Split (2)

train · 86.8k rows

id stringlengths 24 24	question stringlengths 1 270	answer stringlengths 1 239	documents listlengths 1 1
56fb824db28b3419009f1db6	What type of sails were first used during this era?	lateen	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe construction of cathedrals and castles advanced building technology, leading to the development of large stone buildings. Ancillary structures included new town halls, houses, bridges, and tithe barns. Shipbuilding improved with the use of the rib and plank method rather than the old Roman syste...
56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dbc	In what century did Europeans become aware of gunpowder?	13th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the ...
56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dbd	Who was recorded as using gunpowder in 1304?	the English	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the ...
56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dbe	Against whom was gunpowder used in 1304?	the Scots	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the ...
56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dbf	In what decade were siege cannon known to have been used?	1320s	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the ...
56fb82d8b28b3419009f1dc0	What led to the increased use of armor in the 12th century?	The increasing use of crossbows	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn military affairs, the use of infantry with specialised roles increased. Along with the still-dominant heavy cavalry, armies often included mounted and infantry crossbowmen, as well as sappers and engineers. Crossbows, which had been known in Late Antiquity, increased in use partly because of the ...
56fb8371b28b3419009f1dc6	In what century was Romanesque architecture first used?	10th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term \"Romanesque\" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative...
56fb8371b28b3419009f1dc7	What feature of Romanesque architecture was especially prevalent in France?	arched stone vaults	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term \"Romanesque\" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative...
56fb8371b28b3419009f1dc8	Who noted the prevalence of wall-paintings in Western churches of this era?	C. R. Dodwell	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term \"Romanesque\" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative...
56fb8371b28b3419009f1dc9	What non-church architectural structure developed in the 10th century?	the castle	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term \"Romanesque\" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative...
56fb8371b28b3419009f1dca	Around what year did the great wave of church-building in stone occur?	1000	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 10th century the establishment of churches and monasteries led to the development of stone architecture that elaborated vernacular Roman forms, from which the term \"Romanesque\" is derived. Where available, Roman brick and stone buildings were recycled for their materials. From the tentative...
56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd0	Who was a noted figure in Mosan art?	Nicholas of Verdun	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nRomanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exac...
56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd1	What year saw the death of Nicholas of Verdun?	1205	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nRomanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exac...
56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd2	On what wall of a church was the Last Judgment typically painted?	west	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nRomanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exac...
56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd3	Where are narrative biblical scenes painted in the church at Saint-Savin-sur-Gartempe?	on the barrel-vaulted roof	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nRomanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exac...
56fb8410b28b3419009f1dd4	What notable Romanesque metalwork is named for Gloucester?	Gloucester Candlestick	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nRomanesque art, especially metalwork, was at its most sophisticated in Mosan art, in which distinct artistic personalities including Nicholas of Verdun (d. 1205) become apparent, and an almost classical style is seen in works such as a font at Liège, contrasting with the writhing animals of the exac...
56fb847db28b3419009f1dda	In what century did the Gothic style first flourish?	12th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nFrom the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples...
56fb847db28b3419009f1ddb	In what century did the Gothic style cease to be used?	16th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nFrom the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples...
56fb847db28b3419009f1ddc	Along with Reims, where is a notable Gothic cathedral in France located?	Chartres	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nFrom the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples...
56fb847db28b3419009f1ddd	What is a notable English Gothic cathedral?	Salisbury Cathedral	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nFrom the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples...
56fb847db28b3419009f1dde	Among which builders was the Gothic style first used?	French	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nFrom the early 12th century, French builders developed the Gothic style, marked by the use of rib vaults, pointed arches, flying buttresses, and large stained glass windows. It was used mainly in churches and cathedrals, and continued in use until the 16th century in much of Europe. Classic examples...
56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de4	Who noted that 14th century monks bought books in shops?	Janetta Benton	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton \"by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops\", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to b...
56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de5	What form of art had the most prestige in this era?	Metalwork	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton \"by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops\", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to b...
56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de6	When did Giotto die?	1337	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton \"by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops\", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to b...
56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de7	What were many pieces of secular art carved from in this period?	ivory	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton \"by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops\", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to b...
56fb84ebb28b3419009f1de8	Along with Duccio, what Italian artist was a noted innovator in this period?	Cimabue	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring this period the practice of manuscript illumination gradually passed from monasteries to lay workshops, so that according to Janetta Benton \"by 1300 most monks bought their books in shops\", and the book of hours developed as a form of devotional book for lay-people. Metalwork continued to b...
56fb853fb28b3419009f1dee	In what century was thought given to monastic reform?	11th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nMonastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movemen...
56fb853fb28b3419009f1def	In what year was Cluny Abbey founded?	909	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nMonastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movemen...
56fb853fb28b3419009f1df0	In what part of France was Cluny Abbey founded?	Mâcon	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nMonastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movemen...
56fb853fb28b3419009f1df1	Along with rigor, what did Cluny have a reputation for?	austerity	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nMonastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movemen...
56fb853fb28b3419009f1df2	What reforms were named for the abbey at Cluny?	Cluniac Reforms	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nMonastic reform became an important issue during the 11th century, as elites began to worry that monks were not adhering to the rules binding them to a strictly religious life. Cluny Abbey, founded in the Mâcon region of France in 909, was established as part of the Cluniac Reforms, a larger movemen...
56fb85aab28b3419009f1df8	During what century did the Investiture Controversy occur?	11th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nMonastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII...
56fb85aab28b3419009f1df9	When did the reign of Pope Leo IX begin?	1049	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nMonastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII...
56fb85aab28b3419009f1dfa	What pope was involved in the Investiture Controversy?	Pope Gregory VII	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nMonastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII...
56fb85aab28b3419009f1dfb	In what year was the Concordat of Worms agreed to?	1122	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nMonastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII...
56fb85aab28b3419009f1dfc	What secular rulers did the Concordat of Worms increase the power of?	German princes	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nMonastic reform inspired change in the secular church. The ideals that it was based upon were brought to the papacy by Pope Leo IX (pope 1049–1054), and provided the ideology of the clerical independence that led to the Investiture Controversy in the late 11th century. This involved Pope Gregory VII...
56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b1	What monastic order did Bernard of Clairvaux belong to?	Cistercians	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their ear...
56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b2	When did Bernard of Clairvaux die?	1153	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their ear...
56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b3	Along with Bari, what was a notable new pilgrimage site in this era?	Monte Gargano	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their ear...
56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b4	Along with Rome and Jerusalem, what traditional pilgrimage site saw a greater number of visitors in the High Middle Ages?	Compostela	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their ear...
56fb862c8ddada1400cd64b5	Along with the Cistercians, what new monastic order was founded in the High Middle Ages?	Carthusians	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe High Middle Ages was a period of great religious movements. Besides the Crusades and monastic reforms, people sought to participate in new forms of religious life. New monastic orders were founded, including the Carthusians and the Cistercians. The latter especially expanded rapidly in their ear...
56fb869f8ddada1400cd64bb	Along with the Dominicans, what mendicant order was founded in the 13th century?	Franciscans	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th ...
56fb869f8ddada1400cd64bc	What notable vow was sworn by the mendicant orders?	poverty	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th ...
56fb869f8ddada1400cd64bd	How did the mendicant orders make a living?	begging	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th ...
56fb869f8ddada1400cd64be	What was the crusade against the Cathars called?	the Albigensian Crusade	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th ...
56fb869f8ddada1400cd64bf	Along with the Cathars and Humiliati, what group was notably condemned as heretics in this period?	the Waldensians	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn the 13th century mendicant orders—the Franciscans and the Dominicans—who swore vows of poverty and earned their living by begging, were approved by the papacy. Religious groups such as the Waldensians and the Humiliati also attempted to return to the life of early Christianity in the middle 12th ...
56fb87368ddada1400cd64c5	In what years did the Great Famine occur?	1315–17	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The yea...
56fb87368ddada1400cd64c6	What period resulted in poor weather that increased crop failures?	the Little Ice Age	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The yea...
56fb87368ddada1400cd64c7	What period preceded the Little Ice Age?	the Medieval Warm Period	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The yea...
56fb87368ddada1400cd64c8	Along with 1317–21, what span saw extreme rains in Europe?	1313–14	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The yea...
56fb87368ddada1400cd64c9	In what century did the European average annual temperature decrease?	14th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe first years of the 14th century were marked by famines, culminating in the Great Famine of 1315–17. The causes of the Great Famine included the slow transition from the Medieval Warm Period to the Little Ice Age, which left the population vulnerable when bad weather caused crop failures. The yea...
56fb879b8ddada1400cd64cf	When did the Black Death start?	1347	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThese troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions...
56fb879b8ddada1400cd64d0	How many million people died from the Black Death?	35	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThese troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions...
56fb879b8ddada1400cd64d1	What popular uprising occurred in France during this period?	the jacquerie	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThese troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions...
56fb879b8ddada1400cd64d2	What English popular revolt took place during this period?	the Peasants' Revolt	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThese troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions...
56fb879b8ddada1400cd64d3	What Italian city experienced a popular revolt?	Florence	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThese troubles were followed in 1347 by the Black Death, a pandemic that spread throughout Europe during the following three years.[AC] The death toll was probably about 35 million people in Europe, about one-third of the population. Towns were especially hard-hit because of their crowded conditions...
56fb88a0b28b3419009f1e02	By the end of this period, about what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?	50	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nSociety throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe, as landlords...
56fb88a0b28b3419009f1e03	At serfdom's greatest extent, what percentage of Western Europeans were serfs?	90	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nSociety throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe, as landlords...
56fb88a0b28b3419009f1e04	In what part of Europe did serfdom increase in this period?	Eastern	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nSociety throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe, as landlords...
56fb88a0b28b3419009f1e05	Instead of work, how did most Western European peasants pay their landlords in this period?	cash rents	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nSociety throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe, as landlords...
56fb88a0b28b3419009f1e06	What noble interest did city-dwellers start to mimic in this period?	chivalry	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nSociety throughout Europe was disturbed by the dislocations caused by the Black Death. Lands that had been marginally productive were abandoned, as the survivors were able to acquire more fertile areas. Although serfdom declined in Western Europe it became more common in Eastern Europe, as landlords...
56fb88f8b28b3419009f1e0c	In what year were the Jews expelled from England?	1290	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nJewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland...
56fb88f8b28b3419009f1e0d	What year saw the expulsion of the French Jewish community?	1306	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nJewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland...
56fb88f8b28b3419009f1e0e	Along with Hungary, where did many expelled French Jews relocate to?	Poland	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nJewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland...
56fb88f8b28b3419009f1e0f	In what year were Jews kicked out of Spain?	1492	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nJewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland...
56fb88f8b28b3419009f1e10	Along with Turkey, France and Italy, where did expelled Spanish Jews travel to?	Holland	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nJewish communities were expelled from England in 1290 and from France in 1306. Although some were allowed back into France, most were not, and many Jews emigrated eastwards, settling in Poland and Hungary. The Jews were expelled from Spain in 1492, and dispersed to Turkey, France, Italy, and Holland...
56fb896db28b3419009f1e16	Along with Aragon and Castile, what Christian kingdom was present on the Iberian Peninsula?	Portugal	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nStrong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely ...
56fb896db28b3419009f1e17	Why did kings increase the tax rate during this period?	Paying for the wars	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nStrong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely ...
56fb896db28b3419009f1e18	What English representative body provided consent for royal taxation?	Parliament	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nStrong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely ...
56fb896db28b3419009f1e19	What French body was similar in purpose to the English Parliament?	Estates General	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nStrong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely ...
56fb896db28b3419009f1e1a	What social class was harmed by the lengthy wars of this era?	the peasantry	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nStrong, royalty-based nation states rose throughout Europe in the Late Middle Ages, particularly in England, France, and the Christian kingdoms of the Iberian Peninsula: Aragon, Castile, and Portugal. The long conflicts of the period strengthened royal control over their kingdoms and were extremely ...
56fb8a1cb28b3419009f1e20	When did the Hundred Years' War begin?	1337	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThroughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War, waged from 1337 to ...
56fb8a1cb28b3419009f1e21	What was the nickname of Edward III's son Edward?	the Black Prince	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThroughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War, waged from 1337 to ...
56fb8a1cb28b3419009f1e22	When did the reign of Edward III begin?	1327	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThroughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War, waged from 1337 to ...
56fb8a1cb28b3419009f1e23	Along with Poitiers, what was the site of a notable victory by Edward III's England over the French?	Crécy	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThroughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War, waged from 1337 to ...
56fb8a1cb28b3419009f1e24	What decade saw the victories of Joan of Arc?	1420s	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThroughout the 14th century, French kings sought to expand their influence at the expense of the territorial holdings of the nobility. They ran into difficulties when attempting to confiscate the holdings of the English kings in southern France, leading to the Hundred Years' War, waged from 1337 to ...
56fb8d378ddada1400cd64d9	Along with Poland and Hungary, what Eastern European state grew in power?	Bohemia	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerful. In Iberia, the Christian kingdoms contin...
56fb8d378ddada1400cd64da	During what century did Portugal devote itself to overseas expansion?	15th	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerful. In Iberia, the Christian kingdoms contin...
56fb8d378ddada1400cd64db	What nation lost the Hundred Years' War?	England	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerful. In Iberia, the Christian kingdoms contin...
56fb8d378ddada1400cd64dc	What was the regnal name of Henry Tudor?	Henry VII	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerful. In Iberia, the Christian kingdoms contin...
56fb8d378ddada1400cd64dd	Along with Denmark and Sweden, what country was part of the Union of Kalmar?	Norway	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nIn modern-day Germany, the Holy Roman Empire continued to rule, but the elective nature of the imperial crown meant there was no enduring dynasty around which a strong state could form. Further east, the kingdoms of Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia grew powerful. In Iberia, the Christian kingdoms contin...
56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e3	Emperors from what dynasty recaptured Constantinople in 1261?	Palaeologi	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nAlthough the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal land...
56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e4	Along with the Second Bulgarian Empire and the Kingdom of Serbia, what polity controlled the former Byzantine Balkan lands?	Venice	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nAlthough the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal land...
56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e5	What tribe of Turks emerged in 13th century Anatolia?	Ottomans	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nAlthough the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal land...
56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e6	In what year did Bulgaria become a vassal of the Ottomans?	1366	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nAlthough the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal land...
56fb8dba8ddada1400cd64e7	Who was defeated at the Battle of Kosovo?	Serbia	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nAlthough the Palaeologi emperors recaptured Constantinople from the Western Europeans in 1261, they were never able to regain control of much of the former imperial lands. They usually controlled only a small section of the Balkan Peninsula near Constantinople, the city itself, and some coastal land...
56fb8e478ddada1400cd64ed	During what years did the Avignon Papacy occur?	1305–78	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the \"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy\" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there wer...
56fb8e478ddada1400cd64ee	What is another term for the Avignon Papacy?	Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the \"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy\" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there wer...
56fb8e478ddada1400cd64ef	When did the Great Schism end?	1418	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the \"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy\" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there wer...
56fb8e478ddada1400cd64f0	How many popes existed simultaneously after the Council of Constance?	two	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the \"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy\" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there wer...
56fb8e478ddada1400cd64f1	Who was made pope in 1417?	Martin V	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nDuring the tumultuous 14th century, disputes within the leadership of the Church led to the Avignon Papacy of 1305–78, also called the \"Babylonian Captivity of the Papacy\" (a reference to the Babylonian captivity of the Jews), and then to the Great Schism, lasting from 1378 to 1418, when there wer...
56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2a	Of what nationality was John Wycliffe?	English	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nBesides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views o...
56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2b	In what year was Wycliffe declared a heretic?	1415	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nBesides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views o...
56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2c	Who did Wycliffe believe should read the Bible?	the laity	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nBesides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views o...
56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2d	What Bohemian movement was influenced by Wycliffe?	Hussitism	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nBesides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views o...
56fb9055b28b3419009f1e2e	How did Jan Hus die?	burned at the stake	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nBesides the schism, the western church was riven by theological controversies, some of which turned into heresies. John Wycliffe (d. 1384), an English theologian, was condemned as a heretic in 1415 for teaching that the laity should have access to the text of the Bible as well as for holding views o...
56fb9117b28b3419009f1e34	In the Late Middle Ages, who was allowed to drink wine at Mass?	the clergy	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief...
56fb9117b28b3419009f1e35	When did Thomas à Kempis die?	1471	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief...
56fb9117b28b3419009f1e36	In what year did the Church condemn witches?	1484	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief...
56fb9117b28b3419009f1e37	In what year was the Malleus Maleficarum published?	1486	[ "Middle_Ages\n\nThe papacy further refined the practice in the Mass in the Late Middle Ages, holding that the clergy alone was allowed to partake of the wine in the Eucharist. This further distanced the secular laity from the clergy. The laity continued the practices of pilgrimages, veneration of relics, and belief...

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