id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d68 | Where does the montane zone extend from? | from 800 to 1,700 m | [
"Alps\n\nThe Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The mo... |
56f8a7729b226e1400dd0d69 | Where does the sub-Alpine zone extend from? | from 1,600 to 2,400 m | [
"Alps\n\nThe Alps are split into five climatic zones, each with different vegetation. The climate, plant life and animal life vary among the different sections or zones of the mountains. The lowest zone is the colline zone, which exists between 500 and 1,000 m (1,640 and 3,281 ft), depending on the location. The mo... |
56f8a8639e9bad19000a0277 | What has been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps? | Various models of climate change | [
"Alps\n\nVarious models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff."
] |
56f8a8639e9bad19000a0278 | What will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff? | increased temperatures | [
"Alps\n\nVarious models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff."
] |
56f8a8639e9bad19000a0279 | What have the various models been of? | climate change | [
"Alps\n\nVarious models of climate change have been projected into the 22nd century for the Alps, with an expectation that a trend toward increased temperatures will have an effect on snowfall, snowpack, glaciation, and river runoff."
] |
56f8a9139b226e1400dd0d7f | How many species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions? | Thirteen thousand | [
"Alps\n\nThirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions. Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcerous. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soilless scree and moraines, and rock faces and rid... |
56f8a9139b226e1400dd0d80 | How are Alpine plants grouped? | by habitat and soil type | [
"Alps\n\nThirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions. Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcerous. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soilless scree and moraines, and rock faces and rid... |
56f8a9139b226e1400dd0d81 | Oak, beech, ash, and sycamore maple make up what group of trees? | chief deciduous trees | [
"Alps\n\nThirteen thousand species of plants have been identified in the Alpine regions. Alpine plants are grouped by habitat and soil type which can be limestone or non-calcerous. The habitats range from meadows, bogs, woodland (deciduous and coniferous) areas to soilless scree and moraines, and rock faces and rid... |
56f8a99d9b226e1400dd0d8f | What is often above the forestry? | a band of short pine trees | [
"Alps\n\nAbove the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout t... |
56f8a99d9b226e1400dd0d90 | What type of soil does Alpenrose prefer? | acidic soil | [
"Alps\n\nAbove the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout t... |
56f8a99d9b226e1400dd0d91 | What is the area above the treeline defined as? | alpine | [
"Alps\n\nAbove the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout t... |
56f8a99d9b226e1400dd0d92 | Why does the alpine area fluctuate greatly? | because of regional fluctuations in tree lines. | [
"Alps\n\nAbove the forestry, there is often a band of short pine trees (Pinus mugo), which is in turn superseded by Alpenrosen, dwarf shrubs, typically Rhododendron ferrugineum (on acid soils) or Rhododendron hirsutum (on alkaline soils). Although the Alpenrose prefers acidic soil, the plants are found throughout t... |
56f8aa359e9bad19000a0295 | What grows in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental? | Alpine plants such the Alpine gentian | [
"Alps\n\nAlpine plants such the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental. Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius, and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps, in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,921 to 7,874 ft). Writing about the gen... |
56f8aa359e9bad19000a0296 | What are Gentians named after? | the Illyrian king Gentius | [
"Alps\n\nAlpine plants such the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental. Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius, and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps, in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,921 to 7,874 ft). Writing about the gen... |
56f8aa359e9bad19000a0297 | How many species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps? | 40 species | [
"Alps\n\nAlpine plants such the Alpine gentian grow in abundance in areas such as the meadows above the Lauterbrunnental. Gentians are named after the Illyrian king Gentius, and 40 species of the early-spring blooming flower grow in the Alps, in a range of 1,500 to 2,400 m (4,921 to 7,874 ft). Writing about the gen... |
56f8abee9b226e1400dd0dbf | What do the plants tend to form at higher altitudes? | isolated cushions | [
"Alps\n\nAt these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,120 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the ... |
56f8abee9b226e1400dd0dc0 | Ranunculus glacialis have been recorded to have been found how far in the alps? | above 4,000 m | [
"Alps\n\nAt these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,120 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the ... |
56f8abee9b226e1400dd0dc1 | What is Eritrichium nanum commonly known as? | the King of the Alps | [
"Alps\n\nAt these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,120 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the ... |
56f8abee9b226e1400dd0dc2 | What is the best known of the alpine plants? | Edelweiss | [
"Alps\n\nAt these higher altitudes, the plants tend to form isolated cushions. In the Alps, several species of flowering plants have been recorded above 4,000 m (13,120 ft), including Ranunculus glacialis, Androsace alpina and Saxifraga biflora. The Eritrichium nanum, commonly known as the King of the Alps, is the ... |
56f8ac5d9b226e1400dd0dcf | What gives way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes? | extreme and stressful climatic conditions | [
"Alps\n\nThe extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps."
] |
56f8ac5d9b226e1400dd0dd0 | Origanum Vulgare has what useful properties? | medicinal | [
"Alps\n\nThe extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps."
] |
56f8ac5d9b226e1400dd0dd1 | Where are Urtica dioica found? | the Alps | [
"Alps\n\nThe extreme and stressful climatic conditions give way to the growth of plant species with secondary metabolites important for medicinal purposes. Origanum vulgare, Prunella vulgaris, Solanum nigrum and Urtica dioica are some of the more useful medicinal species found in the Alps."
] |
56f8ae129b226e1400dd0ded | What has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas? | Human interference | [
"Alps\n\nHuman interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, ... |
56f8ae129b226e1400dd0dee | What are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries? | forests of deciduous trees | [
"Alps\n\nHuman interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, ... |
56f8ae129b226e1400dd0def | What has changed since the second half of the 20th century? | The vegetation | [
"Alps\n\nHuman interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, ... |
56f8ae129b226e1400dd0df0 | The practice of building ski runs by mechanical means has destroyed what? | the underlying tundra | [
"Alps\n\nHuman interference has nearly exterminated the trees in many areas, and, except for the beech forests of the Austrian Alps, forests of deciduous trees are rarely found after the extreme deforestation between the 17th and 19th centuries. The vegetation has changed since the second half of the 20th century, ... |
56f8af259b226e1400dd0dff | How many species of wildlife habitat the Alps? | 30,000 species | [
"Alps\n\nThe Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line."
] |
56f8af259b226e1400dd0e00 | What have the wildlife done to survive the harsh conditions of the Alps? | made adaptations | [
"Alps\n\nThe Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line."
] |
56f8af259b226e1400dd0e01 | Some species of wildlife can only survive in what specific environment? | directly above or below the snow line | [
"Alps\n\nThe Alps are a habitat for 30,000 species of wildlife, ranging from the tiniest snow fleas to brown bears, many of which have made adaptations to the harsh cold conditions and high altitudes to the point that some only survive in specific micro-climates either directly above or below the snow line."
] |
56f8afb99e9bad19000a0313 | What is the largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes? | alpine ibex | [
"Alps\n\nThe largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree... |
56f8afb99e9bad19000a0314 | How high have the Alpine Ibex been sighted? | as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft) | [
"Alps\n\nThe largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree... |
56f8afb99e9bad19000a0315 | Where do the ibex live? | in caves | [
"Alps\n\nThe largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree... |
56f8afb99e9bad19000a0316 | What animal that live in the Alps are classified as antelopes? | chamois | [
"Alps\n\nThe largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree... |
56f8afb99e9bad19000a0317 | What year was the last brown bear recorded to have been killed? | 1792 | [
"Alps\n\nThe largest mammal to live in the highest altitudes are the alpine ibex, which have been sighted as high as 3,000 m (9,843 ft). The ibex live in caves and descend to eat the succulent alpine grasses. Classified as antelopes, chamois are smaller than ibex and found throughout the Alps, living above the tree... |
56f8b0ae9b226e1400dd0e0f | Where do many rodents live? | underground | [
"Alps\n\nMany rodents such as voles live underground. Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures. Golden eagles and bearded vu... |
56f8b0ae9b226e1400dd0e10 | Where do Marmots live? | almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft) | [
"Alps\n\nMany rodents such as voles live underground. Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures. Golden eagles and bearded vu... |
56f8b0ae9b226e1400dd0e11 | Where do marmots build their colonies? | beneath the alpine pastures | [
"Alps\n\nMany rodents such as voles live underground. Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures. Golden eagles and bearded vu... |
56f8b0ae9b226e1400dd0e12 | What is the most common bird found in the Alps? | the alpine chough | [
"Alps\n\nMany rodents such as voles live underground. Marmots live almost exclusively above the tree line as high as 2,700 m (8,858 ft). They hibernate in large groups to provide warmth, and can be found in all areas of the Alps, in large colonies they build beneath the alpine pastures. Golden eagles and bearded vu... |
56f8b1949e9bad19000a0339 | Why do reptiles only live up to the snow line? | they cannot bear the cold temperatures | [
"Alps\n\nReptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than... |
56f8b1949e9bad19000a033a | What do reptiles due since they cannot bear the cold temperatures? | they hibernate underground | [
"Alps\n\nReptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than... |
56f8b1949e9bad19000a033b | How have the Alpine salamanders adapted to living above the snow line? | by giving birth to fully developed young rather than laying eggs | [
"Alps\n\nReptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than... |
56f8b1949e9bad19000a033c | What can be found in the streams up to the snow line? | Brown trout | [
"Alps\n\nReptiles such as adders and vipers live up to the snow line; because they cannot bear the cold temperatures they hibernate underground and soak up the warmth on rocky ledges. The high-altitude Alpine salamanders have adapted to living above the snow line by giving birth to fully developed young rather than... |
56f8b2ab9e9bad19000a0351 | How long have some species of moths believed to have evolved from the same habitat? | 120 million years | [
"Alps\n\nA number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butter... |
56f8b2ab9e9bad19000a0352 | What can be commonly seen drinking from the snow melt? | Blue moths | [
"Alps\n\nA number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butter... |
56f8b2ab9e9bad19000a0353 | The swallowtail Parnassius family of butterfly habitat ranges up to how much? | 1,800 m (5,906 ft) | [
"Alps\n\nA number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butter... |
56f8b2ab9e9bad19000a0354 | What species of beetles are were collected for their colors before being protected? | Rosalia alpina | [
"Alps\n\nA number of species of moths live in the Alps, some of which are believed to have evolved in the same habitat up to 120 million years ago, long before the Alps were created. Blue moths can commonly be seen drinking from the snow melt; some species of blue moths fly as high as 1,800 m (5,906 ft). The butter... |
56f8b34f9b226e1400dd0e55 | Some species of moths and insects show evidence of what? | having been indigenous to the area | [
"Alps\n\nSome of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period."
] |
56f8b34f9b226e1400dd0e56 | How long ago does the evidence show moths and insects to have been indigenous? | the Alpine orogeny | [
"Alps\n\nSome of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period."
] |
56f8b34f9b226e1400dd0e57 | Where is Emosson located? | Valais, Switzerland | [
"Alps\n\nSome of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period."
] |
56f8b34f9b226e1400dd0e58 | When were dinosaur tracks found in Emosson? | the 1970s | [
"Alps\n\nSome of the species of moths and insects show evidence of having been indigenous to the area from as long ago as the Alpine orogeny. In Emosson in Valais, Switzerland, dinosaur tracks were found in the 1970s, dating probably from the Triassic Period."
] |
56f8b42f9e9bad19000a0369 | When were late Paleolithic communities established along the lake shores? | About 10,000 years ago | [
"Alps\n\nAbout 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses b... |
56f8b42f9e9bad19000a036a | What has been found in caves near Vercors? | Evidence of human habitation | [
"Alps\n\nAbout 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses b... |
56f8b42f9e9bad19000a036b | Why were houses built on piles? | to keep them dry | [
"Alps\n\nAbout 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses b... |
56f8b42f9e9bad19000a036c | What have been found in Alpine areas of France and Italy? | Standing stones | [
"Alps\n\nAbout 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses b... |
56f8b42f9e9bad19000a036d | How old are rock drawings in Valcamonica? | more than 5000 years old | [
"Alps\n\nAbout 10,000 years ago, when the ice melted after the last glacial period, late Paleolithic communities were established along the lake shores and in cave systems. Evidence of human habitation has been found in caves near Vercors, close to Grenoble; in Austria the Mondsee culture shows evidence of houses b... |
56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e7f | Who was Otzi the Iceman? | a mummy of a neolithic body | [
"Alps\n\nIn 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling... |
56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e80 | When was Otzi the Iceman found? | In 1991 | [
"Alps\n\nIn 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling... |
56f8b4f09b226e1400dd0e81 | Where was Otzi the Iceman discovered? | the Similaun glacier | [
"Alps\n\nIn 1991 a mummy of a neolithic body, known as Ötzi the Iceman, was discovered by hikers on the Similaun glacier. His clothing and gear indicate that he lived in an alpine farming community, while the location and manner of his death - an arrowhead was discovered in his shoulder - suggests he was travelling... |
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea1 | When did Celtic tribes settle in Switzerland? | between 1000 to 1500 BC | [
"Alps\n\nCeltic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where ... |
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea2 | The Raetians lived in what region? | the eastern regions | [
"Alps\n\nCeltic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where ... |
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea3 | The Helvetii occupied which region? | the west | [
"Alps\n\nCeltic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where ... |
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea4 | What did the Celtic tribes mine? | salt | [
"Alps\n\nCeltic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where ... |
56f8b7519b226e1400dd0ea5 | Which were the most widespread of the mountain tribes? | The Celts | [
"Alps\n\nCeltic tribes settled in Switzerland between 1000 to 1500 BC. The Raetians lived in the eastern regions, while the west was occupied by the Helvetii and the Allobrogi settled in the Rhone valley and in Savoy. Among the many substances Celtic tribes mined was salt in areas such as Salzburg in Austria where ... |
56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0eab | When was the Second Punic War? | 218 BC | [
"Alps\n\nDuring the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actua... |
56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0eac | Who was the Carthaginian general? | Hannibal | [
"Alps\n\nDuring the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actua... |
56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0ead | What did the Romans build along the mountain passes? | roads | [
"Alps\n\nDuring the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actua... |
56f8b80d9b226e1400dd0eae | What can still be found on the mountain passes? | Roman road markers | [
"Alps\n\nDuring the Second Punic War in 218 BC, the Carthaginian general Hannibal probably crossed the Alps with an army numbering 38,000 infantry, 8,000 cavalry, and 37 war elephants. This was one of the most celebrated achievements of any military force in ancient warfare, although no evidence exists of the actua... |
56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03a7 | What brought the defeat of the Allobrogi? | The Roman expansion | [
"Alps\n\nThe Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans ... |
56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03a8 | When were the Allobrogi defeated? | in 121 BC | [
"Alps\n\nThe Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans ... |
56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03a9 | When did Julius Caesar overcome the Helvetii? | 58 BC | [
"Alps\n\nThe Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans ... |
56f8b8a89e9bad19000a03aa | What tribes settled much of the Alpine region? | Germanic tribes | [
"Alps\n\nThe Roman expansion brought the defeat of the Allobrogi in 121 BC and during the Gallic Wars in 58 BC Julius Caesar overcame the Helvetii. The Rhaetians continued to resist but were eventually conquered when the Romans turned northward to the Danube valley in Austria and defeated the Brigantes. The Romans ... |
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed1 | Who established Christianity in the region? | Romans | [
"Alps\n\nChristianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number... |
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed2 | What did the Frankish expansion and the Bavarian expansion introduce? | feudalism | [
"Alps\n\nChristianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number... |
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed3 | What area still has intricate frescoes? | Castello del Buonconsiglio in Trento, Italy | [
"Alps\n\nChristianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number... |
56f8bbf89b226e1400dd0ed4 | What is preserved as an example of medieval architecture? | Château de Chillon | [
"Alps\n\nChristianity was established in the region by the Romans, and saw the establishment of monasteries and churches in the high regions. The Frankish expansion of the Carolingian Empire and the Bavarian expansion in the eastern Alps introduced feudalism and the building of castles to support the growing number... |
56f8be559b226e1400dd0f01 | Much of the medieval period was a time of what? | power struggles | [
"Alps\n\nMuch of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew ... |
56f8be559b226e1400dd0f02 | Where were the Visconti from? | northern Italy | [
"Alps\n\nMuch of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew ... |
56f8be559b226e1400dd0f03 | What dynastie was from Austria and Slovenia? | the House of Habsburg | [
"Alps\n\nMuch of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew ... |
56f8be559b226e1400dd0f04 | What Country was a well-established separate state by the 16th century? | Switzerland | [
"Alps\n\nMuch of the medieval period was a time of power struggles between competing dynasties such as the House of Savoy, the Visconti in northern Italy and the House of Habsburg in Austria and Slovenia. In 1291 to protect themselves from incursions by the Habsburgs, four cantons in the middle of Switzerland drew ... |
56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f13 | What wars took place during the late 18th century and early 19th century? | the Napoleonic Wars | [
"Alps\n\nDuring the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alp... |
56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f14 | Who annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys? | Napoleon | [
"Alps\n\nDuring the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alp... |
56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f15 | When was the Helvetic Republic established? | 1798 | [
"Alps\n\nDuring the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alp... |
56f8bec89b226e1400dd0f16 | Where was the Helvetic Republic established? | Switzerland | [
"Alps\n\nDuring the Napoleonic Wars in the late 18th century and early 19th century, Napoleon annexed territory formerly controlled by the Habsburgs and Savoys. In 1798 he established the Helvetic Republic in Switzerland; two years later he led an army across the St. Bernard pass and conquered almost all of the Alp... |
56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f2d | When did many alpine countries develop heavy protection to prevent new invasion? | After the fall of Napoléon | [
"Alps\n\nAfter the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to ... |
56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f2e | Who built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley? | Savoy | [
"Alps\n\nAfter the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to ... |
56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f2f | Why were a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley built? | to protect the major alpine passes | [
"Alps\n\nAfter the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to ... |
56f8c0389b226e1400dd0f30 | Who ordered the construction of a paved road? | Napoléon Bonaparte | [
"Alps\n\nAfter the fall of Napoléon, many alpine countries developed heavy protections to prevent any new invasion. Thus, Savoy built a series of fortifications in the Maurienne valley in order to protect the major alpine passes, such as the col du Mont-Cenis that was even crossed by, Charlemagne and his father to ... |
56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f3d | What became tourist destinations during the 19th century? | the monasteries built in the high Alps | [
"Alps\n\nIn the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the... |
56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f3e | Who built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland and Oberammergau? | The Benedictines | [
"Alps\n\nIn the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the... |
56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f3f | Who had abbeys in the Savor and one in the center of Interlaken? | the Augustinians | [
"Alps\n\nIn the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the... |
56f8c1a09b226e1400dd0f40 | When was the Great St. Bernard Hospice built? | the 9th or 10th centuries | [
"Alps\n\nIn the 19th century, the monasteries built in the high Alps during the medieval period to shelter travelers and as places of pilgrimage, became tourist destinations. The Benedictines had built monasteries in Lucerne, Switzerland, and Oberammergau; the Cistercians in the Tyrol and at Lake Constance; and the... |
56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f4f | How old was the charcoal placed in the Drachloch cave? | 50,000 years | [
"Alps\n\nRadiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric peo... |
56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f50 | What does the finding of charcoal in Dragon's Hole prove? | the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people | [
"Alps\n\nRadiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric peo... |
56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f51 | What may have been buried by the same prehistoric people? | Seven bear skulls | [
"Alps\n\nRadiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric peo... |
56f8c3ce9b226e1400dd0f52 | People blindfolded themselves to cross what? | Alpine passes | [
"Alps\n\nRadiocarbon dated charcoal placed around 50,000 years ago was found in the Drachloch (Dragon's Hole) cave above the village of Vattis in the canton of St. Gallen, proving that the high peaks were visited by prehistoric people. Seven bear skulls from the cave may have been buried by the same prehistoric peo... |
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f71 | Where was Charles VII from? | France | [
"Alps\n\nCharles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reachi... |
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f72 | What was Charles VII chamberlain ordered to do? | climb Mont Aiguille | [
"Alps\n\nCharles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reachi... |
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f73 | What did the knight leave at the summit of Rocciamelone? | a bronze triptych of three crosses | [
"Alps\n\nCharles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reachi... |
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f74 | When did Antioine de Ville climb Mont Aiguille? | 1492 | [
"Alps\n\nCharles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reachi... |
56f8c4d09b226e1400dd0f75 | When did four Chamonix men almost reach the summit of Mont Blanc? | 18th century | [
"Alps\n\nCharles VII of France ordered his chamberlain to climb Mont Aiguille in 1356. The knight reached the summit of Rocciamelone where he left a bronze triptych of three crosses, a feat which he conducted with the use of ladders to traverse the ice. In 1492 Antoine de Ville climbed Mont Aiguille, without reachi... |
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