id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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57270149708984140094d857 | Other than time consuming, what else are nutritional studies due to their length and variable count? | expensive | [
"Nutrition\n\nStudies of nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments, as well as the chemical composition of the whole diet and of all material excreted and eliminated from the body (in urine and feces). Comparing the food to the waste can help determine the specific... |
57270149708984140094d858 | At which rate is the science behind nutrition continuing to evolve? | slowly | [
"Nutrition\n\nStudies of nutritional status must take into account the state of the body before and after experiments, as well as the chemical composition of the whole diet and of all material excreted and eliminated from the body (in urine and feces). Comparing the food to the waste can help determine the specific... |
572702dddd62a815002e979a | How do plants absorb essential elements that are present in the soil? | through their roots | [
"Nutrition\n\nPlants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from th... |
572702dddd62a815002e979b | Having leaves allows plants to absorb nutrients through which medium? | air | [
"Nutrition\n\nPlants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from th... |
572702dddd62a815002e979c | What is the process that plants undergo in order to obtain carbohydrates? | photosynthesis | [
"Nutrition\n\nPlants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from th... |
572702dddd62a815002e979d | What is the process called in which plants gather nutrients from the soil around their roots? | cation exchange | [
"Nutrition\n\nPlants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from th... |
572702dddd62a815002e979e | What part of the leaf in a plant takes in carbon dioxide and releases oxygen? | stomata | [
"Nutrition\n\nPlants uptake essential elements from the soil through their roots and from the air (consisting of mainly nitrogen and oxygen) through their leaves. Green plants obtain their carbohydrate supply from the carbon dioxide in the air by the process of photosynthesis. Carbon and oxygen are absorbed from th... |
57270596708984140094d897 | What can environmental depletion lead to? | crucial nutrition-related health problems | [
"Nutrition\n\nResearch in the field of nutrition has greatly contributed in finding out the essential facts about how environmental depletion can lead to crucial nutrition-related health problems like contamination, spread of contagious diseases, malnutrition, etc. Moreover, environmental contamination due to disch... |
57270596708984140094d898 | Other than malnutrition and a spread of disease, what is an example of a health problem that arose due to environmental depletion? | contamination | [
"Nutrition\n\nResearch in the field of nutrition has greatly contributed in finding out the essential facts about how environmental depletion can lead to crucial nutrition-related health problems like contamination, spread of contagious diseases, malnutrition, etc. Moreover, environmental contamination due to disch... |
57270596708984140094d899 | Other than industrial chemicals, what other industry discharges chemicals that can contaminate the environment? | agricultural | [
"Nutrition\n\nResearch in the field of nutrition has greatly contributed in finding out the essential facts about how environmental depletion can lead to crucial nutrition-related health problems like contamination, spread of contagious diseases, malnutrition, etc. Moreover, environmental contamination due to disch... |
57270596708984140094d89a | The release and contamination of the environment affects what important system other than the human race? | the ecosystem | [
"Nutrition\n\nResearch in the field of nutrition has greatly contributed in finding out the essential facts about how environmental depletion can lead to crucial nutrition-related health problems like contamination, spread of contagious diseases, malnutrition, etc. Moreover, environmental contamination due to disch... |
57270596708984140094d89b | If people's nutritional status and health changes, what could this affect in their daily routine? | diet habits | [
"Nutrition\n\nResearch in the field of nutrition has greatly contributed in finding out the essential facts about how environmental depletion can lead to crucial nutrition-related health problems like contamination, spread of contagious diseases, malnutrition, etc. Moreover, environmental contamination due to disch... |
572706815951b619008f84d3 | What is the abbreviation for licensed dietitians in the US? | LD | [
"Nutrition\n\nIn the US, dietitians are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title \"dietitian,\" as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific edu... |
572706815951b619008f84d4 | Who do dietitians have to register with other than the American Dietetic Association in order to be recognized as such in the US? | Commission for Dietetic Registration | [
"Nutrition\n\nIn the US, dietitians are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title \"dietitian,\" as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific edu... |
572706815951b619008f84d5 | Which specific term is unregulated but still oft associated with professionals when it comes to food and diets? | nutritionist | [
"Nutrition\n\nIn the US, dietitians are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title \"dietitian,\" as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific edu... |
572706815951b619008f84d6 | Which state has started to regulate the word "nutritionist"? | Florida | [
"Nutrition\n\nIn the US, dietitians are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title \"dietitian,\" as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific edu... |
572706815951b619008f84d7 | What are restaurants and food manufacturers required to follow in order to assist consumers looking to follow dietary guidelines? | disclosure/labeling requirements | [
"Nutrition\n\nIn the US, dietitians are registered (RD) or licensed (LD) with the Commission for Dietetic Registration and the American Dietetic Association, and are only able to use the title \"dietitian,\" as described by the business and professions codes of each respective state, when they have met specific edu... |
57270755708984140094d8b5 | Nutritional standards and recommendations are produced by a joint effort between the US Department of Agriculture and which other department? | US Department of Health and Human Services | [
"Nutrition\n\nIn the US, nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of MyPlate, which superseded the food pyramid, which repl... |
57270755708984140094d8b6 | Who releases guidelines that revolve around diet and physical activity recommendations? | USDA | [
"Nutrition\n\nIn the US, nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of MyPlate, which superseded the food pyramid, which repl... |
57270755708984140094d8b7 | What is the name of the concept that has replaced the food pyramid? | MyPlate | [
"Nutrition\n\nIn the US, nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of MyPlate, which superseded the food pyramid, which repl... |
57270755708984140094d8b8 | The USDA's effort sand actions are overseen by which governmental committee? | Agriculture, Nutrition and Forestry Committee | [
"Nutrition\n\nIn the US, nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of MyPlate, which superseded the food pyramid, which repl... |
57270755708984140094d8b9 | On which channel are committee meetings often shown? | C-SPAN | [
"Nutrition\n\nIn the US, nutritional standards and recommendations are established jointly by the US Department of Agriculture and US Department of Health and Human Services. Dietary and physical activity guidelines from the USDA are presented in the concept of MyPlate, which superseded the food pyramid, which repl... |
57270821708984140094d8d1 | Smart Bodies is an example of an initiative that was started by what level of government? | state | [
"Nutrition\n\nAn example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this prog... |
57270821708984140094d8d2 | What is the goal of Smart Bodies? | to promote nutrition literacy | [
"Nutrition\n\nAn example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this prog... |
57270821708984140094d8d3 | The Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation joined together with which University to help develop Smart Bodies? | Louisiana State Agricultural Center | [
"Nutrition\n\nAn example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this prog... |
57270821708984140094d8d4 | When was the Smart Bodies initiative first released? | 2005 | [
"Nutrition\n\nAn example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this prog... |
57270821708984140094d8d5 | What does the initiative specifically target? | childhood obesity | [
"Nutrition\n\nAn example of a state initiative to promote nutrition literacy is Smart Bodies, a public-private partnership between the state’s largest university system and largest health insurer, Louisiana State Agricultural Center and Blue Cross and Blue Shield of Louisiana Foundation. Launched in 2005, this prog... |
572708fa5951b619008f84f9 | In England and which other country is there a curricula that revolves around nutritional education? | Wales | [
"Nutrition\n\nNutrition is taught in schools in many countries. In England and Wales, the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition, stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging. In many schools, a Nutrition class will fall wi... |
572708fa5951b619008f84fa | What is the official name of the curricula that promotes nutritional education in schools? | Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula | [
"Nutrition\n\nNutrition is taught in schools in many countries. In England and Wales, the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition, stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging. In many schools, a Nutrition class will fall wi... |
572708fa5951b619008f84fb | What does FCS stand for? | Family and Consumer Science | [
"Nutrition\n\nNutrition is taught in schools in many countries. In England and Wales, the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition, stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging. In many schools, a Nutrition class will fall wi... |
572708fa5951b619008f84fc | Aside from dieting and general nutritional information, what else does the curricula in England and Wales aim to teach students? | how to read nutrition labels on packaging | [
"Nutrition\n\nNutrition is taught in schools in many countries. In England and Wales, the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition, stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging. In many schools, a Nutrition class will fall wi... |
572708fa5951b619008f84fd | In which type of school are kids required to take a number of health related courses? | American | [
"Nutrition\n\nNutrition is taught in schools in many countries. In England and Wales, the Personal and Social Education and Food Technology curricula include nutrition, stressing the importance of a balanced diet and teaching how to read nutrition labels on packaging. In many schools, a Nutrition class will fall wi... |
572709f75951b619008f8517 | In which country were there no specific nutritional literacy studies on a national level that could be found? | U.S. | [
"Nutrition\n\nAt the time of this entry, we were not able to identify any specific nutrition literacy studies in the U.S. at a national level. However, the findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced... |
572709f75951b619008f8518 | What does the abbreviation NAAL represent? | National Assessment of Adult Literacy | [
"Nutrition\n\nAt the time of this entry, we were not able to identify any specific nutrition literacy studies in the U.S. at a national level. However, the findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced... |
572709f75951b619008f8519 | How many Americans were found to have intermediate health literacy? | 44% | [
"Nutrition\n\nAt the time of this entry, we were not able to identify any specific nutrition literacy studies in the U.S. at a national level. However, the findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced... |
572709f75951b619008f851a | What percentage of Americans fell below the basics of health literacy? | 14 | [
"Nutrition\n\nAt the time of this entry, we were not able to identify any specific nutrition literacy studies in the U.S. at a national level. However, the findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced... |
572709f75951b619008f851b | People who had a lower health literacy rate were found to be living below what standard? | level of poverty | [
"Nutrition\n\nAt the time of this entry, we were not able to identify any specific nutrition literacy studies in the U.S. at a national level. However, the findings of the 2003 National Assessment of Adult Literacy (NAAL) provide a basis upon which to frame the nutrition literacy problem in the U.S. NAAL introduced... |
57270b64708984140094d901 | What percentage of people were were found to have a high likelihood of low literacy skills in the Mississippi Delta region? | 52 | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnother study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower Mississippi Delta found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills. While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult, primarily because of methodol... |
57270b64708984140094d902 | What primary difference was there between the NAAL and Delta study that made comparisons difficult? | methodological differences | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnother study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower Mississippi Delta found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills. While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult, primarily because of methodol... |
57270b64708984140094d903 | Who was the main author of the study that suggested that the Mississippi Delta study identified a problem of health literacy? | Zoellner | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnother study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower Mississippi Delta found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills. While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult, primarily because of methodol... |
57270b64708984140094d904 | For how many years had the My Pyramid graphic been released at the time of the Mississippi Delta study? | two | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnother study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower Mississippi Delta found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills. While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult, primarily because of methodol... |
57270b64708984140094d905 | Income level was found to have a signification correlation to which outcome in the study? | nutrition literacy | [
"Nutrition\n\nAnother study examining the health and nutrition literacy status of residents of the lower Mississippi Delta found that 52 percent of participants had a high likelihood of limited literacy skills. While a precise comparison between the NAAL and Delta studies is difficult, primarily because of methodol... |
57270cbadd62a815002e9850 | What did the studies show there was a lack of understanding of by the population? | nutritional information | [
"Nutrition\n\nThese statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of ... |
57270cbadd62a815002e9851 | The studies indicated that there was a lack of information in the area about what kind of choice? | food | [
"Nutrition\n\nThese statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of ... |
57270cbadd62a815002e9852 | What was found to be limited or at least difficult to get access to in the studied region? | healthful foods | [
"Nutrition\n\nThese statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of ... |
57270cbadd62a815002e9853 | What kind of constraint was found to have a significant effect on the nutritional literacy? | socioeconomic | [
"Nutrition\n\nThese statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of ... |
57270cbadd62a815002e9854 | Aside from large people living in poverty, what else is considered a socioeconomic constraint that resulted in a decrease in opportunity for healthy food choices? | low levels of education | [
"Nutrition\n\nThese statistics point to the complexities surrounding the lack of health/nutrition literacy and reveal the degree to which they are embedded in the social structure and interconnected with other problems. Among these problems are the lack of information about food choices, a lack of understanding of ... |
57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2dc | An imbalance in the intake of nutrients by any organism can be referred by which term? | Malnutrition | [
"Nutrition\n\nMalnutrition refers to insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of nutrients by an organism. In developed countries, the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption. In developing countries, malnutrition is more likely to be caused ... |
57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2dd | In what kind of country is malnutrition often found as excessive consumption or as a nutritional imbalance? | developed | [
"Nutrition\n\nMalnutrition refers to insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of nutrients by an organism. In developed countries, the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption. In developing countries, malnutrition is more likely to be caused ... |
57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2de | Aside from inadequate knowledge, what else is characteristic of malnutrition found in developing countries? | poor access to a range of nutritious foods | [
"Nutrition\n\nMalnutrition refers to insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of nutrients by an organism. In developed countries, the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption. In developing countries, malnutrition is more likely to be caused ... |
57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2df | What is the abbreviation ICRISAT short for? | International Crops Research Institute for the Semi-Arid Tropics | [
"Nutrition\n\nMalnutrition refers to insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of nutrients by an organism. In developed countries, the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption. In developing countries, malnutrition is more likely to be caused ... |
57270f6cf1498d1400e8f2e0 | What is the name of the traditional Mali recipe that equinut is a twist on? | di-dèguè | [
"Nutrition\n\nMalnutrition refers to insufficient, excessive, or imbalanced consumption of nutrients by an organism. In developed countries, the diseases of malnutrition are most often associated with nutritional imbalances or excessive consumption. In developing countries, malnutrition is more likely to be caused ... |
572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ec | What is the term that refers to a viewpoint that believes a reliance on food science is a cause of poor nutrition and ill health? | Nutritionism | [
"Nutrition\n\nNutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health. It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advis... |
572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ed | Who is originally claimed to have given birth to the concept of nutritionism? | Gyorgy Scrinis | [
"Nutrition\n\nNutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health. It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advis... |
572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ee | Although he was not the creator of the concept, who popularized the idea of nutritionism? | Michael Pollan | [
"Nutrition\n\nNutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health. It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advis... |
572710d0f1498d1400e8f2ef | Who has to rely on nutrition experts when it comes to making decisions regarding food and nutritional values? | policy makers | [
"Nutrition\n\nNutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health. It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advis... |
572710d0f1498d1400e8f2f0 | Which region of the world does Pollan claim could trace their health problems back to nutritionism? | Western World | [
"Nutrition\n\nNutritionism is the view that excessive reliance on food science and the study of nutrition can lead to poor nutrition and to ill health. It was originally credited to Gyorgy Scrinis, and was popularized by Michael Pollan. Since nutrients are invisible, policy makers rely on nutrition experts to advis... |
5727131c5951b619008f8581 | What are organizations targeting with the aim of improving nutritional content or resources? | school cafeterias | [
"Nutrition\n\nSome organizations have begun working with teachers, policymakers, and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions. Health and nutrition have been proven to have close lin... |
5727131c5951b619008f8582 | Outside of policymakers and teachers, who else is a key component to improving nutritional content in schools? | managed foodservice contractors | [
"Nutrition\n\nSome organizations have begun working with teachers, policymakers, and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions. Health and nutrition have been proven to have close lin... |
5727131c5951b619008f8583 | What are health and nutrition shown to have a link to in terms of education? | overall educational success | [
"Nutrition\n\nSome organizations have begun working with teachers, policymakers, and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions. Health and nutrition have been proven to have close lin... |
5727131c5951b619008f8584 | What percentage of American students report that they currently eat the recommended servings of fruits and vegetables? | 10 | [
"Nutrition\n\nSome organizations have begun working with teachers, policymakers, and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions. Health and nutrition have been proven to have close lin... |
5727131c5951b619008f8585 | Which animal was shown to have a negative effect on learning behavior due to nutritional deficiencies back in 1951? | mice | [
"Nutrition\n\nSome organizations have begun working with teachers, policymakers, and managed foodservice contractors to mandate improved nutritional content and increased nutritional resources in school cafeterias from primary to university level institutions. Health and nutrition have been proven to have close lin... |
572714d2708984140094d975 | Which health issue is now becoming a common issue in developing countries? | Cancer | [
"Nutrition\n\nCancer is now common in developing countries. According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, \"In the developing world, cancers of the liver, stomach and esophagus were more common, often linked to consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods, such as smoked or salted food, an... |
572714d2708984140094d976 | Which organization did a study on cancer in developing countries? | International Agency for Research on Cancer | [
"Nutrition\n\nCancer is now common in developing countries. According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, \"In the developing world, cancers of the liver, stomach and esophagus were more common, often linked to consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods, such as smoked or salted food, an... |
572714d2708984140094d977 | What were cancers such as liver cancer or stomach cancer found to have a link to? | consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods | [
"Nutrition\n\nCancer is now common in developing countries. According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, \"In the developing world, cancers of the liver, stomach and esophagus were more common, often linked to consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods, such as smoked or salted food, an... |
572714d2708984140094d978 | The rise of lung cancer in poor nations can be attributed to the use of which product? | tobacco | [
"Nutrition\n\nCancer is now common in developing countries. According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, \"In the developing world, cancers of the liver, stomach and esophagus were more common, often linked to consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods, such as smoked or salted food, an... |
572714d2708984140094d979 | Obesity, lack of exercise, age and diet are risk factors attributed to cancer that are all apart of what kind of lifestyle? | Western | [
"Nutrition\n\nCancer is now common in developing countries. According to a study by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, \"In the developing world, cancers of the liver, stomach and esophagus were more common, often linked to consumption of carcinogenic preserved foods, such as smoked or salted food, an... |
57271689f1498d1400e8f372 | Reduced insulin function can also go by what other term? | insulin resistance | [
"Nutrition\n\nSeveral lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked ... |
57271689f1498d1400e8f373 | Other than the reduced insulin function, what else contributes greatly to many disease states? | lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia | [
"Nutrition\n\nSeveral lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked ... |
57271689f1498d1400e8f374 | Arterial microinjuries and heart disease can all be linked back to which health issue that is caused by hyperinsulinemia? | chronic inflammation | [
"Nutrition\n\nSeveral lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked ... |
57271689f1498d1400e8f375 | The metabolic syndrome is a term that refers to which health issue? | insulin resistance | [
"Nutrition\n\nSeveral lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked ... |
57271689f1498d1400e8f376 | Hyperinsulinemia has a negative effect on the levels of which important molecules in the body? | prostaglandin PGE1/PGE2 | [
"Nutrition\n\nSeveral lines of evidence indicate lifestyle-induced hyperinsulinemia and reduced insulin function (i.e., insulin resistance) as a decisive factor in many disease states. For example, hyperinsulinemia and insulin resistance are strongly linked to chronic inflammation, which in turn is strongly linked ... |
57271739f1498d1400e8f386 | Insulin resistance has been strongly linked to which health issue? | obesity | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes. Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious)... |
57271739f1498d1400e8f387 | If someone struggles with insulin resistance, what kind of diabetes can develop as a result? | type 2 | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes. Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious)... |
57271739f1498d1400e8f388 | Almost all individuals who suffer from type 2 diabetes and/or obesity are found to have which trait? | marked insulin resistance | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes. Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious)... |
57271739f1498d1400e8f389 | Appropriate exercise and reducing glycemic load are two examples of ways to stimulate which process? | reverse insulin resistance | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe state of obesity clearly contributes to insulin resistance, which in turn can cause type 2 diabetes. Virtually all obese and most type 2 diabetic individuals have marked insulin resistance. Although the association between overweight and insulin resistance is clear, the exact (likely multifarious)... |
572719d5dd62a815002e9900 | Obesity can cause resistance to which hormone? | leptin | [
"Nutrition\n\nObesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage... |
572719d5dd62a815002e9901 | In the so called vicious cycle, what aggravates obesity to continue the cycle? | insulin/leptin resistance | [
"Nutrition\n\nObesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage... |
572719d5dd62a815002e9902 | A characteristic of the cycle other than fat storage is a continuously high stimulation of what? | insulin/leptin | [
"Nutrition\n\nObesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage... |
572719d5dd62a815002e9903 | What function do insulin and leptin normally provide in the body? | satiety signals to the hypothalamus | [
"Nutrition\n\nObesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage... |
572719d5dd62a815002e9904 | What effect does insulin/leptin resistance have on the function of insulin/leptin? | reduce this signal | [
"Nutrition\n\nObesity can unfavourably alter hormonal and metabolic status via resistance to the hormone leptin, and a vicious cycle may occur in which insulin/leptin resistance and obesity aggravate one another. The vicious cycle is putatively fuelled by continuously high insulin/leptin stimulation and fat storage... |
57271b59f1498d1400e8f3aa | The debate regarding factors influencing the development of insulin and leptin is not just about how, but also about what other factor? | to what extent | [
"Nutrition\n\nThere is a debate about how and to what extent different dietary factors— such as intake of processed carbohydrates, total protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, intake of saturated and trans fatty acids, and low intake of vitamins/minerals—contribute to the development of insulin and leptin resistanc... |
57271b59f1498d1400e8f3ab | Other than processed foods, what else was recently introduced to the human diet? | high glycemic index | [
"Nutrition\n\nThere is a debate about how and to what extent different dietary factors— such as intake of processed carbohydrates, total protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, intake of saturated and trans fatty acids, and low intake of vitamins/minerals—contribute to the development of insulin and leptin resistanc... |
57271b59f1498d1400e8f3ac | What is an example of the body's ability to maintain homeostasis being overwhelmed? | metabolic syndrome epidemic | [
"Nutrition\n\nThere is a debate about how and to what extent different dietary factors— such as intake of processed carbohydrates, total protein, fat, and carbohydrate intake, intake of saturated and trans fatty acids, and low intake of vitamins/minerals—contribute to the development of insulin and leptin resistanc... |
57271c795951b619008f8615 | Hyponatremia is the term that refers to which action by a human? | Excess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts | [
"Nutrition\n\nExcess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the... |
57271c795951b619008f8616 | In 2007, what kind of contest was Jennifer Strange participating in upon her death? | water-drinking | [
"Nutrition\n\nExcess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the... |
57271c795951b619008f8617 | In which specific kind of events can one often find people drinking too much water? | long-distance endurance | [
"Nutrition\n\nExcess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the... |
57271c795951b619008f8618 | When a human is suffering from hyponatremia, what is the main cause of damage that may occur? | swelling of the brain | [
"Nutrition\n\nExcess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the... |
57271c795951b619008f8619 | Damage to the brain occurs because of the increase in which process? | osmosis | [
"Nutrition\n\nExcess water intake, without replenishment of sodium and potassium salts, leads to hyponatremia, which can further lead to water intoxication at more dangerous levels. A well-publicized case occurred in 2007, when Jennifer Strange died while participating in a water-drinking contest. More usually, the... |
57271de4dd62a815002e9930 | The increase in cases of diabetes, obesity and heart disease can be traced back to an increase in the consumption of what product? | sugar | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe relatively recent increased consumption of sugar has been linked to the rise of some afflictions such as diabetes, obesity, and more recently heart disease. Increased consumption of sugar has been tied to these three, among others. Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among a... |
57271de4dd62a815002e9931 | What has been the increase in obesity among adults in the last 30 years in the United States? | more than doubled | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe relatively recent increased consumption of sugar has been linked to the rise of some afflictions such as diabetes, obesity, and more recently heart disease. Increased consumption of sugar has been tied to these three, among others. Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among a... |
57271de4dd62a815002e9932 | What is the current percentage of obese adults in the United States? | 35 | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe relatively recent increased consumption of sugar has been linked to the rise of some afflictions such as diabetes, obesity, and more recently heart disease. Increased consumption of sugar has been tied to these three, among others. Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among a... |
57271de4dd62a815002e9933 | Within the past 30 years, how has the number of diabetes cases changed? | quadrupled | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe relatively recent increased consumption of sugar has been linked to the rise of some afflictions such as diabetes, obesity, and more recently heart disease. Increased consumption of sugar has been tied to these three, among others. Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among a... |
57271de4dd62a815002e9934 | What does the term LDL stand for? | Low-density lipoprotein | [
"Nutrition\n\nThe relatively recent increased consumption of sugar has been linked to the rise of some afflictions such as diabetes, obesity, and more recently heart disease. Increased consumption of sugar has been tied to these three, among others. Obesity levels have more than doubled in the last 30 years among a... |
57271f3b708984140094da19 | When did the Industrial Revolution roughly begin? | two hundred years ago | [
"Nutrition\n\nSince the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more tec... |
57271f3b708984140094da1a | Apart from altering the state of food, what is the other main focus in technology increases for the food processing industry? | keep foods fresh longer | [
"Nutrition\n\nSince the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more tec... |
57271f3b708984140094da1b | Which technology is primarily responsible for helping keep food fresh? | Cooling | [
"Nutrition\n\nSince the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more tec... |
57271f3b708984140094da1c | Pasteurisation is an an example of a technology that aims to do what to food? | last longer without becoming spoiled | [
"Nutrition\n\nSince the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more tec... |
57271f3b708984140094da1d | Pasteurisation and autoclavation are examples of what kind of technique? | heating | [
"Nutrition\n\nSince the Industrial Revolution some two hundred years ago, the food processing industry has invented many technologies that both help keep foods fresh longer and alter the fresh state of food as they appear in nature. Cooling is the primary technology used to maintain freshness, whereas many more tec... |
57272043f1498d1400e8f3ca | Centrifugation and pressing are prime examples of what? | Modern separation techniques | [
"Nutrition\n\nModern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nu... |
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