Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
56f8821eaef237190062613d	When did the layer of marine flysch sediments get deposited in the foreland basin?	As the rising peaks underwent erosion	[ "Alps\n\nUnder extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in...
56f8821eaef237190062613e	What were later deposited in foreland areas as molasse?	Coarse sediments	[ "Alps\n\nUnder extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in...
56f8821eaef237190062613f	Switzerland and Bavaria saw a further upthrusting of what?	flysch	[ "Alps\n\nUnder extreme compressive stresses and pressure, marine sedimentary rocks were uplifted, creating characteristic recumbent folds, or nappes, and thrust faults. As the rising peaks underwent erosion, a layer of marine flysch sediments was deposited in the foreland basin, and the sediments became involved in...
56f883c2aef2371900626144	What caused the development of the Jura Mountains?	a late-stage orogeny	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. The...
56f883c2aef2371900626145	What cause different paleogeographic regions in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods?	A series of tectonic events	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. The...
56f883c2aef2371900626146	What is another word for rock composition?	lithology	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. The...
56f883c2aef2371900626147	What geological subdivision is located in the north?	Helveticum	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alpine orogeny occurred in ongoing cycles through to the Paleogene causing differences in nappe structures, with a late-stage orogeny causing the development of the Jura Mountains. A series of tectonic events in the Triassic, Jurassic and Cretaceous periods caused different paleogeographic regions. The...
56f8851fa6d7ea1400e1770f	What is Stefan Schmid's profession?	geologist	[ "Alps\n\nAccording to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably o...
56f8851fa6d7ea1400e17710	What happened to the Western Alps during the Cenozoic Era	a metamorphic event	[ "Alps\n\nAccording to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably o...
56f8851fa6d7ea1400e17711	When did the Austroalpine peaks undergo their event?	the Cretaceous Period	[ "Alps\n\nAccording to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably o...
56f8851fa6d7ea1400e17712	The Western Alps and the Austroalpine peaks show distinct differences in what?	nappe formations	[ "Alps\n\nAccording to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably o...
56f8851fa6d7ea1400e17713	When did Flysch deposits probably occur in the Southern Alps of Lombardy?	Cretaceous	[ "Alps\n\nAccording to geologist Stefan Schmid, because the Western Alps underwent a metamorphic event in the Cenozoic Era while the Austroalpine peaks underwent an event in the Cretaceous Period, the two areas show distinct differences in nappe formations. Flysch deposits in the Southern Alps of Lombardy probably o...
56f8868baef2371900626160	What area do peaks in France, Italy, and Switzerland lie in?	Houillière zone	[ "Alps\n\nPeaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the \"Houillière zone\", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High \"massifs\" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps ha...
56f8868baef2371900626161	What are more common in the Western Alps?	High "massifs"	[ "Alps\n\nPeaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the \"Houillière zone\", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High \"massifs\" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps ha...
56f8868baef2371900626162	When compared to the Western Alps, what area has few high peaked massifs?	Eastern Alps	[ "Alps\n\nPeaks in France, Italy and Switzerland lie in the \"Houillière zone\", which consists of basement with sediments from the Mesozoic Era. High \"massifs\" with external sedimentary cover are more common in the Western Alps and were affected by Neogene Period thin-skinned thrusting whereas the Eastern Alps ha...
56f88857a6d7ea1400e1772d	Layers of rock from Europe, Africa and the ocean make up what?	the structure of the Alps	[ "Alps\n\nIn simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an exa...
56f88857a6d7ea1400e1772e	What is the origin of the bottom nappe structure?	continental Europe	[ "Alps\n\nIn simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an exa...
56f88857a6d7ea1400e1772f	Where are the top of the nappes derived from?	the African plate	[ "Alps\n\nIn simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an exa...
56f88857a6d7ea1400e17730	What is an example of the ongoing orogeny?	The Matterhorn	[ "Alps\n\nIn simple terms the structure of the Alps consists of layers of rock of European, African and oceanic (Tethyan) origin. The bottom nappe structure is of continental European origin, above which are stacked marine sediment nappes, topped off by nappes derived from the African plate. The Matterhorn is an exa...
56f88a0ca6d7ea1400e1773f	What happened to the Alpine orogenic belt that gave it the steep vertical peak?	folded and fractured	[ "Alps\n\nThe core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, t...
56f88a0ca6d7ea1400e17740	Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and peaks in the Pennine Alps cosist of what?	layers of rock from the various orogenies	[ "Alps\n\nThe core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, t...
56f88a0ca6d7ea1400e17741	What are the common characteristics of the Alpine Orogenic Belt?	steep vertical peaks	[ "Alps\n\nThe core regions of the Alpine orogenic belt have been folded and fractured in such a manner that erosion created the characteristic steep vertical peaks of the Swiss Alps that rise seemingly straight out of the foreland areas. Peaks such as Mont Blanc, the Matterhorn, and high peaks in the Pennine Alps, t...
56f88bb0aef2371900626170	What group defined a list of 82 official Apline summits that reach 4,000m?	Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA)	[ "Alps\n\nThe Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 \"official\" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed...
56f88bb0aef2371900626171	What is included in the list of 82 official Apline summits other than Mountains?	subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives	[ "Alps\n\nThe Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 \"official\" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed...
56f88bb0aef2371900626172	The list of twenty two summits has summits with at least how much prominence?	500 m (1,640 ft)	[ "Alps\n\nThe Union Internationale des Associations d'Alpinisme (UIAA) has defined a list of 82 \"official\" Alpine summits that reach at least 4,000 m (13,123 ft). The list includes not only mountains, but also subpeaks with little prominence that are considered important mountaineering objectives. Below are listed...
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e1774d	When was Mont Blanc first climbed?	1786	[ "Alps\n\nWhile Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m ...
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e1774e	When were most of the Alpine fourthousanders climber?	first half of the 19th century	[ "Alps\n\nWhile Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m ...
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e1774f	When was the ascent of the Matterhorn?	1865	[ "Alps\n\nWhile Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m ...
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e17750	What did the ascent of the Matterhorn mark?	the end of the golden age of alpinism	[ "Alps\n\nWhile Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m ...
56f88c53a6d7ea1400e17751	Who was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000m peaks?	Karl Blodig	[ "Alps\n\nWhile Mont Blanc was first climbed in 1786, most of the Alpine four-thousanders were climbed during the first half of the 19th century; the ascent of the Matterhorn in 1865 marked the end of the golden age of alpinism. Karl Blodig (1859–1956) was among the first to successfully climb all the major 4,000 m ...
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e17757	When was the first British Mont Blanc ascent?	1788	[ "Alps\n\nThe first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six g...
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e17758	When was the first female ascent on Mont Blanc?	1819	[ "Alps\n\nThe first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six g...
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e17759	When had Swiss mountaineers ascended most of the peaks?	the mid-1850s	[ "Alps\n\nThe first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six g...
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e1775a	What year did Edward Whymper reach the top of the Matterhorn?	1865	[ "Alps\n\nThe first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six g...
56f88e93a6d7ea1400e1775b	When were the last of the six great north faces of the Alps climbed?	1938	[ "Alps\n\nThe first British Mont Blanc ascent was in 1788; the first female ascent in 1819. By the mid-1850s Swiss mountaineers had ascended most of the peaks and were eagerly sought as mountain guides. Edward Whymper reached the top of the Matterhorn in 1865 (after seven attempts), and in 1938 the last of the six g...
56f88f71aef237190062619e	What have been mined in the Alps for thousands of years?	minerals	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Cr...
56f88f71aef237190062619f	What did Celtic tribes mine from the Alps?	copper	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Cr...
56f88f71aef23719006261a0	What did the Romans mine in the Bad Gastein area?	gold	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Cr...
56f88f71aef23719006261a1	What does Erzberd in Styria furnish?	high-quality iron ore	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Cr...
56f88f71aef23719006261a2	The cinnabar deposits are found in what area?	Slovenia	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps are a source of minerals that have been mined for thousands of years. In the 8th to 6th centuries BC during the Hallstatt culture, Celtic tribes mined copper; later the Romans mined gold for coins in the Bad Gastein area. Erzberg in Styria furnishes high-quality iron ore for the steel industry. Cr...
56f89035aef23719006261a8	How long have Alpine crystals been studied and collected?	hundreds of years	[ "Alps\n\nAlpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he stu...
56f89035aef23719006261a9	When did the alpine crystals begin to be classified?	the 18th century	[ "Alps\n\nAlpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he stu...
56f89035aef23719006261aa	Who studied the shapes of crystals?	Leonhard Euler	[ "Alps\n\nAlpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he stu...
56f89035aef23719006261ab	By the 19th century what was common in the Alpine regions?	crystal hunting	[ "Alps\n\nAlpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he stu...
56f89035aef23719006261ac	Who amassed a collection 8000 crystals?	David Friedrich Wiser	[ "Alps\n\nAlpine crystals have been studied and collected for hundreds of years, and began to be classified in the 18th century. Leonhard Euler studied the shapes of crystals, and by the 19th century crystal hunting was common in Alpine regions. David Friedrich Wiser amassed a collection of 8000 crystals that he stu...
56f8928baef23719006261bc	Where did the mountains undergo serve erosion?	Miocene Epoch	[ "Alps\n\nIn the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he ...
56f8928baef23719006261bd	What was the cause of the severe erosion?	glaciation	[ "Alps\n\nIn the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he ...
56f8928baef23719006261be	Who noted the severe erosion of the mountains?	Louis Agassiz	[ "Alps\n\nIn the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he ...
56f8928baef23719006261bf	What was Louis Agassiz also known as?	the "father of the ice-age concept"	[ "Alps\n\nIn the Miocene Epoch the mountains underwent severe erosion because of glaciation, which was noted in the mid-19th century by naturalist Louis Agassiz who presented a paper proclaiming the Alps were covered in ice at various intervals—a theory he formed when studying rocks near his Neuchâtel home which he ...
56f893a2a6d7ea1400e1777d	Where did Agassiz study during the 1840s?	the Unteraar Glacier	[ "Alps\n\nAgassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch, devoted exc...
56f893a2a6d7ea1400e1777e	Agassiz found that the Unteraar Glacier moved how much per year?	100 m (328 ft)	[ "Alps\n\nAgassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch, devoted exc...
56f893a2a6d7ea1400e1777f	The movement of the Unteraar Glacier moved more rapidly in what part?	the middle	[ "Alps\n\nAgassiz studied glacier movement in the 1840s at the Unteraar Glacier where he found the glacier moved 100 m (328 ft) per year, more rapidly in the middle than at the edges. His work was continued by other scientists and now a permanent laboratory exists inside a glacier under the Jungfraujoch, devoted exc...
56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c53	What is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages?	The Inn valley	[ "Alps\n\nGlaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the b...
56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c54	What lays at the bottom of the Inn Valley	Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age	[ "Alps\n\nGlaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the b...
56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c55	The top of the Inn Valley consists of what?	erosion from earlier ice ages	[ "Alps\n\nGlaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the b...
56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c56	What are Moraines?	piles of rock picked up during the movement of the glacier	[ "Alps\n\nGlaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the b...
56f8960c9b226e1400dd0c57	Where have moraines accumulated?	at edges, center and the terminus of glaciers.	[ "Alps\n\nGlaciers pick up rocks and sediment with them as they flow. This causes erosion and the formation of valleys over time. The Inn valley is an example of a valley carved by glaciers during the ice ages with a typical terraced structure caused by erosion. Eroded rocks from the most recent ice age lie at the b...
56f897739b226e1400dd0c71	How do Piedmont glaciers appear?	spread in a fan-like shape	[ "Alps\n\nAlpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly, perhaps explaining why the mountains were belie...
56f897739b226e1400dd0c72	What causes the ice to break and crack loudly?	The stress of the movement	[ "Alps\n\nAlpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly, perhaps explaining why the mountains were belie...
56f897739b226e1400dd0c73	What does the cracking of the ice create?	unpredictable and dangerous crevasses	[ "Alps\n\nAlpine glaciers can be straight rivers of ice, long sweeping rivers, spread in a fan-like shape (Piedmont glaciers), and curtains of ice that hang from vertical slopes of the mountain peaks. The stress of the movement causes the ice to break and crack loudly, perhaps explaining why the mountains were belie...
56f89a8d9e9bad19000a01b7	What causes flooding, property damage, and loss of life?	a piece of glacier will detach or break	[ "Alps\n\nGlaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on ...
56f89a8d9e9bad19000a01b8	What killed about 2500 people in the 17th century?	an avalanche	[ "Alps\n\nGlaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on ...
56f89a8d9e9bad19000a01b9	How many homes in a village near Zermatt were destroyed by an avalanche in the 19th century?	120 homes	[ "Alps\n\nGlaciers end in ice caves (the Rhone Glacier), by trailing into a lake or river, or by shedding snowmelt on a meadow. Sometimes a piece of glacier will detach or break resulting in flooding, property damage and loss of life. In the 17th century about 2500 people were killed by an avalanche in a village on ...
56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cb7	What cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas?	High levels of precipitation	[ "Alps\n\nHigh levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) b...
56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cb8	From 1876 to 1973, how much did the glaciers that covered the Alps shrink?	to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi)	[ "Alps\n\nHigh levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) b...
56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cb9	What resulted from the loss of the area the glaciers over the Alps?	decreased river run-off levels.	[ "Alps\n\nHigh levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) b...
56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cba	How much of the glaciation in Austria disappeared?	Forty percent	[ "Alps\n\nHigh levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) b...
56f89bfa9b226e1400dd0cbb	How much of the glaciation disappeared in Switzerland?	30%	[ "Alps\n\nHigh levels of precipitation cause the glaciers to descend to permafrost levels in some areas whereas in other, more arid regions, glaciers remain above about the 3,500 m (11,483 ft) level. The 1,817 square kilometres (702 sq mi) of the Alps covered by glaciers in 1876 had shrunk to 1,342 km2 (518 sq mi) b...
56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccb	What provides Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power?	The Alps	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan dep...
56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccc	How much of Europe does the Alps cover?	11 percent of the surface area	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan dep...
56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccd	How much water does the Alps provide to lowland Europe?	90 percent	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan dep...
56f89db09b226e1400dd0cce	How much water does Milan depend on from the Alpine runoff?	80 percent	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan dep...
56f89db09b226e1400dd0ccf	Water from the rivers is used in over how many hydroelectric power plants?	500	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps provide lowland Europe with drinking water, irrigation, and hydroelectric power. Although the area is only about 11 percent of the surface area of Europe, the Alps provide up to 90 percent of water to lowland Europe, particularly to arid areas and during the summer months. Cities such as Milan dep...
56f89f569b226e1400dd0cdf	The Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po rivers flow from what Country?	Switzerland	[ "Alps\n\nMajor European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Other rivers such as the ...
56f89f569b226e1400dd0ce0	Where do the major tributaries that flow through the Danube originate from?	the Alps	[ "Alps\n\nMajor European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Other rivers such as the ...
56f89f569b226e1400dd0ce1	Which river is second to the Nile as a freshwater source to the Mediterranean?	The Rhone	[ "Alps\n\nMajor European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Other rivers such as the ...
56f89f569b226e1400dd0ce2	What does The Rhone begin as?	glacial meltwater	[ "Alps\n\nMajor European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Other rivers such as the ...
56f89f569b226e1400dd0ce3	Where does the Rhine originate?	a 30 square kilometre area in Switzerland	[ "Alps\n\nMajor European rivers flow from Switzerland, such as the Rhine, the Rhone, the Inn, the Ticino and the Po, all of which have headwaters in the Alps and flow into neighbouring countries, finally emptying into the North Sea, the Mediterranean Sea, the Adriatic Sea and the Black Sea. Other rivers such as the ...
56f8a2749e9bad19000a0225	Where is the medieval St. Bartholomew Chapel located?	Germany	[ "Alps\n\nThe rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. In Germany, the medieval St. Bartholomew's chapel was built on the south side of the Königssee, accessible only by boat or by clim...
56f8a2749e9bad19000a0226	What side of the Konigssee was St. Bartholomew's chapel built?	south side	[ "Alps\n\nThe rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. In Germany, the medieval St. Bartholomew's chapel was built on the south side of the Königssee, accessible only by boat or by clim...
56f8a2749e9bad19000a0227	What do the rivers form?	lakes	[ "Alps\n\nThe rivers form lakes, such as Lake Geneva, a crescent shaped lake crossing the Swiss border with Lausanne on the Swiss side and the town of Evian-les-Bains on the French side. In Germany, the medieval St. Bartholomew's chapel was built on the south side of the Königssee, accessible only by boat or by clim...
56f8a3aa9b226e1400dd0d23	Who have been studying the impact of climate change and water use?	Scientists	[ "Alps\n\nScientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expec...
56f8a3aa9b226e1400dd0d24	Water is diverted from rivers for what purpose?	snowmaking in the ski resorts	[ "Alps\n\nScientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expec...
56f8a3aa9b226e1400dd0d25	What are the effects of diverting the water from rivers?	unknown	[ "Alps\n\nScientists have been studying the impact of climate change and water use. For example, each year more water is diverted from rivers for snowmaking in the ski resorts, the effect of which is yet unknown. Furthermore, the decrease of glaciated areas combined with a succession of winters with lower-than-expec...
56f8a4f49b226e1400dd0d33	What are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain?	The Alps	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the polar regions have been called Alpine. A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere cau...
56f8a4f49b226e1400dd0d34	Elevations around the world that have a cold climate similar to that of the polar region have been called what?	Alpine	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the polar regions have been called Alpine. A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere cau...
56f8a4f49b226e1400dd0d35	What causes the temperature to decrease?	A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the polar regions have been called Alpine. A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere cau...
56f8a4f49b226e1400dd0d36	What is sufficient to divide the weather patterns in Europe into a wet north and dry south?	The height of the Alps	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps are a classic example of what happens when a temperate area at lower altitude gives way to higher-elevation terrain. Elevations around the world that have cold climates similar to those of the polar regions have been called Alpine. A rise from sea level into the upper regions of the atmosphere cau...
56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3b	Since when has the severe weather in the Alps been studied?	the 18th century	[ "Alps\n\nThe severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid...
56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3c	Particularly what part of the weather has been studied?	the weather patterns	[ "Alps\n\nThe severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid...
56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3d	What was placed in the mountains early in the 20th century?	Numerous weather stations	[ "Alps\n\nThe severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid...
56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3e	Where is the Aosta valley located?	Italy	[ "Alps\n\nThe severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid...
56f8a5839b226e1400dd0d3f	Where is the Valais located?	Switzerland	[ "Alps\n\nThe severe weather in the Alps has been studied since the 18th century; particularly the weather patterns such as the seasonal foehn wind. Numerous weather stations were placed in the mountains early in the early 20th century, providing continuous data for climatologists. Some of the valleys are quite arid...
56f8a6849b226e1400dd0d4b	What areas experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff?	The areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation	[ "Alps\n\nThe areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff. The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year, with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes. At altitudes between ...
56f8a6849b226e1400dd0d4c	What are the ranges of mean precipitation in the Alps?	2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year	[ "Alps\n\nThe areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff. The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year, with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes. At altitudes between ...
56f8a6849b226e1400dd0d4d	Where do the higher levels of precipitation occur?	high altitudes	[ "Alps\n\nThe areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff. The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year, with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes. At altitudes between ...
56f8a6849b226e1400dd0d4e	At what altitude does snowfall begin in November?	At altitudes between 1,000 and 3,000 m	[ "Alps\n\nThe areas that are not arid and receive high precipitation experience periodic flooding from rapid snowmelt and runoff. The mean precipitation in the Alps ranges from a low of 2,600 mm (100 in) per year to 3,600 mm (140 in) per year, with the higher levels occurring at high altitudes. At altitudes between ...
56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d65	How many zones are the Alps split into?	five climatic zones	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The mo...
56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d66	What is the lowest zone of the Alps called?	colline zone	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The mo...
56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d67	Where does the lowest zone of the Alps exist?	between 500 and 1,000 m	[ "Alps\n\nThe Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The mo...

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