id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
|---|---|---|---|
570d7a98fed7b91900d461ac | The Prussian artillery batteries had what percentage more of guns than the French? | 30% more | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nThe French were equipped with bronze, rifled muzzle-loading artillery, while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns, which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire. Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire, which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that ... |
570d7a98fed7b91900d461ad | What was the typical range that Prussian guns could fire? | 2–3 kilometres | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nThe French were equipped with bronze, rifled muzzle-loading artillery, while the Prussians used new steel breech-loading guns, which had a far longer range and a faster rate of fire. Prussian gunners strove for a high rate of fire, which was discouraged in the French army in the belief that ... |
570d7b36fed7b91900d461b3 | On what date did the Government of National Defence negotiate an armistice? | 28 January 1871 | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nOn 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace term... |
570d7b36fed7b91900d461b4 | With whom did the French government negotiate? | the Prussians | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nOn 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace term... |
570d7b36fed7b91900d461b5 | What consequence of war were Parisians suffering? | starving | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nOn 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace term... |
570d7b36fed7b91900d461b6 | Which French minister traveled to Versailles to discuss peace? | Favre | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nOn 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace term... |
570d7b36fed7b91900d461b7 | What was the date on which jFarve and Bismarck met? | 24 January | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nOn 28 January 1871 the Government of National Defence based in Paris negotiated an armistice with the Prussians. With Paris starving, and Gambetta's provincial armies reeling from one disaster after another, French foreign minister Favre went to Versailles on 24 January to discuss peace term... |
570d7be1b3d812140066d9df | How many were killed by the Communards? | 500 people | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nDuring the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,... |
570d7be1b3d812140066d9e0 | Which religious official was also killed during the fighting? | Archbishop of Paris | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nDuring the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,... |
570d7be1b3d812140066d9e1 | What type of buildings were especially targeted to be burned down? | government buildings | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nDuring the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,... |
570d7be1b3d812140066d9e2 | What famous palace was also burned down? | Tuileries Palace | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nDuring the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,... |
570d7be1b3d812140066d9e3 | What is the rough estimate of the number of people killed? | between 6,000 and 10,000 | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nDuring the fighting, the Communards killed c. 500 people, including the Archbishop of Paris, and burned down many government buildings, including the Tuileries Palace and the Hotel de Ville. Communards captured with weapons were routinely shot by the army and Government troops killed from 7,... |
570d7c8bb3d812140066d9e9 | At the start of the war, how many German troops were focused on the French frontier? | 462,000 | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nAt the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was part... |
570d7c8bb3d812140066d9ea | How many French troops were available to stand again the Germans? | 270,000 | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nAt the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was part... |
570d7c8bb3d812140066d9eb | What is the literal meaning of the Prussian word "Kreis?" | literally "circle" | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nAt the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was part... |
570d7c8bb3d812140066d9ec | What did the French military numbers suffer from the most? | having lost 100,000 stragglers | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nAt the outset of the Franco-Prussian War, 462,000 German soldiers concentrated on the French frontier while only 270,000 French soldiers could be moved to face them, the French army having lost 100,000 stragglers before a shot was fired through poor planning and administration. This was part... |
570d7d86b3d812140066d9f1 | The events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on what? | military thinking | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nThe events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by... |
570d7d86b3d812140066d9f2 | Lessons garnered from the war included recognizing the need for what kind of system? | general staff system | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nThe events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by... |
570d7d86b3d812140066d9f3 | Who adopted the Prussian artillery tactics in 1914? | European armies | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nThe events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by... |
570d7d86b3d812140066d9f4 | What was the French 75 optimised to directly support? | advancing infantry | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nThe events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by... |
570d7d86b3d812140066d9f5 | Evidence from what war suggested the increased benefits of smokeless poweder rifles? | Russo-Japanese War | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nThe events of the Franco-Prussian War had great influence on military thinking over the next forty years. Lessons drawn from the war included the need for a general staff system, the scale and duration of future wars and the tactical use of artillery and cavalry. The bold use of artillery by... |
570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fb | A unified German Empire ended the balance of power in which congress? | Congress of Vienna | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nThe creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citatio... |
570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fc | At the end of the Napoleonic wars, Germany had established itself as what, in continental Europe? | the main power | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nThe creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citatio... |
570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fd | Who remained the dominant world power at this time? | Great Britain | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nThe creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citatio... |
570d7e8bb3d812140066d9fe | British involvement in European matters in the late 19th century was considered what? | very limited | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nThe creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citatio... |
570d7e8bb3d812140066d9ff | The Crown Prince's marriage to whom was considered the most prominent of German-British royal liasons? | the daughter of Queen Victoria | [
"Franco-Prussian_War\n\nThe creation of a unified German Empire ended the balance of power that had been created with the Congress of Vienna after the end of the Napoleonic Wars. Germany had established itself as the main power in continental Europe with the most powerful and professional army in the world.[citatio... |
570d5cb5b3d812140066d739 | A surge in hormone production triggers a number of physical changes during what stage of life? | Puberty | [
"Adolescence\n\nPuberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger adam's apple in boy... |
570d5cb5b3d812140066d73a | Which gland secretes a surge of hormonal agents into the blood stream? | pituitary | [
"Adolescence\n\nPuberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger adam's apple in boy... |
570d5cb5b3d812140066d73b | Which part of the body releases testosterone in males? | testes | [
"Adolescence\n\nPuberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger adam's apple in boy... |
570d5cb5b3d812140066d73c | Which part of the body relesases estrogen in females? | ovaries | [
"Adolescence\n\nPuberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger adam's apple in boy... |
570d5cb5b3d812140066d73d | An imbalance in sex hormones, tissue responsiveness, or obesity can cause what in boys? | gynecomastia | [
"Adolescence\n\nPuberty occurs through a long process and begins with a surge in hormone production, which in turn causes a number of physical changes. It is the stage of life characterized by the appearance and development of secondary sex characteristics (for example, a deeper voice and larger adam's apple in boy... |
570d5d0cb3d812140066d743 | What is the cultural purpose of adolescence? | preparation of children for adult roles | [
"Adolescence\n\nA thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose... |
570d5d0cb3d812140066d744 | What is the transitional period between childhood and adulthood viewed as? | adolescence | [
"Adolescence\n\nA thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose... |
570d5d0cb3d812140066d745 | Is adolescence a period of one transition or multiple transitions? | multiple transitions | [
"Adolescence\n\nA thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose... |
570d5d0cb3d812140066d746 | What transitions occur during puberty in addition to living circumstances? | education, training, employment and unemployment | [
"Adolescence\n\nA thorough understanding of adolescence in society depends on information from various perspectives, including psychology, biology, history, sociology, education, and anthropology. Within all of these perspectives, adolescence is viewed as a transitional period between childhood and adulthood, whose... |
570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f53 | How do a person's heart and lungs change during puberty? | increase in both size and capacity | [
"Adolescence\n\nPubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop \"larger hearts and lungs, higher sy... |
570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f54 | Increased size and capacity of the heart and lungs result in what changes to the body? | increased strength and tolerance for exercise | [
"Adolescence\n\nPubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop \"larger hearts and lungs, higher sy... |
570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f55 | Which sex tends to develop larger hearts and lungs? | males | [
"Adolescence\n\nPubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop \"larger hearts and lungs, higher sy... |
570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f56 | Which sex tends to have more red blood cells than the other? | males | [
"Adolescence\n\nPubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop \"larger hearts and lungs, higher sy... |
570d5dcdfed7b91900d45f57 | Which body system are a person's lungs a major proponent of? | respiratory | [
"Adolescence\n\nPubertal development also affects circulatory and respiratory systems as an adolescents' heart and lungs increase in both size and capacity. These changes lead to increased strength and tolerance for exercise. Sex differences are apparent as males tend to develop \"larger hearts and lungs, higher sy... |
570d5ecfb3d812140066d773 | Is a person's brain fully developed by the time they reach puberty? | not | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty. Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior (see Cognitive development below). The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age. T... |
570d5ecfb3d812140066d774 | The brain reaches what percentage of its adult size by the time a person is six years old? | 90% | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty. Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior (see Cognitive development below). The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age. T... |
570d5ecfb3d812140066d775 | The biggest changes in the brain during puberty occur in the parts of the cortex that process what kinds of information? | cognitive and emotional | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty. Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior (see Cognitive development below). The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age. T... |
570d5ecfb3d812140066d776 | What parts of the brain continue to become more complex into the late teens? | creases | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty. Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior (see Cognitive development below). The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age. T... |
570d5ecfb3d812140066d777 | The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person reaches what year of age? | six | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe human brain is not fully developed by the time a person reaches puberty. Between the ages of 10 and 25, the brain undergoes changes that have important implications for behavior (see Cognitive development below). The brain reaches 90% of its adult size by the time a person is six years of age. T... |
570d5fd0b3d812140066d791 | Which neuromodulator is involved in regulation of mood and behavior? | Serotonin | [
"Adolescence\n\nSerotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin... |
570d5fd0b3d812140066d792 | Are the effects of serotonin limited to the limbic system? | not | [
"Adolescence\n\nSerotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin... |
570d5fd0b3d812140066d793 | Serotonin is a neuromodulator that is involved in regulation of what? | mood and behavior | [
"Adolescence\n\nSerotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin... |
570d5fd0b3d812140066d794 | Which system in the brain determines rewards and punishments, emotional experiences, and social information? | limbic | [
"Adolescence\n\nSerotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin... |
570d5fd0b3d812140066d795 | Which two neurotransmitters cause adolescents to be more emotional and more responsive to rewards and stresses? | dopamine and serotonin | [
"Adolescence\n\nSerotonin is a neuromodulator involved in regulation of mood and behavior. Development in the limbic system plays an important role in determining rewards and punishments and processing emotional experience and social information. Changes in the levels of the neurotransmitters dopamine and serotonin... |
570d6464b3d812140066d7db | Are adolescents or children more bound to concrete events? | children | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, ... |
570d6464b3d812140066d7dc | Deductive reasoning leads to the development of what type of thinking? | hypothetical | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, ... |
570d6464b3d812140066d7dd | What type of thinking provides the ability to plan ahead and makes adolescents more skilled debaters? | hypothetical | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, ... |
570d6464b3d812140066d7de | Adolescents develop a more sophisticated understanding of what mathematical concept thanks to their increased hypothetical thinking abilties? | probability | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescents' thinking is less bound to concrete events than that of children: they can contemplate possibilities outside the realm of what currently exists. One manifestation of the adolescent's increased facility with thinking about possibilities is the improvement of skill in deductive reasoning, ... |
570d6596b3d812140066d801 | Are sexual actvity and risky behaviors more likely in boys that mature early or later? | early | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe timing of puberty can have important psychological and social consequences. Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger than their friends. They have the advantage in capturing the attention of potential partners and in becoming hand-picked for sports. Pubescent boys often tend to have a... |
570d6596b3d812140066d802 | Increased aggresiveness and early sexual maturation in adolescent boys are due to a surge of what? | hormones | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe timing of puberty can have important psychological and social consequences. Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger than their friends. They have the advantage in capturing the attention of potential partners and in becoming hand-picked for sports. Pubescent boys often tend to have a... |
570d6596b3d812140066d803 | Are early or late maturing boys generally taller and stronger than their friends? | Early | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe timing of puberty can have important psychological and social consequences. Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger than their friends. They have the advantage in capturing the attention of potential partners and in becoming hand-picked for sports. Pubescent boys often tend to have a... |
570d6596b3d812140066d804 | What is one reason a late maturing boy may be less confident when comparing himself to others? | poor body image | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe timing of puberty can have important psychological and social consequences. Early maturing boys are usually taller and stronger than their friends. They have the advantage in capturing the attention of potential partners and in becoming hand-picked for sports. Pubescent boys often tend to have a... |
570d6669b3d812140066d81d | How is wisdom defined? | capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience | [
"Adolescence\n\nWisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience, increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five, then levels off. Thus, it is during the adolescence-adulthood transition that individuals acquire the type of wisdom that is associated with age. Wisdom is n... |
570d6669b3d812140066d81e | Wisdom increases between age fourteen and what? | twenty-five | [
"Adolescence\n\nWisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience, increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five, then levels off. Thus, it is during the adolescence-adulthood transition that individuals acquire the type of wisdom that is associated with age. Wisdom is n... |
570d6669b3d812140066d81f | Is wisdom the same thing as intelligence? | not | [
"Adolescence\n\nWisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience, increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five, then levels off. Thus, it is during the adolescence-adulthood transition that individuals acquire the type of wisdom that is associated with age. Wisdom is n... |
570d6669b3d812140066d820 | Do adolescents perform significantly better on IQ tests than other age groups? | not | [
"Adolescence\n\nWisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience, increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five, then levels off. Thus, it is during the adolescence-adulthood transition that individuals acquire the type of wisdom that is associated with age. Wisdom is n... |
570d6669b3d812140066d821 | What word is defined as the capacity for insight and judgement that is developed through experience? | Wisdom | [
"Adolescence\n\nWisdom, or the capacity for insight and judgment that is developed through experience, increases between the ages of fourteen and twenty-five, then levels off. Thus, it is during the adolescence-adulthood transition that individuals acquire the type of wisdom that is associated with age. Wisdom is n... |
570d672cb3d812140066d837 | How is adolescence defined biologically? | the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn studying adolescent development, adolescence can be defined biologically, as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth; cognitively, as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally; or socially, as a period of preparation f... |
570d672cb3d812140066d838 | How is adolescence defined cognitively? | changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn studying adolescent development, adolescence can be defined biologically, as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth; cognitively, as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally; or socially, as a period of preparation f... |
570d672cb3d812140066d83a | Changes to sex organs, height, weight, and muscle mass are examples of which type of change? | biological | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn studying adolescent development, adolescence can be defined biologically, as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth; cognitively, as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally; or socially, as a period of preparation f... |
570d672cb3d812140066d83b | Increases in knowledge and the ability to think abstractly are examples of which kind of change? | Cognitive | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn studying adolescent development, adolescence can be defined biologically, as the physical transition marked by the onset of puberty and the termination of physical growth; cognitively, as changes in the ability to think abstractly and multi-dimensionally; or socially, as a period of preparation f... |
570d6819b3d812140066d869 | Who founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institude of Human Development? | Jean Macfarlane | [
"Adolescence\n\nJean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The Institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories base... |
570d6819b3d812140066d86a | What year was the University of California, Berkeley's Instutute of Human Development founded? | 1927 | [
"Adolescence\n\nJean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The Institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories base... |
570d6819b3d812140066d86b | What was the Univerity of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development formerly called? | Institute of Child Welfare | [
"Adolescence\n\nJean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The Institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories base... |
570d6819b3d812140066d86c | What year was the Oakland Growth Study initiated? | 1931 | [
"Adolescence\n\nJean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The Institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories base... |
570d6819b3d812140066d86d | What year did data for the Oakland Growth Study stop being collected? | 1981 | [
"Adolescence\n\nJean Macfarlane founded the University of California, Berkeley's Institute of Human Development, formerly called the Institute of Child Welfare, in 1927. The Institute was instrumental in initiating studies of healthy development, in contrast to previous work that had been dominated by theories base... |
570d7b4db3d812140066d9cb | What is a male's major landmark of puberty? | first ejaculation | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe major landmark of puberty for males is the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13. The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute a... |
570d7b4db3d812140066d9cc | At what average age does a male's first ejaculation occur? | 13 | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe major landmark of puberty for males is the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13. The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute a... |
570d7b4db3d812140066d9cd | What is a female's major landmark of puberty? | menstruation | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe major landmark of puberty for males is the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13. The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute a... |
570d7b4db3d812140066d9ce | Besides heredity, what other factors contribute to when menustration begins? | diet and lifestyle | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe major landmark of puberty for males is the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13. The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute a... |
570d7b4db3d812140066d9cf | Do girls who are malnourished start menustrating earlier or later than those with high-fat diets? | later | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe major landmark of puberty for males is the first ejaculation, which occurs, on average, at age 13. For females, it is menarche, the onset of menstruation, which occurs, on average, between ages 12 and 13. The age of menarche is influenced by heredity, but a girl's diet and lifestyle contribute a... |
570d7fc7fed7b91900d461d1 | How can the ideal self be described in terms of the adolescent? | who the adolescent wishes to be | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescents can conceptualize multiple \"possible selves\" that they could become and long-term possibilities and consequences of their choices. Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors, trying to gui... |
570d7fc7fed7b91900d461d2 | How can the feared self be described in terms of the adolescent? | who the adolescent does not want to be | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescents can conceptualize multiple \"possible selves\" that they could become and long-term possibilities and consequences of their choices. Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors, trying to gui... |
570d7fc7fed7b91900d461d3 | Do adolescents demonstrate intended behavior moving towards the ideal or feared self? | ideal | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescents can conceptualize multiple \"possible selves\" that they could become and long-term possibilities and consequences of their choices. Exploring these possibilities may result in abrupt changes in self-presentation as the adolescent chooses or rejects qualities and behaviors, trying to gui... |
570d80ccb3d812140066da0d | What term is the beginning of menstruation given? | Menarche | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system. Menarche, the beginning of menstruation, is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes. Generally, a girl is not fully fertile... |
570d80ccb3d812140066da0e | How many years does regular ovulation follow menarche? | two years | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system. Menarche, the beginning of menstruation, is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes. Generally, a girl is not fully fertile... |
570d80ccb3d812140066da0f | Do males or females appear physically mature before they are capable of reproduction? | females | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system. Menarche, the beginning of menstruation, is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes. Generally, a girl is not fully fertile... |
570d80ccb3d812140066da10 | What are two areas of the reproductive system that experience growth in females during puberty? | uterus, vagina | [
"Adolescence\n\nIn females, changes in the primary sex characteristics involve growth of the uterus, vagina, and other aspects of the reproductive system. Menarche, the beginning of menstruation, is a relatively late development which follows a long series of hormonal changes. Generally, a girl is not fully fertile... |
570d97d816d0071400510ba5 | What activity often results in a boy's first ejaculation? | masturbation | [
"Adolescence\n\nPrimary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis. At the time that the penis develops, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland also enlarge... |
570d97d816d0071400510ba6 | What are primary sex characteristics? | those directly related to the sex organs | [
"Adolescence\n\nPrimary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis. At the time that the penis develops, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland also enlarge... |
570d97d816d0071400510ba7 | What does the first stage of puberty involve for males? | growth of the testes and scrotum | [
"Adolescence\n\nPrimary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis. At the time that the penis develops, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland also enlarge... |
570d97d816d0071400510ba8 | After growth of the testes and scrotum, while male body part experiences growth next? | penis | [
"Adolescence\n\nPrimary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis. At the time that the penis develops, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland also enlarge... |
570d97d816d0071400510ba9 | Which male body parts enlarge and develop at the same time as the penis? | seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland | [
"Adolescence\n\nPrimary sex characteristics are those directly related to the sex organs. In males, the first stages of puberty involve growth of the testes and scrotum, followed by growth of the penis. At the time that the penis develops, the seminal vesicles, the prostate, and the bulbourethral gland also enlarge... |
570d995c16d0071400510bb9 | At what stage do parents see their children as equals? | early adolescence | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescence marks a rapid change in one's role within a family. Young children tend to assert themselves forcefully, but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescence, when they are increasingly viewed by parents as equals. The adolescent faces the task of in... |
570d995c16d0071400510bba | During what stage of development is there increased parent-child conflict and a less cohesive familial bond? | puberty | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescence marks a rapid change in one's role within a family. Young children tend to assert themselves forcefully, but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescence, when they are increasingly viewed by parents as equals. The adolescent faces the task of in... |
570d995c16d0071400510bbb | During puberty and adolescence, do most children share the same or different attitudes and values as their parents? | same | [
"Adolescence\n\nAdolescence marks a rapid change in one's role within a family. Young children tend to assert themselves forcefully, but are unable to demonstrate much influence over family decisions until early adolescence, when they are increasingly viewed by parents as equals. The adolescent faces the task of in... |
570d9a1c16d0071400510bc9 | Which part of the brain is involved in decision making and cognitive control? | prefrontal cortex | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most devel... |
570d9a1c16d0071400510bca | Which area of the brain is important for controlling impulses and planning ahead? | dorsolateral prefrontal cortex | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most devel... |
570d9a1c16d0071400510bcb | Which part of the brain is important for evaluating rewards and risks? | orbitofrontal cortex | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most devel... |
570d9a1c16d0071400510bcc | Which are the first areas to be pruned during puberty? | those involving primary functions | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most devel... |
570d9a1c16d0071400510bcd | Motor and sensory skills are examples of what kind of brain function? | primary | [
"Adolescence\n\nThe first areas of the brain to be pruned are those involving primary functions, such as motor and sensory areas. The areas of the brain involved in more complex processes lose matter later in development. These include the lateral and prefrontal cortices, among other regions. Some of the most devel... |
570d9b8216d0071400510bd9 | What is one area in which peer groups can have positive influences on an individual? | academic motivation and performance | [
"Adolescence\n\nCommunication within peer groups allows adolescents to explore their feelings and identity as well as develop and evaluate their social skills. Peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop social skills such as empathy, sharing, and leadership. Adolescents choose peer groups based on charact... |
570d9b8216d0071400510bda | What are some of the negative experiences that peer pressure can influence during adolescence? | experimentation with drugs, drinking, vandalism, and stealing | [
"Adolescence\n\nCommunication within peer groups allows adolescents to explore their feelings and identity as well as develop and evaluate their social skills. Peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop social skills such as empathy, sharing, and leadership. Adolescents choose peer groups based on charact... |
570d9b8216d0071400510bdb | At what age does succeptability to peer pressure peak? | 14 | [
"Adolescence\n\nCommunication within peer groups allows adolescents to explore their feelings and identity as well as develop and evaluate their social skills. Peer groups offer members the opportunity to develop social skills such as empathy, sharing, and leadership. Adolescents choose peer groups based on charact... |
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