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5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b16 | The Enlightenment is frequently linked to the French Revolution of what year? | 1789 | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789. One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the \"consent of the governed\" philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689) represented a paradigm shif... |
5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b17 | Who delineated the "consent of the governed" in Two Treatises of Government (1689)? | Locke | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789. One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the \"consent of the governed\" philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689) represented a paradigm shif... |
5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b18 | The "divine right of kings" was in direct conflict with which of Locke's philosophies? | "consent of the governed" | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789. One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the \"consent of the governed\" philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689) represented a paradigm shif... |
5710e0c2a58dae1900cd6b19 | According to Locke, the revolutions of the late 1700s and early 1800s were caused when what could not be resolved peacefully? | governance paradigm shift | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Enlightenment has been frequently linked to the French Revolution of 1789. One view of the political changes that occurred during the Enlightenment is that the \"consent of the governed\" philosophy as delineated by Locke in Two Treatises of Government (1689) represented a paradigm shif... |
5710e166a58dae1900cd6b1e | In what work did Ferguson explain how humans advanced from a hunting and gathering society to a commercial and civil society without "signing" a social contract? | An Essay on the History of Civil Society | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThough much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler'... |
5710e166a58dae1900cd6b1f | In what year did Ferguson publish An Essay on the History of Civil Society? | 1767 | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThough much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler'... |
5710e166a58dae1900cd6b20 | How many stages of progress did Ferguson theorize? | four | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThough much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler'... |
5710e166a58dae1900cd6b21 | Who, along with Adam Ferguson, criticized the idea of social contract theorists? | David Hume | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThough much of Enlightenment political thought was dominated by social contract theorists, both David Hume and Adam Ferguson criticized this camp. Hume's essay Of the Original Contract argues that governments derived from consent are rarely seen, and civil government is grounded in a ruler'... |
5710ed9da58dae1900cd6b44 | What century produced the first Russian univeristy, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press? | 18th century | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press. Like other enlightened despots, Catherine the Great played a key role... |
5710ed9da58dae1900cd6b45 | What did the Russian enlightenment focus on instead of societal enlightenment? | the individual | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press. Like other enlightened despots, Catherine the Great played a key role... |
5710ed9da58dae1900cd6b46 | From whom did Catherine the Great receive assistance in her Enlightenment ideals via correspondence? | Voltaire | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn Russia, the government began to actively encourage the proliferation of arts and sciences in the mid-18th century. This era produced the first Russian university, library, theatre, public museum, and independent press. Like other enlightened despots, Catherine the Great played a key role... |
5710ee7ea58dae1900cd6b54 | Which philosopher believed that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of Protestant reaction against the Catholic counter-reformation? | Bertrand Russell | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBertrand Russell saw the Enlightenment as a phase in a progressive development, which began in antiquity, and that reason and challenges to the established order were constant ideals throughout that time. Russell said that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of the Protestant reaction... |
5710ee7ea58dae1900cd6b55 | Where did Betrand Russell believe views such as affinity for democracy against monarachy originated from? | 16th-century Protestants | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBertrand Russell saw the Enlightenment as a phase in a progressive development, which began in antiquity, and that reason and challenges to the established order were constant ideals throughout that time. Russell said that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of the Protestant reaction... |
5710ee7ea58dae1900cd6b56 | Who does Betrand Russell started the schism that lead to the Enlightenment? | Martin Luther | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nBertrand Russell saw the Enlightenment as a phase in a progressive development, which began in antiquity, and that reason and challenges to the established order were constant ideals throughout that time. Russell said that the Enlightenment was ultimately born out of the Protestant reaction... |
5710effca58dae1900cd6b5a | How did Alexis de Tocqueville describe the French Revolution? | the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAlexis de Tocqueville described the French Revolution as the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment. These men of letters constituted a sort of \"substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerf... |
5710effca58dae1900cd6b5b | Which group was considered "a substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerful and without real power" according to Tocqueville? | men of letters | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAlexis de Tocqueville described the French Revolution as the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment. These men of letters constituted a sort of \"substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerf... |
5710effca58dae1900cd6b5c | From where did Tocqueville believe the illusory power of the men of letters came from? | the rise of "public opinion" | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAlexis de Tocqueville described the French Revolution as the inevitable result of the radical opposition created in the 18th century between the monarchy and the men of letters of the Enlightenment. These men of letters constituted a sort of \"substitute aristocracy that was both all-powerf... |
5710f278a58dae1900cd6b6a | Which Jewish philosopher referred to Enlightenment as a process by which man was educated in the use of reason? | Moses Mendelssohn | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nEnlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronologic... |
5710f278a58dae1900cd6b6b | How did Immanuel Kant describe the Enlightenment? | "man's release from his self-incurred tutelage" | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nEnlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronologic... |
5710f278a58dae1900cd6b6c | For whom was Enlightenment mankind's final coming of age, the emancipation of the human consciousness from an immature state of ignorance?" | Immanuel Kant | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nEnlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronologic... |
5710f278a58dae1900cd6b6d | According to historian Roy Porter, what was the Age of Enlightenment trying to capture? | the liberation of the human mind from a dogmatic state of ignorance | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nEnlightenment historiography began in the period itself, from what Enlightenment figures said about their work. A dominant element was the intellectual angle they took. D'Alembert's Preliminary Discourse of l'Encyclopédie provides a history of the Enlightenment which comprises a chronologic... |
5710f431b654c5140001fa3f | John Locke, Francis Bacon, and Isaac Newton where considered the the greatest men who ever lived by which American colonist? | Thomas Jefferson | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThese views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with the social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson called for a \"wall of separation between church and ... |
5710f431b654c5140001fa40 | Religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience was particularly influential in the drafting of which American document? | the United States Constitution | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThese views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with the social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson called for a \"wall of separation between church and ... |
5710f431b654c5140001fa41 | Whom, along with Francis Bacon and John Locke, did Thomas Jefferson consider to be one of the three greatest men that ever lived? | Isaac Newton | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThese views on religious tolerance and the importance of individual conscience, along with the social contract, became particularly influential in the American colonies and the drafting of the United States Constitution. Thomas Jefferson called for a \"wall of separation between church and ... |
5710f874b654c5140001fa4f | From a historical standpoint, what was one of the most important features of the debating society? | openness to the public | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn addition to debates on religion, societies discussed issues such as politics and the role of women. It is important to note, however, that the critical subject matter of these debates did not necessarily translate into opposition to the government. In other words, the results of the deba... |
5710f874b654c5140001fa50 | Were debates only open to certain economic classes, or could all attend? | all classes providing they could pay the entrance fee | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn addition to debates on religion, societies discussed issues such as politics and the role of women. It is important to note, however, that the critical subject matter of these debates did not necessarily translate into opposition to the government. In other words, the results of the deba... |
5710f874b654c5140001fa51 | What were some of the issues discussed in addition to debates on religion? | politics and the role of women | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn addition to debates on religion, societies discussed issues such as politics and the role of women. It is important to note, however, that the critical subject matter of these debates did not necessarily translate into opposition to the government. In other words, the results of the deba... |
5710f92ca58dae1900cd6b7c | What aspect of the Enlightenment did Robert Darnton and Jurgen Habermas focus on within the Enlightenment? | social conditions | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIntellectuals such as Robert Darnton and Jürgen Habermas have focused on the social conditions of the Enlightenment. Habermas described the creation of the \"bourgeois public sphere\" in 18th-century Europe, containing the new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange... |
5710f92ca58dae1900cd6b7d | How did Habermas describe the public sphere? | bourgeois, egalitarian, rational, and independent from the state | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIntellectuals such as Robert Darnton and Jürgen Habermas have focused on the social conditions of the Enlightenment. Habermas described the creation of the \"bourgeois public sphere\" in 18th-century Europe, containing the new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange... |
5710f92ca58dae1900cd6b7e | The new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange were given what term by Habermas in 18th century Europe? | the "bourgeois public sphere" | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIntellectuals such as Robert Darnton and Jürgen Habermas have focused on the social conditions of the Enlightenment. Habermas described the creation of the \"bourgeois public sphere\" in 18th-century Europe, containing the new venues and modes of communication allowing for rational exchange... |
5710fa0bb654c5140001fa55 | What do Jonathon Israel claim caused the change that eventually led to the revolutions of the latter half of the 18th centure and early 19th century? | the ideas themselves | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nJonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century, and ... |
5710fa0bb654c5140001fa56 | What does Israel argue Western civilization was based on until the 1650s? | largely shared core of faith, tradition and authority | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nJonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century, and ... |
5710fa0bb654c5140001fa57 | Jonathon Israel rejects the notion that the revolutionary ideas were by products of what transformations? | social and economic | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nJonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century, and ... |
5710fa0bb654c5140001fa58 | What time period does Johnathon Israel focus on? | 1650 to the end of the 18th century | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nJonathan Israel rejects the attempts of postmodern and Marxian historians to understand the revolutionary ideas of the period purely as by-products of social and economic transformations. He instead focuses on the history of ideas in the period from 1650 to the end of the 18th century, and ... |
5710faaeb654c5140001fa5d | How was the public sphere defined? | realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nOne of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a \"realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture,\" in the late 17th century a... |
5710faaeb654c5140001fa5e | During what centuries was the rise of the public sphere? | late 17th century and 18th century | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nOne of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a \"realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture,\" in the late 17th century a... |
5710faaeb654c5140001fa5f | The argument of the public sphere was founded on what? | reason | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nOne of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a \"realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture,\" in the late 17th century a... |
5710faaeb654c5140001fa60 | What term did Habermas give to describe the areas of political/social knowledge and discussion that were previously exlusive territory of the state and religious authorities? | common concern | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nOne of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a \"realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture,\" in the late 17th century a... |
5710faaeb654c5140001fa61 | The values of the bourgeois public sphere included holding reason to the supreme, considering everything open to criticism, and the opposition of what? | secrecy of all sorts | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nOne of the primary elements of the culture of the Enlightenment was the rise of the public sphere, a \"realm of communication marked by new arenas of debate, more open and accessible forms of urban public space and sociability, and an explosion of print culture,\" in the late 17th century a... |
5710fbc0b654c5140001fa67 | Book sellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness in what country, especially? | France | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAcross continental Europe, but in France especially, booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness. The Encyclopédie, for example, narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes, the man in charge of the French censure. Indeed, many publishin... |
5710fbc0b654c5140001fa68 | Which work narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes? | The Encyclopédie | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAcross continental Europe, but in France especially, booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness. The Encyclopédie, for example, narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes, the man in charge of the French censure. Indeed, many publishin... |
5710fbc0b654c5140001fa69 | Many publishing companies were located outside of which country to avoid overzealous censors? | France | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAcross continental Europe, but in France especially, booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness. The Encyclopédie, for example, narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes, the man in charge of the French censure. Indeed, many publishin... |
5710fbc0b654c5140001fa6a | Readers were more interested in sensationalist stories about what topics than they were in political theory itself? | criminals and political corruption | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAcross continental Europe, but in France especially, booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness. The Encyclopédie, for example, narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes, the man in charge of the French censure. Indeed, many publishin... |
5710fbc0b654c5140001fa6b | What was the term given to books that did not have a dominant motif and contained something to offend almost everyone in authority? | general works | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAcross continental Europe, but in France especially, booksellers and publishers had to negotiate censorship laws of varying strictness. The Encyclopédie, for example, narrowly escaped seizure and had to be saved by Malesherbes, the man in charge of the French censure. Indeed, many publishin... |
5710fc6ab654c5140001fa71 | Who helped The Encyclopedie find its way into print using the French censorship law creatively? | Malesherbes | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nA healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclopédie, for example, condemned not only by the King but also by Clement XII, nevertheless found its way into print with the help... |
5710fc6ab654c5140001fa72 | The King and Clement XII condemned which literary work? | The Encyclopédie | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nA healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclopédie, for example, condemned not only by the King but also by Clement XII, nevertheless found its way into print with the help... |
5710fc6ab654c5140001fa73 | What percentage of books borrowed in England, Germany, and Norath America were novels? | 70 | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nA healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclopédie, for example, condemned not only by the King but also by Clement XII, nevertheless found its way into print with the help... |
5710fc6ab654c5140001fa74 | What percentage of books borrowed were of a religious nature in England, Germany, and North America? | 1 | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nA healthy, and legal, publishing industry existed throughout Europe, although established publishers and book sellers occasionally ran afoul of the law. The Encyclopédie, for example, condemned not only by the King but also by Clement XII, nevertheless found its way into print with the help... |
5710fd27b654c5140001fa79 | What did the Republic of Letters support? | free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported \"free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation\". Imm... |
5710fd27b654c5140001fa7a | Once everyone was a part of what group did Kant believe all of society would be enlightened? | the "reading public" | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported \"free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation\". Imm... |
5710fd27b654c5140001fa7b | Who were two of the figures that participated in the Republic of Letters? | Diderot and Voltaire | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported \"free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation\". Imm... |
5710fd27b654c5140001fa7c | What did Immanuel Kant consider essential to his conception of the public sphere? | written communication | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe Republic of Letters was the sum of a number of Enlightenment ideals: an egalitarian realm governed by knowledge that could act across political boundaries and rival state power. It was a forum that supported \"free public examination of questions regarding religion or legislation\". Imm... |
5710fe32a58dae1900cd6b8c | Who called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture? | Jonathan Israel | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nJonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture. They shifted the attention of the \"cultivated public\" away from established authorities to novelty and innovation, and promoted the \"enlightened\" ideals of toleration and intel... |
5710fe32a58dae1900cd6b8d | To what did the journals shift attention of the cultivated public away from and towards novelty and innovation? | established authorities | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nJonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture. They shifted the attention of the \"cultivated public\" away from established authorities to novelty and innovation, and promoted the \"enlightened\" ideals of toleration and intel... |
5710fe32a58dae1900cd6b8e | What enlightened ideas were promoted by the journals? | toleration and intellectual objectivity | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nJonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture. They shifted the attention of the \"cultivated public\" away from established authorities to novelty and innovation, and promoted the \"enlightened\" ideals of toleration and intel... |
5710fe32a58dae1900cd6b8f | The journals were a source of knowledge derived from what topics? | science and reason | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nJonathan Israel called the journals the most influential cultural innovation of European intellectual culture. They shifted the attention of the \"cultivated public\" away from established authorities to novelty and innovation, and promoted the \"enlightened\" ideals of toleration and intel... |
5710febab654c5140001fa8b | How did dictionaries and encyclopedias change in the 18th century? | from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAlthough the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times, the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th-century encyclopedic dictionaries. The works were part of an Enlightenment movemen... |
5710febab654c5140001fa8c | What movement were dictionaries and encyclopedias trying to promote? | to systematize knowledge and provide education to a wider audience than the elite | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAlthough the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times, the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th-century encyclopedic dictionaries. The works were part of an Enlightenment movemen... |
5710febab654c5140001fa8d | How did the content of encyclopedias change in the 18th century? | tended to focus more strongly on secular affairs, particularly science and technology, rather than matters of theology | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAlthough the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times, the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th-century encyclopedic dictionaries. The works were part of an Enlightenment movemen... |
5710febab654c5140001fa8e | Encyclopedias in the 18th century tended to focus more strongly on what topics, rather than theology? | secular affairs, particularly science and technology | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAlthough the existence of dictionaries and encyclopedias spanned into ancient times, the texts changed from simply defining words in a long running list to far more detailed discussions of those words in 18th-century encyclopedic dictionaries. The works were part of an Enlightenment movemen... |
5710ff56b654c5140001fa93 | How was the Encyclopedie arranged? | according to a "tree of knowledge." | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe massive work was arranged according to a \"tree of knowledge.\" The tree reflected the marked division between the arts and sciences, which was largely a result of the rise of empiricism. Both areas of knowledge were united by philosophy, or the trunk of the tree of knowledge. The Enlig... |
5710ff56b654c5140001fa94 | The rise of empiricism caused a division between which two subjects? | the arts and sciences | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe massive work was arranged according to a \"tree of knowledge.\" The tree reflected the marked division between the arts and sciences, which was largely a result of the rise of empiricism. Both areas of knowledge were united by philosophy, or the trunk of the tree of knowledge. The Enlig... |
5710ff56b654c5140001fa95 | What was considered the trunk of the tree of knowledge? | philosophy | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe massive work was arranged according to a \"tree of knowledge.\" The tree reflected the marked division between the arts and sciences, which was largely a result of the rise of empiricism. Both areas of knowledge were united by philosophy, or the trunk of the tree of knowledge. The Enlig... |
5710ff56b654c5140001fa96 | Which editions of the Encyclopedie were less expensive and more accessible to the non-elite? | quarto and octavo | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe massive work was arranged according to a \"tree of knowledge.\" The tree reflected the marked division between the arts and sciences, which was largely a result of the rise of empiricism. Both areas of knowledge were united by philosophy, or the trunk of the tree of knowledge. The Enlig... |
5710ff56b654c5140001fa97 | How many copies of the Encyclopedie were estimated to be in circulation throughout France and Europe before the French Revolution? | 25 000 | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe massive work was arranged according to a \"tree of knowledge.\" The tree reflected the marked division between the arts and sciences, which was largely a result of the rise of empiricism. Both areas of knowledge were united by philosophy, or the trunk of the tree of knowledge. The Enlig... |
5710ffffa58dae1900cd6b9e | Which society in England also played a significant role in the public sphere and spread of Enlightenment ideas? | Royal Society of London | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental ... |
5710ffffa58dae1900cd6b9f | In what year was the Royal Society of London given a royal charter? | 1662 | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental ... |
5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba0 | Whose method based knowledge on experiementation, which had to be witnessed? | Robert Boyle | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental ... |
5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba1 | Who were considered more reliable witnesses than the Oxfordshire peasants? | Oxford professors | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental ... |
5710ffffa58dae1900cd6ba2 | What two factors were taken into account in credibility in the Royal Society? | a witness's knowledge in the area; and a witness's "moral constitution" | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nIn England, the Royal Society of London also played a significant role in the public sphere and the spread of Enlightenment ideas. It was founded by a group of independent scientists and given a royal charter in 1662. The Society played a large role in spreading Robert Boyle's experimental ... |
5711008ba58dae1900cd6ba8 | Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revoled around what subject? | "confessional" | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around \"confessional\" – that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues, and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of ... |
5711008ba58dae1900cd6ba9 | Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues were called what? | "confessional" | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around \"confessional\" – that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues, and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of ... |
5711008ba58dae1900cd6baa | During what time period did a "general process of rationalization and secularization set in"? | second half of the 17th century and during the 18th century | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around \"confessional\" – that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues, and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of ... |
5711008ba58dae1900cd6bab | The aim of confessional debates was to establish which bloc of faith should have what? | the "monopoly of truth and a God-given title to authority" | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nThe debating societies discussed an extremely wide range of topics. Before the Enlightenment, most intellectual debates revolved around \"confessional\" – that is, Catholic, Lutheran, Reformed (Calvinist), or Anglican issues, and the main aim of these debates was to establish which bloc of ... |
571101b2b654c5140001fa9d | According to German historian Reinhart Koselleck, which two social structures left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment? | the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nGerman historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed that \"On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges.\" Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that \"although the Masons did promote inte... |
571101b2b654c5140001fa9e | Which Scottish professor believes that Masons were not a major radical or reformist network in their own right? | Thomas Munck | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nGerman historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed that \"On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges.\" Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that \"although the Masons did promote inte... |
571101b2b654c5140001fa9f | Historian Margaret Jacob stresses the importance of the Masons in indirectly inspriting what type of thinking? | political thought | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nGerman historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed that \"On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges.\" Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that \"although the Masons did promote inte... |
571101b2b654c5140001faa0 | Daniel Roche claims that Masonry promoted what idea by only attracting men of similar social background? | egalitarianism | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nGerman historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed that \"On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges.\" Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that \"although the Masons did promote inte... |
571101b2b654c5140001faa1 | The presence of whom in the French "lodges of adoption" formed in the 1780s was die to the close ties shared with aristocratic society? | noble women | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nGerman historian Reinhart Koselleck claimed that \"On the Continent there were two social structures that left a decisive imprint on the Age of Enlightenment: the Republic of Letters and the Masonic lodges.\" Scottish professor Thomas Munck argues that \"although the Masons did promote inte... |
57110273b654c5140001fab1 | What ordering scheme did readers prefer? | alphabetical | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAlong with secular matters, readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines. The historian Charles Porset, commenting on alphabetization, has said that \"as the zero degree of taxonomy, alphabetical order authorizes all reading strat... |
57110273b654c5140001fab2 | Who believed the avoidance of thematic and heirarhical systems allowed free interpretation of the works and caused them to beomce an example of eglitarianism? | Charles Porset | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAlong with secular matters, readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines. The historian Charles Porset, commenting on alphabetization, has said that \"as the zero degree of taxonomy, alphabetical order authorizes all reading strat... |
57110273b654c5140001fab3 | Why did Encyclopedias and dictionaries become more popular during the Age of Reason? | the number of educated consumers who could afford such texts began to multiply | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAlong with secular matters, readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines. The historian Charles Porset, commenting on alphabetization, has said that \"as the zero degree of taxonomy, alphabetical order authorizes all reading strat... |
57110273b654c5140001fab4 | How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published between 1760 and 1769? | 63 | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAlong with secular matters, readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines. The historian Charles Porset, commenting on alphabetization, has said that \"as the zero degree of taxonomy, alphabetical order authorizes all reading strat... |
57110273b654c5140001fab5 | How many dictionaries and encyclopedias were published in the decade preceding the French Revolution? | 148 | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nAlong with secular matters, readers also favoured an alphabetical ordering scheme over cumbersome works arranged along thematic lines. The historian Charles Porset, commenting on alphabetization, has said that \"as the zero degree of taxonomy, alphabetical order authorizes all reading strat... |
57110322b654c5140001fabb | What caused an increasingly literate population to develop in the Enlightenment era? | a high rise in the availability of food | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nOne of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the sciences drove the expansion of print culture and the dissemination of ... |
57110322b654c5140001fabc | Instead of paying more for food, on what did people spend their money? | education | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nOne of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the sciences drove the expansion of print culture and the dissemination of ... |
57110322b654c5140001fabd | Which ideal endeavoured to make information available to the greatest number of people? | Popularization | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nOne of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the sciences drove the expansion of print culture and the dissemination of ... |
57110322b654c5140001fabe | Who wrote the celebrated Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica? | Sir Isaac Newton | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nOne of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the sciences drove the expansion of print culture and the dissemination of ... |
57110322b654c5140001fabf | Which work of Isaac Newton was published in Latin and remained inaccessible to readers without education until Enlightenment writers began to translate and analyze it in the vernacular? | Philosophiae Naturalis Principia Mathematica | [
"Age_of_Enlightenment\n\nOne of the most important developments that the Enlightenment era brought to the discipline of science was its popularization. An increasingly literate population seeking knowledge and education in both the arts and the sciences drove the expansion of print culture and the dissemination of ... |
571111f8a58dae1900cd6bc4 | Who attached a Game & Watch D-pad to the Famicom prototype? | Katsuyah Nakawaka | [
"Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n\nThe game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked. However, it was eventually decided... |
571111f8a58dae1900cd6bc5 | What was installed on the front of the console so the joystick could be used? | 15-pin expansion port | [
"Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n\nThe game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked. However, it was eventually decided... |
571111f8a58dae1900cd6bc6 | Why were the controllers hard-wired to the console with no connectors? | cost reasons | [
"Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n\nThe game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked. However, it was eventually decided... |
571111f8a58dae1900cd6bc7 | Where were the game pad controllers copied from? | Game & Watch machines | [
"Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n\nThe game pad controllers were more-or-less copied directly from the Game & Watch machines, although the Famicom design team originally wanted to use arcade-style joysticks, even taking apart ones from American game consoles to see how they worked. However, it was eventually decided... |
571112eab654c5140001faed | What was the abbreviation for Nintendo Entertainment System? | NES | [
"Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n\nAt June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom. This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or the colloquial \"NES\". Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited Am... |
571112eab654c5140001faee | What day did Nintendo unveil the new systems? | October 18, 1985 | [
"Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n\nAt June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom. This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or the colloquial \"NES\". Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited Am... |
571112eab654c5140001faef | Where did Nintendo start unveiling the new systems? | New York City | [
"Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n\nAt June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom. This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or the colloquial \"NES\". Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited Am... |
571112eab654c5140001faf0 | What was the name of the convention where Nintendo unveiled its American version of the Famicom? | Consumer Electronics Show | [
"Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n\nAt June 1985's Consumer Electronics Show (CES), Nintendo unveiled the American version of its Famicom. This is the system which would eventually be officially deployed as the Nintendo Entertainment System, or the colloquial \"NES\". Nintendo seeded these first systems to limited Am... |
57111370b654c5140001faf5 | In June 1989 who was Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing? | Peter Main | [
"Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n\nIn June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously rel... |
57111370b654c5140001faf6 | In 1990, what percentage of American households owned an NES? | 30% | [
"Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n\nIn June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously rel... |
57111370b654c5140001faf7 | What was the slogan for the Nintendo brand? | It can't be beaten | [
"Nintendo_Entertainment_System\n\nIn June 1989, Nintendo of America's vice president of marketing Peter Main, said that the Famicom was present in 37% of Japan's households. By 1990, 30% of American households owned the NES, compared to 23% for all personal computers. By 1990, the NES had outsold all previously rel... |
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