id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
56e1373de3433e1400422cc2 | In what was the first Catalan book printed on the Iberian Peninsula? | movable type | [
"Catalan_language\n\nMartorell's outstanding novel of chivalry Tirant lo Blanc (1490) shows a transition from Medieval to Renaissance values, something that can also be seen in Metge's work. The first book produced with movable type in the Iberian Peninsula was printed in Catalan."
] |
56e1397fe3433e1400422cd2 | When were Castille and Aragon united? | 1479 | [
"Catalan_language\n\nWith the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual."
] |
56e1397fe3433e1400422cd3 | After 1479, what language became more valued? | Spanish | [
"Catalan_language\n\nWith the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual."
] |
56e1397fe3433e1400422cd4 | When did Catalan literature begin a downward trend? | 16th century | [
"Catalan_language\n\nWith the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual."
] |
56e1397fe3433e1400422cd5 | What language began to supersede Catalan? | Spanish | [
"Catalan_language\n\nWith the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual."
] |
56e1397fe3433e1400422cd6 | At this time what classes became bilingual? | urban and literary | [
"Catalan_language\n\nWith the union of the crowns of Castille and Aragon (1479), the use of Spanish gradually became more prestigious. Starting in the 16th century, Catalan literature experienced a decline, the language came under the influence of Spanish, and the urban and literary classes became bilingual."
] |
56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdc | When was the Treaty of the Pyrenees? | 1659 | [
"Catalan_language\n\nWith the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region."
] |
56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdd | What part of Catalonia did Spain give to France? | northern part | [
"Catalan_language\n\nWith the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region."
] |
56e13ab5e3433e1400422cde | Why did Spain give part of Catalonia to France? | Treaty of the Pyrenees | [
"Catalan_language\n\nWith the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region."
] |
56e13ab5e3433e1400422cdf | What language began to influence Catalan? | French | [
"Catalan_language\n\nWith the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region."
] |
56e13ab5e3433e1400422ce0 | When did French become the official language of that part of Catalonia? | 1700 | [
"Catalan_language\n\nWith the Treaty of the Pyrenees (1659), Spain ceded the northern part of Catalonia to France, and soon thereafter the local Catalan varieties came under the influence of French, which in 1700 became the sole official language of the region."
] |
56e13c8acd28a01900c676d9 | When did France outlaw Catalan? | 1789 | [
"Catalan_language\n\nShortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque."
] |
56e13c8acd28a01900c676da | What upheaval had occurred in France just before the prohibition of patois? | French Revolution | [
"Catalan_language\n\nShortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque."
] |
56e13c8acd28a01900c676dc | Besides Catalan, Alsatian, and Breton, what other patois were banned? | Occitan, Flemish, and Basque | [
"Catalan_language\n\nShortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque."
] |
56e13c8acd28a01900c676dd | What are French non standard languages called? | patois | [
"Catalan_language\n\nShortly after the French Revolution (1789), the French First Republic prohibited official use of, and enacted discriminating policies against, the nonstandard languages of France (patois), such as Catalan, Alsatian, Breton, Occitan, Flemish, and Basque."
] |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfa | When did the French obtain Algeria? | 1833 | [
"Catalan_language\n\nFollowing the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the numb... |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfb | Where did the Algiers immigrants come from? | Northern Catalonia and Minorca | [
"Catalan_language\n\nFollowing the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the numb... |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfc | What was the Catalan immigrant's speech called? | patuet | [
"Catalan_language\n\nFollowing the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the numb... |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfd | How many Catalan speakers lived in Algiers by 1911? | around 100,000 | [
"Catalan_language\n\nFollowing the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the numb... |
56e13e81e3433e1400422cfe | When did most Catalan speakers leave northern Catalonia? | 1962 | [
"Catalan_language\n\nFollowing the French capture of Algeria (1833), that region saw several waves of Catalan-speaking settlers. People from the Spanish Alacant province settled around Oran, whereas Algiers received immigration from Northern Catalonia and Minorca. Their speech was known as patuet. By 1911, the numb... |
56e14538e3433e1400422d1e | What is the official language of France? | French | [
"Catalan_language\n\nNowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education."
] |
56e14538e3433e1400422d20 | Where does the General Council want to promote Catalan? | in public life and education | [
"Catalan_language\n\nNowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education."
] |
56e14538e3433e1400422d21 | Who recognized Catalan as a departmental language? | General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales | [
"Catalan_language\n\nNowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education."
] |
56e14538e3433e1400422d22 | What language does the General Council want to promote? | Catalan | [
"Catalan_language\n\nNowadays, France only recognizes French as an official language. Nevertheless, on 10 December 2007, the General Council of the Pyrénées-Orientales officially recognized Catalan as one of the languages of the department and seeks to further promote it in public life and education."
] |
56e14afacd28a01900c67751 | What declined in the 16th and 17th centuries? | Catalan | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation."
] |
56e14afacd28a01900c67752 | Where did Catalan experience defeat? | War of Spanish Succession | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation."
] |
56e14afacd28a01900c67753 | When was the war of Spanish Succession? | 1714 | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation."
] |
56e14afacd28a01900c67754 | What did the war in 1714 mandate as the proper language in documentation? | Spanish | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation."
] |
56e14afacd28a01900c67755 | Who was defeated in the War of Spanish Succession? | Catalan | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe decline of Catalan continued in the 16th and 17th centuries. The Catalan defeat in the War of Spanish Succession (1714) initiated a series of measures imposing the use of Spanish in legal documentation."
] |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d7e | What did the 19th century produce in Catalan literature? | revival | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Olle... |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d7f | What is Renaixenca? | Catalan literary revival | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Olle... |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d80 | When did Aribau write Ode to the Homeland? | 1833 | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Olle... |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d81 | When did this revival period begin? | 1833 | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Olle... |
56e14cd0e3433e1400422d82 | In what century did Vedaguer, Oller, and Guimera wrte? | early 20th | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn parallel, however, the 19th century saw a Catalan literary revival (Renaixença), which has continued up to the present day. This period starts with Aribau's Ode to the Homeland (1833); followed in the second half of the 19th century, and the early 20th by the work of Verdaguer (poetry), Olle... |
56e14ee1cd28a01900c67798 | Since the transition what language has been proclaimed mandatory in schools? | Catalan | [
"Catalan_language\n\nSince the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, no... |
56e14ee1cd28a01900c67799 | Where is the teaching of Catalan mandatory? | in all schools | [
"Catalan_language\n\nSince the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, no... |
56e14ee1cd28a01900c6779a | Since the transition, what is the official language? | Catalan | [
"Catalan_language\n\nSince the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, no... |
56e14ee1cd28a01900c6779b | Besides as an official and an educational language, where else is Catalan the prefered language? | mass media | [
"Catalan_language\n\nSince the Spanish transition to democracy (1975–1982), Catalan has been institutionalizated as an official language, language of education, and language of mass media; all of which have contributed to its increased prestige. In Catalonia, there is no parallel of a large, bilingual, European, no... |
56e15083e3433e1400422daa | Where has Catalan always been the only language? | Andorra | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education."
] |
56e15083e3433e1400422dab | When was the Andorran constitution produced? | 1993 | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education."
] |
56e15083e3433e1400422dac | What policies are the Andorrans enforcing? | Andorranization policies | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education."
] |
56e15083e3433e1400422dad | What is an Andorran school policy? | Catalan medium education | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education."
] |
56e15083e3433e1400422dae | What is the only language of Andorra? | Catalan | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn Andorra, Catalan has always been the sole official language. Since the promulgation of the 1993 constitution, several Andorranization policies have been enforced, like Catalan medium education."
] |
56e152ace3433e1400422dba | What kind of shifts are taking place in Catalan speaking areas? | language shift processes | [
"Catalan_language\n\nOn the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language b... |
56e152ace3433e1400422dbb | How old are most of the native language speakers in northern Catalonia? | 60 or older | [
"Catalan_language\n\nOn the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language b... |
56e152ace3433e1400422dbc | When was it determined that most native speakers in France are 60 or older? | 2004 | [
"Catalan_language\n\nOn the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language b... |
56e152ace3433e1400422dbd | What percentage of primary students study Catalan as a foreign language? | 30% | [
"Catalan_language\n\nOn the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language b... |
56e152ace3433e1400422dbe | What do 15% of secondary school students study as a foreign language? | Catalan | [
"Catalan_language\n\nOn the other hand, there are several language shift processes currently taking place. In Northern Catalonia, Catalan has followed the same trend as the other minority languages of France, with most of its native speakers being 60 or older (as of 2004). Catalan is studied as a foreign language b... |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e5 | What is Catalan being supplanted by in Alicante? | Spanish | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands."
] |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e6 | What is Catalan being replaced by in Alghero? | Italian | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands."
] |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e7 | What are the anti-Catalan attitudes in Valencia and Ibiza? | ingrained diglossic attitudes | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands."
] |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e8 | What is another expression for bilingual attitudes? | diglossic attitudes | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands."
] |
56e154e5cd28a01900c677e9 | What is Spanish replacing in Alicante province? | Catalan | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn the Alicante province Catalan is being replaced by Spanish, and in Alghero by Italian. There are also well ingrained diglossic attitudes against Catalan in the Valencian Community, Ibiza, and to a lesser extent, in the rest of the Balearic islands."
] |
56e1573fe3433e1400422ddf | To what branch of Gallo-Romance languages is Catalan attributed? | Occitano-Romance | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal."
] |
56e1573fe3433e1400422de1 | Who disagrees with putting Catalan in the Occitano-Romance branch? | linguists | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal."
] |
56e1573fe3433e1400422de2 | What kind of linguists do not like placing Catalan in the Occitano-Romance category? | Spanish ones | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe ascription of Catalan to the Occitano-Romance branch of Gallo-Romance languages is not shared by all linguists and philologists, particularly among Spanish ones, such as Ramón Menéndez Pidal."
] |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e4e | What is Catalan a variety of? | Occitan language | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCatalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits ... |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e4f | What are the degrees of similarity with Occitan and Gallo-Romance languages? | varying degrees | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCatalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits ... |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e50 | What are there besides degrees of similarity with Occitan? | differences | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCatalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits ... |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e51 | What does Catalan share with other Romance languages? | many traits | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCatalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits ... |
56e162f1e3433e1400422e52 | Why does Catalan share many traits with other Romance languages? | closely related | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCatalan bears varying degrees of similarity to the linguistic varieties subsumed under the cover term Occitan language (see also differences between Occitan and Catalan and Gallo-Romance languages). Thus, as it should be expected from closely related languages, Catalan today shares many traits ... |
56e16494e3433e1400422e74 | What does Catalan share with nearby Romance languages? | many traits | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCatalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, gr... |
56e16494e3433e1400422e75 | Where is the Catalan language mostly located? | Iberian Peninsula | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCatalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, gr... |
56e16494e3433e1400422e76 | In pronunciation what is Catalan different from? | Ibero-Romance group | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCatalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, gr... |
56e16494e3433e1400422e77 | What are examples of Ibero-Romance languages? | Spanish and Portuguese | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCatalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, gr... |
56e16494e3433e1400422e78 | To what group is Catalan most closely related? | Occitan | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCatalan shares many traits with the other neighboring Romance languages (Italian, Sardinian, Occitan, and Spanish). However, despite being mostly situated in the Iberian Peninsula, Catalan has marked differences with the Ibero-Romance group (Spanish and Portuguese) in terms of pronunciation, gr... |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e88 | What is the similarity between Catalan and Italian? | 87% | [
"Catalan_language\n\nAccording to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian."
] |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e89 | Hoe similar is Catalan to Portuguese? | 85% | [
"Catalan_language\n\nAccording to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian."
] |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e8a | What is the percent relationship of Catalan to Spanish? | 80% | [
"Catalan_language\n\nAccording to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian."
] |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e8b | What is the relationship similarity to Ladin? | 76% | [
"Catalan_language\n\nAccording to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian."
] |
56e165e5e3433e1400422e8c | How related is Sardinian to Catalan? | 75% | [
"Catalan_language\n\nAccording to Ethnologue, the lexical similarity between Catalan and other Romance languages is: 87% with Italian; 85% with Portuguese; 80% with Spanish; 76% with Ladin; 75% with Sardinian; and 73% with Romanian."
] |
56e167b2e3433e1400422ea6 | What has Catalan often been considered? | dialect of Spanish | [
"Catalan_language\n\nDuring much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important diffe... |
56e167b2e3433e1400422ea7 | During what dictatorship was Catalan considered a dialect? | Francoist | [
"Catalan_language\n\nDuring much of its history, and especially during the Francoist dictatorship (1939–1975), the Catalan language has often been degraded as a mere dialect of Spanish. This view, based on political and ideological considerations, has no linguistic validity. Spanish and Catalan have important diffe... |
56e16b00cd28a01900c678d3 | What area was Roman Tarraconensis language different from? | rest of Roman Hispania | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThere is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish herv... |
56e16b00cd28a01900c678d5 | What language branch did Catalan share a history with? | Occitan | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThere is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish herv... |
56e16b00cd28a01900c678d6 | What is Occitan a branch of? | Western Romance | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThere is evidence that, at least from the a.d. 2nd century, the vocabulary and phonology of Roman Tarraconensis was different from the rest of Roman Hispania. Differentiation has arisen generally because Spanish, Asturian, and Galician-Portuguese share certain peripheral archaisms (Spanish herv... |
56e16caee3433e1400422f04 | What is the origin of language elements found in Catalan and not in Spanish? | Germanic | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang \"mud\" and rostir \"to roast\", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa \"spinning wheel\" and pols \"temple\", of Latin origin, contra... |
56e16caee3433e1400422f05 | What is the origin of some Spanish words? | Latin origin | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang \"mud\" and rostir \"to roast\", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa \"spinning wheel\" and pols \"temple\", of Latin origin, contra... |
56e16caee3433e1400422f06 | What has different results in Spanish and Catalan? | Germanic superstrate | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe Germanic superstrate has had different outcomes in Spanish and Catalan. For example, Catalan fang \"mud\" and rostir \"to roast\", of Germanic origin, contrast with Spanish lodo and asar, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan filosa \"spinning wheel\" and pols \"temple\", of Latin origin, contra... |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67923 | What element in Spanish is more prominent than in Catalan? | Arabic element | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia \"large earthenware jar\" and rajola \"tile\", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli \"oil\" and oliva \"olive\", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. How... |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67924 | What language loanwords are found in both Spanish and Catalan? | Arabic loanwords | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia \"large earthenware jar\" and rajola \"tile\", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli \"oil\" and oliva \"olive\", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. How... |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67925 | In which language is the Arabic element stand out more? | Spanish | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia \"large earthenware jar\" and rajola \"tile\", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli \"oil\" and oliva \"olive\", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. How... |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67926 | Where does the Catalan word alfabia come from? | of Arabic origin | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia \"large earthenware jar\" and rajola \"tile\", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli \"oil\" and oliva \"olive\", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. How... |
56e16f1dcd28a01900c67927 | What is the origin of the Spanish word teja? | Latin origin | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThe same happens with Arabic loanwords. Thus, Catalan alfàbia \"large earthenware jar\" and rajola \"tile\", of Arabic origin, contrast with Spanish tinaja and teja, of Latin origin; whereas Catalan oli \"oil\" and oliva \"olive\", of Latin origin, contrast with Spanish aceite and aceituna. How... |
56e170dbcd28a01900c67940 | What are the linguistic blocks Catalan lies between? | Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance | [
"Catalan_language\n\nSituated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar \"to miss somebody\", apaivagar \"to calm down somebody\", or rebutjar \"reject\"."
] |
56e170dbcd28a01900c67941 | What kind of linguistic choices does Catalan have? | unique | [
"Catalan_language\n\nSituated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar \"to miss somebody\", apaivagar \"to calm down somebody\", or rebutjar \"reject\"."
] |
56e170dbcd28a01900c67942 | What type of unique choices does Catalan have? | lexical | [
"Catalan_language\n\nSituated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar \"to miss somebody\", apaivagar \"to calm down somebody\", or rebutjar \"reject\"."
] |
56e170dbcd28a01900c67943 | What is the Catalan to miss somebody? | enyorar | [
"Catalan_language\n\nSituated between two large linguistic blocks (Ibero-Romance and Gallo-Romance), Catalan has many unique lexical choices, such as enyorar \"to miss somebody\", apaivagar \"to calm down somebody\", or rebutjar \"reject\"."
] |
56e17248cd28a01900c67949 | What are the Paisos Catalans | Catalan Countries | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThese territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of t... |
56e17248cd28a01900c6794a | What is that determination based on? | cultural affinity and common heritage | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThese territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of t... |
56e17248cd28a01900c6794b | What status does Catalan Countries have? | no official status | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThese territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of t... |
56e17248cd28a01900c6794c | What is the interpretation of the term? | Various interpretations | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThese territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of t... |
56e17248cd28a01900c6794d | What is the term for Catalan Countries? | Països Catalans | [
"Catalan_language\n\nThese territories are sometimes referred to as the Països Catalans (Catalan Countries), a denomination based on cultural affinity and common heritage, that has also had a subsequent political interpretation but no official status. Various interpretations of the term may include some or all of t... |
56e176e4cd28a01900c67983 | How is Catalan different from other Romance languages? | many monosyllabic words | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic \"(male friend\") vs. amiga (\"female friend\")."
] |
56e176e4cd28a01900c67985 | What other type of endings do Catalan words have? | consonant clusters | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic \"(male friend\") vs. amiga (\"female friend\")."
] |
56e176e4cd28a01900c67986 | What kind of final devoicing does the language have? | obstruent | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic \"(male friend\") vs. amiga (\"female friend\")."
] |
56e176e4cd28a01900c67987 | What do many words feature? | couplets | [
"Catalan_language\n\nIn contrast with other Romance languages, Catalan has many monosyllabic words; and those ending in a wide variety of consonants and some consonant clusters. Also, Catalan has final obstruent devoicing, thus featuring many couplets like amic \"(male friend\") vs. amiga (\"female friend\")."
] |
56e1784ee3433e1400422f66 | What is the standard pronunciation of Catalan? | Central Catalan | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCentral Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article."
] |
56e1784ee3433e1400422f67 | What is Central Catalan? | standard pronunciation | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCentral Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article."
] |
56e1784ee3433e1400422f68 | What are the descriptions for? | standard pronunciation | [
"Catalan_language\n\nCentral Catalan is considered the standard pronunciation of the language. The descriptions below are mostly for this variety. For the differences in pronunciation of the different dialects, see the section pronunciation of dialects in this article."
] |
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