resistances and lower mesophyll resistances for gas diffusion and rates never saturated at full sun light. The research at Arizona was designated a Citation Classic in 1986. |
Adaptive mutation SOS response Directed_mutagenesis > Recent studies > SOS response This experiment is different from the others in one small way: this experiment is concerned with the pathways leading to an adaptive mutation while the others tested the changing environment microorganisms were exposed to. The SOS response in E. coli is a response to DNA damage that must be repaired. The normal cell cycle is put on hold and mutagenesis may begin. This means that mutations will occur to try to fix the damage. |
Cellular Memory Modules Synthetic Memory Devices Cellular_Memory_Modules > Applications > Synthetic Memory Devices This information can carry into disease research because if an event response correlates with future cell behavior, this can give scientists a greater understanding of diseases resulting from cellular inheritance like cancer. Experimenters can use these synthetic memory devices to simulate specific events like exposure to potential disease risk factors to determine their physiological effects early on. |
Simultaneously diagonalizable Simultaneous diagonalization Matrix_diagonalization > Simultaneous diagonalization A set of matrices is said to be simultaneously diagonalizable if there exists a single invertible matrix P {\displaystyle P} such that P − 1 A P {\displaystyle P^{-1}AP} is a diagonal matrix for every A {\displaystyle A} in the set. The following theorem characterizes simultaneously diagonalizable matrices: A set of diagonalizable matrices commutes if and only if the set is simultaneously diagonalizable. : p. 64 The set of all n × n {\displaystyle n\times n} diagonalizable matrices (over C {\displaystyle \mathbb {C} } ) with n > 1 {\displaystyle n>1} is not simultaneously diagonalizable. |
Lp spaces Special cases Lp_space > Lp spaces and Lebesgue integrals > Special cases Similar to the ℓ p {\displaystyle \ell ^{p}} spaces, L 2 {\displaystyle L^{2}} is the only Hilbert space among L p {\displaystyle L^{p}} spaces. In the complex case, the inner product on L 2 {\displaystyle L^{2}} is defined by The additional inner product structure allows for a richer theory, with applications to, for instance, Fourier series and quantum mechanics. Functions in L 2 {\displaystyle L^{2}} are sometimes called square-integrable functions, quadratically integrable functions or square-summable functions, but sometimes these terms are reserved for functions that are square-integrable in some other sense, such as in the sense of a Riemann integral (Titchmarsh 1976). |
Chromosomal duplication Neofunctionalization Tandem_duplication > As an evolutionary event > Neofunctionalization Gene duplications are an essential source of genetic novelty that can lead to evolutionary innovation. Duplication creates genetic redundancy, where the second copy of the gene is often free from selective pressure—that is, mutations of it have no deleterious effects to its host organism. If one copy of a gene experiences a mutation that affects its original function, the second copy can serve as a 'spare part' and continue to function correctly. Thus, duplicate genes accumulate mutations faster than a functional single-copy gene, over generations of organisms, and it is possible for one of the two copies to develop a new and different function. |
Eurytherm Thermal coping mechanisms Eurytherm > Thermal coping mechanisms Cutaneous eccrine sweat glands produce sweat, which is made up of mostly water with a small amount of ions. Evaporation of this sweat helps to cool the blood beneath the skin, resulting in a cooling of deep-body temperature. While some organisms are eurythermic due to their ability to regulate internal body temperature, like humans, others have wildly different methods of extreme temperature tolerance. |
Free energy principle Free energy minimisation and information theory Active_inference > Free energy minimisation > Free energy minimisation and information theory Free energy minimisation is equivalent to maximising the mutual information between sensory states and internal states that parameterise the variational density (for a fixed entropy variational density). This relates free energy minimization to the principle of minimum redundancy |
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