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5727f940ff5b5019007d99a2 | What is the current international unit of time? | the second | [
"Time\n\nTemporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a... |
5727f940ff5b5019007d99a3 | The electronic transition frequency of which element defines the second? | caesium atoms | [
"Time\n\nTemporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a... |
5727f940ff5b5019007d99a4 | Time has personal value due to awareness of it's limited nature in what? | each day and in human life spans | [
"Time\n\nTemporal measurement has occupied scientists and technologists, and was a prime motivation in navigation and astronomy. Periodic events and periodic motion have long served as standards for units of time. Examples include the apparent motion of the sun across the sky, the phases of the moon, the swing of a... |
5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b4 | What is a mathematical tool used for organizing intervals of time? | the calendar | [
"Time\n\nTemporal measurement, chronometry, takes two distinct period forms: the calendar, a mathematical tool for organizing intervals of time, and the clock, a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consult... |
5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b5 | What is a physical tool that tracks the passage of time? | the clock | [
"Time\n\nTemporal measurement, chronometry, takes two distinct period forms: the calendar, a mathematical tool for organizing intervals of time, and the clock, a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consult... |
5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b6 | Which tool is used in day to day life? | the clock | [
"Time\n\nTemporal measurement, chronometry, takes two distinct period forms: the calendar, a mathematical tool for organizing intervals of time, and the clock, a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consult... |
5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b7 | Which tool is used in periods longer than a day? | the calendar | [
"Time\n\nTemporal measurement, chronometry, takes two distinct period forms: the calendar, a mathematical tool for organizing intervals of time, and the clock, a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consult... |
5727fa0aff5b5019007d99b8 | How is the number that marks the occurrence of an event obtained? | by counting from a fiducial epoch—a central reference point | [
"Time\n\nTemporal measurement, chronometry, takes two distinct period forms: the calendar, a mathematical tool for organizing intervals of time, and the clock, a physical mechanism that counts the passage of time. In day-to-day life, the clock is consulted for periods less than a day whereas the calendar is consult... |
5727fb093acd2414000df15b | Artifacts from which era suggest that the moon was used to reckon time around 6,000 years ago? | the Paleolithic | [
"Time\n\nArtifacts from the Paleolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago. Lunar calendars were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). Without intercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar bas... |
5727fb093acd2414000df15c | Which calendars were among the first to appear? | Lunar calendars | [
"Time\n\nArtifacts from the Paleolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago. Lunar calendars were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). Without intercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar bas... |
5727fb093acd2414000df15d | How long were the original lunar calendars? | either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days) | [
"Time\n\nArtifacts from the Paleolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago. Lunar calendars were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). Without intercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar bas... |
5727fb093acd2414000df15e | Where did some of the other early forms of calendars originate? | Mesoamerica | [
"Time\n\nArtifacts from the Paleolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago. Lunar calendars were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). Without intercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar bas... |
5727fb093acd2414000df15f | How many months were in a year in the original Mayan calendars? | 18 | [
"Time\n\nArtifacts from the Paleolithic suggest that the moon was used to reckon time as early as 6,000 years ago. Lunar calendars were among the first to appear, either 12 or 13 lunar months (either 354 or 384 days). Without intercalation to add days or months to some years, seasons quickly drift in a calendar bas... |
5727fc1f3acd2414000df17b | What was the most accurate clock-like device in the ancient world? | the water clock, or clepsydra | [
"Time\n\nThe most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock, or clepsydra, one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC). They could be used to measure the hours even at night, but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The Ancient Greeks... |
5727fc1f3acd2414000df17c | A clepsyrda was found in the tomb of which Pharaoh? | Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep | [
"Time\n\nThe most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock, or clepsydra, one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC). They could be used to measure the hours even at night, but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The Ancient Greeks... |
5727fc1f3acd2414000df17d | Which inventors made significant improvements on the water clock up until the Middle Ages? | Arab inventors | [
"Time\n\nThe most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock, or clepsydra, one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC). They could be used to measure the hours even at night, but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The Ancient Greeks... |
5727fc1f3acd2414000df17e | Which engineers came up with the first mechanical clocks? | Chinese | [
"Time\n\nThe most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock, or clepsydra, one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC). They could be used to measure the hours even at night, but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The Ancient Greeks... |
5727fc1f3acd2414000df17f | When were the first mechanical clocks created? | the 11th century | [
"Time\n\nThe most precise timekeeping device of the ancient world was the water clock, or clepsydra, one of which was found in the tomb of Egyptian pharaoh Amenhotep I (1525–1504 BC). They could be used to measure the hours even at night, but required manual upkeep to replenish the flow of water. The Ancient Greeks... |
5727fcf24b864d190016416a | Which device uses the flow of sand to measure time? | The hourglass | [
"Time\n\nThe hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Wate... |
5727fcf24b864d190016416b | How many hourglasses did Magellan use on each ship during his famous voyage across the globe? | 18 | [
"Time\n\nThe hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Wate... |
5727fcf24b864d190016416c | What method did temples and churches use to measure time? | Incense sticks and candles | [
"Time\n\nThe hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Wate... |
5727fcf24b864d190016416d | Which abbot of St. Alban's abbey built a mechanical clock around 1330? | Richard of Wallingford | [
"Time\n\nThe hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Wate... |
5727fcf24b864d190016416e | Who is credited with the invention of the minute hand? | Jost Burgi. | [
"Time\n\nThe hourglass uses the flow of sand to measure the flow of time. They were used in navigation. Ferdinand Magellan used 18 glasses on each ship for his circumnavigation of the globe (1522). Incense sticks and candles were, and are, commonly used to measure time in temples and churches across the globe. Wate... |
5727fdb7ff5b5019007d9a56 | Which timekeeping devices are the most accurate? | atomic clocks | [
"Time\n\nThe most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atom... |
5727fdb7ff5b5019007d9a57 | What method do atomic clocks use to measure seconds? | the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms | [
"Time\n\nThe most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atom... |
5727fdb7ff5b5019007d9a58 | Which system bases its unit of time on the properties of caesium? | the International System of Measurements | [
"Time\n\nThe most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atom... |
5727fdb7ff5b5019007d9a59 | How long has the International System of Measurements based the second on caesium? | Since 1967 | [
"Time\n\nThe most accurate timekeeping devices are atomic clocks, which are accurate to seconds in many millions of years, and are used to calibrate other clocks and timekeeping instruments. Atomic clocks use the frequency of electronic transitions in certain atoms to measure the second. One of the most common atom... |
5727feae3acd2414000df197 | Which standard of time started with British Railways? | Greenwich Mean Time | [
"Time\n\nGreenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railways in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. Universal Time (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based sy... |
5727feae3acd2414000df198 | When was GMT adopted by British Railways? | 1847 | [
"Time\n\nGreenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railways in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. Universal Time (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based sy... |
5727feae3acd2414000df199 | GMT used what instead of atomic clocks? | telescopes | [
"Time\n\nGreenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railways in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. Universal Time (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based sy... |
5727feae3acd2414000df19a | When did observations at the Greenwich Observatory cease? | 1954 | [
"Time\n\nGreenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railways in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. Universal Time (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based sy... |
5727feae3acd2414000df19b | The terms GMT and Greenwich Mean Time are also used informally to refer to what? | UT or UTC | [
"Time\n\nGreenwich Mean Time (GMT) is an older standard, adopted starting with British railways in 1847. Using telescopes instead of atomic clocks, GMT was calibrated to the mean solar time at the Royal Observatory, Greenwich in the UK. Universal Time (UT) is the modern term for the international telescope-based sy... |
5727ffab3acd2414000df1c7 | How many main viewpoints divide many philosophers? | Two | [
"Time\n\nTwo distinct viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. An opposi... |
5727ffab3acd2414000df1c8 | The realist view states that time is part of the fundamental structure of what? | the universe | [
"Time\n\nTwo distinct viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. An opposi... |
5727ffab3acd2414000df1c9 | The realist view is sometimes referred to as what? | Newtonian time | [
"Time\n\nTwo distinct viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. An opposi... |
5727ffab3acd2414000df1ca | The opposing view states that time is an intellectual concept that allows people to what? | to sequence and compare events | [
"Time\n\nTwo distinct viewpoints on time divide many prominent philosophers. One view is that time is part of the fundamental structure of the universe, a dimension in which events occur in sequence. Sir Isaac Newton subscribed to this realist view, and hence it is sometimes referred to as Newtonian time. An opposi... |
5728009a2ca10214002d9b1c | What are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy? | The Vedas | [
"Time\n\nThe Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years. Ancient Greek philosophe... |
5728009a2ca10214002d9b1d | How long ago are the earliest texts of Indian/Hindu philosophy dated? | back to the late 2nd millennium BC | [
"Time\n\nThe Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years. Ancient Greek philosophe... |
5728009a2ca10214002d9b1e | How long does each cycle of birth and destruction of the universe last according to Ancient Hindu texts? | 4,320 million years | [
"Time\n\nThe Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years. Ancient Greek philosophe... |
5728009a2ca10214002d9b1f | Which ancient Greek philosophers wrote essays on the concept of time? | Parmenides and Heraclitus | [
"Time\n\nThe Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years. Ancient Greek philosophe... |
5728009a2ca10214002d9b20 | Aristotle defined time as "number of movement in respect of the before and after" in which book? | Book IV of his Physica | [
"Time\n\nThe Vedas, the earliest texts on Indian philosophy and Hindu philosophy dating back to the late 2nd millennium BC, describe ancient Hindu cosmology, in which the universe goes through repeated cycles of creation, destruction and rebirth, with each cycle lasting 4,320 million years. Ancient Greek philosophe... |
572803422ca10214002d9b74 | Who commented on the nature of time in Book 11 of his confessions? | St. Augustine of Hippo | [
"Time\n\nIn Book 11 of his Confessions, St. Augustine of Hippo ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He begins to define time by what it is not rather than what it is, an approach similar to that taken in ot... |
572803422ca10214002d9b75 | By what does St. Augustine of Hippo begin to define time? | by what it is not rather than what it is | [
"Time\n\nIn Book 11 of his Confessions, St. Augustine of Hippo ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He begins to define time by what it is not rather than what it is, an approach similar to that taken in ot... |
572803422ca10214002d9b76 | What does Augustine call time in Confessions 11.26? | a “distention” of the mind | [
"Time\n\nIn Book 11 of his Confessions, St. Augustine of Hippo ruminates on the nature of time, asking, \"What then is time? If no one asks me, I know: if I wish to explain it to one that asketh, I know not.\" He begins to define time by what it is not rather than what it is, an approach similar to that taken in ot... |
572804792ca10214002d9b9e | In what did Immanuel Kant describe time as a priori intuition that allows humankind to understand sense experience? | the Critique of Pure Reason | [
"Time\n\nImmanuel Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori intuition that allows us (together with the other a priori intuition, space) to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framew... |
572804792ca10214002d9b9f | What did Kant portray space and time to be? | both are elements of a systematic mental framework | [
"Time\n\nImmanuel Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori intuition that allows us (together with the other a priori intuition, space) to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framew... |
572804792ca10214002d9ba0 | Kant thought of time as a fundamental part of what? | an abstract conceptual framework | [
"Time\n\nImmanuel Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori intuition that allows us (together with the other a priori intuition, space) to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framew... |
572804792ca10214002d9ba1 | What type of measurements are used to quantify the duration of events? | temporal measurements | [
"Time\n\nImmanuel Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori intuition that allows us (together with the other a priori intuition, space) to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framew... |
572804792ca10214002d9ba2 | What type of measurements are used to quantify the distances between objects? | Spatial measurements | [
"Time\n\nImmanuel Kant, in the Critique of Pure Reason, described time as an a priori intuition that allows us (together with the other a priori intuition, space) to comprehend sense experience. With Kant, neither space nor time are conceived as substances, but rather both are elements of a systematic mental framew... |
5728076e4b864d1900164282 | Who suggested that humankind does not exist inside time, but is time? | Martin Heidegger | [
"Time\n\nAccording to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time, we are time. Hence, the relationship to the past is a present awareness of having been, which allows the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is r... |
5728076e4b864d1900164283 | The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating what? | a potential possibility, task, or engagement | [
"Time\n\nAccording to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time, we are time. Hence, the relationship to the past is a present awareness of having been, which allows the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is r... |
5728076e4b864d1900164284 | What is considered a qualitative experience rather than a quantitative one? | The present | [
"Time\n\nAccording to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time, we are time. Hence, the relationship to the past is a present awareness of having been, which allows the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is r... |
5728076e4b864d1900164285 | According to Heidegger, what can we do, in our thoughts? | step out of (ecstasis) sequential time. | [
"Time\n\nAccording to Martin Heidegger we do not exist inside time, we are time. Hence, the relationship to the past is a present awareness of having been, which allows the past to exist in the present. The relationship to the future is the state of anticipating a potential possibility, task, or engagement. It is r... |
572808863acd2414000df2d5 | Minkowski spacetime combines the three dimensions of space with what? | a single dimension of time | [
"Time\n\nThe theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year... |
572808863acd2414000df2d6 | In Minkowski spacetime, how can distances in space be measured? | by how long light takes to travel that distance | [
"Time\n\nThe theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year... |
572808863acd2414000df2d7 | What are two events in Minkowski spacetime separated by? | by an invariant interval | [
"Time\n\nThe theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year... |
572808863acd2414000df2d8 | The invariant interval between events is independent of what? | of the observer (and his velocity) | [
"Time\n\nThe theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year... |
572808863acd2414000df2d9 | The invariant interval that separates two events in Minkowski spacetime can either be what? | space-like, light-like, or time-like | [
"Time\n\nThe theory of special relativity finds a convenient formulation in Minkowski spacetime, a mathematical structure that combines three dimensions of space with a single dimension of time. In this formalism, distances in space can be measured by how long light takes to travel that distance, e.g., a light-year... |
572809fd4b864d19001642c2 | What Newtonian concept can be used in the formulation of an idea for the synchronization of clocks? | concept of "relative, apparent, and common time" | [
"Time\n\nIn non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of \"relative, apparent, and common time\" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works ... |
572809fd4b864d19001642c3 | In which century did physicists encounter problems with the understanding of time? | the late nineteenth century | [
"Time\n\nIn non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of \"relative, apparent, and common time\" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works ... |
572809fd4b864d19001642c4 | The behavior of which two phenomena caused physicists to encounter problems with their understanding of time in the late 19th century? | the behavior of electricity and magnetism | [
"Time\n\nIn non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of \"relative, apparent, and common time\" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works ... |
572809fd4b864d19001642c5 | Which famous scientist resolved these issues? | Einstein | [
"Time\n\nIn non-relativistic classical mechanics, Newton's concept of \"relative, apparent, and common time\" can be used in the formulation of a prescription for the synchronization of clocks. Events seen by two different observers in motion relative to each other produce a mathematical concept of time that works ... |
57280b472ca10214002d9c70 | Historically, time has been closely related with what? | space | [
"Time\n\nTime has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception as well as the measuremen... |
57280b472ca10214002d9c71 | In which of Einstein's two theories do time and space merge into spacetime? | special relativity and general relativity | [
"Time\n\nTime has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception as well as the measuremen... |
57280b472ca10214002d9c72 | According to Einsteins two relativity theories, the concept of time depends on what? | the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception | [
"Time\n\nTime has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception as well as the measuremen... |
57280b472ca10214002d9c73 | A crew in a spaceship travelling nearly the speed of light will not notice the change in what? | in the speed of time on board their vessel | [
"Time\n\nTime has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception as well as the measuremen... |
57280b472ca10214002d9c74 | How will the above mentioned spaceship appear to a stationary observer? | the spaceship appears flattened in the direction it is traveling | [
"Time\n\nTime has historically been closely related with space, the two together merging into spacetime in Einstein's special relativity and general relativity. According to these theories, the concept of time depends on the spatial reference frame of the observer, and the human perception as well as the measuremen... |
57280c162ca10214002d9ca0 | How does the crew on board the spaceship perceive the stationary observer? | slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel | [
"Time\n\nOn the other hand, the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the crew ... |
57280c162ca10214002d9ca1 | The crew's perception of what is different from a stationary observer? | time | [
"Time\n\nOn the other hand, the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the crew ... |
57280c162ca10214002d9ca2 | What the crew perceives as seconds might be seen as how long to a stationary observer? | hundreds of years | [
"Time\n\nOn the other hand, the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the crew ... |
57280c162ca10214002d9ca3 | What remains unchanged in both the cases of the spaceship crew and of the stationary observer? | causality | [
"Time\n\nOn the other hand, the crew on board the spaceship also perceives the observer as slowed down and flattened along the spaceship's direction of travel, because both are moving at very nearly the speed of light relative to each other. Because the outside universe appears flattened to the spaceship, the crew ... |
57280da6ff5b5019007d9bd4 | Who showed, in his thought experiments, that people travelling at different speeds measured time differently? | Einstein | [
"Time\n\nEinstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on cause and effect, measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typically minute... |
57280da6ff5b5019007d9bd5 | In what case do these effects become much more noticeable? | for objects moving at speeds approaching the speed of light. | [
"Time\n\nEinstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on cause and effect, measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typically minute... |
57280da6ff5b5019007d9bd6 | How long do most subatomic particles exist for in a lab? | a fixed fraction of a second | [
"Time\n\nEinstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on cause and effect, measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typically minute... |
57280da6ff5b5019007d9bd7 | Einstein showed how what could be altered by high speed motion? | both temporal and spatial dimensions | [
"Time\n\nEinstein showed in his thought experiments that people travelling at different speeds, while agreeing on cause and effect, measure different time separations between events, and can even observe different chronological orderings between non-causally related events. Though these effects are typically minute... |
57280e8c2ca10214002d9cce | What laws do not specify an arrow of time? | the laws of physics | [
"Time\n\nTime appears to have a direction—the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time, and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a consequence of t... |
57280e8c2ca10214002d9ccf | The direction of the arrow of time is sometimes what? | arbitrary | [
"Time\n\nTime appears to have a direction—the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time, and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a consequence of t... |
57280e8c2ca10214002d9cd0 | Which law states that entropy must increase over time? | the Second law of thermodynamics, | [
"Time\n\nTime appears to have a direction—the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time, and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a consequence of t... |
57280e8c2ca10214002d9cd1 | The violation of what implies that there should be a small counterbalancing time asymmetry? | CP symmetry | [
"Time\n\nTime appears to have a direction—the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time, and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a consequence of t... |
57280e8c2ca10214002d9cd2 | The standard description of measurement in quantum mechanics is what? | time asymmetric | [
"Time\n\nTime appears to have a direction—the past lies behind, fixed and immutable, while the future lies ahead and is not necessarily fixed. Yet for the most part the laws of physics do not specify an arrow of time, and allow any process to proceed both forward and in reverse. This is generally a consequence of t... |
57280f51ff5b5019007d9c12 | Stephen Hawking makes a connection between time and what? | the Big Bang | [
"Time\n\nStephen Hawking in particular has addressed a connection between time and the Big Bang. In A Brief History of Time and elsewhere, Hawking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, ... |
57280f51ff5b5019007d9c13 | In which publication does Hawking say that any events that existed before the Big Bang would not be accessible to us? | A Brief History of Time | [
"Time\n\nStephen Hawking in particular has addressed a connection between time and the Big Bang. In A Brief History of Time and elsewhere, Hawking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, ... |
57280f51ff5b5019007d9c14 | What does Hawking suggest started with the big bang? | time | [
"Time\n\nStephen Hawking in particular has addressed a connection between time and the Big Bang. In A Brief History of Time and elsewhere, Hawking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, ... |
57280f51ff5b5019007d9c15 | Hawking also states that questions about what happened before the Big Bang are what? | meaningless | [
"Time\n\nStephen Hawking in particular has addressed a connection between time and the Big Bang. In A Brief History of Time and elsewhere, Hawking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, ... |
57280f51ff5b5019007d9c16 | Which philosopher has criticized Hawking's formulation? | Aristotelian philosopher Mortimer J. Adler | [
"Time\n\nStephen Hawking in particular has addressed a connection between time and the Big Bang. In A Brief History of Time and elsewhere, Hawking says that even if time did not begin with the Big Bang and there were another time frame before the Big Bang, no information from events then would be accessible to us, ... |
57280fe04b864d190016437a | The Big Bang model is solidly established in what? | cosmology | [
"Time\n\nWhile the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems... |
57280fe04b864d190016437b | How much is known about the early states of the universe? | i | [
"Time\n\nWhile the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems... |
57280fe04b864d190016437c | Which theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of time? | The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems | [
"Time\n\nWhile the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems... |
57280fe04b864d190016437d | These theorems have to assume what theory is correct? | general relativity | [
"Time\n\nWhile the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems... |
57280fe04b864d190016437e | These theorems state that general relatively must break down before what? | before the universe reaches the Planck temperature | [
"Time\n\nWhile the Big Bang model is well established in cosmology, it is likely to be refined in the future. Little is known about the earliest moments of the universe's history. The Penrose–Hawking singularity theorems require the existence of a singularity at the beginning of cosmic time. However, these theorems... |
572810763acd2414000df38d | How long has time travel been a topic in science fiction? | since the 19th century | [
"Time\n\nTime travel is the concept of moving backwards or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through space, and different from the normal \"flow\" of time to an earthbound observer. In this view, all points in time (including future times) \"persist\" in some way. Time travel has... |
572810763acd2414000df38e | Traveling which direction in time has never been verified and presents many problems? | backwards | [
"Time\n\nTime travel is the concept of moving backwards or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through space, and different from the normal \"flow\" of time to an earthbound observer. In this view, all points in time (including future times) \"persist\" in some way. Time travel has... |
572810763acd2414000df38f | A time machine is known as any technological devise that is used for what purpose? | to achieve time travel | [
"Time\n\nTime travel is the concept of moving backwards or forwards to different points in time, in a manner analogous to moving through space, and different from the normal \"flow\" of time to an earthbound observer. In this view, all points in time (including future times) \"persist\" in some way. Time travel has... |
5728114e2ca10214002d9d1a | What is another solution to the problem of temporal paradoxes? | paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen | [
"Time\n\nAnother solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen. As illustrated in numerous works of fiction, free will either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined. As such, it would not... |
5728114e2ca10214002d9d1b | In several works of fiction, what ceases to exist in the past which causes paradoxes not to arise? | free will | [
"Time\n\nAnother solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen. As illustrated in numerous works of fiction, free will either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined. As such, it would not... |
5728114e2ca10214002d9d1c | What paradox cannot be enacted because it is a fact that your grandfather was not killed before your parent was conceived? | the grandfather paradox | [
"Time\n\nAnother solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen. As illustrated in numerous works of fiction, free will either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined. As such, it would not... |
5728114e2ca10214002d9d1d | What principle elaborates more on the view described? | the Novikov self-consistency principle. | [
"Time\n\nAnother solution to the problem of causality-based temporal paradoxes is that such paradoxes cannot arise simply because they have not arisen. As illustrated in numerous works of fiction, free will either ceases to exist in the past or the outcomes of such decisions are predetermined. As such, it would not... |
572813e23acd2414000df3e3 | What type of drugs can impair the judgement of time? | Psychoactive drugs | [
"Time\n\nPsychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals... |
572813e23acd2414000df3e4 | Stimulants lead humans to overestimate what? | time intervals | [
"Time\n\nPsychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals... |
572813e23acd2414000df3e5 | What causes humans to underestimate time intervals? | depressants | [
"Time\n\nPsychoactive drugs can impair the judgment of time. Stimulants can lead both humans and rats to overestimate time intervals, while depressants can have the opposite effect. The level of activity in the brain of neurotransmitters such as dopamine and norepinephrine may be the reason for this. Such chemicals... |
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