Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
56fb795e8ddada1400cd6428	About how many millions of people lived in Europe in the year 1000?	35	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack o...
56fb795e8ddada1400cd6429	During the High Middle Ages, what percentage of the European population consisted of rural peasants?	90	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack o...
56fb795e8ddada1400cd642a	Along with manors, where did peasants in the High Middle Ages often live?	villages	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack o...
56fb795e8ddada1400cd642b	What was the term for the practice of giving incentives to peasants to cultivate new lands?	assarting	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was a period of tremendous expansion of population. The estimated population of Europe grew from 35 to 80 million between 1000 and 1347, although the exact causes remain unclear: improved agricultural techniques, the decline of slaveholding, a more clement climate and the lack o...
56fb79f28ddada1400cd6431	In what centuries did fiefs become hereditary?	11th and 12th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nOther sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the sys...
56fb79f28ddada1400cd6432	In this period, who usually inherited fiefs?	the eldest son	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nOther sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the sys...
56fb79f28ddada1400cd6433	What were castles originally built out of?	wood	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nOther sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the sys...
56fb79f28ddada1400cd6434	What group constituted the lowest nobility?	Knights	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nOther sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the sys...
56fb79f28ddada1400cd6435	In what century were castles first built?	9th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nOther sections of society included the nobility, clergy, and townsmen. Nobles, both the titled nobility and simple knights, exploited the manors and the peasants, although they did not own lands outright but were granted rights to the income from a manor or other lands by an overlord through the sys...
56fb7a7f8ddada1400cd643b	What group constituted the clergy along with the regular clergy?	the secular clergy	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population, usually less than one per cent. Most of the regular ...
56fb7a7f8ddada1400cd643c	What type of clergy were monks?	regular clergy	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population, usually less than one per cent. Most of the regular ...
56fb7a7f8ddada1400cd643d	What percentage of the European population consisted of monks?	less than one per cent	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population, usually less than one per cent. Most of the regular ...
56fb7a7f8ddada1400cd643e	What social class did many members of the regular clergy come from?	the nobility	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population, usually less than one per cent. Most of the regular ...
56fb7a7f8ddada1400cd643f	From what class were many parish priests?	the peasant class	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe clergy was divided into two types: the secular clergy, who lived out in the world, and the regular clergy, who lived under a religious rule and were usually monks. Throughout the period monks remained a very small proportion of the population, usually less than one per cent. Most of the regular ...
56fb7af18ddada1400cd6445	In what type of settlement did most Jews live?	cities	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nJews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. Most Jews were confined to th...
56fb7af18ddada1400cd6446	In what centuries did a Jewish community develop in England?	the 11th and 12th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nJews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. Most Jews were confined to th...
56fb7af18ddada1400cd6447	What religion were Spanish Jews pressured into converting to?	Christianity	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nJews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. Most Jews were confined to th...
56fb7af18ddada1400cd6448	In what part of Europe did the Slavs live?	Eastern	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nJews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. Most Jews were confined to th...
56fb7af18ddada1400cd6449	What was the religion of the Slavs?	pagan	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nJews also spread across Europe during the period. Communities were established in Germany and England in the 11th and 12th centuries, but Spanish Jews, long settled in Spain under the Muslims, came under Christian rule and increasing pressure to convert to Christianity. Most Jews were confined to th...
56fb7b7f8ddada1400cd644f	Along with gardening, animal husbandry and child-care, what work did medieval peasant women do?	taking care of the household	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nWomen in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically incl...
56fb7b7f8ddada1400cd6450	Along with spinning, what income-producing work did peasant women engage in?	brewing	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nWomen in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically incl...
56fb7b7f8ddada1400cd6451	What did peasant women do when it was time for the harvest?	help with field-work	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nWomen in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically incl...
56fb7b7f8ddada1400cd6452	What role did women fill in the Church?	nuns	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nWomen in the Middle Ages were officially required to be subordinate to some male, whether their father, husband, or other kinsman. Widows, who were often allowed much control over their own lives, were still restricted legally. Women's work generally consisted of household or other domestically incl...
56fb7c108ddada1400cd6457	What sea were the Hanseatic cities located on?	Baltic	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League, and th...
56fb7c108ddada1400cd6458	Along with Venice and Pisa, what was a notable Italian maritime republic?	Genoa	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League, and th...
56fb7c108ddada1400cd6459	Who wrote The Travels of Marco Polo?	Marco Polo	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League, and th...
56fb7c108ddada1400cd645a	What accounting method was utilized in this period?	double-entry bookkeeping	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League, and th...
56fb7c108ddada1400cd645b	In what region was gold coinage first reintroduced?	Italy	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn central and northern Italy and in Flanders, the rise of towns that were to a degree self-governing stimulated economic growth and created an environment for new types of trade associations. Commercial cities on the shores of the Baltic entered into agreements known as the Hanseatic League, and th...
56fb7c988ddada1400cd6461	Along with Poland, what Central European kingdom was formed during the High Middle Ages?	Hungary	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland, after their conversion to Christianity, became Central European ...
56fb7c988ddada1400cd6462	Who was king when the Magyars settled in Hungary?	Árpád	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland, after their conversion to Christianity, became Central European ...
56fb7c988ddada1400cd6463	When did the papacy of Innocent III begin?	1198	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland, after their conversion to Christianity, became Central European ...
56fb7c988ddada1400cd6464	Along with France and Spain, the kings of what country consolidated power in the High Middle Ages?	England	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland, after their conversion to Christianity, became Central European ...
56fb7c988ddada1400cd6465	In approximately what year did the Magyars settle in Hungary?	900	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was the formative period in the history of the modern Western state. Kings in France, England, and Spain consolidated their power, and set up lasting governing institutions. New kingdoms such as Hungary and Poland, after their conversion to Christianity, became Central European ...
56fb7d088ddada1400cd646b	What dynasty controlled Germany in the early High Middle Ages?	Ottonian	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty, who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henr...
56fb7d088ddada1400cd646c	What dynasty ruled Germany starting in 1024?	Salian	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty, who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henr...
56fb7d088ddada1400cd646d	When did Henry IV's reign begin?	1084	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty, who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henr...
56fb7d088ddada1400cd646e	The clash between Henry IV and the pope was part of what greater conflict?	Investiture Controversy	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty, who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henr...
56fb7d088ddada1400cd646f	What was the regnal name of Frederick I Barbarossa's grandson?	Frederick II	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the early High Middle Ages, Germany was ruled by the Ottonian dynasty, which struggled to control the powerful dukes ruling over territorial duchies tracing back to the Migration period. In 1024, they were replaced by the Salian dynasty, who famously clashed with the papacy under Emperor Henr...
56fb7d7a8ddada1400cd6475	Who was Duke of Normandy in 1066?	William the Conqueror	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nUnder the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 103...
56fb7d7a8ddada1400cd6476	During what period did William reign over England?	1066–87	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nUnder the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 103...
56fb7d7a8ddada1400cd6477	When did Robert Guiscard die?	1085	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nUnder the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 103...
56fb7d7a8ddada1400cd6478	What kingdom grew out of the duchy founded by Robert Guiscard?	Kingdom of Sicily	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nUnder the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 103...
56fb7d7a8ddada1400cd6479	To what dynasty did Henry II belong?	Angevin	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nUnder the Capetian dynasty France slowly began to expand its authority over the nobility, growing out of the Île-de-France to exert control over more of the country in the 11th and 12th centuries. They faced a powerful rival in the Dukes of Normandy, who in 1066 under William the Conqueror (duke 103...
56fb7df48ddada1400cd647f	What was the name of the Christian reconquest of Iberia from the Muslims?	the Reconquista	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. By about 1150, the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, ...
56fb7df48ddada1400cd6480	How many major Christian kingdoms existed in Iberia around 1150?	five	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. By about 1150, the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, ...
56fb7df48ddada1400cd6481	Along with León, Portugal, Aragon and Castile, what major Christian kingdom existed in Iberia around 1150?	Navarre	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. By about 1150, the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, ...
56fb7df48ddada1400cd6482	What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia until 1031?	the Caliphate of Córdoba	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. By about 1150, the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, ...
56fb7df48ddada1400cd6483	What Islamic state controlled southern Iberia in the 1170s?	the Almohad Caliphate	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn Iberia, the Christian states, which had been confined to the north-western part of the peninsula, began to push back against the Islamic states in the south, a period known as the Reconquista. By about 1150, the Christian north had coalesced into the five major kingdoms of León, Castile, Aragon, ...
56fb7e4fb28b3419009f1d7a	During what decade did the Seljuk Turks occupy Armenia?	1060s	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV (r. 1068–71). The Tu...
56fb7e4fb28b3419009f1d7b	In what yer was the Battle of Manzikert fought?	1071	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV (r. 1068–71). The Tu...
56fb7e4fb28b3419009f1d7c	Who was taken prisoner at the Battle of Manzikert?	Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV (r. 1068–71). The Tu...
56fb7e4fb28b3419009f1d7d	Who conquered Jerusalem from the Turks?	the Fatimids of Egypt	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV (r. 1068–71). The Tu...
56fb7e4fb28b3419009f1d7e	During what century did the Seljuk Turks occupy Persia?	11th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 11th century, the Seljuk Turks took over much of the Middle East, occupying Persia during the 1040s, Armenia in the 1060s, and Jerusalem in 1070. In 1071, the Turkish army defeated the Byzantine army at the Battle of Manzikert and captured the Byzantine Emperor Romanus IV (r. 1068–71). The Tu...
56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d84	What pope launched the First crusade?	Urban II	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban ...
56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d85	At what gathering was the First Crusade preached?	the Council of Clermont	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban ...
56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d86	In what year was the First Crusade proclaimed?	1095	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban ...
56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d87	What Byzantine Emperor's request for assistance led to the First Crusade?	Alexios I Komnenos	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban ...
56fb7e97b28b3419009f1d88	In what year did the First Crusade take Jerusalem?	1099	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe crusades were intended to seize Jerusalem from Muslim control. The First Crusade was proclaimed by Pope Urban II (pope 1088–99) at the Council of Clermont in 1095 in response to a request from the Byzantine Emperor Alexios I Komnenos (r. 1081–1118) for aid against further Muslim advances. Urban ...
56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d8e	What was the purpose of the Third Crusade?	to regain Jerusalem	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to ...
56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d8f	Who took Jerusalem in 1187?	Saladin	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to ...
56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d90	In what year did the Fourth Crusade occur?	1203	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to ...
56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d91	What state was founded following the Fourth Crusade?	Latin Empire of Constantinople	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to ...
56fb7ee6b28b3419009f1d92	After 1291, where did the titular King of Jerusalem reside?	Cyprus	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe crusaders consolidated their conquests into crusader states. During the 12th and 13th centuries, there were a series of conflicts between those states and the surrounding Islamic states. Appeals from those states to the papacy led to further crusades, such as the Third Crusade, called to try to ...
56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d98	Along with the Baltic and Spain, in what area were crusades called?	southern France	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nPopes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish milita...
56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d99	Where was the Teutonic Order headquartered in 1309?	Marienburg	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nPopes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish milita...
56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d9a	What military order was founded as a result of the Northern Crusades?	the Order of the Sword Brothers	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nPopes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish milita...
56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d9b	In what century did the Northern Crusades begin?	12th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nPopes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish milita...
56fb7f60b28b3419009f1d9c	What century saw the end of the Northern Crusades?	14th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nPopes called for crusades to take place elsewhere besides the Holy Land: in Spain, southern France, and along the Baltic. The Spanish crusades became fused with the Reconquista of Spain from the Muslims. Although the Templars and Hospitallers took part in the Spanish crusades, similar Spanish milita...
56fb7fc38ddada1400cd6489	What group opposed the nominalists on the subject of universals?	realists	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of \"universals\". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism...
56fb7fc38ddada1400cd648a	What ancient philosopher was rediscovered, leading to a revival of philosophy?	Aristotle	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of \"universals\". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism...
56fb7fc38ddada1400cd648b	When did Peter Lombard die?	1164	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of \"universals\". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism...
56fb7fc38ddada1400cd648c	What was the name of the school of thought that combined theology and philosophy?	scholasticism	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of \"universals\". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism...
56fb7fc38ddada1400cd648d	Who authored the Summa Theologica?	Thomas Aquinas	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the 11th century, developments in philosophy and theology led to increased intellectual activity. There was debate between the realists and the nominalists over the concept of \"universals\". Philosophical discourse was stimulated by the rediscovery of Aristotle and his emphasis on empiricism...
56fb80258ddada1400cd6493	What does chansons de geste mean in English?	songs of great deeds	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nChivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the cha...
56fb80258ddada1400cd6494	Along with The Song of Ronald, what is a notable chanson de geste?	The Song of Hildebrand	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nChivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the cha...
56fb80258ddada1400cd6495	Who wrote Historia Regum Britanniae?	Geoffrey of Monmouth	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nChivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the cha...
56fb80258ddada1400cd6496	What legendary figure was featured in the Historia Regum Britanniae?	Arthur	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nChivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the cha...
56fb80258ddada1400cd6497	Who was the subject of Gesta Friderici Imperatoris?	Emperor Frederick Barbarossa	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nChivalry and the ethos of courtly love developed in royal and noble courts. This culture was expressed in the vernacular languages rather than Latin, and comprised poems, stories, legends, and popular songs spread by troubadours, or wandering minstrels. Often the stories were written down in the cha...
56fb80728ddada1400cd649d	What is another name for canon law?	ecclesiastical law	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nLegal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bol...
56fb80728ddada1400cd649e	What is another name for Roman law?	Secular law	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nLegal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bol...
56fb80728ddada1400cd649f	Where could one study Roman law in 1100?	Bologna	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nLegal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bol...
56fb80728ddada1400cd64a0	In what century was the Corpus Juris Civilis rediscovered?	11th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nLegal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bol...
56fb80728ddada1400cd64a1	Who wrote the Decretum?	Gratian	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nLegal studies advanced during the 12th century. Both secular law and canon law, or ecclesiastical law, were studied in the High Middle Ages. Secular law, or Roman law, was advanced greatly by the discovery of the Corpus Juris Civilis in the 11th century, and by 1100 Roman law was being taught at Bol...
56fb81078ddada1400cd64a7	What invention led to advances in mathematics?	algebra	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nAmong the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Alm...
56fb81078ddada1400cd64a8	What influential astronomy text did Ptomely author?	Almagest	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nAmong the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Alm...
56fb81078ddada1400cd64a9	In what language was Almagest originally written?	Greek	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nAmong the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Alm...
56fb81078ddada1400cd64aa	In what city was a medical school located that was notably influenced by Islamic medicine?	Salerno	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nAmong the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Alm...
56fb81078ddada1400cd64ab	Into what language was Almagest translated in the 12th century?	Latin	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nAmong the results of the Greek and Islamic influence on this period in European history was the replacement of Roman numerals with the decimal positional number system and the invention of algebra, which allowed more advanced mathematics. Astronomy advanced following the translation of Ptolemy's Alm...
56fb815eb28b3419009f1da2	Along with the astrolabe, windmill and distilled spirits, what was a notable technological advancement of the 12th and 13th centuries?	mechanical clocks	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical clocks, the manufacture of distilled spirits, and the use of the astrolabe. Concave spectacles were inve...
56fb815eb28b3419009f1da3	What was invented in approximately 1286?	Concave spectacles	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical clocks, the manufacture of distilled spirits, and the use of the astrolabe. Concave spectacles were inve...
56fb815eb28b3419009f1da4	Near what city were concave spectacles invented?	Pisa	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 12th and 13th centuries, Europe produced economic growth and innovations in methods of production. Major technological advances included the invention of the windmill, the first mechanical clocks, the manufacture of distilled spirits, and the use of the astrolabe. Concave spectacles were inve...
56fb81e5b28b3419009f1da8	What fraction of land was under cultivation using the two-field system?	one half	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to...
56fb81e5b28b3419009f1da9	What fraction of land was under cultivate using the three-field system?	two-thirds	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to...
56fb81e5b28b3419009f1daa	What invention allowed horses rather than oxen to be used to plow?	the horse collar	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to...
56fb81e5b28b3419009f1dab	What invention led to an increase in efficiency in the farming of heavy soils?	the heavy plough	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to...
56fb81e5b28b3419009f1dac	In addition to requiring less pasture, what distinguishes horses from oxen?	faster	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe development of a three-field rotation system for planting crops[AA] increased the usage of land from one half in use each year under the old two-field system to two-thirds under the new system, with a consequent increase in production. The development of the heavy plough allowed heavier soils to...
56fb824db28b3419009f1db2	Along with bridges, tithe barns and town halls, what notable new structures were built during this period?	houses	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman syste...
56fb824db28b3419009f1db3	What method, derived from the Romans, was traditionally used to build ships?	mortise and tenon	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman syste...
56fb824db28b3419009f1db4	What new shipbuilding method was invented in this period?	rib and plank	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman syste...
56fb824db28b3419009f1db5	What type of rudder was introduced during this period?	stern-post	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman syste...

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