id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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5726b9d05951b619008f7be9 | What unit other than calories is used to measure the energy generated by nutrients? | Joules | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, protein, and water. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural materia... |
5726b9d05951b619008f7bea | Which nutrient generally provides around 37 kJ per gram? | fats | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, protein, and water. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural materia... |
5726b9d05951b619008f7beb | Although vitamins are important for many reasons, which role do they not play in the human body? | provide energy | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe macronutrients are carbohydrates, fats, protein, and water. The macronutrients (excluding fiber and water) provide structural material (amino acids from which proteins are built, and lipids from which cell membranes and some signaling molecules are built) and energy. Some of the structural materia... |
5726bc56708984140094cfa1 | Other than fats, what else consists of atoms of carbon, hydrogen and oxygen? | carbohydrates | [
"Nutrition\n\nMolecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty a... |
5726bc56708984140094cfa2 | If a carbohydrate is not a simple monosaccharide, what else could it be? | complex polysaccharides | [
"Nutrition\n\nMolecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty a... |
5726bc56708984140094cfa3 | What do fatty acid monomers that are bound to glycerol backbones make up? | triglycerides | [
"Nutrition\n\nMolecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty a... |
5726bc56708984140094cfa4 | What characteristic about fatty acids requires them to be an essential component in a diet? | cannot be synthesized in the body | [
"Nutrition\n\nMolecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty a... |
5726bc56708984140094cfa5 | Which element do the amino acids that make up the core component of protein have in common? | nitrogen | [
"Nutrition\n\nMolecules of carbohydrates and fats consist of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen atoms. Carbohydrates range from simple monosaccharides (glucose, fructose, galactose) to complex polysaccharides (starch). Fats are triglycerides, made of assorted fatty acid monomers bound to a glycerol backbone. Some fatty a... |
5726bdb2708984140094cfe5 | What was traditionally believed to be absorbed quickly causing blood - glucose levels to rapidly rise? | simple carbohydrates | [
"Nutrition\n\nTraditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This, however, is not accurate. Some simple carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g., fructolysis) that result i... |
5726bdb2708984140094cfe6 | What is an example of a simple carbohydrate? | fructose | [
"Nutrition\n\nTraditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This, however, is not accurate. Some simple carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g., fructolysis) that result i... |
5726bdb2708984140094cfe7 | When simple carbohydrates undergo metabolic pathways, what do they result in after partial catabolism? | glucose | [
"Nutrition\n\nTraditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This, however, is not accurate. Some simple carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g., fructolysis) that result i... |
5726bdb2708984140094cfe8 | What is glucose able to stimulate that is required in the human body? | production of insulin | [
"Nutrition\n\nTraditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This, however, is not accurate. Some simple carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g., fructolysis) that result i... |
5726bdb2708984140094cfe9 | Where are beta cells that attach to insulin located? | pancreas | [
"Nutrition\n\nTraditionally, simple carbohydrates are believed to be absorbed quickly, and therefore to raise blood-glucose levels more rapidly than complex carbohydrates. This, however, is not accurate. Some simple carbohydrates (e.g., fructose) follow different metabolic pathways (e.g., fructolysis) that result i... |
5726bee05951b619008f7cd9 | What example of a carbohydrate is unable to be fully absorbed in humans? | Dietary fiber | [
"Nutrition\n\nDietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption an... |
5726bee05951b619008f7cda | How many kilocalories of energy per gram is dietary fiber able to produce when successfully metabolized? | four | [
"Nutrition\n\nDietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption an... |
5726bee05951b619008f7cdb | What is the main component that makes up dietary fiber? | cellulose | [
"Nutrition\n\nDietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption an... |
5726bee05951b619008f7cdc | What is an example of a gastrointestinal problem other than diarrhea? | constipation | [
"Nutrition\n\nDietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption an... |
5726bee05951b619008f7cdd | What does soluble fiber do to help lower blood glucose levels? | slow the absorption of sugar | [
"Nutrition\n\nDietary fiber is a carbohydrate that is incompletely absorbed in humans and in some animals. Like all carbohydrates, when it is metabolized it can produce four Calories (kilocalories) of energy per gram. However, in most circumstances it accounts for less than that because of its limited absorption an... |
5726c05fdd62a815002e8f64 | Dietary fat can be said to consist of fatty acids bonded to which molecule? | glycerol | [
"Nutrition\n\nA molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending... |
5726c05fdd62a815002e8f65 | How many glycerol backbones does a triglyceride contain? | one | [
"Nutrition\n\nA molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending... |
5726c05fdd62a815002e8f66 | What needs to be examined to determine whether a fat can be classified as saturated or unsaturated? | the detailed structure of the fatty acids involved | [
"Nutrition\n\nA molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending... |
5726c05fdd62a815002e8f67 | Which element is present that is bonded to all of the carbons in a saturated fat? | hydrogen | [
"Nutrition\n\nA molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending... |
5726c05fdd62a815002e8f68 | What kind of fat can a trans fat be categorized as? | unsaturated fat | [
"Nutrition\n\nA molecule of dietary fat typically consists of several fatty acids (containing long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms), bonded to a glycerol. They are typically found as triglycerides (three fatty acids attached to one glycerol backbone). Fats may be classified as saturated or unsaturated depending... |
5726c1ad708984140094d097 | Where do saturated fats in a diet typically originate from? | animal sources | [
"Nutrition\n\nSaturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), ... |
5726c1ad708984140094d098 | Which kind of fat is generally considered to be healthiest? | Unsaturated fats | [
"Nutrition\n\nSaturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), ... |
5726c1ad708984140094d099 | Which type of fat should people attempt to avoid? | trans fats | [
"Nutrition\n\nSaturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), ... |
5726c1ad708984140094d09a | What kind of state of matter do unsaturated fats typically have at room temperature? | liquids | [
"Nutrition\n\nSaturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), ... |
5726c1ad708984140094d09b | Although trans fats are harmful to human health, what property do they have that makes them useful in food processing? | rancidity resistance | [
"Nutrition\n\nSaturated fats (typically from animal sources) have been a staple in many world cultures for millennia. Unsaturated fats (e. g., vegetable oil) are considered healthier, while trans fats are to be avoided. Saturated and some trans fats are typically solid at room temperature (such as butter or lard), ... |
5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fba | What does it mean when it is claimed that many fatty acids are non - essential? | the body can produce them as needed | [
"Nutrition\n\nMost fatty acids are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and always by expending energy to do so. However, in humans, at least two fatty acids are essential and must be included in the diet. An appropriate balance of essential fatty acids—omega-... |
5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fbb | At least how many fatty acids are essential to the human health and have to be consumed rather than produced by the body? | two | [
"Nutrition\n\nMost fatty acids are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and always by expending energy to do so. However, in humans, at least two fatty acids are essential and must be included in the diet. An appropriate balance of essential fatty acids—omega-... |
5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fbc | What does EPA stand for? | eicosapentaenoic acid | [
"Nutrition\n\nMost fatty acids are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and always by expending energy to do so. However, in humans, at least two fatty acids are essential and must be included in the diet. An appropriate balance of essential fatty acids—omega-... |
5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fbd | Outside of consumption, what would be broken down in the body to obtain DGLA and AA? | omega-6 linoleic acid | [
"Nutrition\n\nMost fatty acids are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and always by expending energy to do so. However, in humans, at least two fatty acids are essential and must be included in the diet. An appropriate balance of essential fatty acids—omega-... |
5726c2b4dd62a815002e8fbe | What do people consume that has low amounts of the necessary essential fatty acids? | processed vegetable oils | [
"Nutrition\n\nMost fatty acids are non-essential, meaning the body can produce them as needed, generally from other fatty acids and always by expending energy to do so. However, in humans, at least two fatty acids are essential and must be included in the diet. An appropriate balance of essential fatty acids—omega-... |
5726c5f8f1498d1400e8ead8 | What is able to prevent AA from being released from membranes? | Omega-3 EPA | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2. Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membranes, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 (made from AA) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 (made from DGL... |
5726c5f8f1498d1400e8ead9 | The conversion of omega-6 DGLA to AA is able to help regulate which process? | the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2 | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2. Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membranes, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 (made from AA) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 (made from DGL... |
5726c5f8f1498d1400e8eada | What kind of process is the conversion of DGLA to AA? | desaturation | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2. Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membranes, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 (made from AA) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 (made from DGL... |
5726c5f8f1498d1400e8eadb | What is an example of a hormone other than insulin that is able to control the enzyme delta-5-desaturase? | glucagon | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2. Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membranes, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 (made from AA) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 (made from DGL... |
5726c5f8f1498d1400e8eadc | What is the scientific name for cell division? | mitosis | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe conversion rate of omega-6 DGLA to AA largely determines the production of the prostaglandins PGE1 and PGE2. Omega-3 EPA prevents AA from being released from membranes, thereby skewing prostaglandin balance away from pro-inflammatory PGE2 (made from AA) toward anti-inflammatory PGE1 (made from DGL... |
5726cbcddd62a815002e907c | What primarily makes up the enzymes in our body that regulate the chemical reactions that occur? | Proteins | [
"Nutrition\n\nProteins are structural materials in much of the animal body (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each protein molecule is composed of amino acids, which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these c... |
5726cbcddd62a815002e907d | What is the primary component of every protein? | amino acids | [
"Nutrition\n\nProteins are structural materials in much of the animal body (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each protein molecule is composed of amino acids, which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these c... |
5726cbcddd62a815002e907e | What is the term that refers to the body process that produces new proteins? | protein retention | [
"Nutrition\n\nProteins are structural materials in much of the animal body (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each protein molecule is composed of amino acids, which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these c... |
5726cbcddd62a815002e907f | When the body no longer needs the amino acids that are present, through which excretion are they lost? | urine | [
"Nutrition\n\nProteins are structural materials in much of the animal body (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each protein molecule is composed of amino acids, which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these c... |
5726cbcddd62a815002e9080 | Approximately how many amino acid types does the human body generally have? | twenty | [
"Nutrition\n\nProteins are structural materials in much of the animal body (e.g. muscles, skin, and hair). They also form the enzymes that control chemical reactions throughout the body. Each protein molecule is composed of amino acids, which are characterized by inclusion of nitrogen and sometimes sulphur (these c... |
5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebce | What would be required for the human body to potentially have a chance to create a complete protein source? | two incomplete protein sources | [
"Nutrition\n\nIt is possible with protein combinations of two incomplete protein sources (e.g., rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. However, complementary sources of protein do not need to be eaten at the same meal... |
5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebcf | Other than rice, what would be another example of an incomplete protein source? | beans | [
"Nutrition\n\nIt is possible with protein combinations of two incomplete protein sources (e.g., rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. However, complementary sources of protein do not need to be eaten at the same meal... |
5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebd0 | What is taken from proteins and converted to glucose by the body? | Excess amino acids | [
"Nutrition\n\nIt is possible with protein combinations of two incomplete protein sources (e.g., rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. However, complementary sources of protein do not need to be eaten at the same meal... |
5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebd1 | What is the term for the conversion of amino acids into glucose? | gluconeogenesis | [
"Nutrition\n\nIt is possible with protein combinations of two incomplete protein sources (e.g., rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. However, complementary sources of protein do not need to be eaten at the same meal... |
5726ce98f1498d1400e8ebd2 | What happens to amino acids that are left over after the body has converted what it can to glucose? | discarded | [
"Nutrition\n\nIt is possible with protein combinations of two incomplete protein sources (e.g., rice and beans) to make a complete protein source, and characteristic combinations are the basis of distinct cultural cooking traditions. However, complementary sources of protein do not need to be eaten at the same meal... |
5726cfe5708984140094d213 | What was the early recommended amount of water that was supposedly required to keep the body hydrated? | 6–8 glasses of water daily | [
"Nutrition\n\nEarly recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6–8 glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration. However the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source... |
5726cfe5708984140094d214 | Who originally made a water intake recommendation in 1945? | Food and Nutrition Board of the National Research Council | [
"Nutrition\n\nEarly recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6–8 glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration. However the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source... |
5726cfe5708984140094d215 | How much water should be taken in for each calorie of food that is consumed? | 1 milliliter | [
"Nutrition\n\nEarly recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6–8 glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration. However the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source... |
5726cfe5708984140094d216 | What does ADI stand for? | adequate daily intakes | [
"Nutrition\n\nEarly recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6–8 glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration. However the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source... |
5726cfe5708984140094d217 | Where do humans get the 20% of water that does not come from the beverages we drink? | food | [
"Nutrition\n\nEarly recommendations for the quantity of water required for maintenance of good health suggested that 6–8 glasses of water daily is the minimum to maintain proper hydration. However the notion that a person should consume eight glasses of water per day cannot be traced to a credible scientific source... |
5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec46 | Who was similar recommended intake volumes as adults? | the elderly | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe EFSA panel also determined intakes for different populations. Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for adults as despite lower energy consumption, the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity. Pregnant and breastfeeding wo... |
5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec47 | Other then breastfeeding women, who what other category of woman should have increased water intake? | Pregnant | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe EFSA panel also determined intakes for different populations. Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for adults as despite lower energy consumption, the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity. Pregnant and breastfeeding wo... |
5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec48 | How much more water should pregnant women consumed compared to an average non - pregnant woman? | 300 mL/day | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe EFSA panel also determined intakes for different populations. Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for adults as despite lower energy consumption, the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity. Pregnant and breastfeeding wo... |
5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec49 | Why should lactating women increase their water consumption? | To compensate for additional fluid output | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe EFSA panel also determined intakes for different populations. Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for adults as despite lower energy consumption, the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity. Pregnant and breastfeeding wo... |
5726d1f5f1498d1400e8ec4a | How much more water do lactating women need to consume in relation to the average woman? | 700 mL/day | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe EFSA panel also determined intakes for different populations. Recommended intake volumes in the elderly are the same as for adults as despite lower energy consumption, the water requirement of this group is increased due to a reduction in renal concentrating capacity. Pregnant and breastfeeding wo... |
5726d78cdd62a815002e9220 | What kind of element are dietary minerals? | inorganic chemical elements | [
"Nutrition\n\nDietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The term \"mineral\" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the d... |
5726d78cdd62a815002e9221 | What was the term "mineral" originally meant to describe? | the less common elements in the diet | [
"Nutrition\n\nDietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The term \"mineral\" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the d... |
5726d78cdd62a815002e9222 | In what form are some metals commonly found in the body? | ions | [
"Nutrition\n\nDietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The term \"mineral\" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the d... |
5726d78cdd62a815002e9223 | In what form should minerals be to be absorbed easier? | ionic forms | [
"Nutrition\n\nDietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The term \"mineral\" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the d... |
5726d78cdd62a815002e9224 | What is the most famous mineral that is artificially added that prevents goiter? | iodine | [
"Nutrition\n\nDietary minerals are inorganic chemical elements required by living organisms, other than the four elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen, and oxygen that are present in nearly all organic molecules. The term \"mineral\" is archaic, since the intent is to describe simply the less common elements in the d... |
5726d9865951b619008f7fe3 | Which vitamin can be synthesized in the skin? | Vitamin D | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as organic essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, ... |
5726d9865951b619008f7fe4 | What is required for vitamin D to be synthesized? | UVB radiation | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as organic essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, ... |
5726d9865951b619008f7fe5 | What is an example of a vitamin - like compound that is not considered an essential dietary nutrient? | carnitine | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as organic essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, ... |
5726d9865951b619008f7fe6 | What has recently been discovered in the thousands, especially from examining fresh vegetables? | phytochemicals | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as organic essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, ... |
5726d9865951b619008f7fe7 | What is choline not an example of? | vitamins | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs with the minerals discussed above, some vitamins are recognized as organic essential nutrients, necessary in the diet for good health. (Vitamin D is the exception: it can be synthesized in the skin, in the presence of UVB radiation.) Certain vitamin-like compounds that are recommended in the diet, ... |
5726e03fdd62a815002e9392 | What is another term that can be used to describe "potentially damaging" compounds? | mutation causing | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs cellular metabolism/energy production requires oxygen, potentially damaging (e.g., mutation causing) compounds known as free radicals can form. Most of these are oxidizers (i.e., acceptors of electrons) and some react very strongly. For the continued normal cellular maintenance, growth, and divisio... |
5726e03fdd62a815002e9393 | What are oxidizers? | acceptors of electrons | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs cellular metabolism/energy production requires oxygen, potentially damaging (e.g., mutation causing) compounds known as free radicals can form. Most of these are oxidizers (i.e., acceptors of electrons) and some react very strongly. For the continued normal cellular maintenance, growth, and divisio... |
5726e03fdd62a815002e9394 | In order for the body to function normally, what must be used to neutralize free radicals? | antioxidant compounds | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs cellular metabolism/energy production requires oxygen, potentially damaging (e.g., mutation causing) compounds known as free radicals can form. Most of these are oxidizers (i.e., acceptors of electrons) and some react very strongly. For the continued normal cellular maintenance, growth, and divisio... |
5726e03fdd62a815002e9395 | What subgroup of phytochemicals helps make up the majority of the body's antioxidants? | polyphenols | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs cellular metabolism/energy production requires oxygen, potentially damaging (e.g., mutation causing) compounds known as free radicals can form. Most of these are oxidizers (i.e., acceptors of electrons) and some react very strongly. For the continued normal cellular maintenance, growth, and divisio... |
5726e03fdd62a815002e9396 | Which area of the body does vitamin A protect? | fat areas | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs cellular metabolism/energy production requires oxygen, potentially damaging (e.g., mutation causing) compounds known as free radicals can form. Most of these are oxidizers (i.e., acceptors of electrons) and some react very strongly. For the continued normal cellular maintenance, growth, and divisio... |
5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef00 | Where could one find a large population of gut flora? | Animal intestines | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnimal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for huma... |
5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef01 | What term collectively describes "Firmicutes" and "Bacteroidetes" among others? | phyla | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnimal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for huma... |
5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef02 | What is the importance of having phyla in the body? | essential to digestion | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnimal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for huma... |
5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef03 | What role specifically in digestion do bacteria in the gut have? | breaking down and aiding in the absorption of otherwise indigestible food | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnimal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for huma... |
5726e48ff1498d1400e8ef04 | Which vitamin are the bacteria present in the gut responsible for producing? | vitamin B12 | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnimal intestines contain a large population of gut flora. In humans, the four dominant phyla are Firmicutes, Bacteroidetes, Actinobacteria, and Proteobacteria. They are essential to digestion and are also affected by food that is consumed. Bacteria in the gut perform many important functions for huma... |
5726fc1c708984140094d7b3 | Heart disease and obesity are examples of what kind of disease? | "Western" diseases | [
"Nutrition\n\nHeart disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes are commonly called \"Western\" diseases because these maladies were once rarely seen in developing countries. An international study in China found some regions had virtually no cancer or heart disease, while in other areas they reflected \"up to a 100-fol... |
5726fc1c708984140094d7b4 | In which country was a study about the presence of cancer and heart disease in different regions done? | China | [
"Nutrition\n\nHeart disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes are commonly called \"Western\" diseases because these maladies were once rarely seen in developing countries. An international study in China found some regions had virtually no cancer or heart disease, while in other areas they reflected \"up to a 100-fol... |
5726fc1c708984140094d7b5 | How much of an increase in presence of "Western" diseases was there in communities that primarily had animal - based diets as opposed to vegetable diets? | 100-fold | [
"Nutrition\n\nHeart disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes are commonly called \"Western\" diseases because these maladies were once rarely seen in developing countries. An international study in China found some regions had virtually no cancer or heart disease, while in other areas they reflected \"up to a 100-fol... |
5726fc1c708984140094d7b6 | Other than meat, what else is lacking from the people in China's diet compared to diets from the Western world? | dairy | [
"Nutrition\n\nHeart disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes are commonly called \"Western\" diseases because these maladies were once rarely seen in developing countries. An international study in China found some regions had virtually no cancer or heart disease, while in other areas they reflected \"up to a 100-fol... |
5726fc1c708984140094d7b7 | What disease was said to possibly be the result of diets that are high in meat and dairy products? | cancers | [
"Nutrition\n\nHeart disease, cancer, obesity, and diabetes are commonly called \"Western\" diseases because these maladies were once rarely seen in developing countries. An international study in China found some regions had virtually no cancer or heart disease, while in other areas they reflected \"up to a 100-fol... |
5726fce9dd62a815002e9710 | Who released a guideline that recommends that people follow a whole plant food diet? | United Healthcare/Pacificare | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet, and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals. A National Geographic cover article from November 2005, entitled The Secrets of Living Longer, also recommends a whole plant food diet. The article is a... |
5726fce9dd62a815002e9711 | Which magazine also recommended that people follow a whole plant food diet? | National Geographic | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet, and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals. A National Geographic cover article from November 2005, entitled The Secrets of Living Longer, also recommends a whole plant food diet. The article is a... |
5726fce9dd62a815002e9712 | In which year was there a cover article on the National Geographic regarding diet recommendations? | 2005 | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet, and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals. A National Geographic cover article from November 2005, entitled The Secrets of Living Longer, also recommends a whole plant food diet. The article is a... |
5726fce9dd62a815002e9713 | How many populations were studied and surveyed for the cover article? | three | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet, and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals. A National Geographic cover article from November 2005, entitled The Secrets of Living Longer, also recommends a whole plant food diet. The article is a... |
5726fce9dd62a815002e9714 | Other than fruits and vegetables, what other product was highly recommended to be a part of a healthy diet? | whole grains | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe United Healthcare/Pacificare nutrition guideline recommends a whole plant food diet, and recommends using protein only as a condiment with meals. A National Geographic cover article from November 2005, entitled The Secrets of Living Longer, also recommends a whole plant food diet. The article is a... |
5726fdd95951b619008f8431 | Other than nitrogen, what other element varies greatly between a carnivore and herbivore diet? | carbon | [
"Nutrition\n\nCarnivore and herbivore diets are contrasting, with basic nitrogen and carbon proportions vary for their particular foods. \"The nitrogen content of plant tissues averages about 2%, while in fungi, animals, and bacteria it averages about 5% to 10%.\" Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to c... |
5726fdd95951b619008f8432 | What percentage of nitrogen content is generally found in fungi? | 5% to 10% | [
"Nutrition\n\nCarnivore and herbivore diets are contrasting, with basic nitrogen and carbon proportions vary for their particular foods. \"The nitrogen content of plant tissues averages about 2%, while in fungi, animals, and bacteria it averages about 5% to 10%.\" Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to c... |
5726fdd95951b619008f8433 | What process of breaking down cellulose do herbivores rely on for their essential nutrients? | bacterial fermentation | [
"Nutrition\n\nCarnivore and herbivore diets are contrasting, with basic nitrogen and carbon proportions vary for their particular foods. \"The nitrogen content of plant tissues averages about 2%, while in fungi, animals, and bacteria it averages about 5% to 10%.\" Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to c... |
5726fdd95951b619008f8434 | Other than sugar and fiber, what else are carbohydrates consisted of? | starch | [
"Nutrition\n\nCarnivore and herbivore diets are contrasting, with basic nitrogen and carbon proportions vary for their particular foods. \"The nitrogen content of plant tissues averages about 2%, while in fungi, animals, and bacteria it averages about 5% to 10%.\" Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to c... |
5726fdd95951b619008f8435 | Where can fatty acids be found? | lipids | [
"Nutrition\n\nCarnivore and herbivore diets are contrasting, with basic nitrogen and carbon proportions vary for their particular foods. \"The nitrogen content of plant tissues averages about 2%, while in fungi, animals, and bacteria it averages about 5% to 10%.\" Many herbivores rely on bacterial fermentation to c... |
5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f0 | Through what part of the body are nutrients transported to feed cells? | bloodstream | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnimal tissue consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved[vague]. Digestive juices break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and mo... |
5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f1 | In which specific circumstance is the digestive system not the first system involved in nutrient processing? | unborn fetus | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnimal tissue consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved[vague]. Digestive juices break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and mo... |
5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f2 | What is able to break bonds in ingested molecules? | Digestive juices | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnimal tissue consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved[vague]. Digestive juices break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and mo... |
5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f3 | Molecules that are released from ingested foods are done so through which process? | digestive processes | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnimal tissue consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved[vague]. Digestive juices break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and mo... |
5726ff1cf1498d1400e8f1f4 | Through which manner are unabsorbed matter and waste products excreted? | feces | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnimal tissue consists of elements and compounds ingested, digested, absorbed, and circulated through the bloodstream to feed the cells of the body. Except in the unborn fetus, the digestive system is the first system involved[vague]. Digestive juices break chemical bonds in ingested molecules, and mo... |
57270149708984140094d855 | What needs to be compared to the waste products from humans to determine what is absorbed in the body? | food | [
"Nutrition\n\nStudies of nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments, as well as the chemical composition of the whole diet and of all material excreted and eliminated from the body (in urine and feces). Comparing the food to the waste can help determine the specific... |
57270149708984140094d856 | It is important to examine both the feces and what other excrement when studying absorption? | urine | [
"Nutrition\n\nStudies of nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments, as well as the chemical composition of the whole diet and of all material excreted and eliminated from the body (in urine and feces). Comparing the food to the waste can help determine the specific... |
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