id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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57272043f1498d1400e8f3cb | An unfortunate side effect of concentrating food components is that it causes what change in the food? | nutritional content | [
"Nutrition\n\nModern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nu... |
57272043f1498d1400e8f3cc | What kind of nutritional value do the processed foods have in comparison to their fresh variants? | reduced | [
"Nutrition\n\nModern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nu... |
57272043f1498d1400e8f3cd | What is another term other than 'fortified' that can be used to describe the addition of nutrients to processed food? | enriched | [
"Nutrition\n\nModern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nu... |
57272043f1498d1400e8f3ce | Outside of oxidized fats, what is another substance that is deemed harmful that can be found in processed foods? | trans fatty acids | [
"Nutrition\n\nModern separation techniques such as milling, centrifugation, and pressing have enabled concentration of particular components of food, yielding flour, oils, juices, and so on, and even separate fatty acids, amino acids, vitamins, and minerals. Inevitably, such large-scale concentration changes the nu... |
5727218cdd62a815002e9944 | What did people who became ill with beri-beri have as their main food source? | polished rice | [
"Nutrition\n\nA dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the develo... |
5727218cdd62a815002e9945 | What vitamin is removed during the polishing of rice? | thiamine | [
"Nutrition\n\nA dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the develo... |
5727218cdd62a815002e9946 | Which disease became prevalent among infants in the United States as an effect of processed foods? | scurvy | [
"Nutrition\n\nA dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the develo... |
5727218cdd62a815002e9947 | What treatment did the milk that was fed to infants undergo to control bacterial disease? | Pasteurisation | [
"Nutrition\n\nA dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the develo... |
5727218cdd62a815002e9948 | What was destroyed during the pasteurisation of the milk? | vitamin C | [
"Nutrition\n\nA dramatic example of the effect of food processing on a population's health is the history of epidemics of beri-beri in people subsisting on polished rice. Removing the outer layer of rice by polishing it removes with it the essential vitamin thiamine, causing beri-beri. Another example is the develo... |
5727236a5951b619008f865f | What is undoubtedly a cause of the increase in obesity related diseases that are becoming prevalent? | widespread application of some modern food processing technologies | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs mentioned, lifestyle- and obesity-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent all around the world. There is little doubt that the increasingly widespread application of some modern food processing technologies has contributed to this development. The food processing industry is a major pa... |
5727236a5951b619008f8660 | Aside from agricultural subsidizing, what else does the food processing industry influence in terms of political decisions? | nutritional recommendations | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs mentioned, lifestyle- and obesity-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent all around the world. There is little doubt that the increasingly widespread application of some modern food processing technologies has contributed to this development. The food processing industry is a major pa... |
5727236a5951b619008f8661 | What is perceived as the general priority of the food processing industry in this sort of economy? | effective production of cheap foods with a long shelf-life | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs mentioned, lifestyle- and obesity-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent all around the world. There is little doubt that the increasingly widespread application of some modern food processing technologies has contributed to this development. The food processing industry is a major pa... |
5727236a5951b619008f8662 | The more expensive fresh foods have what nutritional value in relation to processed food? | superior | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs mentioned, lifestyle- and obesity-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent all around the world. There is little doubt that the increasingly widespread application of some modern food processing technologies has contributed to this development. The food processing industry is a major pa... |
5727236a5951b619008f8663 | Other than being cheaper, what is another main draw of processed foods? | more convenient | [
"Nutrition\n\nAs mentioned, lifestyle- and obesity-related diseases are becoming increasingly prevalent all around the world. There is little doubt that the increasingly widespread application of some modern food processing technologies has contributed to this development. The food processing industry is a major pa... |
5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e4 | What year did the Crimean War begin? | 1853 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman ... |
5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e5 | What year did the Crimean War end? | 1856 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman ... |
5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e6 | Who controlled the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land? | Ottoman Empire | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman ... |
5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e7 | Who promoted the rights of the Catholic people? | The French | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman ... |
5726ad55f1498d1400e8e6e8 | Who promoted the rights of the Eastern Orthodox Christians? | Russia | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe Crimean War was a military conflict fought between October 1853 – March 1856 in which Russia lost to an alliance of France, the United Kingdom, the Ottoman Empire, and Sardinia. The immediate cause involved the rights of Christian minorities in the Holy Land, which was controlled by the Ottoman ... |
5726b004f1498d1400e8e750 | Which two figures refused to back down after the churches worked out their disagreements? | Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III | [
"Crimean_War\n\nWhile the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arrang... |
5726b004f1498d1400e8e751 | Who wanted the Orthodox subjects to be placed under their protection? | Nicholas | [
"Crimean_War\n\nWhile the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arrang... |
5726b004f1498d1400e8e752 | Who arranged the compromise that Nicholas agreed to? | Britain | [
"Crimean_War\n\nWhile the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arrang... |
5726b004f1498d1400e8e753 | Who demanded the changes that Nicholas later refused? | Ottomans | [
"Crimean_War\n\nWhile the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arrang... |
5726b004f1498d1400e8e754 | What month did the Ottomans declare war on Russia? | October | [
"Crimean_War\n\nWhile the churches eventually worked out their differences and came to an initial agreement, both Nicholas I of Russia and Napoleon III refused to back down. Nicholas issued an ultimatum that the Orthodox subjects of the Empire be placed under his protection. Britain attempted to mediate, and arrang... |
5726b245dd62a815002e8d24 | Where did the war begin? | Balkans | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege, and... |
5726b245dd62a815002e8d25 | Russian troops took over which provinces first? | modern Romania | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege, and... |
5726b245dd62a815002e8d26 | Who were the Ottomans led by? | Omar Pasha | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege, and... |
5726b245dd62a815002e8d27 | When the Turkish tried to provide reinforcements, where were they stopped at? | Sinop | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege, and... |
5726b245dd62a815002e8d28 | Who hurried their forces to Gallipoli when they feared the Ottoman for would collapse? | France and the UK | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe war opened in the Balkans when Russian troops occupied provinces in modern Romania and began to cross the Danube. Led by Omar Pasha, the Ottomans fought a strong defensive battle and stopped the advance at Silistra. A separate action on the fort town of Kars in eastern Turkey led to a siege, and... |
5726b475dd62a815002e8d7a | Near what sea did the allies decide to attack the Russians? | Black Sea | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFrustrated by the wasted effort, and with demands for action from their citizens, the allied force decided to attack the center of Russian strength in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. After extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought th... |
5726b475dd62a815002e8d7b | In what year did the allies land on the Crimean peninsula? | 1854 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFrustrated by the wasted effort, and with demands for action from their citizens, the allied force decided to attack the center of Russian strength in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. After extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought th... |
5726b475dd62a815002e8d7c | The battle of Battle of Balaclava took place in what month? | October | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFrustrated by the wasted effort, and with demands for action from their citizens, the allied force decided to attack the center of Russian strength in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. After extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought th... |
5726b475dd62a815002e8d7d | Who defeated Nicholas's second counter strike at the Battle of Balaclava? | Omar Pasha | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFrustrated by the wasted effort, and with demands for action from their citizens, the allied force decided to attack the center of Russian strength in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. After extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought th... |
5726b475dd62a815002e8d7e | The Crimean peninsula is located in what city? | Sevastopol | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFrustrated by the wasted effort, and with demands for action from their citizens, the allied force decided to attack the center of Russian strength in the Black Sea at Sevastopol on the Crimean peninsula. After extended preparations, the forces landed on the peninsula in September 1854 and fought th... |
5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a6 | How long did it take for Sevastopol to fall? | eleven months | [
"Crimean_War\n\nSevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn again... |
5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a7 | Who wanted peace when they feared of being invaded from the west? | Russia | [
"Crimean_War\n\nSevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn again... |
5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a8 | What was the name of the treaty that ended the war? | Treaty of Paris | [
"Crimean_War\n\nSevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn again... |
5726b702f1498d1400e8e8a9 | When was the Treaty of Paris signed? | 30 March 1856 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nSevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn again... |
5726b702f1498d1400e8e8aa | Who regained control of the Christian churches after the war was over? | Orthodox church | [
"Crimean_War\n\nSevastopol fell after eleven months, and formerly neutral countries began to join the allied cause. Isolated and facing a bleak prospect of invasion from the west if the war continued, Russia sued for peace in March 1856. This was welcomed by France and the UK, where the citizens began to turn again... |
5726b882dd62a815002e8e20 | What modern technologies were first used during the Crimean War? | explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.(Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" demonstrates... |
5726b882dd62a815002e8e21 | Who was recognized for treating the wounded while pioneering modern nursing? | Florence Nightingale | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.(Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" demonstrates... |
5726b882dd62a815002e8e22 | The war was one of the first to be documented in what two ways? | written reports and photographs | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe Crimean War was one of the first conflicts to use modern technologies such as explosive naval shells, railways, and telegraphs.(Preface) The war was one of the first to be documented extensively in written reports and photographs. As the legend of the \"Charge of the Light Brigade\" demonstrates... |
5726ba18708984140094cf4f | In what year did The Greek Uprising take place? | 1821 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn 1820-1830’s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The d... |
5726ba18708984140094cf50 | Who disbanded the Janissary corps? | Sultan Mahmud II | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn 1820-1830’s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The d... |
5726ba18708984140094cf51 | In what year was the Janissary corp disbanded? | 1826 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn 1820-1830’s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The d... |
5726ba18708984140094cf52 | Who destroyed most of the Ottoman's naval forces during the Battle of Navarino? | the allied Anglo-Franco-Russian fleet | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn 1820-1830’s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The d... |
5726ba18708984140094cf53 | In what year did Greece finally become an independent state? | 1830 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn 1820-1830’s the Ottoman Empire endured a number of strikes which challenged the existence of the country. The Greek Uprising (began in the spring of 1821) evidenced internal and military weakness of Ottoman Empire and caused severe atrocities by Ottoman military forces (see Chios massacre). The d... |
5726bbb8dd62a815002e8e9c | In what year did France move into Alger? | 1830 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFrance used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmu... |
5726bbb8dd62a815002e8e9d | In 1831, who was the strongest vassal of the Ottoman Empire? | Muhammad Ali of Egypt | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFrance used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmu... |
5726bbb8dd62a815002e8e9e | Who wanted to take over Constantinople? | Egyptians | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFrance used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmu... |
5726bbb8dd62a815002e8e9f | What military force did Mahmud II ask for aid? | Russian | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFrance used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmu... |
5726bbb8dd62a815002e8ea0 | How many Russians troops were sent to the Bosphorus shores? | 10 000 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFrance used the right moment and occupied Alger in 1830. In 1831 Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who was the most powerful vassal of the Ottoman Empire, claimed independence. Ottoman forces were defeated in a number of battles, and Egyptians were ready to capture Constantinople, which forced the sultan Mahmu... |
5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f06 | In 1838, who was not pleased of their lack of power in Syria? | Muhammad Ali of Egypt | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, P... |
5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f07 | Who did the Ottomans lose to at the Battle of Nezib? | Egyptians | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, P... |
5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f08 | In what year did the Battle of Nezib take place? | 1839 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, P... |
5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f09 | Who helped save the Ottomans by signing a convention in London? | Great Britain, Austria, Prussia and Russia | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, P... |
5726bdf7dd62a815002e8f0a | In what year did Muhammad Ali finally accept the terms of the London convention? | 1840 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn 1838 the situation was slightly the same as in 1831. Muhammad Ali of Egypt was not happy about lack of his control and power in Syria, he resumed military actions. The Ottoman army lost to Egyptians at the Battle of Nezib on June 24, 1839. The Ottoman Empire was saved by Great Britain, Austria, P... |
5726bf8b708984140094d04d | Who operated as the "police of Europe"? | Russia | [
"Crimean_War\n\nRussia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the \"police of Europe\", maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude; it wanted a f... |
5726bf8b708984140094d04e | What treaty was signing in 1815? | Treaty of Vienna | [
"Crimean_War\n\nRussia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the \"police of Europe\", maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude; it wanted a f... |
5726bf8b708984140094d04f | In what year did the Hungarian Revolution take place? | 1848 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nRussia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the \"police of Europe\", maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude; it wanted a f... |
5726bf8b708984140094d050 | Who did Russia help during the Hungarian Revolution? | Austria | [
"Crimean_War\n\nRussia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the \"police of Europe\", maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude; it wanted a f... |
5726bf8b708984140094d051 | In exchange for helping Austria, Russia wanted to be freely able to handle any issues they had with who? | Ottoman Empire | [
"Crimean_War\n\nRussia, as a member of the Holy Alliance, had operated as the \"police of Europe\", maintaining the balance of power that had been established in the Treaty of Vienna in 1815. Russia had assisted Austria's efforts in suppressing the Hungarian Revolution of 1848, and expected gratitude; it wanted a f... |
5726c2625951b619008f7d71 | For 200 years, Russia been expanding across what area? | Wild Fields | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFor over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated \"Wild Fields\" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Purs... |
5726c2625951b619008f7d72 | Why did Russia move towards the warmer ports of the Black Sea? | to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFor over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated \"Wild Fields\" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Purs... |
5726c2625951b619008f7d73 | Who did Russia first have issues with when moving towards the warmer ports in the Black Sea? | Ukrainian Cossacks | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFor over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated \"Wild Fields\" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Purs... |
5726c2625951b619008f7d74 | Who was treated as second class citizens under the Ottomans? | Orthodox Christians | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFor over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated \"Wild Fields\" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Purs... |
5726c2625951b619008f7d75 | During the Russian imperial times, what other name was southern Ukraine known by? | New Russia | [
"Crimean_War\n\nFor over 200 years, Russia had been expanding southwards across the sparsely populated \"Wild Fields\" toward the warm water ports of the Black Sea that did not freeze over like the handful of other ports available in the north. The goal was to promote year-round trade and a year-round navy.:11 Purs... |
5726c4785951b619008f7d95 | What did Russia fail to build south? | railroad network | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIt is often said that Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite its grand ambitions toward the south, it had not built its railroad network in that direction, and communications were poor. The bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and in... |
5726c4785951b619008f7d96 | What did some feel the Russian army was only good for? | parades | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIt is often said that Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite its grand ambitions toward the south, it had not built its railroad network in that direction, and communications were poor. The bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and in... |
5726c4785951b619008f7d97 | What did Russian colonels due to the men who served under them? | pocketed their men's pay | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIt is often said that Russia was militarily weak, technologically backward, and administratively incompetent. Despite its grand ambitions toward the south, it had not built its railroad network in that direction, and communications were poor. The bureaucracy was riddled with graft, corruption and in... |
5726c641708984140094d121 | In what year did France and the U.K declare war on Russia? | 1854 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as ... |
5726c641708984140094d122 | What individual was responsible for France and the U.K declaring war on Russia? | Napoleon III | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as ... |
5726c641708984140094d123 | Who demanded protection for Roman Catholic rights in sacred places in Palestine? | Charles de La Valette | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as ... |
5726c641708984140094d124 | Charles de La Valette was a devoted and leading member of what party? | clerical party | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as ... |
5726c641708984140094d125 | What position did Napoleon III appoint to La Valette? | ambassador to the Porte | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe immediate chain of events leading to France and the United Kingdom declaring war on Russia on 27 and 28 March 1854 came from the ambition of the French emperor Napoleon III to restore the grandeur of France. He wanted Catholic support that would come his way if he attacked Eastern Orthodoxy, as ... |
5726c8615951b619008f7dfb | What was the name of the ship that Napoleon sent to the Black Sea? | Charlemagne | [
"Crimean_War\n\nNapoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoma... |
5726c8615951b619008f7dfc | Sending a ship to the Black Sea violated the terms made during what agreement? | London Straits Convention | [
"Crimean_War\n\nNapoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoma... |
5726c8615951b619008f7dfd | Who felt threaten by France's force and ended up signing a new treaty? | Sultan Abdülmecid I | [
"Crimean_War\n\nNapoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoma... |
5726c8615951b619008f7dfe | Who previously held the keys to the Church of the Nativity? | Greek Orthodox Church | [
"Crimean_War\n\nNapoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoma... |
5726c8615951b619008f7dff | Who held authority over Roman Catholic holy places after Sultan Abdülmecid I agreed to the new treaty? | France and the Roman Catholic Church | [
"Crimean_War\n\nNapoleon III responded with a show of force, sending the ship of the line Charlemagne to the Black Sea. This action was a violation of the London Straits Convention.:104:19 Thus, France's show of force presented a real threat, and when combined with aggressive diplomacy and money, induced the Ottoma... |
5726ca375951b619008f7e27 | Who was the British ambassador in 1853? | George Hamilton Seymour | [
"Crimean_War\n\nNicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.... |
5726ca375951b619008f7e28 | Who declared they no longer wanted to spread Imperial Russian? | Nicholas | [
"Crimean_War\n\nNicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.... |
5726ca375951b619008f7e29 | Who did the Tsar send on a mission to Ottoman Sublime Porte? | Prince Menshikov | [
"Crimean_War\n\nNicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.... |
5726ca375951b619008f7e2a | In what year was Prince Menshikov sent to the Ottoman Sublime Porte? | 1853 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nNicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.... |
5726ca375951b619008f7e2b | Who wanted to ruled over the 12 million Orthodox Christians in the Empire? | Menshikov | [
"Crimean_War\n\nNicholas began courting Britain by means of conversations with the British ambassador, George Hamilton Seymour, in January and February 1853.:105 Nicholas insisted that he no longer wished to expand Imperial Russia:105 but that he had an obligation to the Christian communities in the Ottoman Empire.... |
5726cbd0708984140094d191 | Who was the Prime Minister of the British Government in 1853? | Lord Aberdeen | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around a... |
5726cbd0708984140094d192 | Who did Aberdeen appoint the position of British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire to? | Stratford Canning | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around a... |
5726cbd0708984140094d193 | Who replaced Stratford Canning after he first resigned as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire ? | Colonel Rose | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around a... |
5726cbd0708984140094d194 | After resigning where did Stratford Canning sail off to? | Constantinople | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around a... |
5726cbd0708984140094d195 | Who did Stratford Canning convince to turn down the treaty proposal? | Sultan | [
"Crimean_War\n\nIn February 1853, the British government of Lord Aberdeen, the prime minister, re-appointed Stratford Canning as British ambassador to the Ottoman Empire.:110 Having resigned the ambassadorship in January, he had been replaced by Colonel Rose as chargé d'affaires. Lord Stratford then turned around a... |
5726cd33f1498d1400e8eb9e | Who sent armies across the Pruth River? | the Tsar | [
"Crimean_War\n\nShortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fe... |
5726cd33f1498d1400e8eb9f | Who commanded the armies across the Pruth River? | Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov | [
"Crimean_War\n\nShortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fe... |
5726cd33f1498d1400e8eba0 | Who was in control of the Danubian Principalities? | Ottoman | [
"Crimean_War\n\nShortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fe... |
5726cd33f1498d1400e8eba1 | In what year did Russian soldiers cross the Pruth River? | 1853 | [
"Crimean_War\n\nShortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fe... |
5726cd33f1498d1400e8eba2 | How did most Russians die when crossing the Pruth River? | sickness | [
"Crimean_War\n\nShortly after he learned of the failure of Menshikov's diplomacy toward the end of June 1853, the Tsar sent armies under the commands of Field Marshal Ivan Paskevich and General Mikhail Gorchakov across the Pruth River into the Ottoman-controlled Danubian Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia. Fe... |
5726ceaa5951b619008f7e93 | Who was given the special role of guardian over the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia? | Russia | [
"Crimean_War\n\nRussia had previously obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia. Now Russia used the Sultan's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian... |
5726ceaa5951b619008f7e94 | Who recognized and gave Russia the special guardian role? | Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's | [
"Crimean_War\n\nRussia had previously obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia. Now Russia used the Sultan's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian... |
5726ceaa5951b619008f7e95 | Who felt Europe would not object to the joining of neighboring Ottoman provinces? | Nicholas | [
"Crimean_War\n\nRussia had previously obtained recognition from the Ottoman Empire of the Tsar's role as special guardian of the Orthodox Christians in Moldavia and Wallachia. Now Russia used the Sultan's failure to resolve the issue of the protection of the Christian sites in the Holy Land as a pretext for Russian... |
5726df6d708984140094d43b | What European powers met in Vienna for a conference? | United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues. The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers—the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia—met in Vienna, where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans. The peace terms arrived... |
5726df6d708984140094d43c | Who delivered the peace terms of the Vienna Conference to the Russians? | Count Karl von Buol | [
"Crimean_War\n\nThe European powers continued to pursue diplomatic avenues. The representatives of the four neutral Great Powers—the United Kingdom, France, Austria and Prussia—met in Vienna, where they drafted a note that they hoped would be acceptable to both the Russians and the Ottomans. The peace terms arrived... |
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