id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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572813e23acd2414000df3e6 | The level of what is the reason stimulants and depressants change human perceptions of time? | The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters | [
"Time\n\nPsychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals... |
572813e23acd2414000df3e7 | Such chemicals do what to the firing of the brain's neurons? | either excite or inhibit the firing of neurons | [
"Time\n\nPsychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals... |
572814644b864d19001643fc | The use of time is important in understanding what? | human behavior, education, and travel behavior | [
"Time\n\nThe use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with tec... |
572814644b864d19001643fd | What is a developing field of time related study? | Time-use research | [
"Time\n\nThe use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with tec... |
572814644b864d19001643fe | Time use is always changing with advances in what? | technology | [
"Time\n\nThe use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with tec... |
572814644b864d19001643ff | Travelling to work has been observed to be about how long for a large number of cities over a long period? | 20–30 minutes one-way | [
"Time\n\nThe use of time is an important issue in understanding human behavior, education, and travel behavior. Time-use research is a developing field of study. The question concerns how time is allocated across a number of activities (such as time spent at home, at work, shopping, etc.). Time use changes with tec... |
5728151c2ca10214002d9d84 | What is another way of phrasing "time order"? | chronological order | [
"Time\n\nA sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in ... |
5728151c2ca10214002d9d85 | What never precedes cause because of causality? | effect | [
"Time\n\nA sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in ... |
5728151c2ca10214002d9d86 | In what ways can a sequence of events be presented? | in text, tables, charts, or timelines | [
"Time\n\nA sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in ... |
5728151c2ca10214002d9d87 | What may the description of events include? | a timestamp | [
"Time\n\nA sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in ... |
5728151c2ca10214002d9d88 | A sequence of events used to describe a sequential path can be referred to as what? | a world line | [
"Time\n\nA sequence of events, or series of events, is a sequence of items, facts, events, actions, changes, or procedural steps, arranged in time order (chronological order), often with causality relationships among the items. Because of causality, cause precedes effect, or cause and effect may appear together in ... |
5728164b2ca10214002d9d9e | Uses of sequences of events include what? | stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables | [
"Time\n\nUses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past even... |
5728164b2ca10214002d9d9f | What may a sequence of events be used to describe? | processes in science, technology, and medicine | [
"Time\n\nUses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past even... |
5728164b2ca10214002d9da0 | The use of what occurs in fields as diverse as machines, documentaries, or computer simulation? | a sequence of events | [
"Time\n\nUses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past even... |
5728164b2ca10214002d9da1 | What is a specific example of a sequence of events? | the timeline of the Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster | [
"Time\n\nUses of a sequence of events include stories, historical events (chronology), directions and steps in procedures, and timetables for scheduling activities. A sequence of events may also be used to help describe processes in science, technology, and medicine. A sequence of events may be focused on past even... |
5727f84eff5b5019007d997a | What former managing director od Goldman Sachs international division is president of The European Central Bank? | Mario Draghi | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven insti... |
5727f84eff5b5019007d997b | What is the official, central bank for the euro? | The European Central Bank | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven insti... |
5727f84eff5b5019007d997c | What is the Eurozone? | consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven insti... |
5727f84eff5b5019007d997d | Who owns the capital stock of The European Central Bank? | the central banks of all 28 EU member states | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven insti... |
5727f84eff5b5019007d997e | What established The European Central Bank? | The Treaty of Amsterdam | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe European Central Bank (ECB) is the central bank for the euro and administers monetary policy of the Eurozone, which consists of 19 EU member states and is one of the largest currency areas in the world. It is one of the world's most important central banks and is one of the seven insti... |
5727fb683acd2414000df16b | What is the main mission of the ECB? | maintain price stability within the Eurozone | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct ... |
5727fb683acd2414000df16c | What gives the ECB the right to authorise the issuance of euro banknotes? | Article 16 of its Statute | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct ... |
5727fb683acd2414000df16d | How can a member state use euro coins? | the amount must be authorised by the ECB beforehand | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct ... |
5727fb683acd2414000df16e | Where is the mission for the European Central Bank found? | Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct ... |
5727fb683acd2414000df16f | Where can the basic tasks of the European Central Bank be found? | Article 3 of the Statute | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as mandated in Article 2 of the Statute of the ECB, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The basic tasks, as defined in Article 3 of the Statute, are to define and implement the monetary policy for the Eurozone, to conduct ... |
5727fdf64b864d1900164190 | Who was the first president of the ECB? | Wim Duisenberg | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French gover... |
5727fdf64b864d1900164191 | What was Duisenberg's previous business experience? | former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French gover... |
5727fdf64b864d1900164192 | Who did the French government think was best candidate for President of the ECB? | Jean-Claude Trichet | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French gover... |
5727fdf64b864d1900164193 | Why did the French want a French bank president? | since the ECB was to be located in Germany, its president should be French | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French gover... |
5727fdf64b864d1900164194 | What did the French, German, Dutch and Belgian governments finally compromise on with regards to managing the ECB? | Duisenberg would stand down before the end of his mandate, to be replaced by Trichet | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe first President of the Bank was Wim Duisenberg, the former president of the Dutch central bank and the European Monetary Institute. While Duisenberg had been the head of the EMI (taking over from Alexandre Lamfalussy of Belgium) just before the ECB came into existence, the French gover... |
5727ff303acd2414000df1b3 | What is price stability defined as? | inflation of under 2% | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-... |
5727ff303acd2414000df1b4 | What did the Harmonised Index of Consumer Prices state that price stability had to be maintained at? | over the medium term | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-... |
5727ff303acd2414000df1b5 | When did the Governing Council define price stability? | October 1998 | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-... |
5727ff303acd2414000df1b6 | What is the primary goal of the ECB? | maintain price stability within the Eurozone | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-... |
5727ff303acd2414000df1b7 | Where is the primary mission of the European Central Bank listed? | Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe primary objective of the European Central Bank, as laid down in Article 127(1) of the Treaty on the Functioning of the European Union, is to maintain price stability within the Eurozone. The Governing Council in October 1998 defined price stability as inflation of under 2%, “a year-on-... |
572800aaff5b5019007d9ab2 | What happens when a lot of repo notes come due? | increase in liquidity in the economy | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy.... |
572800aaff5b5019007d9ab3 | What happens whe not as many repo notes are coming due? | contrary effect | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy.... |
572800aaff5b5019007d9ab4 | What happens when members increase their deposits? | more money has been put into the economy | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy.... |
572800aaff5b5019007d9ab5 | What is a good way to boost the economy? | increase in deposits in member banks | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy.... |
572800aaff5b5019007d9ab6 | Where are contracts recorded? | on the asset side of the European Central Bank's balance sheet | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe banks in effect borrow cash and must pay it back; the short durations allow interest rates to be adjusted continually. When the repo notes come due the participating banks bid again. An increase in the quantity of notes offered at auction allows an increase in liquidity in the economy.... |
572801dd2ca10214002d9b48 | How does a bank make sure that they can participate in auctions? | must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nTo qualify for participation in the auctions, banks must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities. These can be the public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted. The fairly stringent mem... |
572801dd2ca10214002d9b49 | What kind of proof is acceptable for participation in auctions? | public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nTo qualify for participation in the auctions, banks must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities. These can be the public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted. The fairly stringent mem... |
572801dd2ca10214002d9b4a | What should all assets offered up as collateral be? | all equally good, and all equally protected from the risk of inflation | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nTo qualify for participation in the auctions, banks must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities. These can be the public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted. The fairly stringent mem... |
572801dd2ca10214002d9b4b | What must be a part of a states Gross Domestic Product in order for them to be considered for particpation in auctions? | sovereign debt | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nTo qualify for participation in the auctions, banks must be able to offer proof of appropriate collateral in the form of loans to other entities. These can be the public debt of member states, but a fairly wide range of private banking securities are also accepted. The fairly stringent mem... |
572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae4 | Who is responsible for overseeing all monetary policy? | The Executive Board | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of ... |
572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae5 | Who is the current president of the ECB? | Mario Draghi | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of ... |
572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae6 | Who is the Vice-President of The European Central Bank? | Vitor Constâncio | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of ... |
572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae7 | Along with the President and Vice President, how many other members make up the Executive Board? | four | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of ... |
572802c6ff5b5019007d9ae8 | For how long are the other members of the Executive Board appointed? | non-renewable terms of eight years | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe Executive Board is responsible for the implementation of monetary policy (defined by the Governing Council) and the day-to-day running of the bank. It can issue decisions to national central banks and may also exercise powers delegated to it by the Governing Council. It is composed of ... |
572807653acd2414000df29d | Who did the Spanish want to take José Manuel González-Páramo's seat on the board? | Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nJosé Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal de... |
572807653acd2414000df29e | Who was ulitmately named as González-Páramo's replacement? | Luxembourg's Yves Mersch | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nJosé Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal de... |
572807653acd2414000df29f | When was González-Páramo's supposed to leave his seat on the board? | June 2012 | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nJosé Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal de... |
572807653acd2414000df2a0 | When did González-Páramo take his seat on the Executive Board? | June 2004 | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nJosé Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal de... |
572807653acd2414000df2a1 | Why did the Spanish think that Vicuña would be a suitable replacement for González-Páramo? | ECB veteran who heads its legal department | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nJosé Manuel González-Páramo, a Spanish member of the Executive Board since June 2004, was due to leave the board in early June 2012 and no replacement had been named as of late May 2012. The Spanish had nominated Barcelona-born Antonio Sáinz de Vicuña, an ECB veteran who heads its legal de... |
57280908ff5b5019007d9b7a | What does the Supervisory Board discuss at it's meetings? | discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks. It proposes draft decisions to the Governing Council under the non-objection procedure. It is composed of Chair (appointed for a non-renewable term of five years), Vice-Chair (chosen from ... |
57280908ff5b5019007d9b7b | How long is the term for the Chairman of the Supervisory Board? | appointed for a non-renewable term of five years | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks. It proposes draft decisions to the Governing Council under the non-objection procedure. It is composed of Chair (appointed for a non-renewable term of five years), Vice-Chair (chosen from ... |
57280908ff5b5019007d9b7c | How long is the term for Vice-Chair of the Supervisory Board? | chosen from among the members of the ECB's Executive Board | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks. It proposes draft decisions to the Governing Council under the non-objection procedure. It is composed of Chair (appointed for a non-renewable term of five years), Vice-Chair (chosen from ... |
57280908ff5b5019007d9b7d | Besides the Chair and Vice-Chair, who else is on the Supervisory Board? | four ECB representatives and representatives of national supervisors | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks. It proposes draft decisions to the Governing Council under the non-objection procedure. It is composed of Chair (appointed for a non-renewable term of five years), Vice-Chair (chosen from ... |
57280908ff5b5019007d9b7e | What happens if the national supervisory authority designated by a Member State is not a national central bank? | the representative of the competent authority can be accompanied by a representative from their NCB | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe Supervisory Board meets twice a month to discuss, plan and carry out the ECB’s supervisory tasks. It proposes draft decisions to the Governing Council under the non-objection procedure. It is composed of Chair (appointed for a non-renewable term of five years), Vice-Chair (chosen from ... |
572809d54b864d19001642b8 | What governs the ECB? | European law | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nAlthough the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national ce... |
572809d54b864d19001642b9 | How does the ECB mimic a corporation? | shareholders and stock capital | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nAlthough the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national ce... |
572809d54b864d19001642ba | How much does the ECB have as capital? | five billion euros | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nAlthough the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national ce... |
572809d54b864d19001642bb | Who holds the ECB's capital? | the national central banks of the member states as shareholders | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nAlthough the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national ce... |
572809d54b864d19001642bc | What determined the ECB's initial capital? | the basis of the states' population and GDP | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nAlthough the ECB is governed by European law directly and thus not by corporate law applying to private law companies, its set-up resembles that of a corporation in the sense that the ECB has shareholders and stock capital. Its capital is five billion euros which is held by the national ce... |
57280b503acd2414000df307 | What language does the ECB generally use? | English | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe internal working language of the ECB is generally English, and press conferences are usually held in English. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i.e. with other central banks) and with financial... |
57280b503acd2414000df308 | When in communication with other nationalities, what language is generally used? | normally in their respective language | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe internal working language of the ECB is generally English, and press conferences are usually held in English. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i.e. with other central banks) and with financial... |
57280b503acd2414000df309 | What language is the ECB website run in? | English | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe internal working language of the ECB is generally English, and press conferences are usually held in English. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i.e. with other central banks) and with financial... |
57280b503acd2414000df30a | How are the languages of official documents handled? | the official languages of the EU | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe internal working language of the ECB is generally English, and press conferences are usually held in English. External communications are handled flexibly: English is preferred (though not exclusively) for communication within the ESCB (i.e. with other central banks) and with financial... |
5728116c3acd2414000df3a3 | WHat is the biggest factor in the ECB maintaining price stability? | independence | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports... |
5728116c3acd2414000df3a4 | Who gets to interview and question prospective board members? | The European Parliament | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports... |
5728116c3acd2414000df3a5 | Why do EU institutions and national governments have to respect the independence of the ECB? | bound by the treaties | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports... |
5728116c3acd2414000df3a6 | How is the ECB held accountable for it's actions? | bound to publish reports on its activities and has to address its annual report to the European Parliament | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThe independence of the ECB is instrumental in maintaining price stability. Not only must the bank not seek influence, but EU institutions and national governments are bound by the treaties to respect the ECB's independence. To offer some accountability, the ECB is bound to publish reports... |
572813bf4b864d19001643ea | When did the European debt Crisis begin? | 2009 | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nFrom late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called... |
572813bf4b864d19001643eb | What did the eurozone states that were thought to not be able to repay their debt face as a consequence? | the ability of these states to borrow new money to further finance their budget deficits or to refinance existing unsustainable debt levels was strongly reduced | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nFrom late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called... |
572813bf4b864d19001643ec | Which country was the first to be at risk for soverign default? | Greece | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nFrom late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called... |
572813bf4b864d19001643ed | Who brought Greece's financial crisis to the forefront? | new elected government | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nFrom late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called... |
572813bf4b864d19001643ee | What had Greece's previous government been hiding? | its true indebtedness and budget deficit | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nFrom late 2009 a handful of mainly southern eurozone member states started being unable to repay their national Euro-denominated government debt or to finance the bail-out of troubled financial sectors under their national supervision without the assistance of third parties. This so-called... |
572815b63acd2414000df423 | Which countries didn't want to go around the bail-out clause and have to shoulder the burden of backing the defaulters debts. | financially stable eurozone states like Germany | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThere is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed]... |
572815b63acd2414000df424 | What do most see raising the debt celing as doing? | discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThere is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed]... |
572815b63acd2414000df425 | What could keep the crisis states from trying to stand on their own? | giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThere is also a widespread view[vague][who?] that giving much more financial support to continuously cover the debt crisis or allow even higher budget deficits or debt levels would discourage the crisis states to implement necessary reforms to regain their competitiveness.[citation needed]... |
572816d2ff5b5019007d9cee | What term was coined when Greece left the eurozone? | Grexit | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThis has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time. Greece had the greatest need... |
572816d2ff5b5019007d9cef | What is Germany's position on wether or not Greece should be in the eurozone? | If the worst comes to the worst, priority should be given to the euro's stability. | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThis has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time. Greece had the greatest need... |
572816d2ff5b5019007d9cf0 | As one of the financial powers, has Germany ever tried to force the crisis states into leaving the eurozone? | never pushed those exits | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThis has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time. Greece had the greatest need... |
572816d2ff5b5019007d9cf1 | Which eurozone country has the biggest need for financial reform? | Greece | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThis has led to public discussions if Greece, Portugal, and even Italy would be better off leaving the eurozone to regain economical and financial stability if they would not implement reforms to strengthen their competitiveness as part of the eurozone in time. Greece had the greatest need... |
572819132ca10214002d9dc4 | What would cause the private banking system to weaken? | if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nHowever, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system.... |
572819132ca10214002d9dc5 | Who purchases the debt of countries that cannot repay and are in danger of default? | wealthy member countries | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nHowever, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system.... |
572819132ca10214002d9dc6 | What happens when the private banking system is weakened? | pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nHowever, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system.... |
572819132ca10214002d9dc7 | What is to be used to guarantee the debtors repayment, by the banks assuming their debt? | tax revenues and credit of the wealthy member countries | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nHowever, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system.... |
572819132ca10214002d9dc8 | Is using the tax revenues and credit of the more stable banks to bail out the ones in danger of default an accepted practice? | is politically controversial | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nHowever, if the debt rescheduling causes losses on loans held by European banks, it weakens the private banking system, which then puts pressure on the central bank to come to the aid of those banks. Private-sector bond holders are an integral part of the public and private banking system.... |
57281a83ff5b5019007d9d54 | Who retains ownership of the collateral until the debt is paid? | ECB | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nIn contrast to the Fed, the ECB normally does not buy bonds outright. The normal procedure used by the ECB for manipulating the money supply has been via the so-called refinancing facilities. In these facilities, bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions: repurchase agreemen... |
57281a83ff5b5019007d9d55 | Since the ECB doesn't buy bonds outright, how are they used? | refinancing facilities | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nIn contrast to the Fed, the ECB normally does not buy bonds outright. The normal procedure used by the ECB for manipulating the money supply has been via the so-called refinancing facilities. In these facilities, bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions: repurchase agreemen... |
57281a83ff5b5019007d9d56 | What is the manner in which bonds are used at refinancing facilities? | repurchase agreements, or collateralised loans | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nIn contrast to the Fed, the ECB normally does not buy bonds outright. The normal procedure used by the ECB for manipulating the money supply has been via the so-called refinancing facilities. In these facilities, bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions: repurchase agreemen... |
57281a83ff5b5019007d9d57 | Who buys the bonds instead of using them in reverse transactions? | the Fed | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nIn contrast to the Fed, the ECB normally does not buy bonds outright. The normal procedure used by the ECB for manipulating the money supply has been via the so-called refinancing facilities. In these facilities, bonds are not purchased but used in reverse transactions: repurchase agreemen... |
57281ba43acd2414000df4af | What debt did the ECB focus on abtaining? | Spanish and Italian | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThis changed with the recent sovereign-debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2011 did, purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes, in doing so, the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian ... |
57281ba43acd2414000df4b0 | What risk is assumed when the ECB purchases bonds from weaker states? | a deteriorating balance sheet | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThis changed with the recent sovereign-debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2011 did, purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes, in doing so, the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian ... |
57281ba43acd2414000df4b1 | Why were italian bonds purchased by the ECB? | intended to dampen international speculation and strengthen portfolios in the private sector and also the central bank | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThis changed with the recent sovereign-debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2011 did, purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes, in doing so, the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian ... |
57281ba43acd2414000df4b2 | What was something used to minimize the impact of the soverign-debt crisis? | Purchases of Italian bonds by the central bank | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nThis changed with the recent sovereign-debt crisis. The ECB always could, and through the late summer of 2011 did, purchase bonds issued by the weaker states even though it assumes, in doing so, the risk of a deteriorating balance sheet. ECB buying focused primarily on Spanish and Italian ... |
57281f5d4b864d19001644dc | How does sterilisation help to keep the money flow even? | highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nOn the other hand, certain financial techniques can reduce the impact of such purchases on the currency. One is sterilisation, in which highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased, which keeps the money supply neutral. Another technique is simply to ... |
57281f5d4b864d19001644dd | What can a state do with bad assets, rather than cashing them in directly? | long-term collateral | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nOn the other hand, certain financial techniques can reduce the impact of such purchases on the currency. One is sterilisation, in which highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased, which keeps the money supply neutral. Another technique is simply to ... |
57281f5d4b864d19001644de | How can weaker states improve the surface value of their assets? | adjustments in taxation and expenditure in the economies | [
"European_Central_Bank\n\nOn the other hand, certain financial techniques can reduce the impact of such purchases on the currency. One is sterilisation, in which highly valued assets are sold at the same time that the weaker assets are purchased, which keeps the money supply neutral. Another technique is simply to ... |
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