id stringlengths 24 24 | question stringlengths 1 270 | answer stringlengths 1 239 | documents listlengths 1 1 |
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57291acd3f37b3190047801d | What is the main difference between black-box testing and white-box testing? | seeing the source code | [
"Software_testing\n\nBlack-box testing treats the software as a \"black box\", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalen... |
57291acd3f37b3190047801e | What are the software testers aware of? | aware of what the software is supposed to do | [
"Software_testing\n\nBlack-box testing treats the software as a \"black box\", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalen... |
57291acd3f37b3190047801f | What are the first three methods mentioned that make up black-box testing?? | equivalence partitioning, boundary value analysis | [
"Software_testing\n\nBlack-box testing treats the software as a \"black box\", examining functionality without any knowledge of internal implementation, without seeing the source code. The testers are only aware of what the software is supposed to do, not how it does it. Black-box testing methods include: equivalen... |
57291e76af94a219006aa0a1 | What term is used to test functionality of the software accordingly with the application requirements? | Specification-based testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nSpecification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either \"i... |
57291e76af94a219006aa0a2 | What are the test cases built around? | specifications and requirements | [
"Software_testing\n\nSpecification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either \"i... |
57291e76af94a219006aa0a3 | When building test cases which of the two methods used is more common over the other? | functional | [
"Software_testing\n\nSpecification-based testing aims to test the functionality of software according to the applicable requirements. This level of testing usually requires thorough test cases to be provided to the tester, who then can simply verify that for a given input, the output value (or behavior), either \"i... |
572921606aef051400154a72 | What is one huge advantage to using the black-box method? | no programming knowledge is required | [
"Software_testing\n\nOne advantage of the black box technique is that no programming knowledge is required. Whatever biases the programmers may have had, the tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality. On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be \"like a walk i... |
572921606aef051400154a73 | What can black-box testing sometimes be referred to with the in-ability to see the code? | like a walk in a dark labyrinth without a flashlight. | [
"Software_testing\n\nOne advantage of the black box technique is that no programming knowledge is required. Whatever biases the programmers may have had, the tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality. On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be \"like a walk i... |
572921606aef051400154a74 | What is a good reason to have testers and developers separate? | tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality | [
"Software_testing\n\nOne advantage of the black box technique is that no programming knowledge is required. Whatever biases the programmers may have had, the tester likely has a different set and may emphasize different areas of functionality. On the other hand, black-box testing has been said to be \"like a walk i... |
5729223faf94a219006aa0d7 | What does grey-box testing involve? | having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms | [
"Software_testing\n\nGrey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests, while executing those tests at the user, or black-box level. The tester is not required to have full access to the software's source code.... |
5729223faf94a219006aa0d8 | What does a grey-box tester not need to run their test? | not required to have full access to the software's source code | [
"Software_testing\n\nGrey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests, while executing those tests at the user, or black-box level. The tester is not required to have full access to the software's source code.... |
5729223faf94a219006aa0d9 | What does not qualify as grey-box testing? | Manipulating input data and formatting output | [
"Software_testing\n\nGrey-box testing (American spelling: gray-box testing) involves having knowledge of internal data structures and algorithms for purposes of designing tests, while executing those tests at the user, or black-box level. The tester is not required to have full access to the software's source code.... |
5729296d6aef051400154afa | What dopes a typical grey-box tester sets up? | an isolated testing environment | [
"Software_testing\n\nBy knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works, the tester makes better-informed testing choices while testing the software from outside. Typically, a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database. The tester... |
5729296d6aef051400154afb | What does the tester execute while performing certain actions? | SQL statements | [
"Software_testing\n\nBy knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works, the tester makes better-informed testing choices while testing the software from outside. Typically, a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database. The tester... |
5729296d6aef051400154afc | What does a grey-box tester implement when they have limited information? | intelligent test scenarios | [
"Software_testing\n\nBy knowing the underlying concepts of how the software works, the tester makes better-informed testing choices while testing the software from outside. Typically, a grey-box tester will be permitted to set up an isolated testing environment with activities such as seeding a database. The tester... |
57292a631d04691400779105 | What are the four recognized levels of testing software? | unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nThere are generally four recognized levels of tests: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing. Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test. The main levels during t... |
57292a631d04691400779106 | What are these test (level testing) typically grouped by? | software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test | [
"Software_testing\n\nThere are generally four recognized levels of tests: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing. Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test. The main levels during t... |
57292a631d04691400779107 | What is defined in the SWEBOK guide as to testing the main levels? | unit-, integration-, and system testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nThere are generally four recognized levels of tests: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing. Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test. The main levels during t... |
57292a631d04691400779108 | What are the other levels classified by? | the testing objective | [
"Software_testing\n\nThere are generally four recognized levels of tests: unit testing, integration testing, component interface testing, and system testing. Tests are frequently grouped by where they are added in the software development process, or by the level of specificity of the test. The main levels during t... |
57292bf71d0469140077910d | What is the main reasoning behind Unit testing that involves synchronization of the application on a broad spectrum? | reduce software development risks, time, and costs | [
"Software_testing\n\nUnit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction p... |
57292bf71d0469140077910e | Who performs the Unit testing phase? | software developer or engineer | [
"Software_testing\n\nUnit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction p... |
57292bf71d0469140077910f | What does Unit testing look to eliminate? | construction errors | [
"Software_testing\n\nUnit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction p... |
57292bf71d04691400779110 | By elimination construction errors, what is the expected end result? | increase the quality of the resulting software | [
"Software_testing\n\nUnit testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the construction p... |
572937f3af94a219006aa1b7 | What is it called to check data passed between units? | component interface testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nThe practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as \"message packets\" and the range or data types can be che... |
572937f3af94a219006aa1b8 | What is it called when data is being passed? | message packets | [
"Software_testing\n\nThe practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as \"message packets\" and the range or data types can be che... |
572937f3af94a219006aa1b9 | What is an option of component interface testing used while sending message packets? | keep a separate log file of data items being passed | [
"Software_testing\n\nThe practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as \"message packets\" and the range or data types can be che... |
572937f3af94a219006aa1ba | What is a variation of black-box testing? | Component interface testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nThe practice of component interface testing can be used to check the handling of data passed between various units, or subsystem components, beyond full integration testing between those units. The data being passed can be considered as \"message packets\" and the range or data types can be che... |
572938f31d04691400779187 | What is the term used to test software during a pre-release? | Operational Acceptance | [
"Software_testing\n\nOperational Acceptance is used to conduct operational readiness (pre-release) of a product, service or system as part of a quality management system. OAT is a common type of non-functional software testing, used mainly in software development and software maintenance projects. This type of test... |
572938f31d04691400779188 | What does Operational Acceptance focus on? | operational readiness of the system | [
"Software_testing\n\nOperational Acceptance is used to conduct operational readiness (pre-release) of a product, service or system as part of a quality management system. OAT is a common type of non-functional software testing, used mainly in software development and software maintenance projects. This type of test... |
572938f31d04691400779189 | What is Operational Acceptance limited to while testing? | limited to those tests which are required to verify the non-functional aspects of the system | [
"Software_testing\n\nOperational Acceptance is used to conduct operational readiness (pre-release) of a product, service or system as part of a quality management system. OAT is a common type of non-functional software testing, used mainly in software development and software maintenance projects. This type of test... |
57293bee1d046914007791a5 | What is the most common reason for software failure? | compatibility with other application software | [
"Software_testing\n\nA common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be... |
57293bee1d046914007791a6 | What do developers commonly do when creating software that can lead to failures? | lack of backward compatibility | [
"Software_testing\n\nA common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be... |
57293d646aef051400154bd0 | What is the most common cause for software failure? | lack of its compatibility with other application software | [
"Software_testing\n\nA common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be... |
57293d646aef051400154bd1 | What often lacks in software developed when its released that can eventually lead to errors? | a lack of backward compatibility | [
"Software_testing\n\nA common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be... |
57293d646aef051400154bd2 | What does backwards compatibility always seem to be the cause of errors and bugs after a release? | test software only on the latest version of the target environment | [
"Software_testing\n\nA common cause of software failure (real or perceived) is a lack of its compatibility with other application software, operating systems (or operating system versions, old or new), or target environments that differ greatly from the original (such as a terminal or GUI application intended to be... |
572940641d046914007791f9 | Finding defects once a change in code had already happened is called? | Regression testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nRegression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, as degraded or lost features, including old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working ... |
572940641d046914007791fa | What happens to software after a major change in code that leads to regression?? | stops working as intended | [
"Software_testing\n\nRegression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, as degraded or lost features, including old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working ... |
572940641d046914007791fb | What is a common method used during regression testing? | re-running previous sets of test-cases | [
"Software_testing\n\nRegression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, as degraded or lost features, including old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working ... |
572940641d046914007791fc | What determines how deep a tester will go during regression? | phase in the release process and the risk of the added features | [
"Software_testing\n\nRegression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, as degraded or lost features, including old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working ... |
572940641d046914007791fd | If changes need to occur during the softwares early release with regression testing how much of an impact does this have on the team as related to other testing? | typically the largest test effort in commercial software development | [
"Software_testing\n\nRegression testing focuses on finding defects after a major code change has occurred. Specifically, it seeks to uncover software regressions, as degraded or lost features, including old bugs that have come back. Such regressions occur whenever software functionality that was previously working ... |
5729410f6aef051400154c04 | What typically comes after the Alpha stage in the development and testing of software? | Beta testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nBeta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers. The software is released to groups of people so th... |
5729410f6aef051400154c05 | To whom is the beta testing released to? | limited audience outside of the programming | [
"Software_testing\n\nBeta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers. The software is released to groups of people so th... |
5729410f6aef051400154c06 | What is it called when a public test continues indefinitely? | perpetual beta | [
"Software_testing\n\nBeta testing comes after alpha testing and can be considered a form of external user acceptance testing. Versions of the software, known as beta versions, are released to a limited audience outside of the programming team known as beta testers. The software is released to groups of people so th... |
5729429a6aef051400154c18 | What method is used to cause a system to fail? | Destructive testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nDestructive testing attempts to cause the software or a sub-system to fail. It verifies that the software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs, thereby establishing the robustness of input validation and error-management routines.[citation needed] Software fault... |
5729429a6aef051400154c19 | What does Destructive testing verify? | software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs | [
"Software_testing\n\nDestructive testing attempts to cause the software or a sub-system to fail. It verifies that the software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs, thereby establishing the robustness of input validation and error-management routines.[citation needed] Software fault... |
5729429a6aef051400154c1a | What is one example of failure testing? | Software fault injection | [
"Software_testing\n\nDestructive testing attempts to cause the software or a sub-system to fail. It verifies that the software functions properly even when it receives invalid or unexpected inputs, thereby establishing the robustness of input validation and error-management routines.[citation needed] Software fault... |
57294dae6aef051400154c7e | What method is used to test software under a specific load? | Load testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nLoad testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a no... |
57294dae6aef051400154c7f | What two methods can be used when using Load Testing? | data or a large number of users | [
"Software_testing\n\nLoad testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a no... |
57294dae6aef051400154c80 | What is called to test software functions when certain components increase in side? | Volume testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nLoad testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a no... |
57294dae6aef051400154c81 | What is Stable testing also called? | endurance testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nLoad testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a no... |
57294dae6aef051400154c82 | What method is used to test components under unexpected workloads? | Stress testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nLoad testing is primarily concerned with testing that the system can continue to operate under a specific load, whether that be large quantities of data or a large number of users. This is generally referred to as software scalability. The related load testing activity of when performed as a no... |
57294ea7af94a219006aa27f | What method is used that involves synchronization of a application? | Development Testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nDevelopment Testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the constru... |
57294ea7af94a219006aa280 | When is development testing used? | construction phase of the software development lifecycle | [
"Software_testing\n\nDevelopment Testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the constru... |
57294ea7af94a219006aa281 | What does Development testing look to eliminate? | construction errors | [
"Software_testing\n\nDevelopment Testing is a software development process that involves synchronized application of a broad spectrum of defect prevention and detection strategies in order to reduce software development risks, time, and costs. It is performed by the software developer or engineer during the constru... |
57295082af94a219006aa295 | Which two current movements adhere to the "test-driven software development"? | extreme programming and the agile software development | [
"Software_testing\n\nIn contrast, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a \"test-driven software development\" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme p... |
57295082af94a219006aa296 | Under the development of agile software and extreme programing what is written first? | unit tests are written first | [
"Software_testing\n\nIn contrast, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a \"test-driven software development\" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme p... |
57295082af94a219006aa297 | What is the goal of Unit testing? | achieve continuous integration where software updates can be published to the public frequently | [
"Software_testing\n\nIn contrast, some emerging software disciplines such as extreme programming and the agile software development movement, adhere to a \"test-driven software development\" model. In this process, unit tests are written first, by the software engineers (often with pair programming in the extreme p... |
5729525c6aef051400154cdc | What three components make up Bottom Up Testing? | modules, procedures, and functions | [
"Software_testing\n\nBottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the nex... |
5729525c6aef051400154cdd | Bottom Up Testing helps facilitate the testing of what? | the testing of higher level components | [
"Software_testing\n\nBottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the nex... |
5729525c6aef051400154cde | What does Bottom Up Testing also help with once the process has been repeated over and over again at all levels? | makes it easier to report testing progress in the form of a percentage | [
"Software_testing\n\nBottom Up Testing is an approach to integrated testing where the lowest level components (modules, procedures, and functions) are tested first, then integrated and used to facilitate the testing of higher level components. After the integration testing of lower level integrated modules, the nex... |
572954a83f37b31900478261 | If the number of states is unknown, what group does this fall into? | Class II | [
"Software_testing\n\nIt has been proved that each class is strictly included into the next. For instance, testing when we assume that the behavior of the implementation under test can be denoted by a deterministic finite-state machine for some known finite sets of inputs and outputs and with some known number of st... |
572954a83f37b31900478262 | There are three classes, what has been concluded and proven for all classes? | each class is strictly included into the next | [
"Software_testing\n\nIt has been proved that each class is strictly included into the next. For instance, testing when we assume that the behavior of the implementation under test can be denoted by a deterministic finite-state machine for some known finite sets of inputs and outputs and with some known number of st... |
572954a83f37b31900478263 | If the number of states are unknown and the finite state of the machine is failing for a single trace, which group does this fall into? | Class III | [
"Software_testing\n\nIt has been proved that each class is strictly included into the next. For instance, testing when we assume that the behavior of the implementation under test can be denoted by a deterministic finite-state machine for some known finite sets of inputs and outputs and with some known number of st... |
572955e1af94a219006aa2cd | With several certifications out there that can be aquired, what is the one trait they all share? | requires the applicant to show their ability to test software | [
"Software_testing\n\nSeveral certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowled... |
572955e1af94a219006aa2ce | What has the inability for the applicant to show how well they test led to? | testing field is not ready for certification | [
"Software_testing\n\nSeveral certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowled... |
572955e1af94a219006aa2cf | What four traits can a certification not measure? | individual's productivity, their skill, or practical knowledge | [
"Software_testing\n\nSeveral certification programs exist to support the professional aspirations of software testers and quality assurance specialists. No certification now offered actually requires the applicant to show their ability to test software. No certification is based on a widely accepted body of knowled... |
572958236aef051400154d24 | What makes up part of the SQA? | Software testing | [
"Software_testing\n\nSoftware testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.:347 In SQA, software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation, code and systems. They examine and change the software engin... |
572958236aef051400154d25 | What is the primary concern for the software specialist and auditors? | software development process | [
"Software_testing\n\nSoftware testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.:347 In SQA, software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation, code and systems. They examine and change the software engin... |
572958236aef051400154d26 | What type of software would have a better defect tolerance? | video game | [
"Software_testing\n\nSoftware testing is a part of the software quality assurance (SQA) process.:347 In SQA, software process specialists and auditors are concerned for the software development process rather than just the artifacts such as documentation, code and systems. They examine and change the software engin... |
57290d70af94a219006a9feb | How many states are in Germany? | sixteen | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nGermany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states (German: Bundesland, or Land).[a] Since today's Germany was formed from an earlier collection of several states, it has a federal constitution, and the constituent states retain a measure of sovereignty. With an emphasis on geo... |
57290d70af94a219006a9fec | What is the German terms for states? | Bundesland, or Land | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nGermany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states (German: Bundesland, or Land).[a] Since today's Germany was formed from an earlier collection of several states, it has a federal constitution, and the constituent states retain a measure of sovereignty. With an emphasis on geo... |
57290d70af94a219006a9fed | Which cities are called Stadtstaaten, other than Bremen? | Berlin and Hamburg | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nGermany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states (German: Bundesland, or Land).[a] Since today's Germany was formed from an earlier collection of several states, it has a federal constitution, and the constituent states retain a measure of sovereignty. With an emphasis on geo... |
57290d70af94a219006a9fee | How many states are called "Flächenländer"? | 13 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nGermany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states (German: Bundesland, or Land).[a] Since today's Germany was formed from an earlier collection of several states, it has a federal constitution, and the constituent states retain a measure of sovereignty. With an emphasis on geo... |
57290d70af94a219006a9fef | The Free Hanseatic City of Bremen includes which cities? | Bremen and Bremerhaven | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nGermany is a federal republic consisting of sixteen federal states (German: Bundesland, or Land).[a] Since today's Germany was formed from an earlier collection of several states, it has a federal constitution, and the constituent states retain a measure of sovereignty. With an emphasis on geo... |
57290e1f1d04691400778feb | When was the Federal Republic of Germany created | 1949 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states (which were previously under American, British, and French administration) created in the aftermath of World War II. Initially, in 1949, the states of the Federal Republic were Baden, Bava... |
57290e1f1d04691400778fec | Which countries administrations was the Federal Republic of Germany previously under? | American, British, and French | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states (which were previously under American, British, and French administration) created in the aftermath of World War II. Initially, in 1949, the states of the Federal Republic were Baden, Bava... |
57290e1f1d04691400778fed | Which city was originally not a part of the Federal Republic of Germany? | West Berlin | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states (which were previously under American, British, and French administration) created in the aftermath of World War II. Initially, in 1949, the states of the Federal Republic were Baden, Bava... |
57290e1f1d04691400778fee | What was the Federal Republic of Germany created in the aftermath of? | World War II | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe creation of the Federal Republic of Germany in 1949 was through the unification of the western states (which were previously under American, British, and French administration) created in the aftermath of World War II. Initially, in 1949, the states of the Federal Republic were Baden, Bava... |
57290ee56aef051400154a04 | Which city did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge into? | Baden-Württemberg | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended int... |
57290ee56aef051400154a05 | In what year did Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merge? | 1952 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended int... |
57290ee56aef051400154a06 | In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as which city? | Saarland | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended int... |
57290ee56aef051400154a07 | When did the German reunification take place? | 1990 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended int... |
57290ee56aef051400154a08 | Why did a regional referendum in 1996 to merge Berlin with surrounding Brandenburg fail? | failed to reach the necessary majority vote in Brandenburg | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nIn 1952, following a referendum, Baden, Württemberg-Baden, and Württemberg-Hohenzollern merged into Baden-Württemberg. In 1957, the Saar Protectorate rejoined the Federal Republic as the Saarland. German reunification in 1990, in which the German Democratic Republic (East Germany) ascended int... |
572912746aef051400154a26 | What is an entrenched constitutional principle in Germany? | Federalism | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nFederalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany. According to the German constitution (called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defense, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while oth... |
572912746aef051400154a27 | In Germany, foreign affairs is under the exclusive purvey of what? | the federation | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nFederalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany. According to the German constitution (called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defense, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while oth... |
572912746aef051400154a28 | What is an example of what states retain authority over? | culture | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nFederalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany. According to the German constitution (called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defense, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while oth... |
572912746aef051400154a29 | The states defend their interests at the federal level through what? | the Bundesrat | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nFederalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany. According to the German constitution (called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defense, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while oth... |
572912746aef051400154a2a | Whose consent do the states need to make international treaties? | the federal government | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nFederalism is one of the entrenched constitutional principles of Germany. According to the German constitution (called Grundgesetz or in English Basic Law), some topics, such as foreign affairs and defense, are the exclusive responsibility of the federation (i.e., the federal level), while oth... |
572913111d0469140077901b | What does the term Länder date back to? | the Weimar Constitution of 1919 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe use of the term Länder (Lands) dates back to the Weimar Constitution of 1919. Before this time, the constituent states of the German Empire were called Staaten (States). Today, it is very common to use the term Bundesland (Federal Land). However, this term is not used officially, neither b... |
572913111d0469140077901c | Before 1919 what were the German states called? | Staaten | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe use of the term Länder (Lands) dates back to the Weimar Constitution of 1919. Before this time, the constituent states of the German Empire were called Staaten (States). Today, it is very common to use the term Bundesland (Federal Land). However, this term is not used officially, neither b... |
572913111d0469140077901d | What does Bavaria refer to itself as? | Freistaaten | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe use of the term Länder (Lands) dates back to the Weimar Constitution of 1919. Before this time, the constituent states of the German Empire were called Staaten (States). Today, it is very common to use the term Bundesland (Federal Land). However, this term is not used officially, neither b... |
572913111d0469140077901e | How many free states are there in Germany? | three | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe use of the term Länder (Lands) dates back to the Weimar Constitution of 1919. Before this time, the constituent states of the German Empire were called Staaten (States). Today, it is very common to use the term Bundesland (Federal Land). However, this term is not used officially, neither b... |
572913111d0469140077901f | What are the two city-states in Germany? | Hamburg and Bremen | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nThe use of the term Länder (Lands) dates back to the Weimar Constitution of 1919. Before this time, the constituent states of the German Empire were called Staaten (States). Today, it is very common to use the term Bundesland (Federal Land). However, this term is not used officially, neither b... |
5729145a3f37b31900477fff | What keeps being debated in Germany? | delimitation of the federal territory | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nA new delimitation of the federal territory keeps being debated in Germany, though \"Some scholars note that there are significant differences among the American states and regional governments in other federations without serious calls for territorial changes ...\", as political scientist Art... |
5729145a3f37b31900478000 | What does Gunlick remark that the German System of dual federalism requires strong Länder to have other than the capacity to implement legislation? | pay for it from own source revenues | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nA new delimitation of the federal territory keeps being debated in Germany, though \"Some scholars note that there are significant differences among the American states and regional governments in other federations without serious calls for territorial changes ...\", as political scientist Art... |
5729145a3f37b31900478001 | How many proposals have failed so far? | several | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nA new delimitation of the federal territory keeps being debated in Germany, though \"Some scholars note that there are significant differences among the American states and regional governments in other federations without serious calls for territorial changes ...\", as political scientist Art... |
5729153baf94a219006aa055 | The Holy Roman Empire comprised of how many petty states? | more than 300 | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nFederalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confe... |
5729153baf94a219006aa056 | The number of territories was greatly reduced during what? | the Napoleonic Wars | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nFederalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confe... |
5729153baf94a219006aa057 | A North German Federation under Prussian hegemony replaced what confederation? | the German Confederation | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nFederalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confe... |
5729153baf94a219006aa058 | How much of the population did Prussia control? | 62% | [
"States_of_Germany\n\nFederalism has a long tradition in German history. The Holy Roman Empire comprised many petty states numbering more than 300 around 1796. The number of territories was greatly reduced during the Napoleonic Wars (1796–1814). After the Congress of Vienna (1815), 39 states formed the German Confe... |
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