id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
56fb6507b28b3419009f1d0b | In what period did Islamic armies conquer Syria? | 634–635 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nReligious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking c... |
56fb6507b28b3419009f1d0c | In what century did Muslims conquer North Africa? | 7th | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nReligious beliefs in the Eastern Empire and Persia were in flux during the late 6th and early 7th centuries. Judaism was an active proselytising faith, and at least one Arab political leader converted to it.[J] Christianity had active missions competing with the Persians' Zoroastrianism in seeking c... |
56fb6570b28b3419009f1d12 | In what year did the Battle of Poitiers take place? | 732 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacem... |
56fb6570b28b3419009f1d13 | What Islamic dynasty followed the Umayyad? | Abbasid | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacem... |
56fb6570b28b3419009f1d14 | What was the capital of the Abbasid state? | Baghdad | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacem... |
56fb6570b28b3419009f1d15 | What dynasty ruled Egypt in this period? | Tulunids | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacem... |
56fb6570b28b3419009f1d16 | What group conquered southern France from Muslim forces? | the Franks | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Islamic conquests reached their peak in the mid-8th century. The defeat of Muslim forces at the Battle of Poitiers in 732 led to the reconquest of southern France by the Franks, but the main reason for the halt of Islamic growth in Europe was the overthrow of the Umayyad dynasty and its replacem... |
56fb6623b28b3419009f1d1c | Along with Naples, what city still traded African goods in the 7th century? | Rome | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century,... |
56fb6623b28b3419009f1d1d | What event led to African goods no longer being traded in Western Europe by the end of the 7th century? | Muslim conquests | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century,... |
56fb6623b28b3419009f1d1e | What non-local goods have archaeologists typically found in Britain of this era? | luxury goods | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe migrations and invasions of the 4th and 5th centuries disrupted trade networks around the Mediterranean. African goods stopped being imported into Europe, first disappearing from the interior and by the 7th century found only in a few cities such as Rome or Naples. By the end of the 7th century,... |
56fb6673b28b3419009f1d22 | During what century did gold coinage cease? | 7th | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was ... |
56fb6673b28b3419009f1d23 | Coinage from what metal replaced gold coinage? | silver | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was ... |
56fb6673b28b3419009f1d24 | What was the Anglo-Saxon silver coin called? | penny | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was ... |
56fb6673b28b3419009f1d25 | What was another name for the denarius? | denier | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was ... |
56fb6673b28b3419009f1d26 | In what part of Europe were gold coins still minted? | Southern Europe | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe various Germanic states in the west all had coinages that imitated existing Roman and Byzantine forms. Gold continued to be minted until the end of the 7th century, when it was replaced by silver coins. The basic Frankish silver coin was the denarius or denier, while the Anglo-Saxon version was ... |
56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d2c | What language was used by the eastern church? | Greek | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nChristianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The easte... |
56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d2d | What language did the western church use? | Latin | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nChristianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The easte... |
56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d2e | When did the eastern and western churches split? | 1054 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nChristianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The easte... |
56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d2f | Over what issue did the eastern and western churches split? | papal supremacy | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nChristianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The easte... |
56fb66c9b28b3419009f1d30 | What was the eastern church subsequently known as? | the Orthodox Church | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nChristianity was a major unifying factor between Eastern and Western Europe before the Arab conquests, but the conquest of North Africa sundered maritime connections between those areas. Increasingly the Byzantine Church differed in language, practices, and liturgy from the western Church. The easte... |
56fb673d8ddada1400cd63cd | When did Gregory the Great become pope? | 590 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned w... |
56fb673d8ddada1400cd63ce | About how many of Gregory's letters were concerned with Constantinople or Italy? | 850 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned w... |
56fb673d8ddada1400cd63cf | In what region of Western Europe did the pope have influence? | Britain | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned w... |
56fb673d8ddada1400cd63d0 | When did the Gregorian mission travel to Britain? | 597 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned w... |
56fb673d8ddada1400cd63d1 | When did Columbanus die? | 615 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe ecclesiastical structure of the Roman Empire survived the movements and invasions in the west mostly intact, but the papacy was little regarded, and few of the western bishops looked to the bishop of Rome for religious or political leadership. Many of the popes prior to 750 were more concerned w... |
56fb67c88ddada1400cd63d7 | What religious lifestyle arose in the Early Middle Ages? | monasticism | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual l... |
56fb67c88ddada1400cd63d8 | Who was the pioneer of cenobitism? | Pachomius | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual l... |
56fb67c88ddada1400cd63d9 | Who composed the Benedictine Rule? | Benedict of Nursia | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual l... |
56fb67c88ddada1400cd63da | From what part of England did Bede come? | northern | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual l... |
56fb67c88ddada1400cd63db | What was the title of the leader of a monastery? | abbot | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Early Middle Ages witnessed the rise of monasticism in the West. The shape of European monasticism was determined by traditions and ideas that originated with the Desert Fathers of Egypt and Syria. Most European monasteries were of the type that focuses on community experience of the spiritual l... |
56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e1 | Along with Austrasia and Neustria, what kingdom was originally part of the Frankish kingdom? | Burgundy | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warf... |
56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e2 | What dynasty ruled Neustria? | Merovingian | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warf... |
56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e3 | From whom did the rulers of the Merovingian dynasty trace their ancestry? | Clovis | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warf... |
56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e4 | What was the title of Pippin? | Mayor of the Palace | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warf... |
56fb68ac8ddada1400cd63e5 | What leader was victorious at the Battle of Poitiers? | Charles Martel | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Frankish kingdom in northern Gaul split into kingdoms called Austrasia, Neustria, and Burgundy during the 6th and 7th centuries, all of them ruled by the Merovingian dynasty, who were descended from Clovis. The 7th century was a tumultuous period of wars between Austrasia and Neustria. Such warf... |
56fb691a8ddada1400cd63eb | What dynasty consisted of descendants of Charles Martel? | Carolingian | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pop... |
56fb691a8ddada1400cd63ec | In what year did the Carolingians take over Neustria? | 753 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pop... |
56fb691a8ddada1400cd63ed | Who led the coup that gained control over Austrasia? | Pippin III | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pop... |
56fb691a8ddada1400cd63ee | When did Stephen II become pope? | 752 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pop... |
56fb691a8ddada1400cd63ef | Along with Charles, who was the son of Pippin? | Carloman | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe Carolingian dynasty, as the successors to Charles Martel are known, officially took control of the kingdoms of Austrasia and Neustria in a coup of 753 led by Pippin III (r. 752–768). A contemporary chronicle claims that Pippin sought, and gained, authority for this coup from Pope Stephen II (pop... |
56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f5 | On what date did Charlemagne assume the imperial title? | Christmas Day 800 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's rel... |
56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f6 | Of what class were most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire? | peasants | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's rel... |
56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f7 | About how many counts existed in the Carolingian Empire? | 300 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's rel... |
56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f8 | In what settlements did most inhabitants of the Carolingian Empire live? | small farms | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's rel... |
56fb69e38ddada1400cd63f9 | Along with the British Isles, with what land did the Carolingians trade? | Scandinavia | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe coronation of Charlemagne as emperor on Christmas Day 800 is regarded as a turning point in medieval history, marking a return of the Western Roman Empire, since the new emperor ruled over much of the area previously controlled by the western emperors. It also marks a change in Charlemagne's rel... |
56fb72668ddada1400cd63ff | Where was Charlemagne's court based? | Aachen | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCharlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invite... |
56fb72668ddada1400cd6400 | What is the name of the cultural revival associated with Charlemagne? | Carolingian Renaissance | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCharlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invite... |
56fb72668ddada1400cd6401 | Of what ethnicity was Alcuin? | English | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCharlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invite... |
56fb72668ddada1400cd6402 | In what year did Alcuin die? | 804 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCharlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invite... |
56fb72668ddada1400cd6403 | What was the Latin of Charlemagne's era later known as? | Medieval Latin | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCharlemagne's court in Aachen was the centre of the cultural revival sometimes referred to as the \"Carolingian Renaissance\". Literacy increased, as did development in the arts, architecture and jurisprudence, as well as liturgical and scriptural studies. The English monk Alcuin (d. 804) was invite... |
56fb72beb28b3419009f1d36 | Who was Charlemagne's only living son in 813? | Louis the Pious | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCharlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was m... |
56fb72beb28b3419009f1d37 | How long did Louis the Pious reign? | 26 years | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCharlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was m... |
56fb72beb28b3419009f1d38 | When did the reign of Louis the Pious end? | 840 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCharlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was m... |
56fb72beb28b3419009f1d39 | Who ruled Italy after Louis the Pious? | Lothair I | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCharlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was m... |
56fb72beb28b3419009f1d3a | Who was the middle son of Louis the Pious? | Louis the German | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCharlemagne planned to continue the Frankish tradition of dividing his kingdom between all his heirs, but was unable to do so as only one son, Louis the Pious (r. 814–840), was still alive by 813. Just before Charlemagne died in 814, he crowned Louis as his successor. Louis's reign of 26 years was m... |
56fb733cb28b3419009f1d40 | How many years did the civil war after the death of Louis the Pious last? | three | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nA three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany.... |
56fb733cb28b3419009f1d41 | Between what two rivers did Lothair receive a kingdom? | the Rhine and Rhone | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nA three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany.... |
56fb733cb28b3419009f1d42 | In what modern country were Louis the German's lands? | Germany | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nA three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany.... |
56fb733cb28b3419009f1d43 | In what modern country were Charles the Bald's lands? | France | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nA three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany.... |
56fb733cb28b3419009f1d44 | When did Louis the Child die? | 911 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nA three-year civil war followed his death. By the Treaty of Verdun (843), a kingdom between the Rhine and Rhone rivers was created for Lothair to go with his lands in Italy, and his imperial title was recognised. Louis the German was in control of Bavaria and the eastern lands in modern-day Germany.... |
56fb73b5b28b3419009f1d4a | What group settled in Iceland during this period? | the Vikings | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) receive... |
56fb73b5b28b3419009f1d4b | Who was king of the Franks in 899? | Charles the Simple | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) receive... |
56fb73b5b28b3419009f1d4c | In what region of modern-day France did the Vikings settle? | Normandy | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) receive... |
56fb73b5b28b3419009f1d4d | What group was defeated at the Battle of Lechfeld? | Magyar | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) receive... |
56fb73b5b28b3419009f1d4e | In what year did the Battle of Lechfeld occur? | 955 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe breakup of the Carolingian Empire was accompanied by invasions, migrations, and raids by external foes. The Atlantic and northern shores were harassed by the Vikings, who also raided the British Isles and settled there as well as in Iceland. In 911, the Viking chieftain Rollo (d. c. 931) receive... |
56fb741bb28b3419009f1d54 | When did Alfred the Great begin his reign? | 871 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nEfforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Ang... |
56fb741bb28b3419009f1d55 | What was the kingdom of Kenneth MacAlpin? | the Kingdom of Alba | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nEfforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Ang... |
56fb741bb28b3419009f1d56 | Of what dynasty was Otto I a member? | Ottonian dynasty | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nEfforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Ang... |
56fb741bb28b3419009f1d57 | What group did Otto I defeat? | Magyars | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nEfforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Ang... |
56fb741bb28b3419009f1d58 | In what year did Otto I become Holy Roman Emperor? | 962 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nEfforts by local kings to fight the invaders led to the formation of new political entities. In Anglo-Saxon England, King Alfred the Great (r. 871–899) came to an agreement with the Viking invaders in the late 9th century, resulting in Danish settlements in Northumbria, Mercia, and parts of East Ang... |
56fb7490b28b3419009f1d5e | Along with Sweden and Norway, what country saw missionary activity in the 9th and 10th centuries? | Denmark | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nMissionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Christianity, although not all by 1000. Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Eur... |
56fb7490b28b3419009f1d5f | Along with 860, in what year did Swedish raiders attempt to conquer Constantinople? | 907 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nMissionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Christianity, although not all by 1000. Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Eur... |
56fb7490b28b3419009f1d60 | Along with the kingdom of León, what Spanish kingdom was established during this period? | Asturias | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nMissionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Christianity, although not all by 1000. Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Eur... |
56fb7490b28b3419009f1d61 | Along with Iceland, Normandy, Ireland and England, what other area did Scandinavians colonize during this period? | Russia | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nMissionary efforts to Scandinavia during the 9th and 10th centuries helped strengthen the growth of kingdoms such as Sweden, Denmark, and Norway, which gained power and territory. Some kings converted to Christianity, although not all by 1000. Scandinavians also expanded and colonised throughout Eur... |
56fb74e58ddada1400cd6409 | Of what dynasty was Leo VI a member? | Macedonian | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces. T... |
56fb74e58ddada1400cd640a | During what period did Constantine VII reign? | 913–959 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces. T... |
56fb74e58ddada1400cd640b | When did Basil I's rule begin? | 867 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces. T... |
56fb74e58ddada1400cd640c | During what century did John Geometres flourish? | 10th | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces. T... |
56fb74e58ddada1400cd640d | In approximately what year was Bulgaria founded? | 680 | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nIn Eastern Europe, Byzantium revived its fortunes under Emperor Basil I (r. 867–886) and his successors Leo VI (r. 886–912) and Constantine VII (r. 913–959), members of the Macedonian dynasty. Commerce revived and the emperors oversaw the extension of a uniform administration to all the provinces. T... |
56fb7572b28b3419009f1d66 | When were the Constantinian basilicas built? | 4th century | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nFew large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One fe... |
56fb7572b28b3419009f1d67 | In what part of the church was the monumental entrance typically placed? | the west end | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nFew large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One fe... |
56fb7572b28b3419009f1d68 | What type of architecture did the Carolingian Empire bring back into use? | the basilica | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nFew large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One fe... |
56fb7572b28b3419009f1d69 | What is a notable architectural feature of the basilica? | transept | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nFew large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One fe... |
56fb7572b28b3419009f1d6a | How is the transept positioned in relation to the nave? | perpendicular | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nFew large stone buildings were constructed between the Constantinian basilicas of the 4th century and the 8th century, although many smaller ones were built during the 6th and 7th centuries. By the beginning of the 8th century, the Carolingian Empire revived the basilica form of architecture. One fe... |
56fb76b08ddada1400cd6413 | What was the primary military arm of Anglo-Saxon armies? | infantry | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-c... |
56fb76b08ddada1400cd6414 | What military arm did the Visigoths have a large amount of? | cavalry | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-c... |
56fb76b08ddada1400cd6415 | What Scythian weapon was used during this era? | composite bow | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-c... |
56fb76b08ddada1400cd6416 | What weapon replaced the Scythian composite bow? | Hunnic composite bow | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-c... |
56fb76b08ddada1400cd6417 | Along with lamellar armor, what armor replaced scale armor? | mail | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the later Roman Empire, the principal military developments were attempts to create an effective cavalry force as well as the continued development of highly specialised types of troops. The creation of heavily armoured cataphract-type soldiers as cavalry was an important feature of the 5th-c... |
56fb76ebb28b3419009f1d70 | Along with carved ivories, what religious works of the Early Middle Ages were common? | illuminated manuscripts | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCarolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular ... |
56fb76ebb28b3419009f1d71 | What is a notable cross made during this era? | the Cross of Lothair | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCarolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular ... |
56fb76ebb28b3419009f1d72 | Where was a notable hoard found near the former lands of the Byzantine Empire? | Nagyszentmiklós | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCarolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular ... |
56fb76ebb28b3419009f1d73 | What is a notable decorated book with a binding of jewel-encrusted gold? | Codex Aureus of St. Emmeram | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCarolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular ... |
56fb76ebb28b3419009f1d74 | Where was a hoard from Visigothic Spain found? | Guarrazar | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nCarolingian art was produced for a small group of figures around the court, and the monasteries and churches they supported. It was dominated by efforts to regain the dignity and classicism of imperial Roman and Byzantine art, but was also influenced by the Insular art of the British Isles. Insular ... |
56fb78ce8ddada1400cd641d | The importance of what military arm increased during the Carolingian era? | heavy cavalry | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a larg... |
56fb78ce8ddada1400cd641e | What region raised a militia army called the fyrd? | Anglo-Saxon England | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a larg... |
56fb78ce8ddada1400cd641f | What Roman weapon began to be used again in the Early Middle Ages? | the crossbow | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a larg... |
56fb78ce8ddada1400cd6420 | Along with the horseshoe, what invention important for cavalry emerged in this period? | the stirrup | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a larg... |
56fb78ce8ddada1400cd6421 | Along with light cavalry, what military arm declined in importance during the Early Middle Ages? | infantry | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe importance of infantry and light cavalry began to decline during the early Carolingian period, with a growing dominance of elite heavy cavalry. The use of militia-type levies of the free population declined over the Carolingian period. Although much of the Carolingian armies were mounted, a larg... |
56fb795e8ddada1400cd6427 | What was the approximate population of Europe in 1347? | 80 million | [
"Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack o... |
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