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Bit vectors Definition Bit_vectors > Definition Whether the least significant bit (of the word) or the most significant bit indicates the smallest-index number is largely irrelevant, but the former tends to be preferred (on little-endian machines). A finite binary relation may be represented by a bit array called a log... |
Vacuum energy Origin Vacuum_energy > Origin {\displaystyle {E}={\frac {1}{2}}h\nu .} Summing over all possible oscillators at all points in space gives an infinite quantity. |
Higher-order programming Summary Higher-order_programming Higher-order programming is a style of computer programming that uses software components, like functions, modules or objects, as values. It is usually instantiated with, or borrowed from, models of computation such as lambda calculus which make heavy use of hig... |
Function prototype Summary Function_prototype In computer programming, a function prototype or function interface is a declaration of a function that specifies the function’s name and type signature (arity, data types of parameters, and return type), but omits the function body. While a function definition specifies ho... |
Darwin term Spin–orbit coupling Fine_structure > The hydrogen atom > Spin–orbit coupling The two magnetic vectors, B {\displaystyle \mathbf {B} } and μ s {\displaystyle {\boldsymbol {\mu }}_{s}} couple together so that there is a certain energy cost depending on their relative orientation. This gives rise to the energy... |
Privacy rights An individual right Privacy_rights > History > An individual right — Alan Westin, Privacy and Freedom, 1968 Under liberal democratic systems, privacy creates a space separate from political life, and allows personal autonomy, while ensuring democratic freedoms of association and expression. Privacy to in... |
Ionic meter Summary Ionic_meter The ionic (or Ionic) is a four-syllable metrical unit (metron) of light-light-heavy-heavy (u u – –) that occurs in ancient Greek and Latin poetry. According to Hephaestion it was known as the Ionicos because it was used by the Ionians of Asia Minor; and it was also known as the Persicos ... |
Minkowski space-time Standard basis Minkowski_Space > Mathematical structure > Standard basis The spatial components of a 4-vector v may be identified with a 3-vector v = (v1, v2, v3). In terms of components, the Minkowski inner product between two vectors v and w is given by and Here lowering of an index with the metr... |
Periodic table of elements Atomic radius Periodic_table_of_chemical_elements > Periodic trends > Atomic radius These relativistic effects result in heavy elements increasingly having differing properties compared to their lighter homologues in the periodic table. Spin–orbit interaction splits the p-subshell: one p-orbi... |
Sort algorithms Quicksort Sort_algorithms > Popular sorting algorithms > Efficient sorts > Quicksort Finding the median, such as by the median of medians selection algorithm is however an O(n) operation on unsorted lists and therefore exacts significant overhead with sorting. In practice choosing a random pivot almost ... |
Maximum absolute deviation Median absolute deviation around a central point Mean_absolute_deviation > Median absolute deviation around a central point While in principle the mean or any other central point could be taken as the central point for the median absolute deviation, most often the median value is taken instea... |
Female figure Proportions and dimensions Female_body > Proportions and dimensions The circumferences of bust, waist, and hips (BWH) and the ratios between them are a widespread method of identifying different female body shapes. As noted above, descriptive terms used include "rectangle", "spoon", "inverted triangle", a... |
Spin (aerodynamic) History Spin_(aerodynamic) > History However, understanding and being able to recover from spins is certainly a skill that a fixed-wing pilot could learn for safety. It is routinely given as part of the training in sailplanes, since gliders often operate slowly enough to be in near-stall conditions w... |
Thermal fluctuation Summary Thermal_fluctuations Thermal fluctuations are a source of noise in many systems. The random forces that give rise to thermal fluctuations are a source of both diffusion and dissipation (including damping and viscosity). The competing effects of random drift and resistance to drift are relate... |
MO diagram Dihelium and diberyllium MO_diagram > Diatomic MO diagrams > Dihelium and diberyllium Another molecule that is precluded based on this principle is diberyllium. Beryllium has an electron configuration 1s22s2, so there are again two electrons in the valence level. However, the 2s can mix with the 2p orbitals ... |
Scientific theory Essential criteria Scientific_theories > Characteristics > Essential criteria For any theory to be accepted within most academia there is usually one simple criterion. The essential criterion is that the theory must be observable and repeatable. The aforementioned criterion is essential to prevent fra... |
Eye piece Field of view Ocular_lens > Properties > Field of view The field of view, often abbreviated FOV, describes the area of a target (measured as an angle from the location of viewing) that can be seen when looking through an eyepiece. The field of view seen through an eyepiece varies, depending on the magnificati... |
Glossary of calculus H Glossary_of_calculus > H A first order differential equation is said to be homogeneous if it may be written f ( x , y ) d y = g ( x , y ) d x , {\displaystyle f(x,y)dy=g(x,y)dx,} where f and g are homogeneous functions of the same degree of x and y. In this case, the change of variable y = ux lea... |
Scoring rule Summary Proper_score_function On the other side, a scoring function provides a summary measure for the evaluation of point predictions, i.e. one predicts a property or functional T ( F ) {\displaystyle T(F)} , like the expectation or the median. Scoring rules and scoring functions can be thought of as "cos... |
Einstein synchronisation Literature Einstein_protocol > Literature Darrigol, Olivier (2005), "The Genesis of the theory of relativity" (PDF), Séminaire Poincaré, 1: 1–22, Bibcode:2006eins.book....1D, doi:10.1007/3-7643-7436-5_1, ISBN 978-3-7643-7435-8 D. Dieks, Becoming, relativity and locality, in The Ontology of Spac... |
Approximate Bayesian Computation General risks in statistical inference exacerbated in ABC Approximate_Bayesian_Computation > Pitfalls and remedies > General risks in statistical inference exacerbated in ABC This section reviews risks that are strictly speaking not specific to ABC, but also relevant for other statistic... |
Hypothyroidism Signs and symptoms Hypothyroidism > Signs and symptoms People with hypothyroidism often have no or only mild symptoms. Numerous symptoms and signs are associated with hypothyroidism and can be related to the underlying cause, or a direct effect of having not enough thyroid hormones. Hashimoto's thyroidit... |
English determiners Summary English_determiners The determinative function is typically obligatory in a singular, countable, common noun phrase (compare I have a new cat to *I have new cat). Semantically, determiners are usually definite or indefinite (e.g., the cat versus a cat), and they often agree with the number o... |
Opposite vector Representations Antiparallel_vector > Representations As an example in two dimensions (see figure), the vector from the origin O = (0, 0) to the point A = (2, 3) is simply written as The notion that the tail of the vector coincides with the origin is implicit and easily understood. Thus, the more explic... |
Hierarchical Temporal Memory The validity of the CLAs Hierarchical_Temporal_Memory > As an evolving model > Second generation: cortical learning algorithms > The validity of the CLAs The following question was posed to Jeff Hawkins in September 2011 with regard to cortical learning algorithms: "How do you know if the c... |
Voltage converter AC and DC Voltage_converter > AC and DC AC voltage conversion uses a transformer. Conversion from one DC voltage to another requires electronic circuitry (electromechanical equipment was required before the development of semiconductor electronics), like a DC-DC converter. Mains power (called househol... |
Vaccine overload Effectiveness Vaccine_hesitancy > Effectiveness Studies have been done that compare vaccinated to unvaccinated people, but the studies are typically not randomized. Moreover, literature already exists that demonstrates the safety of vaccines using other experimental methods.Other critics argue that the... |
LIRS caching algorithm Quantifying the locality LIRS_caching_algorithm > Summary > Quantifying the locality . . . . ^----Reuse Distance---^--Recency--^ T1 T2 T3 |
Energy Storage Aluminum Gravitational_potential_energy_storage > Methods > Chemical > Biofuels > Aluminum Aluminum has been proposed as an energy store by a number of researchers. Its electrochemical equivalent (8.04 Ah/cm3) is nearly four times greater than that of lithium (2.06 Ah/cm3). Energy can be extracted from a... |
Rocket body Energy efficiency Rocket_launch > Physics > Energy > Energy efficiency Since the energy ultimately comes from fuel, these considerations mean that rockets are mainly useful when a very high speed is required, such as ICBMs or orbital launch. For example, NASA's Space Shuttle fired its engines for around 8.5... |
Zero is even Students' knowledge Evenness_of_zero > Education > Students' knowledge The chart on the right depicts children's beliefs about the parity of zero, as they progress from Year 1 to Year 6 of the English education system. The data is from Len Frobisher, who conducted a pair of surveys of English schoolchildre... |
Jeyes Fluid Composition Jeyes_Fluid > Composition It has a pH between 8.0 and 10.0 (moderately alkaline). |
Influential observations Outliers, leverage and influence Influential_observation > Outliers, leverage and influence An outlier may be defined as a data point that differs significantly from other observations. A high-leverage point are observations made at extreme values of independent variables. Both types of atypica... |
Gas gangrene Pathophysiology Gas_gangrene > Pathophysiology If the necrotic damage is allowed to continue throughout an affected limb, then often that entire limb is lost permanently.It is often difficult to identify the extent of muscle damage, as C. perfringens may be at work in deeper fascial layers below the skin. ... |
Hydrational fluid Reduced-osmolarity Oral_rehydration_therapy > Preparation > Reduced-osmolarity In 2003, WHO and UNICEF recommended that the osmolarity of oral rehydration solution be reduced from 311 to 245 mOsm/L. These guidelines were also updated in 2006. This recommendation was based on multiple clinical trials s... |
Virtual computer History Virtual_Machine > History Both system virtual machines and process virtual machines date to the 1960s and remain areas of active development. System virtual machines grew out of time-sharing, as notably implemented in the Compatible Time-Sharing System (CTSS). Time-sharing allowed multiple user... |
Micro-g environment Weightlessness in Newtonian mechanics Micro-g_environment > Weightlessness in Newtonian mechanics Speed, not position or lack of gravity, keeps satellites in orbit around the Earth. From the perspective of an observer not moving with the object (i.e. in an inertial reference frame) the force of grav... |
Graph algorithm Routing for graphs List_of_algorithms > Combinatorial algorithms > Graph algorithms > Routing for graphs Edmonds' algorithm (also known as Chu–Liu/Edmonds' algorithm): find maximum or minimum branchings Euclidean minimum spanning tree: algorithms for computing the minimum spanning tree of a set of point... |
Photo-active material Photoluminescence properties of direct-gap semiconductors Photoluminescence > Photoluminescence properties of direct-gap semiconductors In a typical PL experiment, a semiconductor is excited with a light-source that provides photons with an energy larger than the bandgap energy. The incoming light... |
Log driving History Log_driving > History When the first sawmills were established, they were usually small water-powered facilities located near the source of timber, which might be converted to grist mills after farming became established when the forests had been cleared. Later, bigger circular sawmills were develop... |
Einstein–Cartan theory Overview Einstein–Cartan_theory > Overview The chief difference between a Riemann–Cartan geometry and Riemannian geometry is that in the former, the affine connection is independent of the metric, while in the latter it is derived from the metric as the Levi-Civita connection, the difference betw... |
Screw threads Summary Screw_thread In most applications, the lead of a screw thread is chosen so that friction is sufficient to prevent linear motion being converted to rotary, that is so the screw does not slip even when linear force is applied, as long as no external rotational force is present. This characteristic i... |
Periodic table of topological invariants Classification of invariants Periodic_table_of_topological_invariants > Classification of invariants The strong topological invariants of a many-band system in d {\displaystyle d} dimensions can be labeled by the elements of the d {\displaystyle d} -th homotopy group of the symm... |
Dedekind-Peano axioms Set-theoretic models Overspill_(arithmetic) > Historical second-order formulation > Models > Set-theoretic models The Peano axioms can be derived from set theoretic constructions of the natural numbers and axioms of set theory such as ZF. The standard construction of the naturals, due to John von ... |
Chemoreceptor Physiology Chemoreceptor > Physiology Carotid bodies and aortic bodies detect changes primarily in pCO2 and H+ ion concentration. They also sense decrease in partial pressure of O2, but to a lesser degree than for pCO2 and H+ ion concentration. The chemoreceptor trigger zone is an area of the medulla in t... |
Self-confrontation method Valuation theory Self-confrontation_method > Theories > Valuation theory He believes that story or narrative is a method for organizing one's plot and action. In addition, he explains that narratives organize people's silent stories, fantasies and daydreams, plans, memories, and even love and ... |
Protein aggregates Aggregate localization Protein_aggregates > Aggregate localization Several studies have shown that cellular responses to protein aggregation are well-regulated and organized. Protein aggregates localize to specific areas in the cell, and research has been done on these localizations in prokaryotes (E... |
Work-energy theorem Derivation for a particle moving along a straight line Work_(physics) > Work–energy principle > Derivation for a particle moving along a straight line In the case the resultant force F is constant in both magnitude and direction, and parallel to the velocity of the particle, the particle is moving w... |
Plasticity index Liquid limit Liquid_limit > Laboratory tests > Liquid limit The liquid limit (LL) is conceptually defined as the water content at which the behavior of a clayey soil changes from the plastic state to the liquid state. However, the transition from plastic to liquid behavior is gradual over a range of wa... |
Baker's map Summary Baker's_map In dynamical systems theory, the baker's map is a chaotic map from the unit square into itself. It is named after a kneading operation that bakers apply to dough: the dough is cut in half, and the two halves are stacked on one another, and compressed. The baker's map can be understood as... |
Cumulative effects (environment) Energy production and consumption Cumulative_effects_(environment) > Factors contributing to cumulative effects > Energy production and consumption Additionally, the inundation of surrounding ecosystems by water results in a loss in terrestrial habitat and wildlife in the area. The ener... |
Filter bag Wet scrubbers Filter_bag > Wet scrubbers The "cleaned" gases are normally passed through a mist eliminator (demister pads) to remove water droplets from the gas stream. The dirty water from the scrubber system is either cleaned and discharged or recycled to the scrubber. Dust is removed from the scrubber in ... |
Linnett Double-Quartet Theory Basic principles Linnett_Double-Quartet_Theory > Formulation of Linnett double-quartet theory > Basic principles A key trait of LDQ theory that is shared with Lewis theory is the importance of using formal charges to determine the most important electronic structure. LDQ theory produces th... |
Pill testing Analysis technologies Pill_testing > Analysis technologies A range of analysis techniques are in use by drug checking services. The most common are reagent testing, fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible spectroscopy, raman spectroscopy, and gas chromatography mass spectrometry. Reage... |
Molecular circuit Theoretical basis Molecular_circuit > Theoretical basis In inelastic tunneling, an elegant formalism based on the non-equilibrium Green's functions of Leo Kadanoff and Gordon Baym, and independently by Leonid Keldysh was advanced by Ned Wingreen and Yigal Meir. This Meir-Wingreen formulation has been ... |
Trace metal stable isotope biogeochemistry Chemistry Trace_metal_stable_isotope_biogeochemistry > Iron > Chemistry One of the most prevalent features of iron chemistry is its redox chemistry. Iron has three oxidation states: metallic iron (Fe0), ferrous iron (Fe2+), and ferric iron (Fe3+). Ferrous iron is the reduced f... |
Complex societies Summary Complex_societies A complex society is a concept that is shared by a range of disciplines including anthropology, archaeology, history and sociology to describe a stage of social formation. The concept was formulated by scholars attempting to understand how modern states emerged, specifically ... |
Depth-first search Properties Depth-first_search > Properties In the artificial intelligence mode of analysis, with a branching factor greater than one, iterative deepening increases the running time by only a constant factor over the case in which the correct depth limit is known due to the geometric growth of the num... |
Ada (programming language) History Ada_programming_language > History HOLWG crafted the Steelman language requirements, a series of documents stating the requirements they felt a programming language should satisfy. Many existing languages were formally reviewed, but the team concluded in 1977 that no existing language... |
Loop modeling Summary Loop_modeling More constrained versions of loop modeling are also used in the data fitting stages of solving a protein structure by X-ray crystallography, because loops can correspond to regions of low electron density and are therefore difficult to resolve. Regions of a structural model that are ... |
Feature learning Local linear embedding Feature_learning > Unsupervised > Local linear embedding Local linear embedding (LLE) is a nonlinear learning approach for generating low-dimensional neighbor-preserving representations from (unlabeled) high-dimension input. The approach was proposed by Roweis and Saul (2000). Th... |
Hunting oscillation Mathematical analysis Hunting_oscillation > Railway wheelsets > Kinematic analysis > Mathematical analysis If the motion is substantially parallel with the rails, the angular displacement of the wheel set ( θ ) {\displaystyle \left(\theta \right)} is given by: Hence: The angular deflection also foll... |
Latent tuberculosis Latent disease Latent_tuberculosis > Transmission > Latent disease "It usually takes prolonged exposure to someone with active TB disease for someone to become infected. After exposure, it usually takes 8 to 10 weeks before the TB test would show if someone had become infected. "Depending on ventila... |
Glossary of cell biology A Glossary_of_cell_biology > A acetyl-CoA A molecule that participates in many biochemical reactions in protein, carbohydrate, and lipid metabolism, notably the citric acid cycle. action potential The local change in voltage that occurs when the membrane potential of a specific location along t... |
Electron tunneling Faster than light Tunneling_Effect > Faster than light In particular, the group velocity of a wave packet does not measure its speed, but is related to the amount of time the wave packet is stored in the barrier. But the problem remains that the wave function still rises inside the barrier at all poi... |
Carbonyl complex History Metal_carbonyl_complex > History In these reactions, for example, nickel tetracarbonyl or cobalt carbonyls act as catalysts. Reppe also discovered the cyclotrimerization and tetramerization of acetylene and its derivatives to benzene and benzene derivatives with metal carbonyls as catalysts. |
T helper cell Hypersensitivity CD4(+)_T_cell > Role in disease > Hypersensitivity Antibodies do not play a direct role in this allergy type. T cells play an important role in this hypersensitivity, as they activate against the stimulus itself and promote the activation of other cells; particularly macrophages via Th1 c... |
Logarithmic algorithm Log tables Generic_logarithm > Logarithm tables, slide rules, and historical applications > Log tables These tables listed the values of log10 x for any number x in a certain range, at a certain precision. Base-10 logarithms were universally used for computation, hence the name common logarithm, s... |
Multidimensional discrete convolution Problem statement and basics Multidimensional_discrete_convolution > Definition > Problem statement and basics . . , k M ) x ( n 1 − k 1 , n 2 − k 2 , . |
Empirical limits in science Summary Empirical_analysis However, empiricists may argue that traditions (or customs) arise due to relations of previous sensory experiences.Historically, empiricism was associated with the "blank slate" concept (tabula rasa), according to which the human mind is "blank" at birth and develo... |
Velocity vector Polar coordinates Velocity > Polar coordinates The expression m r 2 {\displaystyle mr^{2}} is known as moment of inertia. If forces are in the radial direction only with an inverse square dependence, as in the case of a gravitational orbit, angular momentum is constant, and transverse speed is inversely... |
Salience (language) Communication studies Salience_(language) > Communication studies Another key aspect of whether a particular memory or knowledge will be activated is whether it is applicable to the situation. If it is not applicable, it will not be salient and is unlikely to be activated for that situation. "Accord... |
Ampere-Maxwell equation Extending the original law: the Ampère–Maxwell equation Ampère's_Law > Extending the original law: the Ampère–Maxwell equation On the other hand, treating all charges on the same footing (disregarding whether they are bound or free charges), the generalized Ampère's equation, also called the Max... |
DriveNets Technologies DriveNets > Technologies DriveNets markets a scalable network operating system (NOS) based on a cloud. The network cloud architecture creates a software routing framework that can grow linearly to a large scale from a centralized cloud. The company leverages Telco-hierarchy cloud design principle... |
Immunotherapy of cancer Summary Cell_transfer_therapy Cancer immunotherapy (sometimes called immuno-oncology) is the stimulation of the immune system to treat cancer, improving on the immune system's natural ability to fight the disease. It is an application of the fundamental research of cancer immunology and a growin... |
Ethical AI Biases in AI systems AI_ethics > Ethical challenges > Biases in AI systems Friedman and Nissenbaum identify three categories of bias in computer systems: existing bias, technical bias, and emergent bias. In natural language processing, problems can arise from the text corpus — the source material the algorit... |
Jakob Nielsen (usability consultant) Articles Jakob_Nielsen_(usability_consultant) > Bibliography > Articles 413–414. doi:10.1145/259963.260531. ISBN 0897916514. |
Inverse iteration Implementation options Inverse_power_iteration > Implementation options The method is defined by the formula: There are, however, multiple options for its implementation. |
Matrix polar decomposition Alternative planar decompositions Matrix_polar_decomposition > Alternative planar decompositions In the Cartesian plane, alternative planar ring decompositions arise as follows: |
Cardiovascular medicine The heart Cardiovascular_medicine > The heart The system that carries this potential is called the electrical conduction system. Dysfunction of the electrical system manifests in many ways and may include Wolff–Parkinson–White syndrome, ventricular fibrillation, and heart block.The mechanical sy... |
A-star algorithm Implementation details A-star_algorithm > Description > Implementation details If it does, then the priority and parent pointers are changed to correspond to the lower-cost path. A standard binary heap based priority queue does not directly support the operation of searching for one of its elements, bu... |
Earth's circumference determination Posidonius Earth's_circumference_determination > History > Posidonius Posidonius calculated the Earth's circumference by reference to the position of the star Canopus. As explained by Cleomedes, Posidonius observed Canopus on but never above the horizon at Rhodes, while at Alexandria... |
Centrifugal clutch Operation Centrifugal_clutch > Operation As the load increases, the speed drops, disengaging the clutch, letting the speed rise again, and reengaging the clutch. If tuned properly, the clutch will tend to keep the speed at or near the torque peak of the engine. This results in a fair bit of waste hea... |
Anion exchange membrane electrolysis Anode reaction Anion_exchange_membrane_electrolysis > Science > Reactions > Anode reaction Where the * indicate species adsorbed to the surface of the catalyst. |
Theoretical framework Formality Theoretical_framework > Formality Theories are analytical tools for understanding, explaining, and making predictions about a given subject matter. There are theories in many and varied fields of study, including the arts and sciences. A formal theory is syntactic in nature and is only m... |
Augmented sphenocorona Cartesian coordinates Augmented_sphenocorona > Cartesian coordinates To calculate Cartesian coordinates for the augmented sphenocorona, one may start by calculating the coordinates of the sphenocorona. Let k ≈ 0.85273 be the smallest positive root of the quartic polynomial 60 x 4 − 48 x 3 − 100 x... |
MALT lymphoma Treatment Mucosa-associated_lymphoid_tissue_lymphoma > Treatment Owing to the causal relationship between H. pylori infection and MALT lymphoma, identification of the infection is imperative. Histological examination of GI biopsies yields a sensitivity of 95% with five biopsies, but these should be from s... |
Loop (CTA) Operations Loop_(CTA) > Operations Its trains run in both directions along the Lake and Wabash sides from Tower 18 to Tower 12, connecting the Lake Street branch and the South Side Elevated.In the CTA system, the entire loop taken as a whole is considered the termination point of a line, just like a single s... |
Fetal warfarin syndrome Summary Fetal_warfarin_syndrome Warfarin is a teratogen which can cross from the mother to the developing fetus. The inhibition of clotting factors can lead to internal bleeding of the fetus while the inhibition of osteocalcin causes lower bone growth. As well as birth defects, warfarin can indu... |
Eshelby's inclusion Summary Eshelby's_inclusion In that situation, the inclusion and the surrounding material remains in a stressed state. Also the strain states in the body and the inclusion are potentially inhomogeneous and complicated. Eshelby found that the resulting elastic field can be found using a "sequence of ... |
Discrete component Classification Discrete_device > Classification Active components include amplifying components such as transistors, triode vacuum tubes (valves), and tunnel diodes. Passive components cannot introduce net energy into the circuit. They also cannot rely on a source of power, except for what is availab... |
Rational Choice Theory Overview Rational_Choice_Theory > Overview Contemporary theory bases rational choice on a set of choice axioms that need to be satisfied, and typically does not specify where the goal (preferences, desires) comes from. It mandates just a consistent ranking of the alternatives. : 501 Individuals c... |
Velocity addition Historical Velocity_addition_formula > References > Historical 57: 385–404. Fizeau, H. (1860). |
Acetylene hydratase Summary Acetylene_hydratase This enzyme relies on tungsten as the metal center and is the heaviest metal that plays a prominent part in the nitrogen, sulfur and carbon metabolic processes. The cubane keeps the W in the reduced W(IV) state, the most stable reduced oxidation state, while W(VI) is the... |
Taylor polynomial Summary Taylor_series In mathematics, the Taylor series or Taylor expansion of a function is an infinite sum of terms that are expressed in terms of the function's derivatives at a single point. For most common functions, the function and the sum of its Taylor series are equal near this point. Taylor ... |
Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming Summary Concepts,_Techniques,_and_Models_of_Computer_Programming Concepts, Techniques, and Models of Computer Programming is a textbook published in 2004 about general computer programming concepts from MIT Press written by Université catholique de Louvain profes... |
Friction extrusion Typical microstructure resulting from friction extrusion Friction_extrusion > Typical microstructure resulting from friction extrusion Figure 6 shows the cross section and microstructure of a titanium wire produced by friction extrusion of Ti-6-4 powder. Notably, the cross section is fully consolidat... |
Polyphosphoric acid Phosphoric acid Phosphoric_acids > Acids > Phosphoric acid The simplest and most commonly encountered of the phosphoric acids is orthophosphoric acid, H3PO4. Indeed, the term phosphoric acid often means this compound specifically (and this is also the current IUPAC nomenclature). |
Carbocation Structure and properties Carbocation > Structure and properties Carbonium ions can be thought of as protonated alkanes. Although alkanes are usually considered inert, under superacid conditions (e.g., HF/SbF5), the C-H sigma bond can act as a donor to H+. This results in a species that contains a 3c-2e bond... |
McRae Formation Description McRae_Formation > Description The formation consists of a basal conglomerate interbedded with shale and siltstone and a sequence of alternating sandstone and shale. The lower conglomerates contain volcanic debris, while the upper beds contain sparse nonvolcanic rock fragments. The shales are... |
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