Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b2	The Russian Empire became more militarily active against who?	the Ottoman Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nUntil about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as m...
56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b3	Who decided the two polities under attack were necessary for the balance of power?	the British government	[ "Near_East\n\nUntil about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as m...
56f8e9289b226e1400dd11b4	What empire began promulgating a new vocabulary?	the British Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nUntil about 1855 the words near east and far east did not refer to any particular region. The far East, a phrase containing a noun, East, qualified by an adjective, far, could be at any location in the \"far east\" of the speaker's home territory. The Ottoman Empire, for example, was the far East as m...
56f8e98f9b226e1400dd11ba	When was a reprint of a letter sent to The Times appear in Littel's Living Age?	1855	[ "Near_East\n\nIn 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an \"official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service\" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire w...
56f8e98f9b226e1400dd11bb	Who was the author of the letter sent to the Times?	Thomas Taylor Meadows	[ "Near_East\n\nIn 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an \"official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service\" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire w...
56f8e98f9b226e1400dd11bc	What was Thomas Taylor Meadows replying to?	the suggestion by another interpreter	[ "Near_East\n\nIn 1855 a reprint of a letter earlier sent to The Times appeared in Littel's Living Age. Its author, an \"official Chinese interpreter of 10 years' active service\" and a member of the Oriental Club, Thomas Taylor Meadows, was replying to the suggestion by another interpreter that the British Empire w...
56f8ea1d9b226e1400dd11c0	What was one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary?	the letter to the Times	[ "Near_East\n\nMuch of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the Times was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to...
56f8ea1d9b226e1400dd11c1	What was said must represent usage by that administration?	Meadows' terminology	[ "Near_East\n\nMuch of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the Times was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to...
56f8ea1d9b226e1400dd11c2	Who had formed the club that contained much of the colonial administration?	Duke of Wellington	[ "Near_East\n\nMuch of the colonial administration belonged to this club, which had been formed by the Duke of Wellington. Meadows' terminology must represent usage by that administration. If not the first use of the terms, the letter to the Times was certainly one of the earliest presentations of this vocabulary to...
56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11c6	What remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles?	"Near East"	[ "Near_East\n\n\"Near East\" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: \"the Nearer East,\" reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of \"nearer\" and \"farther.\" They undoubt...
56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11c7	What variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates?	"the Nearer East,"	[ "Near_East\n\n\"Near East\" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: \"the Nearer East,\" reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of \"nearer\" and \"farther.\" They undoubt...
56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11c8	There was a need to separate what from the terrain of the Ottoman Empire?	the Biblical lands	[ "Near_East\n\n\"Near East\" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: \"the Nearer East,\" reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of \"nearer\" and \"farther.\" They undoubt...
56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11c9	What did the Christians see the country as?	the land of the Old and New Testaments	[ "Near_East\n\n\"Near East\" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: \"the Nearer East,\" reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of \"nearer\" and \"farther.\" They undoubt...
56f8eaef9b226e1400dd11ca	How did the scholars attempt their definition?	on the basis of archaeology	[ "Near_East\n\n\"Near East\" remained popular in diplomatic, trade and journalistic circles, but a variation soon developed among the scholars and the men of the cloth and their associates: \"the Nearer East,\" reverting to the classical and then more scholarly distinction of \"nearer\" and \"farther.\" They undoubt...
56f8ebe29e9bad19000a06fc	When was the London Review?	1861	[ "Near_East\n\nFor example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making:" ]
56f8ebe29e9bad19000a06fd	Rawlinson, Layard and others were reviewed in what?	The London Review of 1861	[ "Near_East\n\nFor example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making:" ]
56f8ebe29e9bad19000a06fe	Who wrote The London Review of 1861?	(Telford and Barber	[ "Near_East\n\nFor example, The London Review of 1861 (Telford and Barber, unsigned) in reviewing several works by Rawlinson, Layard and others, defined themselves as making:" ]
56f8ec5d9e9bad19000a0702	What region was explicitly excluded?	India	[ "Near_East\n\nThe regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans." ]
56f8ec5d9e9bad19000a0703	What region has no mention?	the Balkans	[ "Near_East\n\nThe regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans." ]
56f8ec5d9e9bad19000a0704	Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia, and Abyssinia were all what?	regions in their inventory	[ "Near_East\n\nThe regions in their inventory were Assyria, Chaldea, Mesopotamia, Persia, Armenia, Egypt, Arabia, Syria, Palestine, Ethiopia, Caucasus, Libya, Anatolia and Abyssinia. Explicitly excluded is India. No mention is made of the Balkans." ]
56f8ecd49e9bad19000a0708	What does Hogarth say in detail?	where and why	[ "Near_East\n\nHogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics. His analysis is geopolitical. His map delineates the Nearer East with regular lines as though surveyed. They include Iran, the Balkans, but not the Danube lands, Egypt, but not the rest of North Afr...
56f8ecd49e9bad19000a0709	Hogarth makes no mention of what?	the classics	[ "Near_East\n\nHogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics. His analysis is geopolitical. His map delineates the Nearer East with regular lines as though surveyed. They include Iran, the Balkans, but not the Danube lands, Egypt, but not the rest of North Afr...
56f8ecd49e9bad19000a070a	How is Hogarth's analysis?	geopolitical	[ "Near_East\n\nHogarth then proceeds to say where and why in some detail, but no more mention is made of the classics. His analysis is geopolitical. His map delineates the Nearer East with regular lines as though surveyed. They include Iran, the Balkans, but not the Danube lands, Egypt, but not the rest of North Afr...
56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d0	When did the term "Near East" acquire considerable disrepute?	the 19th century	[ "Near_East\n\nIn the last years of the 19th century the term \"Near East\" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protrac...
56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d1	The term "Near East" acquired considerable disrepute in whose eyes?	English-speaking public	[ "Near_East\n\nIn the last years of the 19th century the term \"Near East\" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protrac...
56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d2	What was the cause of the onus?	the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians	[ "Near_East\n\nIn the last years of the 19th century the term \"Near East\" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protrac...
56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d3	What was the cause of the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians?	they were Christians	[ "Near_East\n\nIn the last years of the 19th century the term \"Near East\" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protrac...
56f8ed819b226e1400dd11d4	When was Robert Hickens' book wrote?	1913)	[ "Near_East\n\nIn the last years of the 19th century the term \"Near East\" acquired considerable disrepute in eyes of the English-speaking public as did the Ottoman Empire itself. The cause of the onus was the Hamidian Massacres of Armenians because they were Christians, but it seemed to spill over into the protrac...
56f8ef1c9e9bad19000a072a	Reports from who made the change evident?	influential British travellers	[ "Near_East\n\nThe change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans. In 1894, Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet, a journalist, travelled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, which came out in 1895. By \"Far East\" he meant Siberia, C...
56f8ef1c9e9bad19000a072b	Where did Sir Henry Norman travel in 1894	the Far East	[ "Near_East\n\nThe change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans. In 1894, Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet, a journalist, travelled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, which came out in 1895. By \"Far East\" he meant Siberia, C...
56f8ef1c9e9bad19000a072c	What book did Sir Henry Norman write after traveling to the Far East?	The Peoples and Politics of the Far East	[ "Near_East\n\nThe change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans. In 1894, Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet, a journalist, travelled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, which came out in 1895. By \"Far East\" he meant Siberia, C...
56f8ef1c9e9bad19000a072d	What year did Sir Henry Norman's book come out?	1895	[ "Near_East\n\nThe change is evident in the reports of influential British travellers to the Balkans. In 1894, Sir Henry Norman, 1st Baronet, a journalist, travelled to the Far East, afterwards writing a book called The Peoples and Politics of the Far East, which came out in 1895. By \"Far East\" he meant Siberia, C...
56f8effd9e9bad19000a073b	Where did the Normans go off to instead of publishing the book?	New York	[ "Near_East\n\nThe book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ru...
56f8effd9e9bad19000a073c	When did Norman publish parts of his planned travel book?	June, 1896	[ "Near_East\n\nThe book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ru...
56f8effd9e9bad19000a073d	What magazine did Norman publish his work in?	Scribner's Magazine	[ "Near_East\n\nThe book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ru...
56f8effd9e9bad19000a073e	Who were liberators of oppressed Balkan states?	The Russians	[ "Near_East\n\nThe book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ru...
56f8effd9e9bad19000a073f	Who did Norman say "turned her back"?	England	[ "Near_East\n\nThe book was never published. Instead the Normans whirled off to New York. Norman published the gist of his planned travel book curiously mixed with vituperation against the Ottoman Empire in an article in June, 1896, in Scribner's Magazine. The empire had descended from an enlightened civilization ru...
56f8f0819e9bad19000a0745	What does Norman mean in the article when saying "Near East"?	the countries where "the eastern question" applied	[ "Near_East\n\nThroughout this article Norman uses \"Near East\" to mean the countries where \"the eastern question\" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Moslem and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, ...
56f8f0819e9bad19000a0746	What is the rest of the Ottoman domain demoted to?	just "the east."	[ "Near_East\n\nThroughout this article Norman uses \"Near East\" to mean the countries where \"the eastern question\" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Moslem and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, ...
56f8f0819e9bad19000a0747	"The East" refers to what?	The rest of the Ottoman domain	[ "Near_East\n\nThroughout this article Norman uses \"Near East\" to mean the countries where \"the eastern question\" applied; that is, to all of the Balkans. The countries and regions mentioned are Greece, Bulgaria, Serbia, Bosnia-Herzegovina (which was Moslem and needed, in his view, to be suppressed), Macedonia, ...
56f8f1b49e9bad19000a074b	What was William Miller's life span?	1864–1945	[ "Near_East\n\nIf Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately en...
56f8f1b49e9bad19000a074c	What was William Miller an expert on?	the Near East	[ "Near_East\n\nIf Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately en...
56f8f1b49e9bad19000a074d	So to speak, what did William Miller do?	signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires	[ "Near_East\n\nIf Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately en...
56f8f1b49e9bad19000a074e	Where did Miller attend school?	Oxford	[ "Near_East\n\nIf Norman was apparently attempting to change British policy, it was perhaps William Miller (1864–1945), journalist and expert on the Near East, who did the most in that direction. In essence, he signed the death warrant, so to speak, of the Age of Empires. The fall of the Ottoman Empire ultimately en...
56f8f2c89e9bad19000a075d	Miller's words were considered what?	fighting words	[ "Near_East\n\nThese were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the \"collective wisdom\" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under ch...
56f8f2c89e9bad19000a075e	It was considered Europe needed what country?	Turkey	[ "Near_East\n\nThese were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the \"collective wisdom\" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under ch...
56f8f2c89e9bad19000a075f	What was Miller citing?	the "collective wisdom" of Europe	[ "Near_East\n\nThese were fighting words to be coming from a country that once insisted Europe needed Turkey and was willing to spill blood over it. For his authority Miller invokes the people, citing the \"collective wisdom\" of Europe, and introducing a concept to arise many times in the decades to follow under ch...
56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e4	The Ottoman Empire had no choice but to develop their relationship with what country?	Austro-Hungarian Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nIf the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already f...
56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e5	Who supported the Austro-Hungarian Empire?	the German Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nIf the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already f...
56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e6	Who did the British Empire side with?	the Russian Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nIf the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already f...
56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e7	The formation of the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance partly caused what?	World War I	[ "Near_East\n\nIf the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already f...
56f8f36a9b226e1400dd11e8	By what year were three empires gone?	1918	[ "Near_East\n\nIf the British Empire was now going to side with the Russian Empire, the Ottoman Empire had no choice but to cultivate a relationship with the Austro-Hungarian Empire, which was supported by the German Empire. In a few years these alignments became the Triple Entente and the Triple Alliance (already f...
56f8f3eb9e9bad19000a076d	What year was Arnold J toynbee becoming metaphysical about the Near East?	1916	[ "Near_East\n\nBy 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over \"the eastern question,\" Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficien...
56f8f3eb9e9bad19000a076e	Who was the Hegelesque historian of civilization?	Arnold J. Toynbee	[ "Near_East\n\nBy 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over \"the eastern question,\" Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficien...
56f8f3eb9e9bad19000a076f	Arnold J Toynbee believed what?	Geography alone was not a sufficient explanation of the terms	[ "Near_East\n\nBy 1916, when millions of Europeans were becoming casualties of imperial war in the trenches of eastern and western Europe over \"the eastern question,\" Arnold J. Toynbee, Hegelesque historian of civilization at large, was becoming metaphysical about the Near East. Geography alone was not a sufficien...
56f8f4539e9bad19000a0773	What was able to rise from the death of the Near East?	new nations	[ "Near_East\n\nFrom the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, ...
56f8f4539e9bad19000a0774	What notable nation was able to rise from the ashes of the Near East?	the Republic of Turkey	[ "Near_East\n\nFrom the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, ...
56f8f4539e9bad19000a0775	How did the Republic of Turkey align themselves?	with the west	[ "Near_East\n\nFrom the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, ...
56f8f4539e9bad19000a0776	Who was the founder of the Republic of Turkey?	Mustafa Kemal	[ "Near_East\n\nFrom the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, ...
56f8f4539e9bad19000a0777	Who was a former Ottoman high-ranking officer?	Mustafa Kemal	[ "Near_East\n\nFrom the death of the Near East new nations were able to rise from the ashes, notably the Republic of Turkey. Paradoxically it now aligned itself with the west rather than with the east. Mustafa Kemal, its founder, a former Ottoman high-ranking officer, was insistent on this social revolution, which, ...
56f8f52a9e9bad19000a077d	When was the term middle east common as a noun and adjective?	the 19th century	[ "Near_East\n\nThe term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term \"Near East\" to ...
56f8f52a9e9bad19000a077e	The middle east was not common in diplomacy and what other context?	archaeology	[ "Near_East\n\nThe term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term \"Near East\" to ...
56f8f52a9e9bad19000a077f	Where did the "Far East" derive from?	Ptolemy's "India Beyond the Ganges."	[ "Near_East\n\nThe term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term \"Near East\" to ...
56f8f52a9e9bad19000a0780	Where did the Ottoman Empire end?	the eastern border of Iraq	[ "Near_East\n\nThe term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term \"Near East\" to ...
56f8f52a9e9bad19000a0781	Why did archaeologists count Iran as "The Near East"?	because Old Persian cuneiform had been found there	[ "Near_East\n\nThe term middle east as a noun and adjective was common in the 19th century in nearly every context except diplomacy and archaeology. An uncountable number of places appear to have had their middle easts from gardens to regions, including the United States. The innovation of the term \"Near East\" to ...
56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1202	Where did the use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs begin?	in British and American diplomatic circles	[ "Near_East\n\nThe use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an articl...
56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1203	What was Iran known as to the west?	Persia	[ "Near_East\n\nThe use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an articl...
56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1204	When did Thomas Edward Gordon publish "The Problem of the Middle East"?	1900	[ "Near_East\n\nThe use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an articl...
56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1205	What article did Thomas Edward Gordon publish?	The Problem of the Middle East	[ "Near_East\n\nThe use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an articl...
56f8f65b9b226e1400dd1206	The problem of the Middle East was published by who?	Thomas Edward Gordon	[ "Near_East\n\nThe use of the term Middle East as a region of international affairs apparently began in British and American diplomatic circles quite independently of each other over concern for the security of the same country: Iran, then known to the west as Persia. In 1900 Thomas Edward Gordon published an articl...
56f8f72e9e9bad19000a0787	What threat caused Gordon to publish his article?	resumption of work on a railway	[ "Near_East\n\nThe threat that caused Gordon, diplomat and military officer, to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf. Gordon, a published author, had not used the term previously, but he was to use it from then on." ]
56f8f72e9e9bad19000a0788	Who was a diplomat and military officer?	Gordon	[ "Near_East\n\nThe threat that caused Gordon, diplomat and military officer, to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf. Gordon, a published author, had not used the term previously, but he was to use it from then on." ]
56f8f72e9e9bad19000a0789	Who had not used the term middle east previously in publications?	Gordon	[ "Near_East\n\nThe threat that caused Gordon, diplomat and military officer, to publish the article was resumption of work on a railway from Russia to the Persian Gulf. Gordon, a published author, had not used the term previously, but he was to use it from then on." ]
56f8f77f9e9bad19000a078d	Who was a member of American diplomatic and military circles?	Alfred Thayer Mahan	[ "Near_East\n\nA second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles, Alfred Thayer Mahan, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, commented in 1902:" ]
56f8f77f9e9bad19000a078e	What was Alfred Thayer Mahan concerned about?	the naval vulnerability of the trade routes	[ "Near_East\n\nA second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles, Alfred Thayer Mahan, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, commented in 1902:" ]
56f8f77f9e9bad19000a078f	When did Alfred Thayer Mahan comment on the trade routes?	1902	[ "Near_East\n\nA second strategic personality from American diplomatic and military circles, Alfred Thayer Mahan, concerned about the naval vulnerability of the trade routes in the Persian Gulf and Indian Ocean, commented in 1902:" ]
56f8f7ba9b226e1400dd120c	Who did not connect with the soldier?	the sailor	[ "Near_East\n\nApparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier, as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East. It was, however, already there to be seen." ]
56f8f7ba9b226e1400dd120d	What did Mahan believe he was innovating?	the term Middle East	[ "Near_East\n\nApparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier, as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East. It was, however, already there to be seen." ]
56f8f7ba9b226e1400dd120e	What had already been there to be seen?	the term Middle East	[ "Near_East\n\nApparently the sailor did not connect with the soldier, as Mahan believed he was innovating the term Middle East. It was, however, already there to be seen." ]
56f8f96c9e9bad19000a0793	The Near East and the Middle East coexisted until what period?	the period following World War I	[ "Near_East\n\nUntil the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as \"the Near and Middle East.\" The tot...
56f8f96c9e9bad19000a0794	Who was the colonial officer killed in China?	Bertram Lenox Simpson	[ "Near_East\n\nUntil the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as \"the Near and Middle East.\" The tot...
56f8f96c9e9bad19000a0795	Who wrote the 1910 book 'The Conflict of Color'?	Bertram Lenox Simpson	[ "Near_East\n\nUntil the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as \"the Near and Middle East.\" The tot...
56f8f96c9e9bad19000a0796	What was Simpson's pen-name?	Weale	[ "Near_East\n\nUntil the period following World War I the Near East and the Middle East coexisted, but they were not always seen as distinct. Bertram Lenox Simpson, a colonial officer killed eventually in China, uses the terms together in his 1910 book, The Conflict of Color, as \"the Near and Middle East.\" The tot...
56f8f9f49e9bad19000a079b	What is the basis of Simpson's unity?	color and colonial subjection	[ "Near_East\n\nThe basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was \"the great white race\", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white ...
56f8f9f49e9bad19000a079c	The great whites were appearing as late as what time?	the 1920s	[ "Near_East\n\nThe basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was \"the great white race\", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white ...
56f8f9f49e9bad19000a079d	In whose works were the great whites appearing?	James Henry Breasted	[ "Near_East\n\nThe basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was \"the great white race\", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white ...
56f8f9f49e9bad19000a079e	What was mainly of interest in America?	A red wavelength	[ "Near_East\n\nThe basis of Simpson's unity is color and colonial subjection. His color chart recognizes a spectrum of black, brown and yellow, which at the time had been traditional since the late 19th century. Apart from these was \"the great white race\", which the moderate Simpson tones down to simply the white ...
56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1212	These regions were occupied by who?	the brown men	[ "Near_East\n\nThese regions were occupied by \"the brown men,\" with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire." ]
56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1213	Where where the yellow?	the Far East	[ "Near_East\n\nThese regions were occupied by \"the brown men,\" with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire." ]
56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1214	Where were the black?	Africa	[ "Near_East\n\nThese regions were occupied by \"the brown men,\" with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire." ]
56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1215	When did Kenya become independent?	1963	[ "Near_East\n\nThese regions were occupied by \"the brown men,\" with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire." ]
56f8fa3c9b226e1400dd1216	The color issue was not settled until when?	Kenya became independent	[ "Near_East\n\nThese regions were occupied by \"the brown men,\" with the yellow in the Far East and the black in Africa. The color issue was not settled until Kenya became independent in 1963, ending the last vestige of the British Empire." ]
56f8fab19b226e1400dd121c	The Ottomans were portrayed as what?	the slavers	[ "Near_East\n\nThis view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary ...
56f8fab19b226e1400dd121d	Who is known as the saint of all British colonial officers?	Charles George Gordon	[ "Near_East\n\nThis view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary ...
56f8fab19b226e1400dd121e	What did Charles George Gordon spend his time between?	assignments living among the poor and donating his salary	[ "Near_East\n\nThis view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary ...
56f8fab19b226e1400dd121f	When did he win Ottoman confidence?	as a junior officer in the Crimean War	[ "Near_East\n\nThis view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary ...
56f8fab19b226e1400dd1220	What did he become in his later career?	a high official in the Ottoman Empire	[ "Near_East\n\nThis view reveals a somewhat less than altruistic Christian intent of the British Empire; however, it was paradoxical from the beginning, as Simpson and most other writers pointed out. The Ottomans were portrayed as the slavers, but even as the American and British fleets were striking at the Barbary ...
56f8fb439b226e1400dd1226	When did the term "Near and Middle East" hold stage?	a few years before World War I	[ "Near_East\n\nThe term \"Near and Middle East,\" held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria ju...
56f8fb439b226e1400dd1227	What proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view?	The term "Near and Middle East,"	[ "Near_East\n\nThe term \"Near and Middle East,\" held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria ju...
56f8fb439b226e1400dd1228	When did Captain T.C. Fowle write of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria?	1916	[ "Near_East\n\nThe term \"Near and Middle East,\" held the stage for a few years before World War I. It proved to be less acceptable to a colonial point of view that saw the entire region as one. In 1916 Captain T.C. Fowle, 40th Pathans (troops of British India), wrote of a trip he had taken from Karachi to Syria ju...

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